Technological Institute of the Philippines

938 Aurora Boulevard Cubao Quezon City

College of Engineering

Electronics and Communications Department

Communication Electronics
by

Louis E. Frenzel
Book Review

Submitted By:
Caamaque, Marcocarlo U.
EC52FC1
Section

Submitted To:
Engr. Philander U. Lomboy
Industry Lecturer

January xx, 2010

Chapter 1: Introduction to Electronic Communications

1. It is the basic process of exchanging information.

2. What are the two of the main barriers to human communications?

Communication
language and distance

3. The year Gutenberg invents the printing press.

1440

4. The year Morse patents the telegraph.

1844

5. The year of the first successful use of transatlantic telegraph cable.

1886

6. The year Bell invents and patents the telephone.

1876

7. The year Eastman develops the photographic film.

1879

8. The year Hertz discovers the radio waves.

1887

9. The year Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy.

1895

10. The year Marconi makes the first transatlantic radio transmission.

1901

11. The year the Fleming valve was invented.

1903

12. The year De Forest invents the triode vacuum tube and the first
radiotelephone broadcast.

1906

13. The year television is invented.

1923

14. The year Radio astronomy is discovered.

1931

15. The years when Radar is perfected and helps win the WWII

1940-45

16. The year the transistor is invented.

1948

17. The year color TV broadcasting begins.

1954

18. The year IC is invented.

1959

19. The year the first communications satellite is launched.

1962

20. When the Electronic Communications did come into being?

late 19th century

21. What are the basic components of an electronic communications

system?

transmitter, channel or medium,

and a receiver

22. Where is noise added in the electronic communications system?

the channel or medium

23. It refers to any interference that degrades the transmitted information.

24. It is a collection of electronic components and circuits designed to
convert the information into a signal suitable for transmission.
25. It is the medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one place to
another.
26. Light pipe is commonly known as what?

noise
transmitter
channel or communications
channel
fiber-optic cable

27. It is a broad general term applied to any form of wireless communication

from one point to another.
28. Radio makes use of what spectrum where signals are communicated
from one point to another.
29. How signal is made ready to be propagated over long distances?
30. The medium supports the transmission of information, however, it also
__ it.
31. Considerable __ of the signal at both the transmitter and receiver is
required for successful communication.
32. It is another collection of electronic components and circuits that accept
the transmitted message.
33. It is any random, undesirable electric energy that enters the
communications system.
34. It is a source of noise, for which an example is lightning which produces
static.
35. It is a source of noise where the sun and other stars emit various kinds
of radiation.
36. It is a source of noise created by manufactured equipments.

Radio
Electromagnetic Spectrum
by converting them into electric
and magnetic fields
attenuates
amplification
receiver
noise
atmosphere
outer space
electrical interference

37. Electronic components generate noise due to what?

thermal agitation of atoms

38. What are the three major types of communication path?

wire, radio and fiber-optics

39. What are the three classifications of electronic communications?

40. It is an electronic communications in which information travels in one
direction.
41. It transmits information about the physical status of a satellite including
its position and temperature.
42. It is one form of two-way transmission wherein both parties transmit and
receive simultaneously.
43. It is one form of two-way transmission in which one party transmits at a
time.
44. It is a continuously-varying voltage or current signal.
45. It is the most commonly used digital code in communications.
46. It is an international code of dots and dashes.
47. Regardless of whether the original information signals are analog or
digital, they are all referred to as __.

