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Heleni Porfyriou

The Cartography of Crete in the First Half


of the 17 t h Century:
a Collective Work of a Generation of Engineers

Abstract
1

In 1982 Elisabeth Clutton wrote a very interesting article pointing out the
major phases of the historical cartography of Crete (Fig. 1) and the fact that
the 17 th century cartography of the island was indebted to Francesco
Basilicata's manuscript map of l 6 l 2 (Fig. 2). In particular Clutton examined
and compared thoroughly the map of Basilicata with that of Marco Boschini
(Fig. 3), whose publication in 1651 strongly influenced the mainstream
cartography of the area -both in Italy and abroad- suggesting that the latter
was no more than a copy of Basilicata's work.
The aim of this paper is to throw new light on this process of transition
of information from authors with first hand experience of the area to
others. The ultimate goal is to suggest that the cartography of Crete in the
first half of the 17 th century was not the work of a single author (however
remarkable this may have been, as was the case with Basilicata's map of
Crete), but the outcome of the work of a whole generation of engineers,
keen to satisfy the Venetian Republic's thirst for information.

HISTORICAL OUTLINE

Crete and the Greek archipelago were the focal point of the
geographical representation of the West up to the modern era.
Crete or Candia, as a territory of the Venetian Republic since
1204, had largely benefited from the introduction of print and
the cartographical work of the famous Venetian editors in the
16th century. But in the 17th century, the rich iconographie and
cartographic documentation, which will be discussed in this
paper, was mainly due to the fact that Crete represented, for the
Venetian Republic and the Christian world in general, the
ultimate bulwark against Turkish threat.
The military importance that Crete assumed during this

Institute for Neohellenic Research N.H.R.F.


Tetradia Ergasias 25/26 (2004)

Eastern Mediterranean

Cartographies
p. 65-92

HELENI PORFYRIOU

fig.l: Elizabeth
Clutton, "The shape
of Crete: a selection
of outlines. " From E.
Clutton, "Some
Seventeenth Century
Images of Crete: a
comparative analysis
of the manuscript
maps of Francesco
Basilicata and the
printed maps by
Marco Boschini, "
Imago Mundi 34
(1982): 52.

VARIOUS AUTHORS 1511-1610

F. BASILICATA

1612-1629

fig. 2: Francesco Basilicata,


"Cretae Regnum, " in
Pervenisti atque nobilissimi
creteisis regln urbes, ars,
oppida..., l6l8-9- Venezia,
Biblioteca Museo Correr
(Jrom now onwards BMC),
MS Portolano n. 4,1.

ACTUAL

M,

THE CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY

MARE MEDITEKANEO
fig. 3: Marco Boschini,

W S

OVERO DJ BARBARIA .

"Il Regno di Candia," in II Regno tutto di

Candia...,

Venezia l651. BMC, E 1209, tav. 2.

period was evident from the massive fortifications all over the
island, such as the new fortresses of the cities of Candia and
Canea initiated in the 1540's, but not completed until the late
1570's, the works for the fortresses of the small island of Suda
in 1572, of the city of Rettimo and of Paleocastro in 1573, the
two simple fortresses on the rock of S. Todhero in 1574, as well
as the fortifications of the small rocky islands of Spinalonga in
1578 and Grabusa in 1579.2
Crete represented the "major nerve [...] of the force and
reputation" 3 of all the Christian world, as Luca Michiel recorded
in his report of 1580 as General Purveyor of the island. And this
was evident not only in the extensive fortification undertaken
by Venice, but also in a series of descriptive works of the
defensive state of the island accompanied by maps, plans and
perspective, or bird's-eye, views of the major cities and
fortresses. These collections, forming small atlases, designed
and elaborated by engineers sent in loco by the Republic in
order to follow the fortification of the island, or by noblemen,
belonging to the Venetian governor's suite, were the outcome of
a detailed and profound knowledge of the Cretan territory.
The first document we have of this kind comprises only a
written text eloquently entitled: "Description of the whole
67

