Contents

PERMUTATION AND COMBINATIONS

Book for Boards, NTSE, IIT JEE- Mains/Advanced, CAT, Olympiad & Software Engineers

ii

Contents

Contents

PERMUTATION AND COMBINATIONS

Book for Boards, NTSE, IIT JEE- Mains/Advanced, CAT, Olympiad & Software Engineers

Ramesh Chandra
B.Tech IIT Kanpur (Mechanical Engineering)

iii

iv

Contents

Notion Press
5 Muthu Kalathy Street, Triplicane,
Chennai - 600 005, India
First Published by Notion Press 2014
Copyright Ramesh Chandra 2014
All Rights Reserved.
ISBN: 978-93-84391-47-8
This book is sold subject to condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold or hired out, circulated
and no reproduction in any form, in whole or in part (except for brief quotations in critical articles or reviews) may be
made without written permission of the publishers.
This book has been published in good faith that the work of the author is original. All efforts have been taken to make the
material error-free. However, the author and the publisher disclaim the responsibility for any inadvertent errors.

Contents

CONTENTS
Page No
1.

Basic requirement to the topic

(a) Factorial (!)
(b) Summation
(c) Exercise - I (Subjective) + (Answer Key)
(d) Binomial coefficients ( n C r ) and some important formulaes

2
2
4
6
7

(e) Solved examples to explore above formulaes

2.

Counting
(a) Addition principle
(b) Multiplication principle
(c) Palindromes
(d) Solved problems to explore counting
(e) Inclusion Exclusion Principle
(f) Exercise II (Subjective) + (Answer Key)
(g) Exercise - I (objective) + (Answer key)

11
11
12
14
15
25
27
29

3.

Permutations and Combinations

(a) Combinations (Selections)
(b) Permutations (Arrangement)
(i) Permutation when all the objects are distinct.
(ii) Permutations when some object are identical.
(c) Restricted selection / arrangement
(d) Other possible selections combinations when all the objects are not distinct
(e) Combinations ehen all the objects are not distinct
(f) Exercise II (objective) + (Answer key)
Building block TEST

30
30
34
36
42
45
49
50
53
54

4.

Circular permutations
(a) Introduction
(b) Garlands

58
58
61

5.

Number Theory
(a) Exponent of prime numbers in n!
(b) Number of divisors of a given natural number (N)
(c) Sum of divisor of natural number N
(d) Derangements

64
64
66
68
69

6.

Grouping
(a) Division and distribution of objects
(b) Multinomial theorem
(c) Results of binomial theorem
(d) Mathematical modeling

72
72
78
79
80

7.

Functional mapping

96

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Contents

8.

C.B.S.E board - N.C.E.R.T XI (Mathematics Problems)

(a) Exercise 7.1
(b) Exercise 7.2
(c) Exercise 7.3
(d) Exercise 7.4
(e) Miscellaneous exercise on chapter 7
(f) C.B.S.E board - N.C.E.R.T XI - Mathematics (answer key)
(g) Hints / Solutions
C.B.S.E board - N.C.E.R.T XI (Mathematics)

102
102
102
102
103
104
104
105
105

9.

H.S.C. Board XI CLASS (Mathematics Problems)

(a) Exercise 5.1
(b) Exercise 5.2
(c) Exercise 5.3
(d) Exercise 5.4
(e) Exercise 5.5
(f) Exercise 5.6
(g) Exercise: 5.7
(h) Miscellaneous exercise 5
(i) H.S.C. BOARD XI CLASS - Mathematics (answer key)
(j) Hints / solution
H.S.C. BOARD XI Class (Mathematics)

110
110
111
112
113
113
114
115
115
117
119
119

10.

ENGINEERING EXAM PROBLEMS

(a) Objective Problems (Engineering Exam Archive) + (Answer key)
(b) IITJEE Advanced
(i) ExerciseI
(ii) ExerciseII
(c) Answer Key
(i) Building block TEST (class 8th, 9th, 10th)
(ii) Subjective Problems IIT- JEE /Advanced
(iii) Exercise I
(iv) Exercise II

138
138
146
146
148
151
151
151
151
152

11.