1. one-way or two-way
transmission;
2. analog versus digital signals;
3. baseband or modulated signals
simplex or one-way transmission
Telemetry system of a satellite
full-duplex transmission
half-duplex transmission
analog signal
American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
Morse Code
baseband signals

48. It refers to the transmission where the original analog or digital signals
are put directly into the medium.
49. It is the process of having a baseband-signal modify another higherfrequency signal.
50. It is the higher frequency signal used in modulation.
51. What are the three basic characteristics of the carrier signal that can be
changed by the information signal?
52. It is another term for information or intelligence signal.
53. It is a type of modulation where the baseband signal varies the amplitude
of the carrier.
54. It is a type of modulation where the baseband signal varies the
frequency of the carrier.
55. It is the shifting of the phase of the carrier in accordance with the
intelligence signal.
56. Between the carrier and the baseband signal, which propagates with
greater efficiency?
57. It is another term for the demodulation process.
58. It is the process of transmitting two or more signals simultaneously over
the same channel.
59. It employs large directional antennas and sensitive high gain receivers to
plot star locations.
60. It makes use of reflected microwave signals for the purpose of detection.
61. It is an underwater communications in which audible baseband signals
use water as the transmission medium.
62. Two methods of transmitting visual data over the telephone network are
__ and __.
63. Radio astronomy is based on the fact that stars and other heavenly
bodies emit __.
64. What are the four ways radio is used in the telephone system?
65. What are the two types of Sonar?
66. Computers exchange digital data over the telephone network by using
devices called __.
67. These are limited interconnections of PCs and other computers in offices
or buildings.
68. Before it can be transmitted, information must be converted into __
compatible with the medium.
69. A device which changes voice into a voltage of varying frequency and
amplitude.

Baseband Transmission
Modulation
carrier signal
amplitude, frequency and phase
modulating signal or wave
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
the carrier signal
detection
Multiplexing
Radio Astronomy
Radar
Sonar
facsimile and teletext
radio waves including infrared
microwave relay, satellites,
cordless phones and cellular
phones
active and passive
modem
local area networks
electronic signals
microphone
3

70. It is an electronic signal that radiates into space.

71. It is another term for electromagnetic signals.
72. Electromagnetic waves are signals that __.
73. Electromagnetic waves vary __.
74. It is the entire range of frequencies.
75. Information signals use which part of the spectrum?
76. What is the voice frequency range?
77. It is the number of times a particular phenomenon occurs in a given
period of time.
78. It is the distance traveled by an electromagnetic wave during the time of
one cycle.
79. Frequency band in 30-300 Hz

electromagnetic signals
Radio Frequency Waves
oscillate
sinusoidally
electromagnetic spectrum
the lower frequencies
300-3000 Hz
frequency
wavelength
Extremely Low Frequency

80. What are the common power line frequencies?

50 and 60 Hz

81. What is the audible frequency range?

20-20,000 Hz

82. What is the frequency range of Very Low Frequency?

83. It is a frequency band in which the primary communications services are
those used in aeronautical and marine navigation.

3-30 kHz
Low Frequency

84. What is the range of Low Frequency?

30-300 kHz

85. These are signals which carry the baseband signal but which, in turn,
modulate another higher-frequency carrier.

subcarriers

86. In which frequency band are subcarriers from?

87. One major application in this frequency band is the AM radio
broadcasting.
88. What is the AM radio broadcasting frequency range?

Low Frequency
Medium Frequency
535-1605 kHz

89. It is the frequency band generally known as the short waves.

High Frequency

90. What frequency band does CB and amateur radio use?

High Frequency

91. What is the range of High Frequency?

92. A frequency band with applications such as mobile radio, marine and
aeronautical communications, FM radio broadcasting, and television
channels 2 through 13.

3-30 MHz
Very High Frequency

93. What is the FM radio broadcasting frequency range?

88-108 MHz

94. What is the range of Very High Frequency?

30-300 MHz
4

95. Frequencies above the 1 GHz range are called __.

96. It is a frequency band with applications such as the television channels
14 through 83.
97. What is the range of Super High Frequency?
98. It is a frequency band with applications such as satellite communications
and radar.
99. What is the frequency band of 30-300 GHz?

microwaves
Ultra High Frequency
3-30 GHz
Super High Frequency
Extremely High Frequency

100. It is sandwiched between the highest radio frequency and the visible
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

infrared region

101.