HELENI PORFYRIOU

island of Candia, of all its principal cities, castles, villas,


mountains, rivers and of other important things, as well as the
n u m b e r and quality of its fortresses, h o w it can be attacked by
the Turks, and h o w it can b e defended, the dangerous points,
the forces and utilities that Venice receives from and other
specific aspects of the m o m e n t , w r i t t e n by a Venetian
nobleman;" that is Leonardo Querini in 1583. 4
By the end of the 16 th century, however, Crete was greatly
transformed. A n e w townscape was created -fortified and
equipped w i t h shipyards, aqueducts, n e w ports, warehouses,
m u n i t i o n deposits, military quarters and hospitals- w h i l e the
landscape was enriched by the presence of n e w fortresses and
restored castles. It was precisely this transformation of the built
and natural e n v i r o n m e n t that the 17 th century topographical
atlases registered.
The first to appear in l 6 0 1 was a collection of 24 very fine
ink drawings by Angelo degli Oddi, entitled "Cities, fortresses,
harbors, natural ports and beaches of the Kingdom of Candia." 5
Then came the three different manuscript atlases of Francesco
Basilicata comprising the first (of l 6 l 2 ) : 52 tables of designs
accompanied by a brief descriptive text and a map; the second
(of 1618-19): 43 tables and a map; and the third (of 1629-30): a
text entitled "Report of all the Kingdom of Candia" accompanied
only by a map of the island. 6 During the same period a n u m b e r
of collections saw the light: Ercole Nani's collection of 23
drawings and a map in l 6 l 3 , entitled "Fortresses, beaches and
harbors of the Kingdom of Candia;" 7 Giorgio Corner's collection
of 31 plates and a map in 1625, entitled "The Kingdom of
Candia;" 8 and finally in I 6 3 I the collection of Raffaello Monanni,
in a diary form, w i t h 71 small water-colours illustrating a
descriptive text entitled "Topographical description of Candia." 9
All of these small atlases w e r e dedicated to Venetian noblemen,
w h o Avere often governors of the island and w h o probably had
explicitly asked the authors to undertake this kind of w o r k for
them, as at least was the case with Monanni, w h o affirms in his
dedication that "he was commissioned to observe all the places."
Different from these manuscript w o r k s was, instead, the

68

T H E CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1 7 t h

fig. 4: Marco Boschini,

CENTURY

"L'isola di Candia con il leone marciano,"

in II Regno

tutto

di Candia..., Venezia 1651. BMC, E 1209, tav. 1.

publication of 1651 entitled "All the Kingdom of Candia


outlined and engraved by Marco Boschini." 1 0 This b o o k
dedicated to "the Serene Highness the Prince and Regal College
of Venice," and comprising 59 plates of landscape views, city
plans and two maps of the island (in o n e of w h i c h St. Marc's
winged lion holding a sword was overhanging the island), was
published w h e n the city of Candia was already u n d e r siege for
four years and was to r e m a i n so for 18 years m o r e (Fig. 4).
Boschini wrote in the dedication: "I, Marco Boschini, in 1645
have presented the engraving of your noble kingdom of Candia that
69

HELENI PORFYRIOU

you defend against the Turks [...] Now having continued my


fatigues to engrave it from one extreme to the other, while your
Serenity continues to defend it, alone, admired by the whole world,
against the vast Ottoman power. I return, more than ever before,
reverent at your Serene Highness' feet and I present it finished." 11
"It was the perfect m o m e n t , " c o m m e n t s ironically Elisabeth
Clutton, "for a patriotic Venetian to affirm the greatness of
Venice in her struggle against 'la potenza vastissima Ottomana'
and, at the same time, to launch a money-making venture by
publishing a volume containing maps, plans and drawings of
Crete." 1 2 And Boschini's m a p "very important for its precise
morphology, accurate horography and abundant place-names" 1 3
was indeed to have a great influence on the m a i n s t r e a m Italian
and foreign cartography of Crete.
Yet the maps of the island that Boschini engraved in
different occasions in 1645, in 1651 and for his Isolarlo14 in
1658 (very similar) w e r e not based on a survey m a d e by the
author since he h a d n ' t ever visited Crete. They were, therefore,
derived from the w o r k of other authors. Clutton suggests that
they w e r e "plagiarized from the w o r k of Francesco Basilicata." 15
She bases her affirmation o n a careful comparative study of
three m a i n aspects of Basilicata and Boschini's maps: "the shape
of the outline, the coastal place-names and the representation of
topography." 1 6 We k n o w , however, that in addition to Basilicata,
Ercole Nani and Giorgio Corner had also d r a w n maps of the
island based on their o w n knowledge of the place. In particular
Corner's m a p (1625) (Fig. 5) w i t h the South facing up seems
even m o r e similar to Boschini's (1651), specifically regarding
the coastline from Suda to Candia, than to Basilicata's ( l 6 l 9 ) .
What's m o r e , w e k n o w that the first collection w i t h perspective
drawings very similar to those of Boschini was by the engineer
Angelo degli Oddi, w h o s e example was probably followed by
Basilicata himself.

