Arm Cortex (LPC 2148) Based Motor Speed Control

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
ARM CORTEX (LPC 2148) BASED MOTOR SPEED

CONTROL
SUBMITTED BY
Mr. UDAY D. WANKAR
Under the Guidance of
Prof. S. P. JOLHE
In partial fulfillment of degree in
B.E. Electrical Engineering(E&P)
RASHTRASANT TUKADOJI MAHARAJ NAGPUR UNIVERSITY,

NAGPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Government College Of Engineering,

Chandrapur
2014-15
ABSTRACT
The project is designed to control the speed of a DC and AC motor using an

ARM7 LPC2148 processor. The speed of motor is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across its terminals. Hence, if voltage across motor terminal is varied, then
speed can also be varied. This project uses the above principle to control the speed of
the motor by varying the duty cycle of the pulses applied to it, popularly known as
PWM control. The project uses input button interfaced to the processor, which are
used to control the speed of motor. Pulse Width Modulation is generated at the output
by the microcontroller as per the program. The program is written in Embedded C.
The average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor
will change depending on the duty cycle, ON and OFF time of the pulses, so the speed
of the motor will change. A motor driver IC is interfaced to the ARM7 LPC2148
processor board for receiving PWM signals and delivering desired output for speed
control. Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices such
as IGBTs to achieve speed control higher capacity industrial motors.
INDEX
SR. NO.
CONTENT
PAGE NO
ABSTRACT
INDEX
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLE
vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2
LPC 2148
2.1
General Description
2.2
Pin Diagram
2.3
Port Pin Description
2.4
Memory Organization
13
2.4.1 On-Chip Flash Program Memory
13
2.4.2 On-Chip Static RAM
13
2.4.3 Memory Map
14
2.4.4 Interrupt Controller
15
2.4.5 Interrupt Sources
15
2.4.6 Pin Connect Block
15
2.4.7 Fast GPIO
16
2.4.8 10 Bit ADC
16
2.4.9 10 Bit DAC
17
2.4.10 USB 2.0 Device Controller
17
2.4.11 SSP Serial I/O Controller
18
2.4.12 General Purpose Timers
19
2.4.13 Watch Dog Timers
20
2.4.14 Real Time Clock
20
2.4.15 Pulse Width Modulation
20
System Control
22
2.5.1 Crystal Oscillator
22
2.5.2 PLL
22
2.5.3 Reset And Wake-Up Timer
23
2.5.4 Brownout Detector
23
2.5.5 Code Security
24
2.5
SR. NO.
CONTENT
PAGE NO.
2.5.6 External Interrupt Input
24
2.5.7 Memory Mapping Control
24
2.6
Power Control
24
2.7
VPB Bus
25
2.8
Emulation And Debugging
25
2.9
Embedded ICE
26
2.10
Embedded Trace
26
2.11
Real Monitor
27
2.11.1 Board Technical Specifications
27
2.11.2 Features of Board
27
Pulse Width Modulation
28
2.12.1 Power Delivery
29
2.12.2 PWM in ARM LPC 2148
30
IMPLEMENTATION
36
3.1
Architecture of Implemented System
37
3.2
Description of Component
37
3.2.1 Power Supply
37
3.2.2 LPC 2148
40
3.2.3 Control Switches
42
3.2.4 LCD Module
43
Motor Driver Circuit
46
3.3.1 DC Motor Driver
46
3.3.2 AC Motor Driver
49
HARDWARE DESIGN AND RESULTS
54
4.1
Work Done In This Project
54
4.2
Result of DC Motor Control
55
4.3
Result of AC Motor Control
57
CONCLUSION
60
REFERENCES
61
2.12
CHAPTER 3
3.3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. NO.
FIGURE NAME
PAGE NO.
2.1
PIN CONFIGURATION OF LPC 2148
2.2
MEMORY MAP
14
2.3
DUTY CYCLE OF PWM
29
2.4
SAMPLE PWM WAVEFORMS
31
3.1
BLOCK DIAGRAM
36
3.2
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
37
3.3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER
38
SUPPLY UNIT
3.4
WAVEFORMS OF BRIDGE RECTIFIER
39
3.5
VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM7805
39
3.6
LPC 2148 DEVELOPMENT BOARD
41
3.7
CONTROL SWITCH BOARD
42
3.8
SWITCH SCHEMATIC
43
3.9
LCD DIAGRAM
44
3.10
LCD SCHEMATIC
45
3.11
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF L293D
46
3.12
L293D IC BOARD
47
3.14
AC MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT
49
3.15
OPTOISOLATOR PIN DIAGRAM AND
49
ACTUAL VIEW
3.16
ACTUAL AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
52
OF TRIAC
3.17
TRIAC TURN ON WITH SNUBBER
52
CIRCUIT
4.2
50% PWM SIGNALS TO L293D
55
4.3
90% PWM SIGNALS TO L293D
56
4.4
DC MOTOR CONTROL
56
FIG. NO.
FIGURE NAME
PAGE NO.
4.5
AC MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT
57
4.6
TRIAC VOLTAGE AT 30% PWM
57
SIGNAL
4.7
TRIAC VOLTAGE AT 50% PWM
58
SIGNAL
4.8
AC MOTOR CONTROL
58
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO.
TABLE NAME
PAGE NO.
2.1
PORT PIN DESCRIPTION
2.2
PWM REGISTER MAP
32
3.1
PIN DESCRIPTION
48
3.2
MAXIMUM RATING OF
51
MOC3021
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
AC motors have been the workhorse of industry since the earliest days of
electrical engineering. They are reliable, efficient, cost-effective and need little or no
maintenance. In addition, ac motors such as induction and reluctance motors need no
electrical connection to the rotor, so can easily be made flameproof for use in
hazardous environments such as in mines, petrol refineries, etc.
In order to provide proper speed control of an ac motor, it is necessary to
supply the motor with a three phase supply of which both the voltage and the
frequency can be varied. Such a supply will create a variable speed rotating field in
the stator that will allow the rotor to rotate at the required speed with low slip. This ac
motor drive can efficiently provide full torque from zero speed to full speed, can
overspeed if necessary, and can, by changing phase rotation, easily provide bidirectional operation of the motor. A drive with these characteristics is known as a
PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) motor drive.
Drives and motors are an integral part of industrial equipment from
packaging,robotics, computer numerical control (CNC), machine tools, industrial
pumps,and fans, etc. Designing next-generation drive systems to lower operating
costsrequires complex control algorithms at very low latencies as well as a
flexibleplatform to support changing needs and the ability to design multipleaxissystems.
Traditional drivesystems based on ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs),
andmicrocontroller units lack the performance and flexibility to address these needs.
So we use ARM controller.
The project is designed to control the speed of a DC and AC motor using an
ARM7 LPC2148 processor. The speed of motor is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across its terminals. Hence, if voltage across motor terminal is varied, then
speed can also be varied. This project uses the above principle to control the speed of
the motor by varying the duty cycle of the pulse applied to it, popularly known as
PWM control. The project uses input button interfaced to the processor, which are
used to control the speed of motor. Pulse Width Modulation is generated at the output
by the microcontroller as per the program. The program is written in Embedded C.
The average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor will
change depending on the duty cycle, ON and OFF time of the pulses, so the speed of
the motorwill change. A motor driver IC is interfaced to the ARM7 LPC2148
processor board for receiving PWM signals and delivering desired output for speed
control. Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices such
as IGBTs to achieve speed control higher capacity industrial motors.
CHAPTER 2
LPC 2148
CHAPTER 2
LPC 2148
2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The LPC2148 microcontrollers are based on a 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-CPU

with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combine microcontroller
with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit
wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code
execution at the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the
alternative 16-bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal
performance penalty. Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2148 are
ideal for applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access
control and point-of-sale. Serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0
Full-speed device, multiple UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2C-bus and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB
up to 40 kB, make these devices very well suited for communication gateways and
protocol converters, soft modems, voice recognition and low end imaging, providing
both large buffer size and high processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual
10-bit ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine
edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers suitable for
industrial control and medical systems.
Key features
16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.
8 kB to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 kB to 512 kB of on-chip flash

memory.
128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.
In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot

loaderSoftware. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming
of256 bytes in 1 ms.
Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with
the On-chip Real Monitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction
execution.
USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM.
In addition, the LPC2146/48 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by

DMA.
One or two (LPC2141/42 vs. LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of 6/14
analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 s per channel.
Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).
Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare
Channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock
input.
Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400
Kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) with configurable priorities and vector

addresses.
Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
Up to 21 external interrupt pins available.
60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with
settling Time of 100 s.
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal from 1 MHz to 25

