Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
i.
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
T
A
Datum
Figure. Sketch of open channel geometry
Examples: flow of water in rivers, canals, partially full sewers and
drains and flow of water over land.
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Tahan river
rapids
Practical applications:
a. flow depth in rivers, canals and other conveyance conduits,
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Free surface
Sw = water surface slope
So = bottom slope
Datum
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Q
V
A
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
A
P
B = bottom
width
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
flow area A
D
top width T
T
A
P
B
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Area
A
Top width
T
Wetted perimeter
P
By
B + 2y
zy2
2zy
2y 1 z 2
By + zy2
B + 2zy
B 2y 1 z 2
D2
2 sin2
8
Dsin
T
y
Rectangular
T
1
y
z
Triangular
T
y
z
Trapezoidal
T
D
Circle
Activity 1.1
1m
2m
60
Find:
3m
1
0.5774
tan60
T B 2zy
P B 2y 1 z 2
T 3 20.5774 2
P 3 22 1 0.57742
T 5.309 m
P 7.619 m
A By zy 2
A
P
8.309
7.619
A 32 0.577422
A 8.309 m2
R 1.091 m
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
V
Fr
gD
Re
VR
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
(c) If the length of the channel is L = 50 m, find the cost to construct the
channel. Given excavation cost = RM 3/m3 and lining cost = RM 5/m2.
3 3 0.5774 32 50
709.81 m3
3
Cost of excavation Unit cost RM 3 / m 709.81
RM2129.42
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Alining 3 2 3 1 0.57742 50
Alining 496.41 m3
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
1.5 m
1.5 m
1.2 m
1.2 m
3
0.3 m
Find T, A, P, R, and D
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Activity 1.2
1m
A1
A2
2m
A3
A4
2m
1m
2m
4m
Find:
(a) Flow area A
(b) Wetted perimeter P
(c) Hydraulic radius R
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
3m
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Canals
is usually a long and mild-sloped
channel built in the ground, which
may be unlined or lined with stoned
masonry, concrete, cement, wood
or bituminous material.
Terusan Wan Muhammad Saman, Kedah
Flumes
is a channel of wood, metal, concrete, or masonry, usually
supported on or above the surface of the ground to carry water
across a depression.
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Chute
is a channel having steep slopes.
Natural chute (falls) on the left and man-made logging chute on the right
on the Coulonge River, Quebec, Canada
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Drop
is similar to a chute, but the change in elevation is within a
short distance.
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Stormwater sewer
is a drain or drain system
designed to drain excess rain
from paved streets, parkinglots,
sidewalks and roofs.
Storm sewer
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Unsteady flow
Non-uniform flow
Rapidly-varied flow
Gradually-varied flow
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
a. Uniform flow
y
y
x
dy
0
Depth of flow is the same at every section along the channel,
dx
b. Non-uniform flow
y1
y2
dy
0
dx
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
c. Steady flow
y1
y2
Time = t1
y1 = y2
Time = t2
dy
0
Depth of flow is the same at every time interval,
dt
d. Unsteady flow
y1
t3
t1
t2
y1 y2 y3
dy
0
Depth of flow changes from time to time,
dt
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Sluice
GVF
Hydraulic
jump
GVF
RVF
RVF
Flow over
weir
Hydraulic
drop
Contraction
below the sluice
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Re < 500
Re > 12500
Re
VR
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Fr < 1
V gD
Fr = 1
V gD
Fr > 1
V gD
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
b. supercritical - laminar
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Assignment #1
Q1.
Q2.
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Q3.
Q4.
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Q5. A triangular channel of apex angle 120 carries a discharge of 1573 L/s.
Calculate the critical depth.
- End of Question -
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
THANK YOU
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)