70

T H E CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1 7 t h CENTURY

22m

'm&^j^fcmmw&mS * * / ^
-*-

% Jf*l -^

fig. 5: Giorgio
Nazionale

Corner,

Marciana,

"Regno
Venezia

di Candia,"
(from

ALLO CASTRO

in II Regno

now onwards

DI

di Candia,

125.

BMV) MS. it. VI, 75

Biblioteca
(=8303).

CANDIA.

mm
' il

fig. 6: Angelo
Oddi,

degli

"Paleocastro

di Candia, " in

Citt,

fortezze,

porti,

redotti...,

101.

BMV, MS. it. IV 1


(=5001),

71

tav. 23.

HELENI PORFYRIOU

fig. 7: Francesco
Basilicata, "Fortezza di
Paleocastro, " in
Pervetusti atque
nobilissimi
cretensis
regni urbes, arces,
oppida..., 1618-9- BMC,
MS. Portolano n. 4, V.

fig. 8: Marco
Boschini, "Paleocastro, "
in II Regno tutto di
Candia..., Venezia 151.
BMC, E 1209, tav. 22.
S&:.j.ii::^L

72

,^i.

T H E CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1 7 t h

CENTURY

iSi

m^m^mmmm
fig. 9: Giorgio Corner, "Paleocastro," in II Regno di Candia, 125.
BMV, MS. it. VI, 75 (= 8303).

HELENI PORFYRIOU

10: Angelo degli Oddi, "Fortezza della Suda," in Citt, fortezze, porti,
ti..., l601. BMV, MS. it. IV, 1 (=506l), tav. 11.

redot-

fig. 11: Francesco Basilicata, "Scoglio et fortezza della Suda," in Pervetusti


atque nobilissimi cretensis regni urbes, arces, oppida..., 118-9- BMC,
MS. Portolano n. 4, XIII.

".

T H E CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1 7 T H CENTURY

fig. 12: Angelo degli Oddi, "Golfo e porto della Suda," in Citt, fortezze,
porti, redotti..., l601. BMV, MS. it. IV, 1 (=506l), tav. 1}.
REVIEW OF CITY AND FORTRESS DRAWINGS AND PLANS

A brief comparative overview of some of the most important


landscape drawings and city plans of these Venetian engineers
and n o b l e m e n will better illustrate this point and will allow us
to appreciate better the role played by Basilicata in the history
of Cretan cartography.
Starting from the designs for the fortresses of Grabusa and of
S. Todhero by Oddi, Basilicata and Boschini the similarities are
so evident that any c o m m e n t on their paternity is redundant.
The views of Paleocastro by Oddi (Fig. 6) and Basilicata (Fig. 7)
also look very m u c h alike, w h i l e Boschini (Fig. 8) takes from
Basilicata or from Corner (Fig. 9) certain details, such as the
wells and the furnace.
In the views of Suda by Oddi (Fig. 10) and Basilicata (Fig.
11), once again very similar, even the indication "part inside the
harbor" or "outside the h a r b o r " is repeated in b o t h plates. This
is very important for the orientation, as the general views of
Suda by Oddi (Fig. 12) and Basilicata show us, because the
75

HELENI PORFYRIOU

s^^^^&^^^^^^^^^isg^s^^^^^^^s^^^^ii^^
fig. 13: Marco Boschini,

"Fortezza della Suda," in II Regno tutto di

Venezia 1651. BMC, E 1209, tav. 9-

fig. 14: Giorgio Corner,


"Fortezza della Suda," in
Il Regno di Candia, 125.
BMV, MS. it. VI, 75
(=8303).

'(<

Candia...,

T H E CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1 7 t h

fig. 15: Raffaele Monanni,

"Suda," in Descrizione

CENTURY

topografica di Candia,

I63I.