MHz.
Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down.
Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock

scaling for Additional power optimization.
Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt or BOD.
Single power supply chip with POR and BOD circuits: CPU operating voltage
range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V 10 %) with 5 V tolerant I/O pads.
2.2 PIN DIAGRAM
Fig. 2.1 Pin configuration of LPC 2148
2.3 PORT PIN DESCRIPTION

Table No 2.1 Port Pin Description
Symbol
Pin
P0.0 to P0.31
Type
I/O
Description
Port 0Port 0 is a 32-bit I/O port with individual
direction controls for each bit. Total of 31 pins of
the Port 0 can be used as a general purpose
bidirectional digital I/Os while P0.31 is output only
pin. The operation of port 0 pins depends upon the
pin function selected via the pin connect block.
Pins P0.24, P0.26 and P0.27 are not available.
P0.0/TXD0/
19
I/O
PWM1
P0.1/RXD0/
(GPIO).
21
TXD0 Transmitter output for UART0.
PWM1 Pulse Width Modulator output 1.
I/O
PWM3/EINT0
P0.2/SCL0/
P0.0 General purpose input/output digital pin

(GPIO).
22
RXD0 Receiver input for UART0.
EINT0 External interrupt 0 input.
I/O
CAP0.0

(GPIO).
I/O
SCL0 I2C0 clock input/output. Open-drain

output (for I2C-bus compliance).
P0.3/SDA0/
26
CAP0.0 Capture input for Timer 0, channel 0.
I/O
MAT0.0/EINT
1
(GPIO).
I/O
SDA0 I2C0 data input/output. Open-drain

MAT0.0 Match output for Timer 0, channel 0.
Symbol
Pin
Type
P0.4/SCK0/
27
I/O
CAP0.1/AD0.6
Description
(GPIO).
I/O
SCK0 Serial clock for SPI0. SPI clock output

from master or input to slave.
P0.5/MISO0/
29
AD0.6 ADC 0, input 6.
I/O
MAT0.1/AD0.

(GPIO).
I/O
MISO0 Master In Slave Out for SPI0. Data

input to SPI master or data output from SPI slave.
P0.6/MOSI0/
30
I/O
CAP0.2/AD1.0

(GPIO).
I/O
MOSI0 Master Out Slave In for SPI0. Data

output from SPI master or data input to SPI slave.
AD1.0 ADC 1, input 0. Available in

LPC2144/46/48 only.
P0.7/SSEL0/
31
I/O
PWM2/EINT2

(GPIO).
SSEL0 Slave Select for SPI0. Selects the SPI

interface as a slave.
P0.8/TXD1/
33
I/O
P0.8 General purpose input/output digital pin.
PWM4/AD1.1
O
AD1.1 ADC 1, input 1. Available in 2148 only.
Symbol
Pin
Type
P0.9/RXD1/
34
I/O
PWM6/EINT3
P0.10/RTS1/
Description
(GPIO).
35
I/O
CAP1.0/AD1.2

(GPIO).
RTS1 Request to Send output for UART1.

LPC2144/46/48 only.

LPC2144/46/48 only.
P0.11/CTS1/
37
I/O
CAP1.1/SCL1

(GPIO).
CTS1 Clear to Send input for UART1.

Available in LPC2144/46/48 only.
I
I/O

P0.12/DSR1/
38
I/O
MAT1.0/AD1.

(GPIO).
DSR1 Data Set Ready input for UART1.

Available inLPC2144/46/48 only.
AD1.3 ADC 1 input 3. Available in

LPC2144/46/48 only.
P0.13/DTR1/
39
I/O
MAT1.1/AD1.
4

(GPIO).
DTR1 Data Terminal Ready output for UART1.

LPC2144/46/48.
Symbol
Pin
Type
I
Description
AD1.4 ADC 1 input 4. Available in
LPC2144/46/48 only.
P0.14/DCD1/
41
I/O
EINT1/SDA1

(GPIO).
DCD1 Data Carrier Detect input for UART1.

LPC2144/46/48 only.
I
I/O

Note: LOW on this pin while RESET is LOW
forces on-chip boot loader to take over control of
the part after reset.
P0.15/RI1/
45
I/O
EINT2/AD1.5

(GPIO).
RI1 Ring Indicator input for UART1. Available

in LPC2144/46/48.

LPC2144/46/48 only.
P0.16/EINT0/
46
I/O
MAT0.2/CAP0
(GPIO).
.2
P0.17/CAP1.2/
47
I/O
SCK1/MAT1.2
(GPIO).
I
I/O
SCK1 Serial Clock for SSP. Clock output from

master or input to slave.
Symbol
Pin
Type
P0.17/CAP1.2/
47
I/O
SCK1/MAT1.
Description
(GPIO).
I/O
SCK1 Serial Clock for SSP. Clock output from

master or input to slave.
P0.18/CAP1.3/
53
I/O
MISO1/MAT1
(GPIO).
.3
I
I/O

MISO1 Master In Slave Out for SSP. Data input
to SPI master or data output from SSP slave.
P0.19/MAT1.2
54
I/O
/MOSI1/CAP1
(GPIO).
.2
O
I/O

MOSI1 Master Out Slave In for SSP. Data
output from SSP master or data input to SSP.
P0.20/MAT1.3
55
I/O
/SSEL1/EINT
(GPIO).
MAT1.3 Match output for Timer 1, channel 3
SSEL1 Slave Select for SSP. Selects the SSP

I
P0.21/PWM5/
I/O
AD1.6/CAP1.
3

(GPIO).

LPC2144/46/48 only.
Symbol
Pin
Type
P0.22/AD1.7/
I/O
CAP0.0/MAT
Description
(GPIO).
0.0
AD1.7-ADC 1, input 7. Available in LPC2148

only.
P0.23/VBUS
58
I/O

(GPIO).
VBUS Indicates the presence of USB bus

power. Note: This signal must be HIGH for USB
reset to occur.
P0.25/AD0.4/
I/O
AOUT

(GPIO).
AOUT DAC output. Available in LPC2148

only.
P0.28/AD0.1/
13
I/O
CAP0.2/MAT
(GPIO).
0.2
P0.0 to P0.31
17
CAP0.2 Capture input for Timer0, channel 2.
I/O
Port 0: Port 0 is a 32-bit I/O port with individual

direction controls for each bit. Total of 31 pins of
the Port 0 can be used as a general purpose
bidirectional digital I/Os while P0.31 is output only
pin. The operation of port 0 pins depends upon the
pin function selected via the pin connect block.
Pins P0.24, P0.26 and P0.27 are not available.
P0.0/TXD0/
19
I/O
PWM1

(GPIO).
Symbol
P0.1/RXD0/
Pin
Type
21
I/O
PWM3/EINT0
P0.2/SCL0/
Description
(GPIO).
22
I/O
CAP0.0

(GPIO).
I/O

P0.3/SDA0/
26
I/O
MAT0.0/EIN
(GPIO).
T1
I/O

P0.4/SCK0/
27
I/O
CAP0.1/AD0.

(GPIO).
I/O
SCK0 Serial clock for SPI0. SPI clock output

from master or input to slave.
P0.5/MISO0/
29
I/O
MAT0.1/AD0.
7

(GPIO).
I/O
MISO0 Master In Slave Out for SPI0. Data

input to SPI master or data output from SPI slave.
Symbol
P0.6/MOSI0/
Pin
30
Type
I/O
CAP0.2/AD1.
Description
(GPIO).
I/O
MOSI0 Master Out Slave In for SPI0. Data output

from SPI master or data input to SPI slave.

