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IndustrialSummerTrainingReportatConstructionSiteofCPWD
1. 1.KRISHNAINSTITUTEOFENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGYGhaziabadCENTRALPUBLIC
WORKSDEPARTMENTNewDelhi
2. 2.PROJECTREPORTONConstructionsiteofPOLICESTATIONATCENTRALPUBLICWORKS
DEPARTMENT(CPWD)(TRAININGPERIOD:15JUNE31JULY)SUBMITTEDBY:
ALOKMISHRA0902900015(CE3RDYEAR)KRISHNAINSTITUEOFENGINEERING&
TECHNOLOGY,GHAZIABADGUIDEDBY:Er.PRCHARANBABUEXECUTIVE
ENGINEERCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage2
3. 3.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTItisindeedagreatpleasureandprivilegetopresentthisreportontrainingat
CPWD.IamextremelygratefultomytrainingandplacementofficerforissuingaTrainingletter,
whichmademytrainingpossibleatCPWD,Delhi.IwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoErPRCHARAN
BABUforhisinvaluablesuggestions,motivation,guidanceandsupportthroughoutthe
training.Hismethodologytostartfromsimpleantthendeepenthroughmademetobringoutthisproject
reportwithoutanxiety.ThankstoallotherCPWDofficials,operatorsandallothermembersofCPWD,
yetuncountedfortheirhelpincompletingtheprojectandseethelightofsuccess.Iamverythankfulto
friends,colleaguesandallotherpersonswhorenderedtheirassistancedirectlyorindirectlytocomplete
thisprojectworksuccessfully.IextendedmyduethankstoEr.VINODwhogavemevaluabletimeand
suggestionsandguidemealotatvariousstagesofmySummerTraining.DatedJuly2012ALOK
MISHRACentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage3
4. 4.INDEXS.NODESCRIPTION1.INTRODUCTION2.PROJECTOVERVIEW3.SITELOCATION4.
FORMWORK5.PLANNING6.SEQUENCEOFSTRUCTUREWORK7.PROJECTMONITORING8.
QUALITY9.CONCLUSIONCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage4
5. 5.1.INTRODUCTIONABOUTTheCentralPublicWorksDepartmentofIndiaisaCentralGovernment
ownedauthoritythatisinchargeofpublicsectorworksinthecountry.CentralPublicWorksDepartment
(CPWD)underMinistryofUrbanDevelopmentisentrustedwithconstructionandmaintenanceofbuildings
formostoftheCentralGovernmentDepartments,Publicundertakingsandautonomousbodies.Inthe
IndianHistorybothpreandpostindependenceCPWDhasagloriouseraofmorethan150yearwith
dedicated,energeticandcommittedcorpsofEngineersandArchitects.Beforebeingrestructuredtoits
presentformin1930CentralPublicWorksDepartmentoriginatedinJuly1854whenthe
GovernorGeneralofIndiadecidedtosetupaCentralAgency:toexerciseuniversalcontroloverpublic
worksinIndiawithbestofscientificknowledgewithauthority&system.CentralPublicWorks
Department,DelhiisthepremieragencyofGovt.ofIndiaengagedinplanning,designing,constructionand

maintenanceofGovernmentassetsinthefieldofbuiltenvironmentandinfrastructuredevelopment.Assets
inbuiltenvironmentincludeHospitals,Schools,Colleges,TechnicalInstitutes,PoliceBuildings,Prisons,
CourtsetcassetsininfrastructuredevelopmentincludeRoads,Bridges,Flyovers,Footpaths,Subways
etc.CPWDDelhialsosustainsandpreservestheseassetsthroughawelldevelopedsystemofmaintenance
whichincludesamongstothersspecializedserviceslikerehabilitationworks,roadssignageandaesthetic
treatmentslikeinteriors,monumentlighting,landscaping.MISSIONCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IP
Bhawan,NewDelhiPage5
6. 6.1.SoundPlanningandDesign2.EngineeredConstruction3.EffectiveMaintenance4.Benchmarking
theStandards5.CapacityBuilding6.PublicPrivatePartnership7.ManpowerPlanning8.Transparencyin
Management1.SoundPlanningandDesignCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage
6
7. 7.1.Allbuildingnormsandspecificationstobestandardized.2.Architecturalandstructuraldesigntobe
undertakeninhouseasfaraspossible.3.Detailedplanningofallservicestomakethebuildings
operationalinallrespects.4.Architecturalandstructuraldesignstobecoordinatedtoevolveanefficient
buildingsystemcompliantwithlatestIndianStandards.2.EngineeredConstruction1.Standardizationof
differentbuildingelementsincludingtheirprefabrication,mechanizationinconstruction,useofinnovative
materialsandtechnologiesadoptingcleandevelopmentmechanismresultinginconservationofenergyand
naturalresources.3.EffectiveMaintenanceCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage
7
8. 8.1.Topreserveandmaintainbuildingsandservicesingoodoperatingcondition.2.Toimprovethe
specificationsdependinguponthedevelopmentthatistakingplaceinthebuilt
environment.4.BenchmarkingtheStandards1.UpdationofSpecificationsandstandardsforpublicworks
includingDelhiScheduleofRates,AnalysisofRates,WorksandMaintenanceManualonregularbasis.
