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Exercise 1

The following table gives porosity and permeability measured on core plugs from a reservoir.
Depth
(ft)
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920

h
(ft)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Porosity
(%)
29.5
28.9
28.5
28.1
28.8
27.9
29.2
29.0
29.7
27.4
27.8
28.0
27.5
22.2
20.3
21.5
25.5
24.9
27.2
23.7
21.9
22.0
19.4
17.4
18.4
16.7
16.9
17.1
15.9
16.5
13.0
16.8
17.3
17.8
17.8
15.6
17.4
17.3
16.8
16.6
17.2

k
(md)
1500
1271
1239
1184
1891
1500
1271
1565
1325
967
717
728
600
554
130
218
466
684
600
336
150
277
78
101
82
82
49
36
23
20
10
56
49
26
33
26
36
42
33
39
52

2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

16.9
15.2
16.1
17.4
14.8
15.7
15.7
15.6
15.5

56
33
46
36
29
33
23
33
32

Find the mean, the median (P50), P90, P10 and the mode of the distribution of porosity (for the mode lump by interva
Find a correlation between porosity and permeability.
Calculate the arithmetic, the harmonic and the geometric averages and the ratio VDP = ka/kh (Dykstra-Parsons hetero
Compare the averages. Compare VDP for porosity and permeability.

Exercise 2: Darcys Law


1- Consider a cylindrical core plug that has a radius of 0.5 in. and a length of 2 in. Suppose the core is flooded with an
and a measured flow rate = 0.1 BOPD.
If the pressure drop from the inlet to the outlet is 20 psia, what is the permeability of the plug?.
Hint: Express area A in sq. ft. and length L in ft. Solve Darcys Law for permeability.
Q= C.k.A.P/(LB) where the coefficient C = 0,001127 with k in md, in cp, A in sq.ft, P in psi, Lin ft, Q in BOPD,
2- Suppose that water (viscosity = 1.0 cp, FVF = 1.0 RB/STB was used instead of oil. Use the permeability calculated
Exercise 3: Equivalent permeability
1- Calculate the equivalent linear permeability of 4 parallel beds having equal widths & lengths:
Bed
Thickness (ft) k (md)
1
5
250
2
8
200
3
15
130
4
20
80
2- Calculate the equivalent permeability a radial system comprised of 3 zones with the following characteristics
Zone
Inner radius (ft)Outer radius (ftk (md)
1
0.25
5
10
2
5
150
80
3
150
750
150

Exercise 4: Darcys Law in a tilted reservoir


1- An incompressible fluid flows in a linear porous medium with the following properties:
L = 2000 ft, h = 20 ft, width = 300 ft, k = 100 mD, = 15%, = 2 cp, P = 10 psi.
Calculate flowrate in bbl/d, apparent fluid velocity & its real velocity in ft/d.
2- Assume that this medium is tilted with a dip angle of 5. The incompressible fluid has a density of 42 lb/ft3. Calcul
Exercise 5: Skin Effect (Vertical or Horizontal well)

Calculate the skin factor due to radial damage with: rw (wellbore radius) = 0.328 ft, permeability impairment: k/ks = 5

Exercise 6: Oil well


An oil well with a radius of 0.25 ft is producing at a stabilized rate of 600 stb/d at a stabilized bottom-hole flowing pr
Exercise 7: Gas well
The PVT data from a gas well is given below:
P (psia)
g (cp)
Z

0
0.01270
1.000
400
0.01286
0.937
800
0.01390
0.882
1200
0.01530
0.832
1600
0.01680
0.794
2000
0.01840
0.770
2400
0.02010
0.763
2800
0.02170
0.775
3200
0.02340
0.797
3600
0.02500
0.827
4000
0.02660
0.860
4400
0.02831
0.896
The well, with a radius of 0.3 ft, is producing at a stabilized flowing pressure of 3600 psi and the pressure is 4400 psi
a radius of 1000 ft. The reservoir is 15 ft thick; its temperature is 140 F and its permeability is 65 md. Calculate the g

Exercise 8: Equivalent tube or fissure


A porous medium has a length of 100 ft, a section of 30ft10ft, a porosity of 10% and a permeability of 10 md. Calcu
of an equivalent fracture (parallel either to its width or to its height) and the equivalent porosity.

Exercise 9
Assuming a log-normal distribution of permeability, calculate the Dykstra-Parsons coefficient of variation defined as
VDP = exp(-(ln(kA/kH))1/2) for the following distribution (kA: arithmetic average, kH harmonic average)
k (md)
1
35
2
48
3
148
4
202
5
90
6
418
7
775
8
60
9
682
10
472
11
125
12
300

13
14
15

138
191
350

kA
kH
VDP

Exercise 10
1- Consider a cylindrical core plug that has a radius of 0.5 in. and a length of 2 in. Suppose the core is flooded with an
that has viscosity = 0.5 cp, formation volume factor = 1.0 RB/STB, and a measured flow rate = 0.1 BOPD
If the pressure drop from the inlet to the outlet is 20 psia, what is the permeability of the plug?.
Hint: Express area A in sq. ft. and length L in ft. Solve Darcys Law for permeability.
Q= C.k.A.P/(LB) where the coefficient C =0,001127 with k in md, in cp, A in sq.ft, P in psi, Lin ft,
Q in BOPD, B in reservoir volumeper surface volume.
2- Suppose that water (viscosity = 1.0 cp, FVF = 1.0 RB/STB was used indtead of oil. Use the permeability c

Exercise 11
A build-up test has been performed on a well completed over the whole pay zone in a reservoir formed of 4 layers, wi
measured on cores :
Layer #
1
2
3
Thickness (ft
5
10
15
Porosity (%)
16
13.3
11.6
Sw (%)
15
20
22
k (md)
20
8
4
What would be the permeability expected from the B-U test?
What are the shares of the 4 layers in total flowrate?
Compare depletion rates for the 4 layers.

a reservoir.

rosity (for the mode lump by intervals of 1%).

DP

= ka/kh (Dykstra-Parsons heterogeneity index) for porosity and permeability.

Suppose the core is flooded with an oil that has viscosity = 0.5 cp, formation volume factor = 1.0 RB/STB,
of the plug?.

n sq.ft, P in psi, Lin ft, Q in BOPD, B in reservoir volume per surface volume.
oil. Use the permeability calculated to estimate the water flow rate, assuming the same permeability to single phase flow.

dths & lengths:

h the following characteristics

uid has a density of 42 lb/ft3. Calculate the same as in 1.

ft, permeability impairment: k/ks = 5, damage penetration = 0.5 ft.

a stabilized bottom-hole flowing pressure of 1800 psi. The pay zone, 25 ft thick, has a permeability of 120 md, and the drainage

600 psi and the pressure is 4400 psi at the boundary of the drainage area which has
ermeability is 65 md. Calculate the gas flow rate in Mscf/d.

and a permeability of 10 md. Calculate the diameter of an equivalent tube or the aperture
alent porosity.

s coefficient of variation defined as:


e, kH harmonic average)

Suppose the core is flooded with an oil


ed flow rate = 0.1 BOPD
of the plug?.
ity.
n sq.ft, P in psi, Lin ft,

f oil. Use the permeability c

in a reservoir formed of 4 layers, with the following thicknesses and permeabilities


4
5
16.3
22
22

= 1.0 RB/STB,

eability to single phase flow.

eability of 120 md, and the drainage area of about 40 acres is roughly circular. The oil has a Bo of 1.25 rb/stb and a viscosity of 2

o of 1.25 rb/stb and a viscosity of 2.5 cp at reservoir temperature. Calculate the pressure profile and list the pressure drop across

file and list the pressure drop across 1 ft at the intervals 4-5 ft, 19-20 ft, 99-100 ft, 1 ft interval at the boundary of the drainage ar

al at the boundary of the drainage area.

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