LPC2144/46/48 only.
P0.7/SSEL0/
31
I/O
PWM2/EINT2

(GPIO).
SSEL0 Slave Select for SPI0. Selects the SPI

2.4 MEMORY ORGANIZATION

2.4.1 On-Chip Flash Program Memory
The LPC2148 incorporates a 512 kB flash memory system. This memory may
be used for both code and data storage. Programming of the flash memory may be
accomplished in several ways. It may be programmed in System via the serial port.
The application program may also erase and/or program the flash while the
application is running, allowing a great degree of flexibility for data storage field
firmware upgrades, etc. Due to the architectural solution chosen for an on-chip boot
loader, flash memory available for users code on LPC2148 is 500 kB. The LPC2148
flash memory provides a minimum of 100,000 erase/write cycles and 20 years of
data-retention.
2.4.2 On-Chip Static RAM
On-chip static RAM may be used for code and/or data storage. The SRAM
may be accessed as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The LPC2141, LPC2142/44 and
LPC2146/48 provide 8 kB, 16 kB and 32 kB of static RAM respectively. In case of
LPC2146/48 only, an 8 kB SRAM block intended to be utilized mainly by the USB
can also be used as a general purpose RAM for data storage and code storage and
execution.
2.4.3 Memory Map

The LPC2148 memory map incorporates several distinct regions, as shown in
Fig 2.2 In addition, the CPU interrupt vectors may be remapped to allow them to
reside in either flash memory (the default) or on-chip static RAM.
Fig 2.2 Memory Map
2.4.4 Interrupt Controller

The Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) accepts all of the interrupt request
inputs and categorizes them as Fast Interrupt Request (FIQ), vectored Interrupt
Request (IRQ), and non-vectored IRQ as defined by programmable settings. The
programmable assignment scheme means that priorities of interrupts from the various
peripherals can be dynamically assigned and adjusted. Fast interrupt request (FIQ) has
the highest priority. If more than one request is assigned to FIQ, the VIC combines
the requests to produce the FIQ signal to the ARM processor. The fastest possible FIQ
latency is achieved when only one request is classified as FIQ, because then the FIQ
service routine does not need to branch into the interrupt service routine but can run
from the interrupt vector location. If more than one request is assigned to the FIQ
class, the FIQ service routine will read a word from the VIC that identifies which FIQ
source(s) is (are) requesting an interrupt. Vectored IRQs have the middle priority.
Sixteen of the interrupt requests can be assigned to this category. Any of the interrupt
requests can be assigned to any of the 16 vectored IRQ slots, among which slot 0 has
the highest priority and slot 15 has the lowest. Non-vectored IRQs have the lowest
priority. The VIC combines the requests from all the vectored and non-vectored IRQs
to produce the IRQ signal to the ARM processor. The IRQ service routine can start by
reading a register from the VIC and jumping there. If any of the vectored IRQs are
pending, the VIC provides the address of the highest-priority requesting IRQs service
routine, otherwise it provides the address of a default routine that is shared by all the
non-vectored IRQs. The default routine can read another VIC register to see what
IRQs are active.
2.4.5 Interrupt Sources

Each peripheral device has one interrupt line connected to the Vectored
Interrupt Controller, but may have several internal interrupt flags. Individual interrupt
flags may also represent more than one interrupt source.
2.4.6 Pin Connect Block

The pin connect block allows selected pins of the microcontroller to have
more than one function. Configuration registers control the multiplexers to allow
connection between the pin and the on chip peripherals. Peripherals should be
connected to the appropriate pins prior to being activated, and prior to any related
interrupt(s) being enabled. Activity of any enabled peripheral function that is not
mapped to a related pin should be considered undefined. The Pin Control Module
with its pin select registers defines the functionality of the microcontroller in a given
hardware environment. After reset all pins of Port 0 and 1 are configured as input with
the following exceptions: If debug is enabled, the JTAG pins will assume their JTAG
functionality; if trace is enabled, the Trace pins will assume their trace functionality.
The pins associated with the I2C0 and I2C1 interface are open drain.
2.4.7 Fast General Purpose Parallel I/O (GPIO)

Device pins that are not connected to a specific peripheral function are
controlled by the GPIO registers. Pins may be dynamically configured as inputs or
outputs. Separate registers allow setting or clearing any number of outputs
simultaneously. The value of the output register may be read back, as well as the
current state of the port pins. LPC2148 introduces accelerated GPIO functions over
prior LPC2000 devices:
GPIO registers are relocated to the ARM local bus for the fastest possible I/O
timing.
Mask registers allow treating sets of port bits as a group, leaving other bits
unchanged.
All GPIO registers are byte addressable.
Entire port value can be written in one instruction.
Features:
Bit-level set and clear registers allow a single instruction set or clear of any number
of bits in one port.
Direction control of individual bits.
Separate control of output set and clear.
All I/O default to inputs after reset.
2.4.8 10-bit ADC

The LPC2141/42 contains one and the LPC2148 contains two analog to digital
converters. These converters are single 10-bit successive approximation analog to
digital converters. While ADC0 has six channels, ADC1 has eight channels.
Therefore, total number of available ADC inputs for LPC2141/42 is 6 and for
LPC2148 are 14. The LPC2141/42 contains one and the LPC2148 contains two
analog to digital converters. These converters are single 10-bit successive

approximation analog to digital converters. While ADC0 has six channels, ADC1 has
eight channels. Therefore, total number of available ADC inputs for LPC2141/42 is 6
and for LPC2148 are 14.
Features
10 bit successive approximation analog to digital converter.
Measurement range of 0 V to VREF (2.0 V VREF VDDA).
Each converter capable of performing more than 400,000 10-bit samples per second.
Every analog input has a dedicated result register to reduce interrupt overhead.
Burst conversion mode for single or multiple inputs.
Optional conversion on transition on input pin or timer match signal.
Global Start command for both converters (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).
2.4.9 10-bit DAC

The DAC enables the LPC2148 to generate a variable analog output. The
maximum DAC output voltage is the VREF voltage.
Features:
10-bit DAC.
Buffered output.
Power-down mode available.
Selectable speed versus power.
2.4.10 USB 2.0 device controller

The USB is a 4-wire serial bus that supports communication between a host
and a number (127 max) of peripherals. The host controller allocates the USB
bandwidth to attached devices through a token based protocol. The bus supports hot
plugging, unplugging, and dynamic configuration of the devices. All transactions are
initiated by the host controller. The LPC2148 is equipped with a USB device
controller that enables 12 Mbit/s data exchange with a USB host controller. It consists
of a register interface, serial interface engine, endpoint buffer memory and DMA
controller. The serial interface engine decodes the USB data stream and writes data to
the appropriate end point buffer memory. The status of a completed USB transfer or
error condition is indicated via status registers. An interrupt is also generated if
enabled. A DMA controller (available in LPC2146/48 only) can transfer data between
an endpoint buffer and the USB RAM.
Features:
Fully compliant with USB 2.0 Full-speed specification.
Supports 32 physical (16 logical) endpoints.
Supports control, bulk, interrupt and isochronous endpoints.
Scalable realization of endpoints at run time.
Endpoint maximum packet size selection (up to USB maximum specification) by
software at run time.
RAM message buffer size based on endpoint realization and maximum packet size.
Supports Soft Connect and Good Link LED indicator. These two functions are
sharing one pin.
Supports bus-powered capability with low suspend current.
Supports DMA transfer on all non-control endpoints (LPC2146/48 only).
One duplex DMA channel serves all endpoints (LPC2146/48 only).
Allows dynamic switching between CPU controlled and DMA modes (only in
LPC2146/48).
Double buffer implementation for bulk and isochronous endpoints given data
transfer. During a data transfer the master always sends a byte of data to the slave, and
the slave always sends a byte of data to the master.
2.4.11 SSP serial I/O controller

The LPC2148 each contains one SSP. The SSP controller is capable of
operation on a SPI, 4-wire SSI or Microwire bus. It can interact with multiple masters
and slaves on the bus. However, only a single master and a single slave can
communicate on the bus during a given data transfer. The SSP supports full duplex
transfers, with data frames of 4 bits to 16 bits of data flowing from the master to the
slave and from the slave to the master. Often only one of these data flows carries
meaningful data.
Features
Compatible with Motorolas SPI, TIs 4-wire SSI and National Semiconductors
Microwire buses.
Synchronous serial communication.
Master or slave operation.
8-frame FIFOs for both transmit and receive.

Four bits to 16 bits per frame.
2.4.12 General purpose timers/external event counters

The Timer/Counter is designed to count cycles of the peripheral clock (PCLK)
or an externally supplied clock and optionally generate interrupts or perform other
actions at specified timer values, based on four match registers. It also includes four
capture inputs to trap the timer value when an input signal transitions, optionally
generating an interrupt. Multiple pins can be selected to perform a single capture or
match function, providing an application with or and and, as well as broadcast
functions among them.
The LPC2148 can count external events on one of the capture inputs if the
minimum external pulse is equal or longer than a period of the PCLK. In this
configuration, unused capture lines can be selected as regular timer capture inputs, or
used as external interrupts.
Features
A 32-bit timer/counter with a programmable 32-bit prescaler.
External event counter or timer operation.
Four 32-bit capture channels per timer/counter that can take a snapshot of the timer
value when an input signal transitions. A capture event may also optionally generate
an interrupt.
Four 32-bit match registers that allow:
Continuous operation with optional interrupt generation on match.
Stop timer on match with optional interrupt generation.
Reset timer on match with optional interrupt generation.
Four external outputs per timer/counter corresponding to match registers, with the
following capabilities:
Set LOW on match.
Set HIGH on match.
Toggle on match.
Do nothing on match.
2.4.13 Watchdog timer