5.CapacityBuilding1.Updatingtechnicalknowledgeofengineers,architectsbyeffectivetrainingand
participationinseminars,workshopsetc.2.Effectivetrainingtodevelopmanagerialskillsandhandling
publicgrievancessothatengineers,architectsandhorticulturistsbecomedevelopmentmanagersfor
tomorrow.3.TargetorientedtrainingtoworkersoncontemporaryskillsandbehaviouralCentralPublic
WorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage8
9. 9.sciencetoimproveservicedeliverymechanism.6.PublicPrivatePartnership1.Toundertakecontractor
concessionagreementwithprivatesectorcompanyfordeliveringGeneralPoolResidential
AccommodationandGeneralPoolOfficeAccommodationonpaymentofuserchargesto:(1)Increasethe
stockofdwellingunitstherebyprovidinghousingtogovernmentemployees.(2)Increasetheofficespace
therebyprovidingcomfortableworkingenvironmenttogovernmentemployees7.ManpowerPlanning1.To
providethemanpowerofCPWDwithprofessionalenvironment,excellentworkingopportunitiesandstate
ofarttechnology.2.Toprovideperformanceandabilitybasedapproachtocareerdevelopmentas
perpolicyoftheGovernment.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage9
10. 10.8.TransparencyinManagementofWorks1.etenderingshallbeintroduced.2.Effectiveuseof
websitesindischargeofregulatory,enforcementandthefunctionsshallbeintroducedthroughintegrated
computerization.3.Webbasedworkprogressmonitoringsystemshallbeintroduced.CentralPublicWorks
Department,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage10
11. 11.CENTRALDESIGNORGANISATION(CDO)CDOwascreatedintheyear1969withaviewto
providehigherlevelofdesigninputsinmultistoreyedprojectswhichcouldnotbehandledbythedesign
unitsunderChiefEngineers.Aspressuresonavailabilityoflandincreased,CPWDcouldutilizethe
servicesofCDOforhighrisebuilthabitatsandcomplexprojectssuchasjettiesandbridges.CDOhas
provideditsservicestoover350projectsinCPWDand35projectsinlastfouryearsalone.Important
projectsdesignedbyCDOareParliamentLibraryComplex,ParliamentAnnexeBuilding,NationalGallery
ofModernArt,NationalMuseum,SupremeCourtExtension,NationalStadium,andAfghanParliamentin
Kabul,LalBahadurShastriNationalAcademyofAdministrationMussoorie,andHallofStatesITPO
etc.Atpresent,CentralDesignsOrganisationhastheresponsibilityofstructuraldesignofcomplex
structures(withstructuralcostoverRs.25Crores)incorporatingstateofartengineeringpracticesand
technology.ItisalsoresponsibleforcontributingtotheconsultationprocessofBISforframingnewCodes
andhandbooksandthussettingstandardsfortheConstructionIndustryasawhole.CDOalsooffersits
servicesinpreparingseveraltechnicaldocuments/reportssuchasHandbookonSeismicRetrofitting,Design
Manuals,Flyashutilizationguidelines,andseismicassessmentreportsofcriticalgovernmentbuildings.
CDOalsodevelopscomputeraideddesignandplanningsoftwaresuchasIntegratedAnalysis&Designof
Buildings(IADB).ImportantprojectsbeingdesignedinCDOatpresentareExtensiontoParliament
AnnexeBuilding,IndiraCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage11
12. 12.ParyavaranBhawan,NewCampusforSupremeCourt,NWAIJettyatKolkataand

Guwahati,UndergroundParkingforNirmanBhawan,andAGOfficeBuildingLucknow.CDOisheadedby
theChiefEngineer(Designs)whoisresponsiblefortheoveralladministrativeandtechnicalcontrolofthe
unit.FourSuperintendingEngineersdirectlyreporttotheC.E(Designs).S.Esarethedirectionofficersfor
control,coordinationandexecutionofalltasksrelatedtomodellinganalysis,design,detailinganddrafting
ofstructuraldrawings.OutoffourSuperintendingEngineers,oneisinchargeofComputerCellCPWD
responsibleforeGovernanceinthedepartment.EachSEhasthreeExecutiveEngineer(Designs)reporting
tohim,whoisresponsibleforallmodelling,designanddraftingtasksandpreparingdesignproposals.Each
EEisassistedbyasmallteamofAsstExecutiveEngineers/AsstEngineers,JuniorEngineersand
Draughtsmen.CDOismannedbycivilengineershavingexperienceinstructuraldesign.Alldesignand
draftingworkinCDOisfullycomputerised.Designandanalysisisdonebyusingsoftwaressuchas
STAAD,eTABS,STRUDS,SAP,STAADFoundationetc.DraftingworkisdonethroughAUTOCAD
usingheavydutyfullsizeHPdrafterplotters.ComputingisdonethroughhighendIntelCorei72600
Processors.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage12
13. 13.ComputerCell,CDOTheCPWDisdeterminedtouseITtousherineraofeGovtosimplifyprocesses,
bringingintransparency,accountability,efficiencyeffectivenessandneedbasedtimelyand
qualityinformationtoallitsstakeholders,andtousetheavailableresourcesmoreeffectively.TheCDOunit
ofCPWDhasbeenentrustedthisjob.ManystepstowardseGovinitiativeshavealreadybeentakene.g.