It occupies the range between approximately 0.7 to 10 microns.

infrared region

102.

What are the two areas of infrared region?

103.

It is the infrared region from 0.7 to 1 micron.

short infrared

104.

It is the infrared region from 1 to 10 microns.

long infrared

105.

It refers to the radiation generally associated with heat.

106. What typical optical devices are used to process and manipulate
infrared signals?
107.

What is the spectrum above the infrared region?

108.

What do we normally call the visible spectrum?

109.

It is 1x10-10 of a meter.

110.

What is the wavelength of red?

111.What is the wavelength of violet?

112.

It is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal.

113. It is the frequency range over which an information signal is

transmitted or over which electronic circuits operate.
114. It is generated at frequencies above and below the carrier frequency
by an amount equal to the modulating frequency.
115. It is a regulatory body whose purpose is to allocate spectrum space,
issuing licenses, setting standards and policing the airwaves.
116. It is an international organization which is an agency of the United
Nations aimed at discussing how the frequency spectrum is to be used.

long infrared and short infrared

Infrared
lenses and mirrors
the visible spectrum
light
1 (one angstrom)
8000
4000
bandwidth
bandwidth
sidebands
Federal Communications
Commission
International Telecommunications
Union

Chapter 2: Amplitude Modulation and Single-Sideband Modulation

1. The peak value of the modulating signal should be __ than the peak
value of the carrier.
2. It is the circuit used for producing AM.

less
modulator

3. Amplitude modulators compute the product of what?

carrier and modulating signals

4. It is the relationship between the amplitudes of the modulating signal

voltage and the carrier voltage.
5. It is another term for modulation index that is not yet mentioned in the
answers of number 4.

modulation index, modulation

factor, modulation coefficient

6. The modulation index should be a number between __ and __.

7. A condition where m>1.
8. It is the ideal condition for AM.
9. These are the new signals which are generated as part of the process of
modulation.
10. What do you have when the algebraic sum of the carrier and the two
sidebands are obtained?
11. It is a test instrument used to display waveforms in frequency domain.
12. The greater the modulation index, the __ the sideband power.
13. Where is all the transmitted information contained?
14. In 100% modulation, how much of the total transmitted power is the
carrier power?
15. Despite its inefficiency, AM is still widely used because it is __ and __.
16. What are some of the common applications of AM?
17. It is the antenna resistance that is seen by the transmitter.
18. The load into which the AM signal power is dissipated is an __.
19. It is a signal where the carrier is suppressed resulting to only the
sidebands.
20. It is the circuit used for DSB AM.

degree of modulation
0 and 1
overmodulation
Vm=Vc or m=1
side frequencies or sidebands
the AM waveform
spectrum analyzer
higher
in the sidebands
two-thirds
simple and effective
AM radio broadcasting, television
broadcasting, CB radio
characteristic resistance of an
antenna
antenna
Double-Sideband Suppressed
Carrier Signal
balanced modulator

21. Is it true that the basic information is transmitted twice in DSB AM?

yes

22. When a sideband and the carrier is suppressed, this results to what
signal?

Single-Sideband Suppressed
Carrier Signal
6

23. It is a random voltage made up of an almost infinite number of

frequencies.

24. What are the four major benefits of SSB AM?

25. It refers to a signal that alternately increases and decreases in strength

as it is picked up by the receiver.
26. It bends the carrier and sideband signals back to earth.
27. It is the maximum power produced on voice amplitude peaks.
28. It is a special type of suppressed carrier modulation in which a portion of
the lower sideband is also suppressed.
29. Cite two common applications of DSB.
30. It is the process of translating a modulated signal to a higher or lower
frequency while still retaining all the originally transmitted information.
31. Frequency Conversion is done by what circuit?
32. It is another term of mixer.

noise
1. the spectrum space used is only
one-half that of AM and DSB
2. stronger signal since power is
concentrated on only one
sideband
3. less noise
4. they experience less fading
Fading
ionosphere
Peak Envelope Power (PEP)
Vestigial Sideband Modulation
FM, TV stereo
Frequency Conversion
mixer circuit
converter