The purpose of the watchdog is to reset the microcontroller within a
reasonable amount of time if it enters an erroneous state. When enabled, the watchdog
will generate a system reset if the user program fails to feed (or reload) the
watchdog within a predetermined amount of time.
Features
Internally resets chip if not periodically reloaded.
Debug mode.
Enabled by software but requires a hardware reset or a watchdog reset/interrupt to
be disabled.
Incorrect/Incomplete feed sequence causes reset/interrupt if enabled.
Flag to indicate watchdog reset.
Programmable 32-bit timer with internal pre-scaler.
Selectable time period from (TPCLK 256 4) to (TPCLK 232 4) in multiples
of TPCLK 4.
2.4.14 Real-time clock

The RTC is designed to provide a set of counters to measure time when
normal or idle operating mode is selected. The RTC has been designed to use little
power, making it suitable for battery powered systems where the CPU is not running
continuously (Idle mode).
Features
Measures the passage of time to maintain a calendar and clock.
Ultra-low power design to support battery powered systems.
Provides Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Day of Month, Month, Year, Day of Week, and
Day of Year.
Can use either the RTC dedicated 32 kHz oscillator input or clock derived from the
external crystal/oscillator input at XTAL1. Programmable reference clock divider
allows fine adjustment of the RTC.
Dedicated power supply pin can be connected to a battery or the main 3.3 V.
2.4.15 Pulse width modulator

The PWM is based on the standard timer block and inherits all of its features,
although only the PWM function is pinned out on the LPC2148. The timer is designed
to count cycles of the peripheral clock (PCLK) and optionally generate interrupts or
perform other actions when specified timer values occur, based on seven match
registers. The PWM function is also based on match register events.
The ability to separately control rising and falling edge locations allows the
PWM to be used for more applications. For instance, multi-phase motor control
typically requires three non-overlapping PWM outputs with individual control of all
three pulse widths and positions. Two match registers can be used to provide a single
edge controlled PWM output. One match register (MR0) controls the PWM cycle
rate, by resetting the count upon match. The other match register controls the PWM
edge position. Additional single edge controlled PWM outputs require only one match
register each, since the repetition rate is the same for all PWM outputs. Multiple
single edge controlled PWM outputs will all have a rising edge at the beginning of
each PWM cycle, when an MR0 match occurs. Three match registers can be used to
provide a PWM output with both edges controlled. Again, the MR0 match register
controls the PWM cycle rate. The other match registers control the two PWM edge
positions. Additional double edge controlled PWM outputs require only two match
registers each, since the repetition rate is the same for all PWM outputs.
With double edge controlled PWM outputs, specific match registers control
the rising and falling edge of the output. This allows both positive going PWM pulses
(when the rising edge occurs prior to the falling edge), and negative going PWM
pulses (when the falling edge occurs prior to the rising edge).
Features
Seven match registers allow up to six single edge controlled or three double edge
controlled PWM outputs, or a mix of both types.
The match registers also allow:
Continuous operation with optional interrupt generation on match.
Stop timer on match with optional interrupt generation.
Reset timer on match with optional interrupt generation.
Supports single edge controlled and/or double edge controlled PWM outputs. Single
edge controlled PWM outputs all go HIGH at the beginning of each cycle unless the
output is a constant LOW. Double edge controlled PWM outputs can have either edge
occur at any position within a cycle. This allows for both positive going and negative
going pulses.
Pulse period and width can be any number of timer counts. This allows complete
flexibility in the trade-off between resolution and repetition rate. All PWM outputs
will occur at the same repetition rate.
Double edge controlled PWM outputs can be programmed to be either positive
going or negative going pulses.
Match register updates are synchronized with pulse outputs to prevent generation of
erroneous pulses. Software must release new match values before they can become
effective.
May be used as a standard timer if the PWM mode is not enabled.
A 32-bit Timer/Counter with a programmable 32-bit Prescaler.
2.5 SYSTEM CONTROL

2.5.1 Crystal Oscillator
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with external crystal in range of 1 MHz
to 25 MHz. The oscillator output frequency is called fosc and the ARM processor
clock frequency is referred to as CCLK for purposes of rate equations, etc. fosc and
CCLK are the same value unless the PLL is running and connected.
2.5.2 PLL
The PLL accepts an input clock frequency in the range of 10 MHz to 25 MHz.
The input frequency is multiplied up into the range of 10 MHz to 60 MHz with a
Current Controlled Oscillator (CCO). The multiplier can be an integer value from 1 to
32 (in practice, the multiplier value cannot be higher than 6 on this family of
microcontrollers due to the upper frequency limit of the CPU). The CCO operates in
the range of 156 MHz to 320 MHz, so there is an additional divider in the loop to
keep the CCO within its frequency range while the PLL is providing the desired
output frequency. The output divider may be set to divide by 2, 4, 8, or 16 to produce
the output clock. Since the minimum output divider value is 2, it is insured that the
PLL output has a 50 % duty cycle. The PLL is turned off and bypassed following a
chip reset and may be enabled by software. The program must configure and activate
the PLL, wait for the PLL to Lock, then connect to the PLL as a clock source. The
PLL settling time is 100 s.
2.5.3 Reset And Wake-Up Timer

Reset has two sources on the LPC2148: the RESET pin and watchdog reset.
The RESET pin is a Schmitt trigger input pin with an additional glitch filter.
Assertion of chip reset by any source starts the Wake-up Timer (see Wake-up Timer
description below), causing the internal chip reset to remain asserted until the external
reset is de-asserted, the oscillator is running, a fixed number of clocks have passed,
and the on-chip flash controller has completed its initialization. When the internal
reset is removed, the processor begins executing at address 0, which is the reset
vector. At that point, all of the processor and peripheral registers have been initialized
to predetermined values. The Wake-up Timer ensures that the oscillator and other
analog functions required for chip operation are fully functional before the processor
is allowed to execute instructions. This is important at power on, all types of reset,
and whenever any of the aforementioned functions are turned off for any reason.
Since the oscillator and other functions are turned off during Power-down mode, any
wake-up of the processor from Power-down mode makes use of the Wake-up Timer.
The Wake-up Timer monitors the crystal oscillator as the means of checking whether
it is safe to begin code execution. When power is applied to the chip, or some event
caused the chip to exit Power-down mode, some time is required for the oscillator to
produce a signal of sufficient amplitude to drive the clock logic. The amount of time
depends on many factors, including the rate of VDD ramp (in the case of power on),
the type of crystal and its electrical characteristics (if a quartz crystal is used), as well
as any other external circuitry (e.g. capacitors), and the characteristics of the oscillator
itself under the existing ambient conditions.
2.5.4 Brownout Detector

The LPC2148 include 2-stage monitoring of the voltage on the VDD pins. If
this voltage falls below 2.9 V, the BOD asserts an interrupt signal to the VIC. This
signal can be enabled for interrupt; if not, software can monitor the signal by reading
dedicated register. The second stage of low voltage detection asserts reset to
inactivate the LPC2148 when the voltage on the VDD pins falls below 2.6 V. This
reset prevents alteration of the flash as operation of the various elements of the chip
would otherwise become unreliable due to low voltage. The BOD circuit maintains
this reset down below 1 V, at which point the POR circuitry maintains the overall
reset. Both the 2.9 V and 2.6 V thresholds include some hysteresis. In normal
operation, this hysteresis allows the 2.9V detection to reliably interrupt, or a

regularly-executed event loop to sense the condition.
2.5.5 Code Security

This feature of the LPC2148 allows an application to control whether it can be
debugged or protected from observation. If after reset on-chip boot loader detects a
valid checksum in flash and reads 0x8765 4321 from address 0x1FC in flash,
debugging will be disabled and thus the code in flash will be protected from
observation. Once debugging is disabled, it can be enabled only by performing a full
chip erase using the ISP
2.5.6 External Interrupt Inputs

The LPC2148 include up to nine edge or level sensitive External Interrupt
Inputs as selectable pin functions. When the pins are combined, external events can be
processed as four independent interrupt signals. The External Interrupt Inputs can
optionally be used to wake-up the processor from Power-down mode. Additionally
capture input pins can also be used as external interrupts without the option to wake
the device up from Power-down mode.
2.5.7 Memory Mapping Control

The Memory Mapping Control alters the mapping of the interrupt vectors that
appear beginning at address 0x0000 0000. Vectors may be mapped to the bottom of
the on-chip flash memory, or to the on-chip static RAM. This allows code running in
different memory spaces to have control of the interrupts.
2.6 POWER CONTROL