PIMSforHRmanagement,includingtrainingmoduleandmonitoringofPGandVIPreferencesweb
basedprojectmonitoringsystemformonitoringphysicalandfinancialprogressoftheprojects,accessto
clienttoviewtheprogressoftheprojectsandalsotofurnishtheremarksCPWDSEWAinDelhi&NCR
andbeingextendedforPANIndiaformaintenancerelatedcomplaintsmanagementenlistmentforclass
onecontractorsandCPWDwebsiteforpublishingallcircularsandOMsandotherinformation.2.
PROJECTOVERVIEWCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage13
14. 14.NAMEofWORK:ConstructionofPoliceStationKhajuriKhas,NearSoniaVihar,Delhi(SH:C/o
PoliceStationBuilding,ElectricsubStation&ExternalDevelopmentWorki.e.InternalElectrical
Installations)AGREEMENTNO.:03/EE/CDIII/201112NAMEOFCONTRACTOR:M/SROSHAN
REALESTATESPVTLTD.PLOTSIZE:5984Sqm.AreaESTIMATEDCOST:CivilWorkRs6,01,
47,287/Elec.WorkRs24,75,332/Rs6,26,22,609/TENDEREDCOST:CivilWorkRs6,57,88,182/
Elec.WorkRs28,69,490/Rs6,86,57,672/DATEOFSTART:04082011STIPULATEDDATE
OFCOMPLETION:02082012ACTUALDATEOFWorkisUnderProgressCOMPLETION:(80%Work
isCompleted)TIMEALLOWED:365DaysCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhi
Page14
15. 15.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage15
16. 16.3.SITELOCATION:PoliceStation&StaffQuartersatKhajuriKhasnearSoniaVihar,New
DelhiAdvantagesofthissite:1.Land2.Store3.Healthunit4.Carparkingstand5.Canteen6.
Connectivityoftheyard7.EaseoftransportationFacilitiesCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IP
Bhawan,NewDelhiPage16
17. 17.4.FORMWORKFormworkisamouldordieusedtosupportandshapetheconcreteuntilitattains
sufficienttocarryitsownweight.Theformworkholdstheconcreteuntilithardenstorequiredshape
andsize.SIGNIFICANCEOFFORMWORK1)Formworkconstitutes30%ofthecostand60%ofthetime
inconcreteconstruction.2)Qualityofconcretefinishandsoundnessofconcretedependsverymuchonthe
formworksystem3)Desiredshapeofconcreteisnotpossibleifformworknotdoneproperly.4)Formwork
shouldbeproperlydesigned,fabricatedanderectedtoreceiveconcrete.5)Accidentshappenbecauseofthe
faultyformworkandscaffoldingorstaging.SAFETYINUSINGFORMWORK:1)Componentsarelight
inweightformanualhandling.2)Looseorhangingcomponentsareminimal.3)Appropriateuseoftools.4)
Minimumoperationsareinvolvedineachreuse.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhi
Page17
18. 18.TYPESOFFORMWORK1)Flexsystem2)Quickdecksystem3)Aluformsystem4)Flextable
formworkCuringworkandrefillingofeartharoundfooting.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IP
Bhawan,NewDelhiPage18
19. 19.Workersonaconstructionsitebuilding.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhi
Page19
20. 20.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage20
21. 21.CURINGV/SCOMRESSIVESTRENGTHCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhi
Page21
22. 22.COLUMNCONSTRUCTIONWORKCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage
22
23. 23.6.PLANNINGCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage23

24. 24.PlanningofaCPWDProjectmainlyincludes:Prerequisitesforexecutionofwork.Depositworks
Preparationofestimates.Executionoforiginalwork.Expenditureonsurvey,exhibition.Registerof
buildings.Greenbuildingnorms.PreparationandaccountingofStandardMeasurementbook.Preparation
andpassingbillsforpayment.Documentationofaccounts.Generaldepartmentalcharges.Contractsand
forms.Preparationoftenderdocuments.PublicityoftendersSaleofdocumentsEarnestmoney.Issueof
materialtocontractors.Issueoftoolandplant.PaymenttocontractorsInsuranceLossesordamages.
BudgetingQualityassuranceandtechnicalauditwing.InspectionandAuditbyChiefController.Public
accountscommittee.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage24
25. 25.6.SEQUENCEOFSTRUCTUREWORKSiteclearanceDemarcationofsitePositioningofcentral
coordinatei.e.(0,0,0)aspergridplanSurveyingandlayoutExcavationBarbindingandplacementof
foundationsteelShutteringandscaffoldingConcretingElectricalandplumbingCONSTRUCTION
PROCESSANDMATERIALUSED:SITECLEARANCEAnumberofconditionsdeterminethekindof
buildingthatmaybeerectedonaplotofground.Theseconditionsmaydeterminewhereonthelotitmay
belocated.Therearealsocovenantsthatarelegallybindingregulations.Thesemay,forexample,setthe
minimumsizeofahouse,prohibitutilitybuildings,orbanrooftoptelevisionantennas.Zoninglawsregulate
thesetbackandotherfactorsthatplayintotheequationofhouselocationonalot.Septictanksalsorequire
specialconsideration.ACertificateofOccupancyisanimportantpieceofpaper.Itisthefinalpieceof
paper,thesignoff,thatsaystheconstructionofthebuildingiscompleteanditisreadytobeoccupied.Any
townthathasadoptedtheBOCAorUBCbuildingcodesrequiresaCO.Inmostinstances,thebankmaking
themortgageloanrequiresacertificateofoccupationaswell.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IP
Bhawan,NewDelhiPage25
26. 26.CONCRETE:ThereareeighttypesofPortlandcement.TheyaredesignatedbyRomannumeralsand
withanAsuffixonthreeofthemNormalconcreteismadeoffineaggregates(sand)andregularaggregates
(crushedstoneorgravel),pluswater.Concretewillsetuphardenoughinnormalweatherinabout3
hours.However,ittakes28daysforittoreachitsfulleststrength.Concretemayhaveadmixtures.