33. It is the function performed by the mixer.

heterodyning

34. The mixer performs what mathematical operation?

multiplication

35. It is another term for filter.

tuned circuit

Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation Circuits

1. It is a device whose current is proportional to but does not vary linearly
with the applied voltage.
2. It indicates that the current in a device is proportional to the square of the
input voltage.
3. It refers to signals that are generated at relatively low voltage and power
amplitudes.
4. What type of amplifier is used before the AM signal is fed to an antenna
as not to distort the signal?
5. AM can be produced by passing the carrier through a circuit whose __ or
__ can be varied in accordance with the modulating signal.
6. The name of the nonlinear response of a device that produces AM with
only second-order products is __.
7. A component that has an exponential response ideal for producing AM is
the __.
8. When forward biased, a PIN diode acts like a __.
9. PIN diode modulators are used only at frequencies above about __.
10. A PIN diode modulator is a variable __.
11. High current in a PIN diode means that its resistance is
12. The AM signals generated by low-level modulating circuits must have
their power level increased by a __ before being transmitted.
13. In a high-level AM transmitter, the output stage is usually a class __
amplifier.
14. To achieve 100 percent high-level modulation of an RF power amplifier,
its __ must also be modulated.
15. It is a circuit that accepts a modulated signal and recovers the original
modulating signal.
16. A demodulator circuit may be used alone as the simplest form of __.
17. It is another term for demodulator and detector.
18. The performance of the basic diode detector can be improved by using
what?
19. What is the most widely used amplitude demodulator?
20. The charging and discharging of capacitor in a basic diode detector
produces __ which causes __ of the modulating signal.
21. What are the two main benefits of the full-wave amplitude demodulator

nonlinear device
Square Law Response
low-level
linear amplifier
gain or attenuation
square law
diode
resistor
100 MHz
attenuator
low
linear amplifier
C
driver
demodulator
radio receiver
envelope detector
a full-wave rectifier
diode detector
ripple, distortion
smaller filter capacitor; less ripple
8

over the half-wave circuit?

22. What type of signal does a balanced modulator generate?
23. What are the outputs of a balanced modulator?
24. The balanced modulator suppresses what?

and distortion
Double Sideband
the upper and lower sidebands
the carrier signal

25. What is placed after a balanced modulator as to eliminate one sideband,

thereby resulting in an SSB signal?

filter or phase-shifting circuitry

26. It is one of the most widely used balanced modulator.

diode ring or lattice modulator

27. It is one thing to notice in order to tell whether a signal is a true DSB
signal.
28. A balanced modulator eliminates what from its output?
29. A balanced modulator using a diode bridge is called a __.
30. In a diode ring, diodes are used as what?
31. Can an IC analog multiplier be used for DSB signal generation?
32. What is the main difference between IC balanced modulators and analog
multipliers?
33. What are the two primary methods of generating SSB signals?
34. Which primary method of generating SSB signals is widely used?
35. Filters used in SSB circuits have approximately how much bandwidth?
36. In SSB filters, what is widely used to supply signals on exact frequencies
with good stability?
37. How is resonance achieved?

38. Cite different variations of the crystal filter.

39. What is the advantage of using a center-tapped inductor over that with
transformers?
40. What are the other filters used in SSB?
41. It is usually an RC network that causes the output to either lead or lag
the input by 90o.
42. It is defined as time shift between sine waves of the same frequency.
43. To demodulate an SSB signal, what must be reinserted at the receiver?

phase reversal in the very center

of the waveform
carrier
diode ring or lattice modulator
switches
yes
balanced modulators are switching
circuits
filter method and phasing method
the filter method
2.5-3 kHz
crystal (crystal filters)
XL=XC
1. full crystal lattice with
transformer
2. ladder filter
3. full crystal lattice with centertapped inductor
it can be easily inserted between
transistor amplifier stages
ceramic filters and mechanical
filters
phase shifter
phase shift
the carrier signal
9