BMV, MS. it. VII, 889 (=7798), p. 319-

fortified rock is situated at the opening of Suda bay, in order to


defend the bay together with its salinas, from the enemy.
Boschini's plate of Suda (Fig. 13) is, instead, copied from
Corner's design (Fig. 14) or even Monanni's drawing (Fig. 15).
It looks more like a bird's-eye view than a plan of the fortress
like Oddi's and Basilicata's. It is interesting to note that
Boschini copied everything from Corner, even certain details
such as the South door perspective.
Plans, designs and written reports were intended to offer
detailed and accurate knowledge of the whole Cretan territory,
where fortresses, salinas and wells are among the most
important and recurrent themes; no less, of course, than the
new townscape fortified and equipped precisely in those last
fifty years of the 16th century. Let's have a closer look then. First
of all, the capital city Candia. The essential quality of Oddi's
view was so impressive that it became a model for all successive
representations of the city. The fortifications are the real
protagonists of this plate (Fig. l6). Those of the 16th century
divide the "urbs" (which is represented as a void) from the
77

HELENI PORFYRIOU

fig. 16: Angelo degli Oddi,


"Citt di Candia, " in Citt,
fortezze, porti, redotti..., I6OI.
BMV, MS. it. IV, 1 (=506l), tav. 19.

fig. 17: Francesco Basilicata,


"Citt di Candia, " in Pervenisti
atque nobilissimi cretensis regni
urbes, arces, oppida..., 1618-19BMC, Portolano n. 4, II.

1 i

78

THE CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17 th CENTURY

fig. 18: E. Nani, "Citt


di Candia, " in
Fortezze, spiaggie e
porti del Regno di
Candia, l6l3- BMV,
MS. it. IV, 17 (=5064)
c. 25.

fig. 19: Marco


Boschini, "Citt di
Candia assediata," in II
Regno tutto di
Candia..., Venezia
1651. BMC, E 1209-

79

HELENI PORFYRIOU

fig. 20: Marco Boschini,

"Citt di Candia," in II Regno tutto di

Candia...,

Venezia l651. BMC, E 1209, tav. 23-

countryside that is cultivated but also inhabited by small villages


(like Marul). Those of the medieval period (re-utilized as
warehouses, munition deposits and shops) characterized by the
"voltone,"17 subdivide the built-up area distinctly into two parts,
the "old city" and the "city of Candia." In this clearly depicted
spatial hierarchy, due to the primary military interests of the
plate, the only other urban elements represented are the
shipyards (19 the number as Nani informs us) of evident
military importance.
Oddi is not the first to depict Candia in this way. Almost
thirty years earlier (in 1567 and in 1573) another engineer,
Domenico de Rossi,18 on request of the Venetian governors, as
always, had produced a similar view of the city. Yet, Oddi's
plate definitely codifies these previous attempts, that have
remained as loose sheets. Basilicata (Fig. 17) didn't modify
anything from Oddi's view. Palms, windmills, wells, all the
details are repeated unchanged from Nani (Fig. 18) up to
Boschini. In his view of the city under siege, Boschini (Fig. 19)
respects the military priorities of Oddi's representation; but in
his plate "The City of Candia" (Fig. 20) his interest turns to the
urban configuration of the built-up area, which of course
80

T H E CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1 7 t h

CENTURY

fig. 2 1 : Giorgio Corner, "Citt di Candia," in II Regno di Candia, 125. BMV, MS.
it. VI, 75 (=8303).

continues to be characterized by the "voltone" and the


warehouses. His view, is in fact extremely similar to that of
Corner (Fig. 21).
Oddi reserves the same iconographie treatment applied to
Candia also to Canea (Fig. 22), the second largest city of Crete.
The 16th century city walls and moat, together with the medieval
fortified hill, reassume the character of the city19. The only
other urban elements represented are the shipyards (15 old and
4 new ones initiated by Benedetto Moro at whose suite Oddi is
operating) an aqueduct (constructed once again by the general
Purveyor Moro) and a column with the winged lion of St.
Marc's, next to the quay.
Only one year later, another engineer, Emanuelle Mormori 20
designs a very similar view of Canea to Oddi's with the addition
of three churches. Basilicata's plate (Fig. 23) seems to copy
exactly Mormori's. Furthermore, in his view of l 6 l 3 , Nani adds
all the buildings inside the medieval walls, representing them in
great detail, and indicates also the fountains of the city.
81

HELENI PORFYRIOU

fig. 22: Angelo degli Oddi, "Citt della Canea," in Citt, fortezze, porti,
l601. BMV, MS. it. IV, 1 (=506l), tav. 8.

redotti.

fig. 23: Francesco Basilicata, "Citt de la Canea," in Pervenisti atque nobilissimi


cretensis regni urbes, arces, oppida..., l6l8-9- BMC, Portolano n. 4, XIV.