The LPC2148 supports two reduced power modes: Idle mode and Powerdown mode. In Idle mode, execution of instructions is suspended until either a reset or
interrupt occurs. Peripheral functions continue operation during idle mode and may
generate interrupts to cause the processor to resume execution. Idle mode eliminates
power used by the processor itself, memory systems and related controllers, and
internal buses. In Power-down mode, the oscillator is shut down and the chip receives
no internal clocks. The processor state and registers, peripheral registers, and internal
SRAM values are preserved throughout Power-down mode and the logic levels of
chip output pins remain static. The Power-down mode can be terminated and normal
operation resumed by either a reset or certain specific interrupts that are able to
function without clocks. Since all dynamic operation of the chip is suspended, Powerdown mode reduces chip power consumption to nearly zero. Selecting an external 32
kHz clock instead of the PCLK as a clock-source for the on-chip RTC will enable the
microcontroller to have the RTC active during Power-down mode. Power-down
current is increased with RTC active. However, it is significantly lower than in Idle
mode. A Power Control for Peripherals feature allows individual peripherals to be
turned off if they are not needed in the application, resulting in additional power
savings during active and idle mode.
2.7 VPB BUS

The VPB divider determines the relationship between the processor clock
(CCLK) and the clock used by peripheral devices (PCLK). The VPB divider serves
two purposes. The first is to provide peripherals with the desired PCLK via VPB bus
so that they can operate at the speed chosen for the ARM processor. In order to
achieve this, the VPB bus may be slowed down to 12 to 14 of the processor clock
rate. Because the VPB bus must work properly at power-up (and its timing cannot be
altered if it does not work since the VPB divider control registers reside on the VPB
bus), the default condition at reset is for the VPB bus to run at 14 of the processor
clock rate. The second purpose of the VPB divider is to allow power savings when an
application does not require any peripherals to run at the full processor rate. Because
the VPB divider is connected to the PLL output, the PLL remains active (if it was
running) during Idle mode.
2.8 EMULATION AND DEBUGGING

The LPC2148 support emulation and debugging via a JTAG serial port. A
trace port allows tracing program execution. Debugging and trace functions are
multiplexed only with GPIOs on Port 1. This means that all communication, timer and
interface peripherals residing on Port 0 are available during the development and
debugging phase as they are when the application is run in the embedded system itself
2.9 EMBEDDED ICE

Standard ARM Embedded ICE logic provides on-chip debug support. The
debugging of the target system requires a host computer running the debugger
software and an Embedded ICE protocol convertor. Embedded ICE protocol
convertor converts the remote debug protocol commands to the JTAG data needed to
access the ARM core. The ARM core has a Debug Communication Channel (DCC)
function built-in. The DCC allows a program running on the target to communicate
with the host debugger or another separate host without stopping the program flow or
even entering the debug state. The DCC is accessed as a co-processor 14 by the
program running on the ARM7 TDMI-S core. The DCC allows the JTAG port to be
used for sending and receiving data without affecting the normal program flow. The
DCC data and control registers are mapped in to addresses in the Embedded ICE
logic.
2.10 EMBEDDED TRACE

Since the LPC2148 has significant amounts of on-chip memory, it is not
possible to determine how the processor core is operating simply by observing the
external pins. The Embedded Trace Macro cell (ETM) provides real-time trace
capability for deeply embedded processor cores. It outputs information about
processor execution to the trace port. The ETM is connected directly to the ARM core
and not to the main AMBA system bus. It compresses the trace information and
exports it through a narrow trace port. An external trace port analyzer must capture
the trace information under software debugger control. Instruction trace (or PC trace)
shows the flow of execution of the processor and provides a list of all the instructions
that were executed. Instruction trace is significantly compressed by only broadcasting
branch addresses as well as a set of status signals that indicate the pipeline status on a
cycle by cycle basis. Trace information generation can be controlled by selecting the
trigger resource. Trigger resources include address comparators, counters and
sequencers. Since trace information is compressed the software debugger requires a
static image of the code being executed. Self-modifying code cannot be traced
because of this restriction.
2.11 REAL MONITOR

Real Monitor is a configurable software module, developed by ARM Inc.,
which enables real-time debug. It is a lightweight debug monitor that runs in the
background while users debug their foreground application. It communicates with the
host using the DCC, which is present in the Embedded ICE logic. The LPC2148
contain a specific configuration of Real Monitor software programmed into the onchip flash memory.
ARM7 LPC2148 is ARM7 TDMI-S Core Board Microcontroller that uses

16/32-Bit 64 Pin (LQFP) Microcontroller no. LPC2148 from Philips (NXP). All
resources inside LPC2148 is quite perfect, so it is the most suitable to learn and study
because if user can learn and understand the applications of all resources inside MCU
well, it makes user can modify, apply and develop many excellent applications in the
future. Because Hardware system of LPC2148 includes the necessary devices within
only one MCU such as USB, ADC, DAC, Timer/Counter, PWM, Capture, I2C, SPI,
UART, and etc.
2.11.1 Board Technical Specifications
Processor*
: LPC2148
Clock speed
: 11.0592 MHz / 22.1184 MHz
Clock Divisors
: 6 (or) 12
Real time Clock
: DS1307 on i2c Bus /w Battery
Data Memory
: 24LCxx on i2c Bus
LCD
: 16x2 Backlight
LED indicators
: Power
RS-232
: +9V -9V levels
Power
: 7-15V AC/DC @ 500 mA
Voltage Regulator
: 5V Onboard LM7805
2.11.2 Features of Board
Use 16/32 Bit ARM7 TDMI-S MCU No. LPC2148 from Philips (NXP)
Has 512 KB Flash Memory and 40KB Static RAM internal MCU
Use 12.00MHz Crystal, so MCU can process data with the maximum high speed
at 60MHz when using it with Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) internal MCU.
Has RTC Circuit (Real Time Clock) with 32.768 KHz XTAL and Battery Backup.
Support In-System Programming (ISP) and In-Application Programming (IAP)

through On-Chip Boot-Loader Software via Port UART-0 (RS232).
Has circuit to connect with standard 20 Pin JTAG ARM for Real Time Debugging
7-12V AC/DC Power Supply.
Has standard 2.0 USB as Full Speed inside (USB Function has 32 End Point).
Has Circuit to connect with Dot-Matrix LCD with circuit to adjust its contrast by
using 16 PIN Connector.
Has RS232 Communication Circuit by using 2 Channel.
Has SD/MMC card connector circuit by using SSP.
Has EEPROM interface using I2C.
Has PS2 keyboard interface.
All port pins are extracted externally for further interfaces.
2.12 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a commonly used technique for controlling
power to an electrical device, made practical by modern electronic power switches.
The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the
switch between supply and load on and off at a fast pace. The longer the switch is on
compared to the off periods, the higher the power supplied to the load is.
The PWM switching frequency has to be much faster than what would affect
the load, which is to say the device that uses the power. Typically switchings have to
be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from
few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or
hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.
The term duty cycle describes the proportion of on time to the regular interval
or period of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is
off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.
The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is
very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on, there
is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage
and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM works also well with digital
controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.
PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has
been used to convey information over a communications channel.
Fig. 2.3 Duty Cycles of PWM
2.12.1 Power Delivery