44. It is the demodulator for SSB signals.

45. The circuit used to demodulate an SSB signal is typically called __.
46. A filter capable of passing the desired sideband while rejecting the other
sideband must have good __.
47. The most popular filter used to select the desired sideband in an SSB
generator uses __ for selectivity.
48. A quartz crystal acts like a highly selective __ circuit.
49. Mechanical filters provide selectivity because they __ at a specific
frequency.
50. A ceramic filter is similar in operation to a __ filter.

mixer
product detector
selectivity
crystals
tune, resonant or LC
vibrate or resonate
crystal

51. The operating frequency range of a mechanical filter is __ to __ kHz.

200 to 500

52. In the phasing method of SSB generation, __ is used to cancel the

undesired sideband.

phase shift

53. It is a circuit commonly used to demodulate or recover an SSB signal.

54. It is a special kind of AM used for frequency translation purposes.
55. They are the circuits used to perform frequency translation or
conversion>
56. What are the two basic types of frequency conversion?
57. It means that the input signal along with any modulation is translated to a
higher frequency.
58. It refers to the translation of the input signal to some lower frequency.
59. It is the primary characteristic of a mixer.

mixer or balanced modulator

mixing
mixers or converters
up conversion and down
conversion.
up conversion
down conversion
nonlinearity

60. What is the best diode mixer at VHF, UHF and microwave frequencies?

hot-carrier or Schottky barrier

diodes

61. It is a version of the balanced modulator that is one of the most popular
mixers at VHF and UHF.

doubly balanced mixer

62. What is the primary benefit of transistor mixers over diode mixers?
63. In receivers built for VHF, UHF and microwave applications, what are
usually used as mixers?
64. Why is junction FETs and dual-gate MOSFETs widely used as mixers in
VHF, UHF and microwave applications?
65. It is a circuit that functions both as a mixer and a local oscillator.
66. Is the mixing process linear or nonlinear?
67. Between a bipolar and FET, which transistor mixer is preferred?

gain is obtained with a transistor

stage
junction FETs and dual-gate
MOSFETs
because of their high gain and low
noise
autodyne converter
nonlinear
FET
10

68. It is another term for the mixing process.

69. It is the purpose of a mixer.
70. The type of mixer most used at microwave frequencies is a __.
71. They are the two mixers preferred at VHF and UHF.

heterodyning
to perform frequency conversion
or translation
diode
doubly balanced mixer and
GaAs FET

72. Is it true that mixing is the same as AM?

yes

73. Can any balanced modulator be used as a mixer?

yes

74. It can be accomplished by multiplying the carrier sine wave by a gain or

attenuation factor that varies in accordance with the information signal.
75. It is the process of amplitude modulating the final power amplifier of a
transmitter.
76. It composes most SSB filters.
77. It is a frequency-determining component that acts like an LC circuit with
a very high Q.
78. It uses ceramic resonators that act like crystals but are smaller and lower
in cost.
79. It is a popular IC mixer that contains a cross-connected differential
amplifier mixer circuit and an on-chip local oscillator.

Amplitude Modulation
high-level modulation
quartz crystal
quartz crystal
ceramic filters
NE602

11

Chapter 4: Frequency Modulation

1. In __, the carrier amplitude remains constant, while the carrier frequency
is changed by the modulating signal.
2. In FM, as the amplitude of the information signal varies, the carrier
frequency will shift in __.
3. In FM, as the modulating signal amplitude varies, the carrier frequency
varies above and below its __.
4. It is the amount of change in carrier frequency produced by the
modulating signal.
5. In Fm, maximum frequency deviation occurs at the __ of the modulating
signal.
6. It determines how many times per second the carrier frequency deviates
above and below its nominal center frequency.
7. It is the frequency of the carrier frequency deviation.
8. In FM, when the modulating signal is at zero amplitude, the carrier will be
at its __.
9. Assume a carrier frequency of 50 MHz. If the peak amplitude of the
modulating signal causes a maximum frequency deviation of 200 kHz,
the carrier frequency will deviate from __ to __.
10. In the above example, what is the total frequency deviation?