MktfZM^;^^

THE CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17 th CENTURY

-'-'--R A N T A ; .:?DELL V- - C A N E A :

fig. 24: Marco


Boschini,
"Pianta della
Canea, " in II
Regno tutto di
Candia...,
Venezia 1651.
BMC, E 1209,
tav. 6.

Monanni follows up the example of Oddi, while Boschini (Fig.


24) moves away from this stylized image introduced by Oddi,
producing a view of the city, from the hinterland towards the
sea, that points out the street network and the big civic and
religious buildings rather than the old and new fortifications
works. But even in this case his plate is extremely similar to
Corner's design (Fig. 25).
fig. 25: Giorgio Corner, "Cita della Canea," in II Regno di Candia, 125. BMV,
MS. it. VI, 75 (=8303).

83

HELENI PORFYRIOU

fig. 26: Angelo degli Oddi, "Citt di Rettimo," in Citt, fortezze,


I6OI. BMV, MS. it. IV, 1 (=506l), tav. 17.

porti,

redotti...,

The representation of Rettimo by Oddi (Fig. 26) shows once


more the same design attitude: the city empty of any urban
84

T H E CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1 7 t h

fig. 27: Francesco


mi cretensis

Basilicata,
regni

"Citt e fortezza

urbes, arces, oppida...,

di Rettimo,"

CENTURY

in Pervenisti

118-9- BMC, MS. Portolano

arque

nobilissi-

n. 4, IX.

element apart from the fortress, is distinguished from the


countryside and the village by its 16th century fortifications. The
view of Basilicata (Fig. 27), on the other hand, although based
on the same planimetrie system, designs the built-up area in all
its detail: streets, squares, houses, while the civic and religious
buildings are pointed out by their roofs painted red. 21
Monanni's drawing is also very innovative (Fig. 28). He
introduces a new more vivid with more evident threedimensional effect perspective view of the city, highlighted by
a small human figure seen from the back. Finally, Boschini (Fig.
29) copies Corner, who had designed the city from the
hinterland towards the sea (Fig. 30).
The views of the last of the four bigger Cretan cities, Sittia
(Fig. 31), are very similar and are the most picturesque. All the
authors (Oddi, Basilicata, Corner, Monanni and Boschini)
represent, in a somewhat detailed manner, the castle with the
village next to it;22 this last omitted only by Boschini.
85

HELENI PORFYRIOU

(ft esc-e

*.jm

..ft.
! Hefe

.-"

--^^f-V;/ .

fig. 28: Raffaele Monanni, "Rettimo,"

* {

.-''... -JiC

JOi!

in Descrizione

topografica di Candia,

I63I.

BMV, MS. it. VII, 889 (=7798), p. 251.

fig. 29: Marco Boschini,

"Fortezza di Rettimo,"

in II Regno tutto di Candia.

Venezia 1651. BMC, E 1209, tav. 14.

86

THE CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17 th CENTURY

fig. 30: Giorgio Corner, "Citt di Rettimo,"

in II Regno di Candia, 125. BMV,

MS. it. VI. 75 (=8303).

fig. 31: Raffaele Monanni,

"Citt di Sittia," in Descrizione

topografica di Candia,

1631. BMV, MS. it. VII, 889 (=7798), 11.

87

HELENI PORFYRIOU

CONCLUDING REMARKS

After this brief comparative review, it seems reasonable to draw


the following conclusions. First, Oddi was the founder of this
n e w type of small atlases for Crete and his views typified the
iconographical representation of the island for m o r e than fifty
years, particularly w h e n military concerns b e c a m e m o r e
important than other k i n d of r e q u i r e m e n t s (as in the case of
Candia or Canea rather t h a n of Rettimo and Sittia). Second,
Boschini's publication on the w h o l e seems to b e m o r e indebted
to Corner's plans and designs than to Basilicata's w o r k . And
third, there was a widespread need in 17 th century Crete
(probably due to the Turkish threat) for better information, as
88