TheRomansaddedlard,blood,milk,andothermaterialstomaketheconcretemoreworkable.Thereareat
least6knownadmixtures.Normalconcretecontainsasmallamountofairbyaddinganairentrainment
admixture,theamountofairintheconcretecanbeincreasedby10percentormorebyvolume.Byusing
anaccelerator,itispossibletohaveconcretereachits28dayfullstrengthinonly7days.Calciumchloride
isthemostcommonaccelerator.Pozzolonasarenaturalvolcanicashorartificialmaterialsthatreactwith
limeinthewetconcretetoformcementingcompounds.Flyashisabyproductofcoalburningpower
generatingstations.RomansobtainedflyashfromMountVesuviuseruptions.Fullyloadedconcretemixer
trucksmayweighasmuchas80,000lbs,or40tons.Ifthemixercantgetcloseenoughtounload
theconcretewhereneeded,itisnecessarytousechutes,mixermountedconveyors,motorizedbuggies,or
wheelbarrows.Anothertermforrebarisdeformedsteelbar.Thisisthesteelreinforcementusedin
concretetoincreaseitstensilestrength.Threetypesofbarsupportmaterialareavailable:wire,
precastconcrete,andmouldedplastic.Rebarissupportedbychairsmadeofplasticorwelded
wire.Weldedwirefabric(WWF)lookslikefencingandismanufacturedwithplainordeformedcold
drawnwire.Slumpisameasureofhowconsistent,fluid,andworkableabatchoffreshlymixedconcrete
is.Anychangeintheslumpmaymeanthattheamountofwater,thetemperature,hydration,orsettinghas
changed.Slumpisameasureoftheamountofwaterinthemix.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IP
Bhawan,NewDelhiPage26
27. 27.FoundationsThoughthefoundationsupportsabuilding,theearthistheultimatesupport.The
foundationisasystemcomprisingfoundationwall,footing,andsoil.Theprimepurposeofan
efficientstructuralfoundationsystemistotransmitthebuildingloadsdirectlytothesoilwithoutexceeding
thebearingcapacityofthesoil.AproperlyDesignedandconstructedfoundationsystemtransferstheloads
uniformly,minimizessettlement,andanchorsthestructureagainstrackingforcesanduplift.Becausesoil
typeandbearingcapacityarethecrucialfactorsinthefoundationsystem,thefoundationmustbedesigned
andbuiltasasystem.Toomanyresidentialfoundationsaredesignedandbuiltwithoutanyconcernforthe
soil.TypesofFoundationsThemanytypesoffoundationscanbeseparatedintotwobroadgroups:shallow
foundationsanddeepfoundations.Shallowfoundationsconsistoffourtypes:deepbasements(8
footwalls),crawlspaces,slabsongrade,andfrostprotectedshallowfoundations.Theyincludespread
footings,matorraftfootings,longfootings,andstrapfootings.Deepfoundationsextendconsiderably
deeperintotheearth.Theyincludedrilledcaissonsorpiers,groupsofpilesdrivenandcastinplace
concretepiles,andfloatingfoundations.Anumberofdifferentconstructionsystemscanbeused.Casting
placeconcreteisthemostwidelyusedmaterialforresidentialfoundations,followedbyconcreteblock.
Othermethodsincludeprecastfoundationwalls,castinplaceconcretesandwichpanels,andmasonry
orconcretepiers,allweatherwoodfoundations(AWWF),whicharenowcalledpermanent

woodfoundations(PWF),orpreserved.WoodfoundationsinCanada.Expandedpolystyrene(EPS)Blocks,
polyurethaneblocks,andothersimilarsystemsusingEPSblocksfilledwithconcretearealsoused.Central
PublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage27
28. 28.FOOTINGSFootings(whichmaybesquare,rectangular,orcircular)arestripsofconcreteorfilled
concreteblocksplacedunderthefoundationwall.Gravelorcrushedstonefootingsareusedwith
PWFs.Thepurposeofthefootingsistotransfertheloadsfromwalls,piers,orcolumnstothesoil.