FM
proportion
normal center frequency
frequency deviation
maximum amplitude
modulating signal frequency
frequency deviation rate
center frequency point
49.8 50.2 MHz
400 kHz or 200kHz

11. It determines the rate of the frequency deviation but has no effect on the
amount of deviation.

frequency of the modulating signal

12. Frequency deviation is strictly a function of __.

amplitude of the modulating signal

13. It is the general name given to both FM an PM.

angle

14. True or false. In FM, the carrier amplitude remains constant with
modulation.
15. It is the amount of frequency shift during modulation.
16. The amount of frequency shift in FM is directly proportional to the __ of
the modulating signal.
17. As the modulating signal amplitude goes positive, the carrier frequency

true
deviation
amplitude
increases
12

__.
18. As the modulating signal amplitude goes negative, the carrier frequency
__.
19. It refers to a time separation between two sine waves of the same
frequency.
20. In PM, the greater the amplitude of the modulating signal, the greater the
__.
21. In PM, as the modulating signal goes positive, the amount of phase lag
__ with the amplitude of the modulating signal.
22. In the scenario of the previous question, what happens to the carrier
output?
23. The delay mentioned in the previous question __ with the amplitude of
the modulating signal.
24. In PM, when the modulating signal goes negative, the phase shift
becomes __.

decreases
phase shift
phase shift
increases
it is delayed
increases
leading

25. Since FM is produced by PM, PM is often referred to as __.

indirect FM

26. FM is only produced as long as the phase shift is being __.

varied

27. In PM, during increases or decreases in amplitude, a __ will be

produced.
28. In PM, during constant amplitude positive and negative peaks, what
takes place?
29. In PM, during constant amplitude positive and negative peaks, what is
the output?
30. What type of modulation illustrates that frequency variations take place
only if the modulating signal amplitude is varying.
31. The maximum frequency deviation produced occurs during the time that
the modulating is __.
32. The maximum rate of change of modulating voltage occurs exactly at the
__.
33. In FM, the maximum deviation occurs at __.
34. In PM, the maximum amount of leading or lagging phase shift occurs at
__.
35. In PM, frequency deviation at the output depends upon __.
36. In PM, the faster the modulating signal voltage varies, the greater the __
produced.
37. The frequency deviation produced in PM __ with the frequency of the
modulating signal.
38. In PM, higher modulating voltages produce __ phase shift.

varying frequency
no frequency change
the carrier frequency which has
been shifted in phase
Phase Modulation
changing at its most rapid rate
zero crossing points
the peak positive and negative
amplitude of the modulating signal
the peak amplitudes of the
modulating signal
the rate of change of the
modulating signal
frequency deviation
increases
greater
13