T H E CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1 7 t h

CENTURY

fig. 32-33: Vicenzo Coronelli, "Candia occidentale e Candia orientale," Isola e


Regno di Candia diviso ne suoi territori), in Corso Geografico Universale, Venezia
1692, ce. 77-78. Roma, Biblioteca Casanatense, BB. I. 34. By permission of the
Ministry of Cultural Heritage.

expressed by the Venetian Purveyors. Such a thirst for


knowledge was satisfied through the information offered in this
case by the engineers and noblemen working in their suite.
After all, as Donatella Calabi put it "the information is above all
a tool for governing," 23 which becomes even more precious, it
can be added, when one is confronted with a military threat.
The Venetian cartography of Crete, in the first half of the 17th
century, is not the work, therefore, of a single author, but the
outcome of various overlapping contributions, a kind of
collective work of a whole generation of engineers on the
89

HELENI PORFYRIOU

p r e c i o u s m a t e r i a l m e t i c u l o u s l y collected a n d
carefully
represented by each one of them.
Boschini m a d e the results of this collective manuscript w o r k
public through his b o o k "The w h o l e Kingdom of Candia." The
great cosmographer of the Republic, father Vincenzo Coronelli,
w h o concluded w i t h his magnificent w o r k the cartographic
history of Venetian Candia (Figs. 32-33), was also to be indebted
to Boschini. 2 4
Heleni Porfyriou
CNR-Centro di studio sulle cause
di deperimento
e sui metodi di
conservazione
delle opere
d'arte, Roma

90

THE CARTOGRAPHY OF CRETE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17 t h CENTURY

NOTES

T h i s a r t i c l e d r a w s h e a v i l y o n t h e w o r k p r e s e n t e d at t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l
C o n f e r e n c e " V e n e z i a e Creta." See HELENI PORFYRIOU, "La c a r t o g r a f i a
v e n e z i a n a d e l l ' i s o l a d i C r e t a , " i n Venezia
e Creta: atti del
Convegno
internazionale
di studi, Iraklion-Chania,
30 settembre
- 5 ottobre 1997, a
c u r a di G h e r a r d o O r t a l l i (Venezia: I s t i t u t o V e n e t o di Scienze, L e t t e r e e d
Arti, 1998), 3 7 5 - 4 1 3 .
1. ELIZABETH CLUTTON, " S o m e S e v e n t e e n t h C e n t u r y I m a g e s of C r e t e : a
C o m p a r a t i v e Analysis of t h e M a n u s c r i p t Maps of F r a n c e s c o Basilicata a n d
t h e P r i n t e d Maps b y M a r c o B o s c h i n i , " Imago Mundi 34 ( 1 9 8 2 ) : 4 8 - 6 5 .
2. GIUSEPPE GEROLA, Monumenti
Veneti nell'isola
di Creta ( V e n e z i a : R.
I s t i t u t o V e n e t o d i S c i e n z e , L e t t e r e e d Arti, 1 9 0 5 - 1 9 3 D , 1.2: 4 7 2 - 6 3 9 ; IOANNA
STERIOTOU, Le fortezze
veneziane
di Retimo:
1540-1646
(Venezia:
u n p u b l i s h e d P h D , IUAV, 1982); PAOLO MORACHIELLO, " C a n d i a . I b a l u a r d i del
R e g n o , " i n Venezia e la difesa del Levante: da Lepanto a Candia
1570-1670,
c u r a r e d a z i o n a l e M a d d a l e n a R e d o l i i (Venezia: A r s e n a l e , [1986]), 133-43
3. V e n e z i a , A r c h i v i o d i Stato, Collegio, R e l a z i o n i , b . 7 8 , R e l a z i o n e di
Luca M i c h i e l , 13 a g o s t o 1 5 8 0 , ff. 54v-55r.
4. Citt d e l V a t i c a n o , B i b l i o t e c a A p o s t o l i c a Vaticana, MS. Vat. lat. 9 4 4 5 .
5. ANGELO DEGLI O D D I , Citt, fortezze, porti, redotti et spiaggie del Regno
di Candia,
l 6 0 1 , Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venezia (from n o w
o n w a r d s BMV), MS. it. IV, 1 ( = 5 0 6 l ) ; GEROLA, Monumenti
Veneti, 1.1: 18,
45-6; DONATELLA CALABI, " S c h e d e , " i n Venezia e la difesa del Levante:
da
Lepanto a Candia 1570-1670, c u r a r e d a z i o n a l e MADDALENA REDOLFI (Venezia:
A r s e n a l e , [1986]), 124-5.
6. FRANCESCO BASILICATA, [MS Atlas of Candia], l 6 l 2 , L o n d o n , British
Library, MS. K. T o p . CXIII. 104, 6 t a b . 6; ID., Pervetusti
atque
nobilissimi
cretensis
regni urbes, arces, oppida...,
1618-9, V e n e z i a , B i b l i o t e c a M u s e o
C o r r e r ( f r o m n o w o n w a r d s BMC), MS. P o r t o l a n o n . 4; ID., Relatione
di
tutto il Regno di Candia...,
1629-30, BMV, MS. It. VII, 1683 (= 8 9 7 6 ) ;
DONATELLA CALABI, "Le cento citt d e l l ' a n t i c o e n o b i l i s s i m o r e g n o c r e t e s e , "
i n FRANCESCO BASILICATA, / / Regno
di Candia,
a t l a n t e c o r o g r a f i c o di
F r a n c e s c o Basilicata l 6 l 8 , r i p r o d u z i o n e i n f a c s i m i l e d e l c o d i c e c o n s e r v a t o
al M u s e o C o r r e r d i V e n e z i a , c o m m e n t o di D o n a t e l l a Calabi (Venezia:
Marsilio, 1993), w h i c h is a n e w e d i t i o n of
Pervetusti).
7. E. NANI, Fortezze
MS. it. IV, 17 ( = 5 0 6 4 ) .
8.