PWM can be used to adjust the total amount of power delivered to a load
without losses normally incurred when a power transfer is limited by resistive means.
The drawbacks are the pulsations defined by the duty cycle, switching frequency and
properties of the load. With a sufficiently high switching frequency and, when
necessary, using additional passive electronic filters the pulse train can be smoothed
and average analog waveform recovered.
High frequency PWM power control systems are easily realisable with
semiconductor switches. As has been already stated above almost no power is
dissipated by the switch in either on or off state. However, during the transitions
between on and off states both voltage and current are non-zero and thus considerable
power is dissipated in the switches. Luckily, the change of state between fully on and
fully off is quite rapid (typically less than 100 nanoseconds) relative to typical on or
off times, and so the average power dissipation is quite low compared to the power
being delivered even when high switching frequencies are used.
Modern semiconductor switches such as MOSFETs or Insulated-gate bipolar
transistors (IGBTs) are quite ideal components. Thus high efficiency controllers can
be built. Typically frequency converters used to control AC motors have efficiency
that is better than 98 %. Switching power supplies have lower efficiency due to low
output voltage levels (often even less than 2 V for microprocessors are needed) but
still more than 70-80 % efficiency can be achieved. Variable-speed fan controllers for
computers usually use PWM, as it is far more efficient when compared to a
potentiometer or rheostat. (Neither of the latter is practical to operate electronically;
they would require a small drive motor).
Light dimmers for home use employ a specific type of PWM control. Home
use light dimmers typically include electronic circuitry which suppresses current flow
during defined portions of each cycle of the AC line voltage. Adjusting the brightness
of light emitted by a light source is then merely a matter of setting at what voltage (or
phase) in the AC half cycle the dimmer begins to provide electrical current to the light
source. In this case the PWM duty cycle is the ratio of the conduction time to the
duration of the half AC cycle defined by the frequency of the AC line voltage.
2.12.2 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) in ARM LPC2148
The PWM is based on the standard Timer block and inherits all of its features,
although only the PWM function is pinned out on the LPC2141/2/4/6/8. The Timer is
designed to count cycles of the peripheral clock (PCLK) and optionally generate
interrupts or perform other actions when specified timer values occur, based on seven
match registers. It also includes four capture inputs to save the timer value when an
input signal transitions, and optionally generate an interrupt when those events occur.
The PWM function is in addition to these features, and is based on match register
events.
The ability to separately control rising and falling edge locations allows the
PWM to be used for more applications. For instance, multi-phase motor control
typically requires three non-overlapping PWM outputs with individual control of all
three pulse widths and positions.
Two match registers can be used to provide a single edge controlled PWM
output. One match register (PWMMR0) controls the PWM cycle rate, by resetting the
count upon match. The other match register controls the PWM edge position.
Additional single edge controlled PWM outputs require only one match register each,
since the repetition rate is the same for all PWM outputs. Multiple single edge
controlled PWM outputs will all have a rising edge at the beginning of each PWM
cycle, when an PWMMR0 match occurs.
Three match registers can be used to provide a PWM output with both edges
controlled. Again, the PWMMR0 match register controls the PWM cycle rate. The
other match registers control the two PWM edge positions. Additional double edge
controlled PWM outputs require only two match registers each, since the repetition
rate is the same for all PWM outputs.
With double edge controlled PWM outputs, specific match registers control
the rising and falling edge of the output. This allows both positive going PWM pulses
(when the rising edge occurs prior to the falling edge), and negative going PWM
pulses (when the falling edge occurs prior to the rising edge).
Fig. 2.4 Sample PWM Waveforms
TABLE 2.2 Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) Register Map
Name
Description
Access
Reset
Address
Value
PWMR
PWM Interrupt Register. The R/W
0xE0014000
0xE0014004
0xE0014008
0xE001400C
0xE0014010
PWMIR can be written to clear

interrupts. The PWMIR can be
read to identify which of the
possible interrupt sources are
pending,
PWMTCR PWM Timer Control Register. R/W
The PWMTCR is used to
control
the
Timer
Counter
functions. The Timer Counter

can be disabled or reset through
the PWMTCR.
PWMTC
PWM Timer Counter. The 32- R/W

bit TC is incremented every
PWMPR+1 cycles of PCLK.
The
PWMTC
is
controlled
through the PWMTCR.

PWMPR
PWM Prescale Register. The R/W

PWMTC is incremented every
PWMPR+1 cycles of PCLK.
PWMPC
PWM Prescale Counter. The R/W

32-bit PC is a counter which is
incremented to the value stored
in PR. When the value in
PWMPR
is
reached,
the
PWMTC is incremented. The

PWMPC is observable and
controllable through the bus
interface.
Name
Description
Access
Reset
Address
Value
PWMMCR
PWM Match Control Register. R/W
0xE0014014
0xE0014018
0xE001401c
The PWMMCR is used to

control
if
an
interrupt
is
generated and if the PWMTC

is reset when a Match occurs.
PWMMRO PWM
Match
Register
0. R/W
PWMMR0 can be enabled

through PWMMCR to reset
the PWMTC, stop both the
PWMTC and PWMPC, and/or
generate an interrupt when it
matches
the
PWMTC.
In
addition, a match between

PWMMR0 and the PWMTC
sets all PWM outputs that are
in single-edge mode, and sets
PWM1 if it is in double-edge
mode.
PWMMR1
PWM
Match
Register
1. R/W

matches
the
PWMTC.
In

clears PWM1 in either singleedge mode or double-edge
mode, and sets PWM2 if it is
in double-edge mode.
Name
Description
Access
Reset
Address
Value
PWMMR2
PWM
Match
Register
2. R/W
0xE0014020
0xE0014024

matches
the
PWMTC.
In

PWMMR3
PWM
Match
Register
3. R/W

matches
the
PWMTC.
In

Name
Description
Access
Reset
Address
Value
PWMMR4
PWM
Match
Register
4. R/W
0xE0014040
0xE0014044

matches
the
PWMTC.
In

PWMMR5
PWM
Match
Register
5. R/W

matches
the
PWMTC.
In

CHAPTER 3
IMPLEMENTATION
CHAPTER 3
IMPLEMENTATION
The aim of this project is to implement ARM7 based motor controller. The
system is used to control speed of DC and AC motors through controller. The
overview of this project is described as.
The complete overview of our architecture is defined in the block diagram. In
our system we have to use 32 bit microcontroller (LPC 2148). The LPC 2148
generates pulse width modulation for controlling the motor.
Fig. 3.1 Block Diagram
3.1 ARCHITECTURE OF IMPLEMENTED SYSTEM
Fig 3.2 Schematic Diagram
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT

The main components of implemented system are as follows:
3.2.1 POWER SUPPLY
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system
that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is
called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical
energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
A 230V, 50Hz Single phase AC power supply is given to a step down
transformer to get 12V supply. This voltage is converted to DC voltage using a Bridge
Rectifier. The converted pulsating DC voltage is filtered by a 470uf/25V capacitor
and then given to LM7805 voltage regulator to obtain constant 5v supply. This 5v
supply is given to all the components in the circuit. A RC time constant circuit is
added to discharge all the capacitors quickly. To ensure the power supply a LED is
connected for indication purpose.
Fig 3.3 Circuit Diagram of Power Supply Unit
Step Down Transformer

A transformer is a static device by which electric power in one circuit is
transformed into electric power of same frequency in another circuit. It can raise or
lower the voltage in the circuit, but with a corresponding decrease or increase in
current. It works on the principle of mutual induction in our project here we are using
a step down transformer for providing a necessary supply to the electronic circuit
(230-12V AC). Its rating is 0-18V, 750 mA .
Rectifier Unit
A DC level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved 100% using a
process called full wave rectification. Here in our project for full wave rectification
we use bridge rectifier. From the basic bridge configuration we see that two diodes
(say D2 and D3) are conducting while the other two diodes (D1 and D4) are in off
state during the period t=0 to T/2 accordingly for the negative cycle of the input the
conducting diodes are D1 and D4. Thus the polarity across the load is the same.
Fig 3.4 Waveforms of bridge rectifier
Filter
In order to obtain a DC voltage of 0 Hz, we have to use a low pass filter. So
that a capacitive filter circuit is used where a capacitor is connected at the rectifier
output and a DC is obtained across it. The filter wavelength is essentially a DC
voltage with negligible ripples and its ultimately fed to the load.
Regulator LM7805
The output voltage from the capacitor is more filtered and finally regulated.
The voltage regulator is a device, which maintains the output voltage constant
irrespective of the change in supply variation, load variation and temperature changes.
Here we use fix voltage regulator namely LM7805. The IC LM7805 is a+5V regulator
which is used for the microcontroller.
Description
The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are
available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages,
making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal
current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it
essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over
1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and
currents.
Fig. 3.5 Voltage Regulator LM7805
Features of LM 7805
Output Current up to 1A
Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
Thermal Overload Protection
Short Circuit Protection
Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection
3.2.2 LPC 2148

LPC2148 microcontroller board based on a 16-bit/32-bit ARM7 TDMI-S CPU
with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combine microcontrollers
with embedded high-speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit
wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code
execution at the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the
alternative 16-bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30% with minimal
performance penalty. The meaning of LPC is Low Power Low Cost microcontroller.
This is 32 bit microcontroller manufactured by Philips semiconductors (NXP). Due to
their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2148 is ideal for applications where
miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale.
Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling
for additional power optimization.
Fig 3.6 LPC 2148 Development Board
3.2.3 CONTROL SWITCHES