Thespreadfootingisthemostcommontypeusedtosupportwalls,piers,orcolumns.The
NationalConcreteMasonryAssociation(NCMA)hasdevelopedasystemofsolid.Pilefoundation
systemsFoundationsrelyingondrivenpilesoftenhavegroupsofpilesconnectedbyaPilecap(alarge
concreteblockintowhichtheheadsofthepilesareembedded)todistributeloadswhicharelargerthan
onepilecanbear.Pilecapsandisolatedpilesaretypicallyconnectedwithgradebeamstotiethe
foundationelementstogetherlighterstructuralelementsbearonthegradebeamswhileheavierelements
beardirectlyonthepilecap.MonopilefoundationAmonopilefoundationutilizesasingle,generallylarge
diameter,foundationstructuralelementtosupportalltheloads(weight,wind,etc.)ofalargeabovesurface
structure.DriedPilesAlsocalledcaissons,drilledshafts,drilledpiers,Castindrilledholepiles(CIDH
piles)orCastinSitupiles.Rotaryboringtechniquesofferlargerdiameterpilesthananyotherpiling
methodandpermitpileconstructionthroughparticularlydenseorhardstrata.Constructionmethods
dependonthegeologyofthesite.Inparticular,whetherboringistobeundertakenindryground
conditionsorthroughwaterloggedbutstablestratai.e.wetboring.Wetboringalsoemploysatemporary
casingthroughunstablegroundandisusedwhenthepileborecannotbesealedagainstwateringress.
Boringisthenundertakenusingadiggingbuckettodrillthroughtheunderlyingsoilstodesigndepth.The
reinforcingcageisloweredintotheboreandconcreteisplacedbytremiepipe,followingwhich,extraction
ofthetemporarycasingtakesplace.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage28
29. 29.UnderreamedpilesUnderreamedpileshavemechanicallyformedenlargedbasesthathavebeenas
muchas6mindiameter.Theformisthatofaninvertedconeandcanonlybeformedinstablesoils.The
largerbasediameterallowsgreaterbearingcapacitythanastraightshaftpile.AugercastpileAnaugercast
pile,oftenknownasaCFApile,isformedbydrillingintothegroundwithahollowstemmedcontinuous
flightaugertotherequireddepthordegreeofresistance.Nocasingisrequired.Augercastpilescause
minimaldisturbance,andareoftenusedfornoiseandenvironmentallysensitivesites.Augercastpilesare
notgenerallysuitedforuseincontaminatedsoils,duetoexpensivewastedisposalcosts.Incasessuchas
thesehoweveradisplacementpilemayprovidethecostefficiencyofanaugercastpileandminimal
environmentalimpact.Ingroundcontainingobstructionsorcobblesandboulders,augercastpilesareless
suitableasrefusalabovethedesignpiletipelevationmaybeencountered.Incertaincasesdrillmotorsthat
producemoretorqueandhorsepowermaybeabletomitigatetheseevents.SpecialtyPiles:1.Micropiles2.
Tripodpiles3.Sheetpiles4.Soldierpiles5.SuctionPiles6.AdfreezePilesCentralPublicWorks
Department,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage29
30. 30.Typesofshallowfoundations:InterlockingconcreteblockscalledIDRfooterblocks.Theminimum
widthofthefootingisbasedonthefoundationwallthickness.An8inchthickfoundationwallwouldhave
an8inchwidefooting.However,footingsaremadewiderthanthefoundationwall,andtheextra
widthprojects(orcantilevers)equallybeyondeachsideofthewall.Contrarytowidespreadbelief,the
purposeoffootingsisnotforspreadingoutanddistributingtheloadstothesoil.Theextrawidthisusedto
supportthewallformswhiletheconcreteispoured,orasabaseforconcretemasonryblocksor
brick.FinishingandCuringConcreteWhenworkingwithconcrete,certainmethodsandtechniquesmustbe
employedtoensurethebestfinishedproduct.Thischapterdiscussesthefollowing:1)Screeding2)
Tampingandjitterbugging3)Finishing(includingFloating,Troweling,Brooming,Grooving,andEdging)
4)Curing(includingcuringtimeandcuringmethods)1)ScreedingToscreedistostrikeofforlevelslab
concreteafterpouring.Generally,allthedrymaterialsusedinmakingqualityconcreteareheavierthan
water.Thus,shortlyafterplacement,thesematerialswillhaveatendencytosettletothebottomandforce
anyexcesswatertothesurface.Thisreactioniscommonlycalledbleeding.Thisbleedingusuallyoccurs
withnonairentrainedconcrete.Itisofutmostimportancethatthefirstoperationsofplacing,screeding,
anddarbyingbeperformedbeforeanybleedingtakesplace.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IP
Bhawan,NewDelhiPage30
31. 31.Theconcreteshouldnotbeallowedtoremaininwheelbarrows,buggies,orbucketsanylongerthanis
necessary.Itshouldbedumpedandspreadassoonaspossibleandstruckofftothepropergrade,then
immediatelystruckoff,followedatoncebydarbying.Theselasttwooperationsshouldbeperformed
beforeanyfreewaterisbledtothesurface.Theconcreteshouldnotbespreadoveralarge
areabeforescreedingnorshouldalargeareabescreededandallowedtoremainbeforedarbying.Ifany
operationisperformedonthesurfacewhilethebleedwaterispresent,seriousscaling,dusting,orcrazing

canresult.Thispointcannotbeoveremphasizedandisthebasicruleforsuccessfulfinishingofconcrete
surfaces.Thesurfaceisstruckofforroddedbymovingastraightedgebackandforthwithasawlikemotion
acrossthetopoftheformsorscreeds.Asmallamountofconcreteshouldalwaysbekeptaheadofthe
straightedgetofillinallthelowspotsandmaintainaplanesurface.Formostslabwork,screedingis
usuallyatwopersonjobbecauseofthesizeoftheslab.2)TampingorJitterbuggingThehandtamperor
jitterbugisusedtoforcethelargeparticlesofcoarseaggregateslightlybelowthesurfacetoenablethe