39. In PM, greater phase shift produces __ frequency deviation.

40. In PM, higher modulating frequencies produce a __ rate of change of the
modulating voltage.
41. In PM, a faster rate of change of the modulating signal, the __ the
frequency deviation.
42. In PM, the __ is proportional to both the modulating frequency and
amplitude.
43. In FM, frequency deviation is proportional is proportional only to the __
regardless of its frequency.
44. In FM, crystal oscillators (can/cannot) be frequency-modulated over a
very wide range.
45. Between FM and PM, most angle modulation is what?
46. True or False. Most phase modulators are simpler to implement than
frequency modulators.
47. In PM, the carrier __ is varied in proportion to the amplitude of the
modulating signal.
48. A varying phase shift produces a __.
49. A phase modulator produces a frequency deviation only when the
modulating signal is __.
50. In PM, the frequency deviation is proportional to both the modulating
signal __ and __.
51. When the modulating signal amplitude crosses zero, the phase shift and
frequency deviation in a phase modulator are __.
52. A phase modulator may use a low-pass filter to offset the effect of
increasing carrier frequency deviation for increasing modulating __.
53. True or False. Any Modulation process produces sidebands.
54. In FM and PM, a theoretically __ number of pairs of upper and lower
sidebands are generated.
55. Can a special narrowband FM signal whose bandwidth is only slightly
wider than that of an AM signal can be generated?
56. Sidebands are spaced from the carrier fc and from one another by a
frequency equal to what?
57. If each sideband is assumed to be a sine wave with a given frequency
and amplitude, and all these sine waves were added together, then the
__ would be created.
58. The number of sidebands produced, their amplitude and their spacing
depend upon the __ and __.
59. Should the sideband amplitudes vary with frequency deviation and
modulating frequency?
60. The number of significant sidebands and their amplitudes are dependent

greater
faster
greater
carrier frequency deviation
amplitude of the modulating signal
cannot
PM
true
phase shift
frequency shift or variation
changing or varying
amplitude, frequency
at maximum
frequency
true
infinite
yes
modulating frequency, fm
FM signal producing them
frequency deviation,
modulating frequency
yes
frequency deviation, modulating
14

upon the amount of __ and __.

61. It is the ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulation frequency.
62. In standard FM broadcasting, the maximum permitted frequency
deviation is __.
63. In standard FM broadcasting, what is the maximum modulating
frequency?
64. Whenever the maximum allowable frequency deviation and the
maximum modulating frequency are used in computing the modulation
index, it is known as what?
65. Knowing the modulation index, one can compute what?
66. Any sideband whose amplitude is less than __ of the unmodulated carrier
is considered significant.
67. The FM produced by a phase modulator is known as __.
68. Computing the number and amplitudes of the significant sidebands is
done through a complex mathematical process known as what?
69. The higher the modulation index, the __ the bandwidth of the FM signal.
70. It is an alternative way to calculate the bandwidth of an FM signal.
71. Does overmodulation and distortion occur in FM?
72. What happens when the modulating signal amplitude increase?
73. What happens when the modulation index increases?
74. What is the maximum deviation permitted for audio in broadcast TV?
75. What is the maximum modulating frequency permitted for audio in
broadcast TV?
76. What is the maximum permitted deviation in a standard two-way mobile
radio communications using FM?
77. What is the upper modulating frequency in a standard two-way mobile
radio communications using FM?
78. The maximum deviation permitted can be used in ratio with the actual
carrier deviation to produce what?

frequency
modulation index, m
75 kHz
15 kHz
deviation ratio
the number and amplitudes of the
significant sidebands
1 percent
Indirect FM
the Bessel functions
wider
Carsons Rule
no
it increases the frequency
deviation
it produces more significant
sidebands and wider bandwidth
25 kHz
15 kHz
5 kHz
2.5 kHz
FM percent modulation

79. FM percent modulation must be less than __ percent.

100

80. True or False. An FM signal produces more sidebands than an AM

signal.

true

81. The bandwidth of an FM signal is proportional to the __.

82. The maximum frequency deviation of an FM signal is 10 kHz. The
maximum modulating frequency is 3.33 kHz. The deviation ratio is __.

modulation index
3
15

83. In an FM signal, the modulating frequency is a 1.5 kHz sine wave. The
carrier frequency is 1000 kHz. The frequencies of the third significant
sidebands are __ and __ kHz.
84. The amplitudes of the sidebands in an FM signal are dependent upon a
mathematical process known as __.
85. An FM signal has a deviation ratio of 3. The maximum modulating signal
is 5 kHz. The bandwidth of the signal is __ kHz.
86. If the maximum allowed deviation is 5 kHz but the actual deviation is
3.75 kHz, the percentage of modulation is __ percent.
87. A negative sign on the carrier and sideband amplitudes in the Bessel
Function Table means __.
88. True or False. The carrier in an FM signal can never drop to zero
amplitude.