In this project four switches are used. They are connected to pin P0.20 to P0.23 of
ARM controller. They are named as follows :
1. Clockwise (CLK)
2. Anticlockwise (ACLK)
3. Low speed (L.S.)
4. High speed (H.S.)
Fig. 3.7 Control Switch Board
Fig. 3.8 Switch schematic
For starting of the motor, first either clockwise or anticlockwise switch is

pressed. As the motor is started, as per the desired speed low speed or high speed
switch is pressed. On pressing, clockwise and low speed switch one after another,
the direction of motor is clockwise and it will run at low speed. Thus as per
requirement for rotating the motor, we can use the switches.
3.2.4 LCD MODULE (2X16 Character)
Dot matrix LCD modules is used for display the parameters. 16 characters 2
lines display is used. It has controller which interface datas and LCD panel. Liquid
crystal displays (LCDs) have materials, which combine the properties of both liquids
and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within
which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are
grouped together in an ordered form similar to a crystal. An LCD consists of two
glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sandwiched in between them. The inner
surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the
character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between
the electrodes and the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle.
One each polarizers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarizers
would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular
direction When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarizes
and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any
orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent.
When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal

molecules would be aligned on a specific direction. The light rays passing through the
LCD would be rotated by the polarizes, which would result in activating/highlighting
the desired characters.
Fig. 3.9 LCD Diagram
The LCD's are lightweight with only a few millimetres thickness. since the
LCD's consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits,
and can be powered for long durations .The LCD's don't generate light is needed to
read the display. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark .The LCD's
have long life and a wide operating temperature range.
One of the most popular output devices for embedded electronics is LCD. The
LCD interface has become very simple. This is due to the availability modules for
LCDs. The LCD along with necessary controller (LCD Controller) and mounting
facility is made available in the module itself. The LCD controller takes care of
everything necessary for the LCD. We communicate with the LCD controller with the
help of a command set provided by the manufacturer.
This circuit consists of a Microcontroller and a LCD. This LCD is operating
with an 8-bit data bus. So totally 11 data lines are required (8 Data lines and 3 control
lines). The 8 bit data lines are connected to the Port1 and the 3 control lines to the
Port1.16-Port1.23. The EN line is called "Enable." This control line indicates to the
LCD that we are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, the EN should be low (0)
and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the
other lines are completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount
of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by
bringing it low (0) again.
Fig. 3.10 LCD Schematic
The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be
treated as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor,
etc.). When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data, which should be displayed
on the screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen we would set RS
high.
The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the
information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the
program is effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get
LCD status") is a read command. All others are written commands so RW will almost
always be low.
3.3 MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT

3.3.1 DC Motor driver
Dc motor driver uses L293D push-pull four channel driver with diodes to
control high rating dc motor using TTL-compatible logic input.
L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers
act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a
higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors.
Fig. 3.11 Block diagram of L293D
L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of
operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse
direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins
2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01
and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively.
Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for
motors to start operating. When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets
enabled. As a result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their inputs.
Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are
off and in the high-impedance state.
Features:
Wide supply-voltage range: 4.5V to 36V
Separate input- logic supply
Internal ESD protection
Thermal shutdown
High-Noise-Immunity input
Output current 1A per channel (600 mA for L293D)
Peak output current 2 A per channel (1.2 A for L293D)
Output clamp diodes for Inductive Transient Suppression(L293D)
Fig.3.12 L293D IC Board
Fig. 3.13 Schematic of L293D
TABLE 3.1 Pin Description
Pin no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Function
Enable pin for motor active high
Input 1 for motor 1
Output 1for motor 1
Ground(0v)
Ground(0v)
Output 2 for motor 1
Input 2 for motor 1
Supply voltage for motors; 9-12 V (up to 36 V )
Enable for motor 2; active high
Input 1 for motor 1
Ground(0v)
Ground(0v)
Input 2 for motor 1
Supply voltage 5v (up to 36 V)
Name
Enable 1,2
Input 1
Output 1
Ground
Ground
Output 2
Input 2
VCC 2
Enable 3,4
Input 3
Output 3
Ground
Ground
Output 4
Input 4
Vcc 1
3.3.2 AC Motor Driver

AC motor driver circuit uses an optoisolator MOC3021, TRIAC BT136 and
Snubber circuit. Firstly PWM signal are given to input i.e. pin 1 of MOC3021 which
lighten led according to PWM signal. Light signals triggers Diac in MOC3021
causing continuity between pin 4 and 6. Thus giving gate signals from AC mains to
gate terminal of triac, the circuit completes and load is on. This process is carried out
at high frequency switching load on and off thereby controlling power to the load.
Fig. 3.14 AC Motor Driver Circuit
1. Opto Isolator (MOC3021)
Fig. 3.15 Optoisolator pin diagram & its actual view
Opto-isolators, or Opto-couplers, are made up of a light emitting device, and a

light sensitive device, all wrapped up in one package, but with no electrical
connection between the two, just a beam of light. The light emitter is nearly always an
LED. The light sensitive device may be a photodiode, phototransistor, or more

esoteric devices such as thyristors, triacs etc.
A lot of electronic equipment nowadays is using optocoupler in the circuit. An

optocoupler or sometimes refer to as optoisolator allows two circuits to exchange
signals yet remain electrically isolated. This is usually accomplished by using light to
relay the signal. The standard optocoupler circuits design uses a LED shining on a
phototransistor-usually it is a diac. The signal is applied to the LED, which then
shines on the diac in the IC.
The light is proportional to the signal, so the signal is thus transferred to the
phototransistor. Optocouplers may also comes in few module such as the SCR,
photodiodes, TRIAC of other semiconductor switch as an output, and incandescent
lamps, neon bulbs or other light source.
The optocoupler usually found in switch mode power supply circuit in many
electronic equipment. It is connected in between the primary and secondary section of
power supplies. The optocoupler application or function in the circuit is to:
1.
Monitor high voltage
2.
Output voltage sampling for regulation
3.
System control micro for power ON/OFF
4.
Ground isolation
If the optocoupler IC breakdown, it will cause the equipment to have low
power, blink, no power, erratic power and even power shut down once switch on the
equipment. Many technicians and engineers do not know that they can actually test
the optocoupler with their analog multimeter. Most of them thought that there is no
way of testing an IC with an analog meter.
This is the principle used in OptoTriacs and optoSCRs, which are readily
available in Integrated circuit (I.C.) form, and do not need very complex circuitry to
make them work. Simply provide a small pulse at the right time to the Light Emitting
Diode in the package. The light produced by the LED activates the light sensitive
properties of the Triac or Thyristor gate and the power is switched on. The isolation
between the low power and high power circuits in these optically connected devices is
typically several thousand volts.
TABLE 3.2 Maximum Rating of MOC3021
Rating
Infrared Emmiting Diode
Reverse Voltage
Forward Current- Continuous
Total power Dissipation@TA=25
C
Negligible Power in TRIAC Driver
Derate above 25C
Output Driver
Off-state Output Terminal Voltage
Peak Repetive Surge Current
(PW=5 ms, 120 pps)
Total power Dissipation @TA=25
C
Derate above 25C
Total Device
Isolation Surge Voltage(1)
(Peak ac voltage, 60Hz , 1 second
Duration)
Total power Dissipation @ TA=25
C
Derate above 25C
Junction Temperature Range
Ambient Temperature Operating
Range(2)
Storage Temperature Range(2)
Soldering Temperature(10 s)
Symbol
Value
Unit
VR
IF
PD
3
60
100
Volts
mA
mW
1.33
mW/C
VDRM
ITSM
400
1
Volts
A
PD
300
mW
mW/C
VISO
7500
Vac(pk)
PD
330
mW
TJ
TA
4.4
-40 to +100
-40 to +85
mW/C
C
C
Tstg
Tl
-40 to +150
260
C
C
2. TRIAC (BT136)
A TRIAC or Triode for Alternating Current is an electronic component
approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers joined in inverse
parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected
together. The formal name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor. This results
in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when
it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesn't have any polarity. It can be triggered by
either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to its gate electrode (with respect
to A1, otherwise known as MT1). Once triggered, the device continues to conduct
until the current through it drops below a certain threshold value, the holding current,
such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC) mains power. This makes
the TRIAC a very convenient switch for AC circuits, allowing the control of very
large power flows with milliampere-scale control currents. In addition, applying a
trigger pulse at a controllable point in an AC cycle allows one to control the
percentage of current that flows through the TRIAC to the load (phase control).
Fig 3.16 Actual and Schematic diagram of TRIAC
3. SNUBBER CIRCUIT
When driving an inductive load, triacs are designed with RC Snubber. These
commutation aid networks are badly optimized in most of applications
The triac is today the only bidirectional device able to control various loads
supplied by the domestic and industrial mains. It is often designed with a network
made of a resistor R and a capacitor C, the SNUBBER circuit.
Fig. 3.17 TRIAC turn on with Snubber circuit.
The main function of this circuit is to improve the switching behavior of the
triac at turn off. At turn off the commutation of the triac is the transient phase during
which the load current is passing through zero and the supply voltage is reapplied to
the triac terminals.
When a TRIAC controls inductive loads, the mains voltage and the load
current are not in phase. To limit the slope of the reapplied voltage and ensure right
TRIAC turn-off, designer usually used a Snubber circuit connected in parallel with
the TRIAC. This circuit can also be used to improve TRIAC immunity to fast
transient voltages. Without Snubber circuit, the slope of reapplied voltage is limited
by the TRIAC capacitance between anode and cathode junction. The oscillating
circuit is constituted by the load, L and R, and the internal capacitance, CT, of the
TRIAC. For example, the typical internal capacitances of 1 A, 12 A and 24 A
TRIACs are respectively 12 pF, 90 pF and 180 pF (without direct voltage junction
polarisation, worst case). Without Snubber circuit and for most part of inductive
loads, the damping factor () is generally lower than 1.
CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DESIGN
AND
RESULTS
CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DESIGN AND RESULTS
4.1 WORK DONE IN THIS PROJECT

