BASIC ELEMENTS

- Foundations (Sub-sructure)
- Walls
- Floors
- Roofs
These elements may be structural, structural and space enclosing
SECONDARY ELEMENTS
Adding secondary elements
- Staircase
- Windows and dorrs
- Lifts and escalators
- Fireplaces, Flues etc.
------------STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
- Designed and constructed to support and transmit applied gravity and lateral l
oads
- Superstructure - vertical extension of building above foundation
- Columns, beam and load bearing walls support floor and roof structure
- Substructure - underlying structure forming foundation of a building
ENCLOSURE SYSTEM
- It is the shell on envelope of building
- consist of roof exterior walls, windows and doors
- roof and exterior wall shelter interior spaces
- doors provide physical acess
- windows provide access to light, air and views
- interior wall and partitions subdivide the interior building into units
MECHANICAL SYSTEM
----------BUILDING ENCLOSURE
- The part of any building that physically separates the exterior environment fr
om interior enironments is called the building enclosure
- Building enclosure = building envelope
-Environmental separator is another term used to desribe the enclosure but note
that this generic terms also applies to separators of two different environment
- The term building enclosure is preferred to the term building envelope largely
because it is considered both more general and more precise
ENCLOSURE TECTONICS
Building enclosure may be simply classified by examining the tectonics related t
o their structure, cladding and interior finishes
Enclosure consists of;
- natural formations, which are human adaptions rather than creations
- stacked units
- frames
- shells and plates
- air cladded fabric
NATURAL FORMATIONS
- Natural formations were likely the earliest form of building enclosure inhabit
ed by man
- Simply sleeping under a rock or tree provided some degree of protection agains
t the elements

STACKED UNITS
- It is difficult to ascertain whether or not stacked units preceded frame struc
tres
- Stacked units ccount for units of single human unit
FRAMES
- frames, unlike stacked units, do not depend on self-weight of the materials to
provide strcutural integrity
- instead the strength of the framing materials, and in particular their connect
ions, provide the require strength and rigidity
- Frame structure require some form of cladding unlike stacked units which usual
ly serve as the interior and exterior finish
SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATES
- shells and olded plates are intrinsically different than stacked units and fra
mes as nmay be inferred form looking at the natrual shell structures of lsea lif
e
- the relatively thin diaphragm forming the shel created
- most shell and plate bulding enclosures are construted from frames
(biomimicry)
AIR-SUPPORTED
- air supported enclosures owe to their aviation predecessor the hot air ballon
and the dirigible
- these represent relatively recent innovations in building enclosure ranging in
scale
HYBRIDS
- most bulding are hybryd enclosure utilizing severa of the typica lpproaches pr
eviously presented
- there are many reasons for this mixing of typologies the most common being fir
ness for intended purpose buildanility and cost
EVOLUTION OF BUILDING ENCLOSURE
- dome shaped hut
- timber frame and thatched roof
- masonry wall
- packed mud dwellings
-------------ENCLOSURE COMPONENTS
- typical building enclosure usually consists of the following;
roof system
above-graded wall system
below-graded wall sytem,
air system
--------ROOF SYTEM
- primary shelting elements
- separator between outdoor and indoor
- control passage of mousture vapour infiltration of air flow of heat and solar
radiation
- carry its own wight an dothers
- major impact on buldings image
FLOOR SYSTEM
- horizontal planes that sipport both live loads and dead loads
- may be consisist of linear beams and load bearing walls
- stiff while maintaining elasticity

- depth of floor consturtcions an cavities within it have to accomodate mechanic

al and electrical lines
- except for interior decks, floor system not normally exposed to weather
- must be able to suuport traffic, durable, resistance to wear and maintenance r
equirement
WALL SYSTEM
- enclose, separate and procted interior spaces
- support imposed loads from flood and roofs - load bearing walls
Exterior walls
construction must be able to withstand horizontal wind loading
- control passage of heat, inflitrating air, sound, moistrure, water apour
- durable and resistant to weathering effect
Interior walls or partitions
- support finish material, provide adequate degree of acustical separatu=ion
BELOW GRADE WALL SYSTEM
- foundation walls
- floor slabs
- plazas/tunnels/vaults
-----------------------------FUNCTION OF BULDING ENCLOSURE
primary function of bulding enclosurel
- to separate the interior and exterior environments
- provide the skin to the building (visible facade)
-unlike superstructre or service systems, teh enclosure is seen thus critical im
portance to owners the archited an dthe public
- appearance and the operation of the neclosure have and influence on the interi
or nvironment and on factors such as productivity an dsatisfaction
Physial function of separation of the building enclosure
- SUPPORT FUNCTION
to support resist transer and otherwise accomodate all teh structural form of le
ading imposed by the interior and exterior environmnet by teh enclosure
- lateral (win, earthquake)
- gravity (dead, snow)
- rheologcal
- impact
- wear/abrasion
CONTROL UFUNCTION
- electrivity
- communications
- plumbings
- air ducts
- gas lines
- roof drains
FINISH FUNCTION
finish the enclosure surfaces the interfaces of the envelope with the interior a
nd exterior
environments. each of the two interfaces must meet the relevant visual aestheti
c, wear and tear and otehr performance requiremnt
- colour
- texture
- reflectance
- pattern

- speculance
A fourth building - related category of functions can also be imposed on teh enc
losure, namely:
- DISTRUBUTE FUNCTION
to distribute services or uitlities such as power, communication, water in its c
arious forms, gas and conditioned air to from and withing the enclosure spaces
ENCLOSURE LOADING
Generated by the
- exterior environment
- interior environ.
- the enclosure itself
FIVE CATEGORIES
- gravity related
- ground related
- heat related
- moisture related
- air related
ATTRIBUTES, impacts performance of building
- constructability
- economic viability
- viewability
- utility
- sustainability
- serviceability
- safety
- productivity
- operatibility
- maintainability
- repairibility
- durability
- convertibility
- disposibility