GIORGIO CORNER,

spiaggie
/ / Regno

(=8303); GEROLA, Monumenti

e porti
di

Veneti,

del Regno

Candia,

di Candia,

l 6 l 3 , BMV,

1 6 2 5 , BMV, MS. it. VI,

1.1 : 19, 4 7 - 8 ; CALABI, Schede,

91

75

120-1;

HELENI PORFYRIOU

DONATELLA CALABI, "Il r e g n o di C a n d i a e le fatiche del g o v e r n o c i v i l e : le


cento citt, le p o p o l a z i o n i , le f a b b r i c h e p u b b l i c h e , " i n Venezia e la difesa
del Levante: da Lepanto a Candia
1570-1670.
9. RAFFAELE MONANNI, Descrizione
topografica
di Candia, I 6 3 I , BMV, MS.
it. VII, 8 8 9 (= 7 7 9 8 ) ; GEROLA, Monumenti
Veneti, 1.1: 4 8 ; CALABI,
Schede,

Ilo.
10. MARCO BOSCHINI, Il Regno tutto di Candia delineato
a parte, a parte,
et intagliato
da Marco Boschini
venetiano
al Serenissimo
Prencipe et regal
Collegio di Venetia ( [ V e n e t i a ] , I 6 5 I ) (BMC, E 1209); CALABI, Schede,
Ilo.
11. I b i d e m .
12. CLUTTON, Some

Seventeenth...,

62.

13. ANTONIO RATTI, "Le c a r t e g e o g r a f i s c h e d i C a n d i a del M u s e o c i v i c o


C o r r e r , " Bollettino
dei Musei Civici Veneziani
1.4 ( 1 9 7 9 ) : 97.
14. MARCO BOSCHINI, L'Arcipelago
con tutte le isole, scogli, secche e bassi
fondi,
con i mari, golfi, seni, porti,
citt e castelli...
(In Venetia: p e r
F r a n c e s c o N i c o l i n i , 1658).
15. CLUTTON, Some
16.

Seventeenth...,

62.

Ibidem.

17. CALABI, Schede, 118-9; I D . , "Citt e t e r r i t o r i o n e l D o m i n i o d a m a r , " in


Storia Di Venezia, 6: Dal Rinascimento
al Barocco, a c u r a d i G a e t a n o Cozzi
e Paolo P r o d i (Roma: Istituto della E n c i c l o p e d i a Italiana, ca. 1994), 959
18. GEROLA, Monumenti
19. CALABI, Schede,

CALABI, Schede,

1.1: 102-3; CALABI, Schede,

117.

124-5.

20. GEROLA, Monumenti


21.

Veneti,

Veneti,

1.1: 157.

Veneti,

1.1: 32, 171; CALABI, / / regno

147.

22. GEROLA, Monumenti


103.

23. CALABI, Citt e territorio,


24. RATTI, Le carte geografische,

94999-100.

92

di

Candia,

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