In our project the following are works has being done by us:
1. Simulation of the schematic circuit in the PROTEUS software.
2. PCB design in the PCB ARTIST software.
3. Soldering of the components on the PCB.
4. And finally connecting all components and performing the experiment of speed
control.
The main cause behind the reduction of the voltage is delay PWM which can
be only produced by ARM (LPC 2148) controllers. In this controller, the power
devices used is triac. By varying the firing pulses to the triac either voltage equal to
the supply or voltage less than the supply voltage are obtained.
We know when the reduced voltage is applied, the power consumed or
absorbed also decreases proportionally. Hence the brightness of the lamp and also the
speed of the induction motor are reduced and also can be made equal to the maximum
values only. The hardware and software are very similar to each other, the only
difference is that the load and circuits are real and not virtual in the hardware. There
are totally 3 part in the hardware of the project. They are
1. LPC 2148 Development Board.

2. Triac and
3. Load (DC motor or induction motor).
4.2 RESULT OF DC MOTOR CONTROL

PWM signals from LPC 2148 is given to DC motor driver IC L293D which
controls 12 volts or greater voltage by 5 V dc from PWM pins of LPC2148.
Firstly 30% duty cycle PWM signal is given to DC motor driver IC L293D
DC motor runs at low speed.
Fig. 4.1 30% PWM signals to L293D
After that 50% duty cycle PWM signal is given to DC motor driver IC L293D
DC motor runs at medium speed.
Again 90% duty cycle PWM signal is given to DC motor driver IC L293D dc
motor runs high speed.
Fig 4.4 DC Motor Control
4.3 RESULT OF AC MOTOR CONTROL

AC motor driver circuit uses an optoisolator MOC3021, TRIAC BT136 and
Snubber circuit. Firstly PWM signal are given to input i.e. pin 1 of MOC3021 which
lighten led according to PWM signal. Light signals triggers Diac in MOC3021
causing continuity between pin 4 and 6. Thus giving gate signals from AC mains to
gate terminal of triac, the circuit completes and load is on. This process is carried out
at high frequency switching load on and off thereby controlling power to the load.
Fig. 4.5 AC Motor Driver Circuit
Firstly 30% duty cycle PWM signal is given to MOC 3021 Opto-isolator, Diac
in MOC 3021 triggers triac gate only 30% of single pulse, i.e. triac is ON only for
30% time of total time period of that PWM pulse. AC motor runs at lower speed.
Fig. 4.6 Triac Voltage at 30% PWM signals
Now 50% duty cycle PWM signal is given to MOC 3021 Opto-isolator, Diac
in MOC 3021 triggers triac gate only 50% of single pulse, i.e. triac is ON only for
50% time of total time period of that PWM pulse. AC motor runs at higher speed.
Fig. 4.7 Triac Voltage at 50% PWM signals
Fig 4.8 AC motor control
APPLICATIONS
The various applications of the proposed system are given as following:
The proposed system is of low cost
It can be used in household appliances as well as in Industrial purpose
User friendly
More efficiency of controlling
Convenience to operate
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
This project deals with the design and analysis of PWM fed speed control of
induction motor. An analysis of control of the speed of induction motor is established
by a equivalent model circuit. The project has been successfully completed with the
main aim of controlling the speed of Induction motor with PWM technique using
ARM microcontroller. The project has been designed using Proteus, Keil software for
ARM microcontroller and LCD with the added advantages of flexibility and ease in
working. The implementation of project is also very easy and understandable. This is
a user friendly project in which proper care has been taken to keep the circuit
arrangement as required by the user.
We hereby conclude that our project will prove to be a very effective in
customer satisfaction and flexibility. It will run to its maximum base to meet user
requirements and provide ease of using along with careful handling of errors if any.
REFERENCES
1. ARM System Developers Guide Designing and Optimizing by Andrew N.
Sloss Elsevier publication, 2004.
2. Arm User Manual, Phillips, August 2005.
3. ARM SYSTEM-ON-CHIP ARCHITECTURE, SECOND EDITION by Steve
Furber, Pearson Education Limited,2000.
4. Introduction to LCD programming tutorial by Craig Steiner Copyright 1997 2005 by Vault information services LLC(http://8052.com/tutlcd.phtml).
5. High Speed CMOS Optocoupler (Datasheet) by Agilent Technologies (2005).
Agilent HCPL-7723 & HCPL-072350 MBd 2 ns PWD. Retrieved November 2,
2010.
6. Modern Applied Science Vol 5, No 3 (2011). A Novel Approach toAnalog Signal
Isolation through Digital Opto-coupler (YOUTAB).
7. Safety Considerations When Using Optocouplers and Alternative Isolators for
Providing Protection Against Electrical Hazards by Avago Technologies (2010),
January 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
8. General theory of electrical machines by P. S. Bimbhra, Khanna Publishers.
9. Power Electronics by P.C. Sen, Tata McGraw Hill publishing Company.
10. R. Khan, M.M.S. Riyadh, PWM Speed Control of AC Single Phase Induction
Motor Using MCU Series Combined With TRIACTechnology, International
Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2011.
11. Shruti Shrivastava, Jageshwar Rawat, Amit Agrawal, Controlling DC Motor
using Microcontroller (PIC16F72) with PWM, International Journal of
Engineering Research Volume No.1, Issue No.2, pp : 45-47.
12. Jeetender Singh Chauhan, Sunil Semwal, Microcontroller Based Speed Control
of DC Geared Motor Through RS-232 Interface With PC International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol. 3, Issue 1, January February 2013, pp.778-783.

Arm Cortex (LPC 2148) Based Motor Speed Control

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Arm Cortex (LPC 2148) Based Motor Speed Control

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ARM CORTEX (LPC 2148) BASED MOTOR SPEED

Under the Guidance of

RASHTRASANT TUKADOJI MAHARAJ NAGPUR UNIVERSITY,

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Government College Of Engineering,

The project is designed to control the speed of a DC and AC motor using an

Port Pin Description

2.4.1 On-Chip Flash Program Memory

2.4.2 On-Chip Static RAM

2.4.3 Memory Map

2.4.4 Interrupt Controller

2.4.5 Interrupt Sources

2.4.6 Pin Connect Block

2.4.7 Fast GPIO

2.4.8 10 Bit ADC

2.4.9 10 Bit DAC

2.4.10 USB 2.0 Device Controller

2.4.11 SSP Serial I/O Controller

2.4.12 General Purpose Timers

2.4.13 Watch Dog Timers

2.4.14 Real Time Clock

2.4.15 Pulse Width Modulation

2.5.1 Crystal Oscillator

2.5.3 Reset And Wake-Up Timer

2.5.4 Brownout Detector

2.5.5 Code Security

2.5.6 External Interrupt Input

2.5.7 Memory Mapping Control

Emulation And Debugging

2.11.1 Board Technical Specifications

2.11.2 Features of Board

Pulse Width Modulation

2.12.1 Power Delivery

2.12.2 PWM in ARM LPC 2148

Architecture of Implemented System

3.2.1 Power Supply

3.2.2 LPC 2148

3.2.3 Control Switches

3.2.4 LCD Module

Motor Driver Circuit

3.3.1 DC Motor Driver

3.3.2 AC Motor Driver

HARDWARE DESIGN AND RESULTS

Work Done In This Project

Result of DC Motor Control

Result of AC Motor Control

PIN CONFIGURATION OF LPC 2148

DUTY CYCLE OF PWM

SAMPLE PWM WAVEFORMS

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER

WAVEFORMS OF BRIDGE RECTIFIER

VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM7805

LPC 2148 DEVELOPMENT BOARD

CONTROL SWITCH BOARD

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF L293D

AC MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT

OPTOISOLATOR PIN DIAGRAM AND

ACTUAL AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

TRIAC TURN ON WITH SNUBBER

50% PWM SIGNALS TO L293D

90% PWM SIGNALS TO L293D

AC MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT