PAPER

HISTORY OF HEAT

Disusun oleh:
Arif Eko Sumaryanto
Helmiyanto Ismoyo

(14726251005)
(14726251001)

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN FISIKA

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA
2015

HISTORY OF HEAT

Heat is one of the areas of natural sciences . The early history of the emergence of the
fire has been going on so long since the first human being can make a fire to physicists
studying the microscopic properties of heat. History of heat is the history of the beginning of
the history of thermodynamics.
A. Before the 18th Century
Before the advent of science, the human look hot as a fire. In 3000 BC the ancient
Egyptians saw the heat as a mythology of their nation, for example Ogdoad or "
primordial forces ". The first theory about the heat filed by a Greek philosopher named
Heraclitus in 500 BC . Heraclitus lived in the city of Ephesus in Ionia , Asia Minor , now
known as the territory of Turkey . Heraclitus is famous for his theory of " flux and fire "
with the famous words are " all things flow (all thing are flowing ) " . Heraclitus
megajukan think there are three elements in this universe , namely fire, earth (earth ) ,
and water .
According to the third element of the fire as a central element for controlling and
modifying the other two elements. The universe was postulated to be in a continuous
state of flux or permanent condition of change as a result of transformations of fire.
Heraclitus summarized his philosophy as: "All things are an exchange for fire".

Heraclitus
In 460 BC Hippocrates , father of medicine said Heat, a quantity which functions
to animate, derives from an internal fire located in the left ventricle. In the 11th century,
Abu Rayhan Biruni stated as the cause of motion and friction heat , which in turn can
create fire and lack of movement as the cause of cold near the poles : The earth and the

water form one globe, surrounded on all sides by air. Then, since much of the air is in
contact with the sphere of the moon, it becomes heated in consequence of the movement
and friction of the parts in contact. Thus there is produced fire, which surrounds the air,
less in amount in the proximity of the poles owing to the slackening of the movement
there.

Abu Rayhan Biruni

The 13th century , philosophers and theologians of Islam Abd Allah Baydawi
assume there are two possible causes of the fire are: a) that [natural heat] would be the
heat of a fiery atom that is broken, and b) that heat may occur through motion-change,
the proof of this being through experiment. In 1253, an article entitled Speculum latin
Tripartitum states: Avicenna says in his book of heaven and earth, that heat generated
from motion in external things. Around the year 1600, the English philosopher and
scientist Francis Bacon suspect that: Heat itself, its essence and quiddity is motion and
nothing else.
B. 18th Century
In 18th century, science of heat began to grow rapidly , there are several wellknown scientists in this century who put forward his theory relating to heat include:
1. Joseph Black
Black is a Scottish chemist who is one of the founders of heat chemistry. He
was born at 16 April 1728. He found that when the ice melts , the temperature does
not change leads to a particular idea or latent heat . He also examined the carbon
dioxide or ' fixed air ' so called .. This research led to the discovery of bicarbonate.

Heat -known theory is accepted equal with the heat released ( Principle / principle )
Black . The inventor is Joseph Black ( 1728-1799 ).

Joseph Black
2. Benyamin Thomphson
He say that the Heat may occur due to a friction. The founder is Benjamin
Thompson (1753 - 1814) of the United States . Thomson experiments on gunnery and
explosives produce method to measure the specific heat of solids . Furthermore,
Thomson investigating the insulating properties of various materials including fur
and wool. He think that insulating properties of natural materials can block the
convection of the air so as to ensure the animals stay comfortable. In 1797, he
expressed about non conductivity of molten material .

Benyamin Thompson
3. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
During 1773 he conducted many experiments to thoroughly review the
literature in the air , especially "fixed air" . In 1774 he released a book entitled
Opuscules Physiques et Chimiques in this book he made a study of the works of
Joseph Black who has conducted a series of experiments on the classical quantitative
mild alkaline and caustic.

In 1783 Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier a French scientist stated that significant

oxygen in the combustion process . He proposed instead the caloric theory of heat
Holy roomates as a type of Weightless , invisible fluid that moved when out of
equilibrium . This theory was used in 1824 by the French engineer Sadi Carnot when
he published Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire . He set forth the importance of
heat transfer : " production of motive power is due not to an actual consumption of
caloric , but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body , ie to its re establishment of equilibrium. " According to Carnot , this principle Applies to any
machine set in motion by heat .

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
C. 19th Century
In this century also develops the theory of heat and scientists who contributed to
the hot areas of the 19th century include:
1. Julius Robert von Mayer
Julius Robert von Mayer was born 25 November 1814 in Heilbronn, BadenWrttemberg, Germany, and died March 20, 1878 in Heilbronn, BadenWrttemberg, Germany is a doctor and a German physicist who was one of the
initiators of thermodynamics. After Carnot stated theory about calories. In 1841,
he uttered the famous statement of the conservation of energy. Mayer was the
first to declare the law of conservation of energy, one of the most basic principles
in modern physics. The law of conservation of energy states that the total
mechanical energy of the system is fixed and constant in an isolated system of
objects that interact with each other only by means of a conservative force.
Energy can not be created and destroyed

During 1842, Mayer describes a chemical process called oxidation vital

now as the main source of energy for all living things.

Julius Robert von Mayer

2. James Prescott Joule

James Prescott Joule was a physicist from Britain, he was born in Salford,
Lancashire. The SI unit of energy is derived from the name that is Joule. He
worked for Lord Kelvin to develop the absolute scale of temperature. Joule
studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship with the mechanical
work. This leads to the law of conservation of energy.
See James so fond of science, then at age 16, his father sent James to the
University of Manchester. There he followed some scientific training taught by
John Dalton. Upon returning from training science, father James build a private
lab in the basement for his son. In the laboratory, James perform various
experiments to find a relationship between heat and electrical energy.
In 1840, James published a scientific paper about the heat generated by
electric current. In 1841, Joule's first law suggests that reads "the heat the which
is evolved by the proper action of any voltaic current is proportional to the square
of the intensity of that current, Multiplied by the resistance toconduction the
which it experiences". Then in 1843, he published the continuation of scientific
work on how to transform work into heat. He conducted experiments using
treadle wheel. Finally thence James formulate a physics concept of equality
mechanical energy and heat energy.

Four years later, he succeeded in formulating the law of conservation of

energy, which is the first law of thermodynamics laws. The law states that energy
can neither be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form of energy
into other forms of energy.
In 1847 James met Lord William Thomson Kelvin or, in the discussion of
science. Lord Kelvin interested James discoveries and scientific works ever
published. He also invited James to cooperate. Of cooperation, it gives birth to a
concept of physics called the Joule-Thomson Effect. Joule-Thomson effect and
then evolved into a science that studied about the nature of matter at extremely
low temperatures. Science is called the Cryogenic.

James Prescott Joule

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