995.5 and 1004.5

Bessel functions
60
75
phase inversion or 180
false

89. Why does the Carson's Rule give a narrower bandwidth?

it is because it considers less

number of sidebands

90. What happens when the frequency deviation increases?

it increases the modulation index

91. True or False. FM is considered to be superior to AM.

92. What are the advantages of FM over AM?

93. What are the disadvantages of FM over AM?

94. What is the primary benefit of FM over AM?
95. It is essentially amplitude variations.
96. Which type of modulation has the benefit of having the interfering signals
on the same frequency be effectively rejected?
97. It is a phenomenon when two or more FM signals occur simultaneously
on the same frequency and one signal is more than twice the amplitude
of the other, the stronger signal will totally eliminate the weaker.
98. It is a technique used to help offset high frequency noise interference.
99. What is the time constant of pre-emphasis circuits?
100.

What is the cutoff frequency of pre-emphasis circuits?

101. In pre-emphasis circuits, above what frequency will signals be linearly

enhanced?
102. In pre-emphasis circuits, the output amplitude increases with

true
1. better noise immunity
2. rejection of interfering signals
because of "capture effect"
3. better transmitter efficiency
1. Excessive use of spectrum
space
2. more complex and costly
circuits
superior noise immunity
noise
FM
Capture Effect
pre-emphasis
75 microseconds
2122 Hz
cutoff frequency
6 dB per octave
16

frequency at a rate of what?

103.

Can a simple high-pass filter be considered a pre-emphasis circuit?

104.

It is a simple low-pass filter with a time constant of 75 microseconds.

105. It features a cutoff of 2122 Hz and causes signals above this

frequency to be attenuated at a rate of 6 dB per octave.
106. Reducing the modulation index __ the noise immunity of the FM
signal.
107. In commercial two-way FM radio systems, there is a deviation ratio of
1.67 This is sometimes called as __.
108.

The main advantage of FM over AM is its immunity from __.

109.

Noise is primarily a variation in __.

110.

FM receivers reject noise because of built-in __ circuits.

111.The __ in an FM receiver causes a stronger signal to dominate a weaker

signal on the same frequency.
112. Typically FM transmitters are more efficient than AM transmitters
because they use class __ amplifiers.
113.

The biggest disadvantage of FM is its excessive use of __.

yes
de-emphasis
de-emphasis
reduces
narrowband FM (NBFM)
noise
amplitude
limiter or clipper
capture effect
C
spectrum space

114. True or False. An AM circuit is usually more complex and expensive

than an FM circuit.

false

115.

high

Noise primarily interferes with __ modulating frequencies.

116. The method used to offset the effect of noise in FM transmissions by

boosting high frequencies is known as __.
117.

To boost high frequencies, this circuit is used.

118. To correct for the high frequency boost, this circuit is used at the
receiver.
119.

The time constant of a pre-emphasis circuit is __.

120. In an FM receiver, frequencies above __ Hz are attenuated 6 dB per

octave.
121. What is the type of modulation when information signal varies the
frequency of the carrier?
122. It is the amount of frequency change from the carrier center
frequency.
123.

In FM, the deviation is __ to the amplitude of the modulating signal.

124.

During FM, the carrier amplitude remains __.

125. In PM, the __ of the carrier is varied by the amplitude of the

modulating signal.

pre-emphasis
high pass filter
de-emphasis
75 microseconds
2122
FM
frequency deviation
proportional
constant
phase shift
17

126.

True or False. PM produces FM.

127. It does not occur at the output of a phase modulator unless the
modulating signal amplitude varies.
128. The amount of __ produced by a phase modulator increases with the
modulating frequency.
129. True or False. To produce true FM from a PM signal, the amplitude of
the modulating signal must be decreased with frequency so that
frequency deviation does not change with modulating frequency.

true
frequency deviation
frequency deviation
true

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