cementmasontopassadarbyoverthesurfacewithoutdislodginganylargeaggregate.Aftertheconcrete
hasbeenstruckofforrodded(and,insomecases,tamped),itissmoothedwithadarbytolevelanyraised
spotsandfilldepressions.Longhandledfloatsofeitherwoodormetal(calledbullfloats)aresometimes
usedinsteadofdarbiestosmoothandlevelthesurface.Thehandtampershouldbeusedsparinglyand,in
mostcases,notatall.Ifused,itshouldbeusedonlyonconcretehavingalowslump(1inchorless)
tocompacttheconcreteintoadensemass.Jitterbugsaresometimesusedonindustrialfloorconstruction
becausetheconcreteforthistypeofworkusuallyhasaverylowslump,withthemixbeingquitestiffand
perhapsdifficulttowork.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage31
32. 32.3)FinishingWhenthebleedwaterandwatersheenhaveleftthesurfaceoftheconcrete,finishing
maybegin.Finishingmaytakeoneormoreofseveralforms,dependingonthetypeof
surfacedesired.Finishingoperationsmustnotbeoverdone,orwaterunderthesurfacewillbebroughttothe
top.Whenthishappens,athinlayerofcementisalsobroughtupandlater,aftercuring,thethinlayer
becomesascalethatwillpowderoffwithusage.Finishingcanbedonebyhandorbyrotatingpower
driventrowelsorfloats.Thesizeofthejobdeterminesthechoice,basedoneconomy.Thetypeoftoolused
forfinishingaffectsthesmoothnessoftheconcrete.Awoodfloatputsaslightlyroughsurfaceonthe
concrete.Asteel(orothermetal)trowelorfloatproducesasmoothfinish.Extraroughsurfacesaregivento
theconcretebyrunningastiffbristledbroomacrossthetop.4)FloatingMostsidewalksanddrivewaysare
givenaslightlyroughenedsurfacebyfinishingwithafloat.Floatsmaybesmall,handheldtools,withthe
workdonewhilekneelingonaboard,ortheymaybeonlonghandlesforworkingfromtheedge.showsa
workerusingalonghandledfloat,andshowstheconstructiondetailsformakingafloat.Whenworking
fromakneelingboard,theconcretemustbestiffenoughtosupporttheboardandtheworkersweight
withoutdeforming.Thiswillbewithintwotofivehoursfromthetimethesurfacewaterhasleftthe
concrete,dependingonthetypeofroof.Aroofincludestheroofcover(theupperlayer,which
protectsagainstrain,snow,andwind)orroofing,thesheathingtowhichitisfastened,andthe
framing(rafters)thatsupporttheothercomponents.Becauseofitsexposure,roofingusuallyhasalimited
life.Itismadetobereadilyreplaceable.Roofingmaybemadeofmanywidelydiversifiedmaterials,
amongwhicharethefollowing:CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage32
33. 33.1)WoodTheseareusuallyintheformofshingles(uniformmachinecut)orshakesthatarehandcut.
TheyareseeninManyareasofthecountry.2)MetaloraluminiumSimulatesotherkindsofroofing.3)
Slatethismaybethenaturalproductorrigidmanufacturedslabs,oftencementasbestos,thoughtheseare
onthedeclinesincethecontroversyoverasbestos.4)Builtupcoversofasphaltortarimpregnatedfelts,
withamoppingofhottarorasphalttheseareplacedbetweenthepliesandamoppingoftarorasphalt
overall.Tarfeltroofsusuallyhavethetopcoveredwithembeddedgravelorcrushedslag.5)Roll
roofingWhich,asthenameimplies,ismarketedin?Rollscontainingapproximately108ft2.Eachrollis
usually36incheswideandmaybeplainorhaveacoatingofcoloredMineralgranules.Thebaseisaheavy
asphaltimpregnatedfelt.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage33
34. 34.6)AsphaltshinglesTheseareusuallyintheformOfstripswithtwo,three,orfourtabsperunit.These
shinglesIsasphaltwiththesurfaceexposedtotheweatherheavily?Coatedwithmineralgranules.Because
oftheirfireresistance,Cost,anddurability,asphaltshinglesarethemostpopularroofingmaterialfor
homes.Asphaltshinglesareavailableinawiderangeofcolours,includingblackandwhite._Glassfibre
shinglesThesearemadepartlyofaglassfibremat(whichiswaterproof)andpartlyofasphalt.Like
asphaltshingles,glassfibreshinglescomewithselfsealingtabsandcarryaClassAfireresistance
warranty.Forthedoityourself,theymaybeofspecialinterestbecausetheyarelightweight,about220
poundspersquare(100ft2ofroofing).RoofsTheslopeoftheroofisfrequentlyafactorinthechoiceof
roofingmaterialsandmethodusedtoputtheminplace.Thelowerthepitchoftheroof,thegreaterthe
chanceofwindgettingundertheshinglesandtearingthemout.Interlockingcedarshinglesresistthiswind
pryingbetterthanstandardasphaltshingles.Forroofswithlessthana4inchslopeperfoot,donotuse
standardasphalt.Downto2inches,useselfsealingasphalt.Rollroofingcanbeusedwithpitchesdownto
2incheswhenlapped2inches.ForverylowpitchedSlopes,themanufacturersofasphaltshingles
recommendthattheroofbeplannedforsomeothertypeofcovering.Aluminiumstriproofingvirtually
eliminatestheproblemofwindprying,butthesestripsarenoisy.Mosthomeownersobjecttothenoise
duringarainstorm.Evenonporches,thenoiseisoftenannoyingtothoseinsidethehouse.Spacedroofing

boardsaresometimesusedwithcedarshingles.Thisisusuallydoneasaneconomymeasureandbecause
thecedarshinglesaddconsiderablytothestrengthoftheroof.Thespacedroofingboardsreducethe
insulatingqualities.RollRoofingRollroofingisaneconomicalcoverespeciallysuitedForroofswithlow
pitches.Itisalsosometimesusedforvalleyflashinginsteadofmetal.Ithasabaseofheavyasphalt
impregnatedfeltwithadditionalcoatingsofasphaltthataredustedtoCentralPublicWorksDepartment,I
PBhawan,NewDelhiPage34
35. 35.preventadhesionintheroll.Theweathersurfacemaybeplainorcoveredwithfinemineralgranules.