ARCHIVE
(a) Archive IIT-JEE Mains/AIEEE
(b) Archive IIT- JEE Advanced (Objective + Subjective)
(c) Archive - CAT Exam
ANSWER KEY
(a) Archive IIT- JEE Mains/AIEEE
(b) Archive IIT- JEE Advanced
(c) Archive - CAT Exam
SOLUTIONS
(a) Archive IIT JEE Advanced
(Objective Questions + Subjective Problems)
PUZZLE SECTION

153
153
156
161
164
164
164
165
165
165

172

Contents

12.

Ultimate Finish (An expert choice)

(Extra Problems) + Answer key
(Ultimate Finish) + Hints/Solutions
(a) Ultimate Finish + Extra Problems Solution + Extra Problems (Answer key)

SAMPLE PAPERS

(a) SAMPLE Test Paper for IIT- JEE Mains -2015

(b) SAMPLE Test Paper for IIT- JEE Advanced 2015
Answer key
(a) SAMPLE test paper for IIT JEE - Mains -2015
(b) SAMPLE Test paper for IIT JEE - Advanced 2015
Solution to sample test paper for IIT- JEE Advanced 2015
PUZZLE SECTION - Solution
IQ Problem Solutions

174
184
187

198
204
213
213
213
220
221

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Contents

Ramesh Chandra IIT-K

Permutation & Combinations

The permutations and combinations are endless. It's like a game of three-dimensional chess.
(Sherry Jeffe)
So first understand the need of topic and the motive of studying like, why are you reading this topic? This will limit
your requirement. Dont go beyond certain limit until unless you are not researching on topic. The topic is written
in best possible sequence so dont break it and do not leave any concept, these are the basics building blocks. First
try to solve the entire problem your own and then look for solution. I am sure at the end of chapter you will become
an expert, which lead to make smile at your face. Hope you will enjoy the topic. Best of luck! to your expectation.

Permutation and Combinations

BASIC REQUIREMENT TO THE TOPIC

FACTORIAL (!)
This is the basic building block of permutation and combination hence knows how to use it.
Factorial n is written as n!.
Its meaning is as the product of first n natural numbers. i.e.
n! = 123..(n - 2)(n - 1)n. Where n Natural number
Examples.
1! = 1.
4! = 1234=24.
5! = 1234x5 = 54321=120.
8! = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 = 40320
0! Defined as equal to 1 so dont think why 0! = 1! = 1 just accepts it.
We do not define the factorial of negative integers or proper fractions.

2
3

i.e. 2 ! Not Define ( ND ) , ! ND .

Here I am going to ask some True/False questions. Just answer them.

1. Is (2 3)! 2! 3!?
2. Is (5 3)! 5! 3!?
3. Is (5 3)! 5! 3!?
5 5!
4. Is ! ?
3 3!
Here answer to each question is False, Hence from here we get the following results.
Results:

Ex1.

Sol.

1) (m + n)! m! + n!;

2) (mn)! (m!) x (n!);

3) (m n)! m! n!;

4)

m m!
.
!
n n!

Find the values of following.

1 2 3

3! 4! 5!

I.

10!
2!8!

I)

10! 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9

45.
2!8! 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
2

II.

III.

5!
5!
5!
5!
5!
5!

0!5! 1!4! 2!3! 3!2! 4!1! 5!0!

Ramesh Chandra IIT-K

II)

3
1 2
6 24 120
1 2 3
20 10 3
3! 4! 5!
120

III)

5!
5!
5!
5!
5!
5!

0!5! 1!4! 2!3! 3!2! 4!1! 5!0!

=

27
9
.

120 40

5! 5. 4! 5.4. 3! 5.4. 3! 5. 4!
5!

0! 5! 1! 4! 2! 3!
3! 2! 4!1! 5!0!

= 1 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 32. Here we are using the result n!

n 1! n

. Think! Why?

Its simple to prove.

5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 5(4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 5 x 4! = 5 x 4 x 3!, and so on.
Now you can say in general n ! n 1 ! n provided n 1 0 .
Similarly n! n n 1 n 2 ! provided n 2 0
n

This can also be written as n !

or recursively defined as n !

if n 0

( n 1)! n if n 0

k 1

is use for multiplication of all the entities. Let us solve some question to get the theory.

1 1 x

6! 7! 8!

Ex2:

Solve for x,

Sol:

8 x
1
1
x
x
1
1
x
8
So x = 64.
1

6!
7 8 7 6!
6! 7 6! 8 7 6!
1 8
7 8 7

Ex3:

Solve the equation

Sol:

n!
n!

(3!) 2 1
( n 2)! ( n 1)!

n.(n 1) n 1 (3.2.1)2

n2 2n 1 (3.2.1) 2

n!
n!

(3!) 2 1 .
(n 2)! (n 1)!

n.(n 1).(n 2)! n.(n 1)!

1 (3!) 2
n 2!
n 1!

(n 1) 2 (6)2 n 1 6 n 7 or 5 , But n cant be negative integer so n = 7 is answer.

Ex4:

Find the remainder when1! 2! 3! ....... n!, where n 10 , is divided by 6.

Sol:

6! 7! 8! .............n ! 6I i.e. multiple of 6, so remainder for this quantity = 0.

Now remaining 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 1 2 6 24 120 6 I1 3 where, I1 is another positive
integer, Hence remainder = 3.

Permutation and Combinations

SUMMATION
This is the topic, which most student hate at start, I am going to explain it in details so that your fear factor
becomes zero. Hence, first understands the meaning of it, only then we can play with the summation type problems.

Ex1:

in this case lower limit = 1 and upper limit = 5 and Variable function is Tr .

r 1
5

Its meaning is as shown,

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 . (Look, how r is changing.)

r 1

Now let say Tr (2r 1) then

5

(2r 1) (2.1 1) (2.2 1) (2.3 1) (2.4 1) (2.5 1) .

r 1

2(1 2 3 4 5) (1 1 1 1 1) . 2

1 2 3 4 ..... n

5 6
5 = 35. Here we are using the formula
2

n(n 1)
. Let us have another example.
2

10

Ex2:

22 32 42 .................. 102.

m 2

Observe the expression, variable m is starting from 2 and end at 10 and variable is increasing by 1 unit
each time.
10

m 1
2

22 32 ..... 102 12 =

m 2

10 11 21
1 385 1 384.
6
2

FORMULA RELATED TO SUMMATION

n

1)

Here we are using the formula1 2 3 ..... n

r 1 2 3 ...... n
r 1

n(n 1)
.
2

n (n 1) (2n 1)
.
6

Ramesh Chandra IIT-K

n

2)

3)

r 1

n (n 1) (2n 1)
.
6

12 22 32 ..... n 2

n(n 1)
r 3 13 23 33 ..... n 3

.
2
r 1
n

4)

k nk Where k is any constant.

r 1
n

Ex3:

2 2 2
.............. 2 2 n.
2 2
r 1

n times

5)

k1r k 2 k1 r k 2 or in general

k1f (r) k 2g(r) k1 f (r) k 2 g(r).

r 1

r 1

r 1

r 1

r 1

r 1

Ex4:

5r 2 5 1 2 5 2 2 5 3 2 5 4 2 ....... 5 n 2 .
r 1

2
2
........ 2.
= 5.1 5.2 5.3 ............5.n 2

ntimes
n

r 2.

2
2
.......... 2. = 5
= 5(1 2 3 ................ n) 2

r 1

ntimes

= 5

r 1

n(n 1)
2n
2
n

Note: Observe, how we write

5r 2 = 5 r 2 .
r 1

r 1

r 1

Now answer the next question i.e. formula and remember the result.
n

Que1: Show that

f (r) g(r) f (r) g(r) . verify it by taking any suitable example.

r 1

r 1

r 1

Sol.

Let us take an example as

r(r 1) , here f(r) = r and g(r) = r + 1.

r 1

So

r(r 1) 1 2 2 3 3 4 20 &
r 1

r 1 2 3 6,
r 1

(r 1) 2 3 4 9 ,
r 1

Clearly 20 6 x 9, Hence, here we can verify that

r 1

100

Ex5:

Find the value of

r r! .
r 1

Sol.

f (r) g(r) f (r) g(r) .

100

100

100

100

r 1

r 1

r 1

r 1

r r ! (r 1 1) r ! r 1 r ! r ! (r 1)! r !

r 1

r 1

Permutation and Combinations

2!
3!
4!

1!
2!
3!

5!

4!
...
... = 101! 1.
= ...
.... ..... ...
.... ...
...
100! 99!
101! 100!

101!1!

Ex6:

Select the greatest Number.

(A) (10!)2.
Sol.

10!

(B) (2!)10.

(C) (5!)4.

(D) (4!)5.

13168189440000, 4! 7962624, 5! 207360000

Hence correct option is A

Here we have an exercise for you to solve. First complete it and then proceed.

EXERCISE 1
Q1. Find the value of following

a) (6 2)!

b) 6! 2!

6
2

and verify that (6 2)! 6! 2! . Is !

6!
? What do you learn from this question?
2!

Q2. Convert the following into factorials:

a) 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10
Q3. Evaluate:

b) 3 x 5 x 7 x 12 x 32

n!
for the following
r !( n r )!

a) n = 10, r = 2.
Q4. Prove that

b)

n = 5, r= 3.

(2n)! n
2 (2n 1) (2n 3) (2n 5) ...... 5 31. Hence deduce that
n!

30! 15
2 29 27 25 ...... 5 3 1.
15!

ANSWER KEY
1.(a) 24 (b) 718

2. (a)

10!
(b) 8!
5!

3. (a) 45 (b) 10

Ramesh Chandra IIT-K

BINOMIAL COEFICIENTS ( n C r ) AND SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAES

Here, n C r
Ex1.

n!
, where n and r Whole numbers such that 0 r n .
r!(n r)!

Find the value of following (1 - 4)

1)

10

2)

C2

C3

3)

C5

4)

C1

5)

Prove that 13 C 3 13C 4 14 C 4 , and hence deduce the Pascal identity n Cr n Cr 1 n 1C r 1 .

6)

Prove that C5

14

Sol.

Cr

1)

10

14 13
14 13
14 13 12 11 10
C4 12C3
and hence deduce that
5
5 4
5 4 3 2 1

n n 1
Cr 1
r

C2

10!
10! 10 9 8!

45.
2!(10 2)! 2! 8!
2! 8!

5!
5!
5 4 3!

10.
3!(5 3)! 3! 2! 2! 3!
7!
7!
7 6 5!
7
3. C5

21.
5!(7 5)! 5! 2!
5! 2!
2.

C3

4.

C1

5.

13

n n 1 !
n!

n.
1!(n 1)!
n 1!

C 3 286, 13 C 4 715, 14 C 4 1001. Clearly 286 + 715 = 1001.

n!
n!
Now n C r n C r 1

r!(n r)! (r 1)!(n r 1)!

n!
1
1

r!(n r 1)! n r r 1
n!(n 1)
(n 1)!
=
=
= n 1 C r 1 .
r!(n r 1)!(n r)(r 1) (r 1)!(n r)!

14! 14 13! 14 13! 14 13

C4
5!9! 5 4! 9! 5 4! 9! 5
13 12
14 13 12
14 13 12 11 10
13
14
Similarly C 4 C3 so C5
C3 = 9C0 . Here 9 C 0 1
4
5 4
5 4 3 2 1
n n 1
n!
n (n 1)!
n
(n 1)!
Now n C r

= C r 1 .
r!(n r)! r (r 1)!(n r)! r (r 1)!(n r)! r
n n 1 n 2 n 3
n
Note: This property can be extended more as Cr

Cr 3 , provided n 3, r 3.
r r 1 r 2
6.

14

C5

Now we have a question at the moment, if i say that

(i)

7! 7
C2
2!5!

(ii)

7! 7
C5
2!5!

(iii)

7! 7
C2 Then which one is correct?
2!6!

Permutation and Combinations

Here first two options are correct. Observe here 2 + 5 = 7 but 2 + 6 7.

From here we leads to the following results

(x y)! (x y)

Cx (x y) C y
x!y!

OTHER FORMULAES
n

C x n C y Then, this implies either (i) x = y OR (ii) x + y = n.

If

C r n C n r . {since x = r, y = n r, x + y = n}

C r 0 , if r > n. It is taken by convention.

C0 1,n C n 1

C0 n C1 n C2 n C3 .......... n C n 2 n .

(1 x) n

n r 1

Cr x r so coefficient of xr in 1 x

is n r 1 Cr .

r 0

Observe that all the power of x {0, 1, 2, 3,..,} i.e. whole numbers.
m n l

(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + . + n)2
2

Cm
2

n l

Cn lCl

(m n l)!
.
m!n!l!

= 1 2 3 ......... n 2(1.2 1.3 ...1.n 2.3 2.4 ....... (n 1).n)

A geometric progression a, ar, ar2, ar3 ar(n-1) . Sum of its first n terms
i.e. Sn = a + ar +

ar2

ar3 ++ar(n-1)

1 rn
= a
.
1 r

If |r|<1 then S = a + ar + ar2 +.+ =

a
.
1 r

Have you memories the above formulas? Let us have a mind refreshing IQ problem.
IQ 1:

An ant wants to go from A to B by travelling on the surface of cube of

length 1 cm as shown in figure. Find the shortest distance travel by ant.

Note: See solutions at the end

SOLVED EXAMPLES TO EXPLORE ABOVE FORMULAS

Ex 1:

If n C 3 n C 7 then find the value of n.

Sol.

n = 3 + 7 = 10. {Since n C x n C y Then this implies, either (i) x = y OR (ii) x + y = n.}

Ex 2:

If C9

Sol.

by property Cr

12 1110 9
C6 then find the value of n.
98 7
n

n n 1 n 2 n 3

Cr 3
r r 1 r 2

10 9
11
12
C6 10C7 , 10C7 11C8 , 11C8 12C9
7
8
9

C9 12C9 we can say that n = 12.

Ramesh Chandra IIT-K

Ex 3:

Find the value of n C 0 n 1C1 n 2 C 2 n 3C 3 n 4 C 4 .......... 2 n C n .

Sol.

Apply n Cr n Cr 1 n 1C r 1
We can write n C0 n 1C0 n 1C0 n 1C1 n 2C1 and
At the end we will get

2n

n2

C1 n 2 C2 n 3C2 and so on.

Cn 1 2 n C n 2 n 1C n .

So n C0 n 1 C1 n 2 C 2 n 3 C3 n 4 C4 n 5 C5 .........2 n C n 2 n 1C n

Ex 4:

Prove the Newtons identity n C i i C j = n C j

Proof:

Ci i C j

n- j

C i- j for integers 0 j i n .

n !i !
n!
( n j )!

i !( n i )! j !(i j )! ( n i)! j !(i j )! ( n j )!

n!
( n j )!
n- j
= n C j C i- j .

j !( n j )! (i j )!( n i )!

It would be good if you remember this identity.

NOTES MAKING
HOW TO MAKE NOTES?
When you read the book, you will have some thinking and questions in your mind. There might be
situation that you want to discuss to your teachers. Even you can have a better solution to particular
question, and then write it for your future. You can discuss your thinking at pncbyrc@gmail.com
Que No./
Page No.

NOTES

10

Permutation and Combinations

POINTS TO REMEMBER:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
OTHERS: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Contents

PERMUTATION AND COMBINATIONS

Book for Boards, NTSE, IIT JEE- Mains/Advanced, CAT, Olympiad & Software Engineers