Manydifferentcoloursareavailable.Oneedgeofthesheetisleftplain(nogranules)wherethelap
cementIsapplied.Forbestresults,thesheathingmustbetight,preferably16tongueandgroove,
orplywood.Ifthesheathingissmooth.Theseasphaltshingleshaveathreedimensionallook.Asphalt
shinglesarethemostpopular.CEMENTSECONDSHEETFIRSTSHEETMethodofcementingand
lappingthefirstandsecondStripsofrollroofing.Roofing(withnocuppedboardsorotherprotuberance),
theslatesurfacedrollroofingwillwithstandasurprisingamountofabrasionfromfoottraffic,althoughitis
notgenerallyrecommendedforthatpurpose.Windstormsarethemostrelentlessenemyofrollroofing.If
thewindgetsunderalooseedge,almostcertainlyasectionwillbeblownoff.BuiltUpRoof(BUR)Abuilt
uproofisconstructedofsheathingpaper,abondedbasesheet,perforatedfelt,asphalt,andsurface
aggregates.Thesheathingpapercomesin36inchwiderollsandhasapproximately432ft2perroll.Itis
arosinsizepaperandisusedtopreventasphaltleakagetothewooddeck.Thebasesheetisaheavy
asphaltsaturatedfeltthatisplacedoverthesheathingpaper.Itisavailablein1,11/2,and2squaresper
roll.Theperforatedfeltisoneoftheprimarypartsofabuiltuproof.Itissaturatedwithasphaltandhastiny
perforationsthroughoutthesheet.Theperforationspreventairentrapmentbetweenthelayersof
felt.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage35
36. 36.Theperforatedfeltis36incheswideandweighsapproximately15lbspersquare.Asphaltisalsooneof
thebasicingredientsofabuiltuproof.Therearemanydifferentgradesofasphalt,butthemost
commonarelowmelt,mediummelt,highmelt,andextrahighmeltSHEATHINGPAPERBASE
SHEETPERFORATEDFELTASPHALTAGGREGATESectionalplanofabuiltuproofPriortothe
applicationofthebuiltuproof,thedeckshouldbeInspectedforsoundness.Woodboarddecksshouldbe
constructedof3/4inchseasonedlumberorplywood.AnyknotholesCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IP
Bhawan,NewDelhiPage36
37. 37.largerthanoneinchshouldbecoveredwithsheetmetal.Ifplywoodisusedasaroofdeckitshouldbe
placedwiththelengthatrightanglestotheraftersandbeatleast1/2inchinthickness.Thefirststepinthe
applicationofabuiltuproofistheplacingofsheathingpaperandbasesheet.Thesheathingpapershould
belappedin2inchesandsecuredwithjustenoughnailstoholditinplace.Thebasesheetisthenplaced
with2inchsidelapsand6inchendlaps.Thebasesheetshouldbesecuredwith1/2inchdiameterhead
galvanizedroofingnailsplaced12inchesoncenterontheexposedlap.Nailsshouldalsobeplaceddown
thecenterofthebasesheet.Thenailsshouldbeplacedintwoparallelrows,12inchesapart.Thebasesheet
isthencoatedwithauniformlayerofhotasphalt.Whiletheasphaltisstillhot,alayerofroofingfeltis
placedandmoppedwiththehotasphalt.Eachsucceedinglayerofroofingfeltisplacedandmoppedina
similarmannerwithasphalt.Eachsheetshouldbelapped19inches,leaving17inchesexposed.Oncethe
roofingfeltisplaced,agravelstopisinstalledaroundthedeckperimeter.Twocoatedlayersoffeltshould
extend6inchespasttheroofdeckingwherethegravelstopistobeinstalled.Whentheotherpliesare
placed,thefirsttwolayersarefoldedovertheotherlayersandmoppedinplace.Thegravelstopisthen
placedinan1/8inchthickbedofflashingcementandsecurelynailedevery6inches.Theendsofthe
gravelstopshouldbelapped6inchesandpackedinflashingcement.AGGREGATEGRAVEL
STOPASPHALTROOFCEMENTNAILS3"O.C.Thegravelstop.Afterthegravelstopisplaced,the
roofisfloodedwithhotasphaltandthesurfaceaggregateisembeddedinthefloodcoat.Theaggregates
shouldbehard,dry,opaque,andfreeofanydustorforeignmatter.Thesizeoftheaggregatesshouldrange
from1/4inchRoofingto5/8inch.Whentheaggregateispiledontheroof,itshouldbeplacedonaspot
thathasbeenmoppedwithasphalt.Thistechniqueensuresproperadhesioninallareasoftheroof.Central
PublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage37
38. 38.7.PROJECTMONITORING:PROJECTMONITORINGSYSTEMThisisdonetocontinuouslytrack
theperformanceoftheprojectprogress,costsandconditioncontribution.Correctiveactionscanbetaken
whenrequiredandprovidesdata.ThefollowingthreereportsaremadeforthetrackingMonthlyprogress
reportJobcostreportProjectperformancereport.8.QUALITY:CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IP
Bhawan,NewDelhiPage38
39. 39.ThetechnicalauditofworksdonebyCPWDusedtobedoneinhouserightfromitsinception.The
functionsofQualityAssuranceandTechnicalAuditofworkswereshiftedtoCVCintheyear1964.On
therecommendationofRanganathanCommittee,theQualityAssurancefunctionswereagainshiftedto

CPWDintheyear1979.TheimplementationofQualityAssuranceinthefieldwillrequirecloseco
operationamongthethreeagencies,namely(a)fieldengineers(b)theconstructionagency,and(c)the
QualityAssuranceteamatCirclelevelforstrictcomplianceofQualityAssuranceProcedureformingpart
ofagreement.QualityControlSystemOfTheDepartmentMultilevelQualitycheckshavebeencreatedin
CPWDasdetailedbelow:FieldlevelThedirectresponsibilityforensuringproperqualityofworkasper
approvedspecificationsforachievingtheintendedperformanceandstructural,functionalandaesthetical
parameters,andthedesiredlifeofthebuilding/installation/structurerestswiththeconstructionteamof
ExecutiveEngineer,AssistantEngineerandJuniorEngineer.QualityControlteamatCircleLevelTokeep
awatchontheeffectiveness/adequacyofQualityAssurancemeasuresatsite,aQualityAssuranceteam
withSEofthecircleasitsheadandcomprisingofoneAE.ThefunctionsoftheQualityAssuranceteamat
CirclelevelaretocheckthecomplianceofQualityAssurancesystembythefieldunits,tolocatethe
lapse/deficiencyintheimplementationoftheQualityAssurancePlan,andtoguidethefieldengineersin
qualityrelatedaspectsofthework.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage39
40. 40.CoreWingatDirectorateLevelThisCoreWingcarriesoutthefollowingmainfunctionstoensure
systematicandcomprehensiveAssuranceofqualityintheworks:QualityAssuranceofworksunderthe
SpecialDG(S&P),(TD),ADG(Border)andEngineerinChief(CPWD),Delhi.Carryout
comprehensiveexamination&technicalauditofworks.Tocarryoutinvestigationsandenquirieswith
regardtoqualityrelatedaspects.QualityAssuranceunitsintheRegionsQualityAssuranceworksin
variousRegionsarebeinglookedafterbytheRegionalQAunitsheadedbytheSuperintendingEngineer
(TLQA)orDirectorWorksoftheRegion.CONTRACTSPECIFICATIONSANDQUALITY
ASSURANCE(CSQ)TheCSQunitofCPWDisresponsibleforContractrelatedmattersandquality
assurancefunctions.TheunitheadedbyaChiefEngineerislocatedinNirmanBhawanandhas5separate
cellsheadedbysuperintendingengineerstolookafterspecificareas.Thespecificareasare1.Contract&
Manual2.StandardsandSpecificationsCentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage40
41. 41.3.QualityAssurance4.TechnoLegalmatters5.TechnologyApplication&StandardsUnit.Theunit
isalsoresponsibleforenlistmentofclass1contractorsinCPWDbesidesformulatingrulesandregulations
forenlistmentofcontractorsbydifferentauthorities.Allcontractrelatedissues,technolegalissues
referredtoDGWbyfieldunitsorbyotherorganisationsaredealtbythisunit.Theresponsibilityof
bringingoutschedulesandspecificationsalsorestswiththeCSQunit.10.CONCLUSION:CentralPublic
WorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage41
42. 42.ItwasawonderfullearningexperienceatCPWDoffice,IPBhawan,NewDelhi110002forSixWeeks.
Igainedalotofinsightregardingalmosteveryaspectofsite.Iwasgivenexposureinalmostallthe
departmentsatthesite,butIhadlikedtohighlighttheareasofsafety,qualitymanagement,material
managementandexecution.Ihopethisexperiencewillsurelyhelpmeinmyfutureandalsoinshapingmy
career.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage42
43. 43.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage43
44. 44.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage44
45. 45.CentralPublicWorksDepartment,IPBhawan,NewDelhiPage45
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