Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Introduction
process.
C o m p a r e d to the o t h e r r e f i n i n g p r o c e s s e s of s t a i n less s t e e l ,
In this r e f i n i n g p r o c e s s , s e v e r a l a n n u l a r t u b e t y p e
the a r g o n - o x y g e n d e c a r b u r i z a t i o n ( A O D )
t u y e r e s a r e u s u a l l y used to c a r r y o u t h o r i z o n t a l side
b a t h is v e r y v i o l e n t . T h i s can p r o m o t e and i n t e n s i f y
in 1968,
t h e h e a t and m a s s t r a n s f e r , and is v e r y a d v a n t a g e o u s
been
this s e c o n d a r y s t e e l m a k i n g t e c h n o l o g y has
applied
rapidly
in a c c e l e r a t i n g the r e f i n i n g r e a c t i o n s and i m p r o v i n g
It n o t o n l y has b e c o m e t h e
the h o m o g e n e i t y of b a t h c o m p o s i t i o n and t e m p e r a -
extensively
and
developed
principal m e t h o d of p r o d u c i n g s t a i n l e s s s t e e l and o t h e r
t u r e . On the o t h e r h a n d , as an i m p o r t a n t a p p l i c a t i o n
of t h e s u b m e r g e d gas i n j e c t i o n t e c h n i q u e ,
a l m o s t all s t e e l s .
At
present,
over
75%
of the
the m o s t
It is
is r e -
Physical
Modeling
of
the
AOD
Process[31 - 3~3
2.1
into the bath from the side wall near the bottom of the
vessel, through several tuyeres ( 4 6 ) . The motion of
the liquid outside the gas-liquid two-phase flow in this
system is gas driven. The motion of the liquid outside
the gas-liquid two-phase flow will be due to gas agitation and be independent of the turbulent and viscous
force characterized by the Reynolds number. The
buoyancy, inertial force and gravity will mainly govern the motion of the gas side blowing streams.
Therefore, the modified Froude number Fr" could also be chosen as a decisive dimensionless number for
this system:
2
u g ~ ppig ~gd
Fr" = p ~ pa
- p~ gd
(1)
(2)
Table 1
Gas blowing rates used for 18t AOD vessel and its model in middle blowing stage and values of related p a r a m e t e r s
18 t AOD vessel
Parameter
Main tuyere
Model (1:3)
Subtuyere
Main tuyere ( * )
1
Gas blowing rate ( Q ) , Nm3"h i
p~0, kg" Nm- 3
pg, kg'm 3
Subtuyere
500 x 2
100 x 2
7.91 x 2
11.32 x 2
3.625 x 2
1. 4392 +
1. 6343 +
1.1844 +
1.1844+
1.1844+
4.2430
1.2611
1.2882
1.2645
18.00
0.1132
pL, kg- m - 3
7370 #
1000 +
1.10
0.37
Depth of tuyere ( H z ) , m
0.95
0.32
1. 3272
1. 3996
0. 1671
0.2142
0. 4996
0. 2746
0. 1031
0.1031
323.0
323.0
298.00
298.00
526.40
1052.10
285.21
290.00
848.44
735.00
848.42
735.00
416.52
605.50
160.76
128.60
416.20
604.42
160.13
128.00
MPa
* 1 and 2 are, respectively, for the cases where heat expansion of main tuyere gas after entry into bath of AOD vessel was not and was considered.
+ Ref. [36-38]; ~: Ref. [41].
2.2
Experimental conditions
Manometer
~740
14
"1
o 10~ 10"~10' 10" o
meter~
AOD model
Valve~
-%,
| Annular
yerel
Cumpresse~ air,,~ with straight- I
. ~ ~
t~uner
tube or spiral- I
fiat main tuyerd
Pressure sensor
I"
~467
Dynamic resista-I
nee strain-mater ~
(YD-2ttype) [
1010
0
~'10
0' 10~Vl0
5:3:--/
T
PI
[ l,ight-beam
oscilloscope
I(SCl6Atype)
(a)
Fig. 1
(b)
Schematic diagram of model apparatus of 18-t AOD vessel used for w a t e r modeling e x p e r i m e n t (a) and
its tuyere position a r r a n g e m e n t ( b )
Fig. 1 (a) is a schematic diagram showing the dimensions of the model apparatus of an 18 t AOD vessel
that was used for the experiments. Seventeen tuyere
positions were fixed on its side wall, and the maximum angular separation of two tuyeres being 150 , as
shown in Fig. 1 (b). The inner tube of the tuyere
used for the model was made of brass; the outer tube
of the tuyere was a circular pipe made of red copper.
The structure and cross-section of the straight tube
tuyere are presented in Fig. 2(a) and (b), respectively.
WEI J. H. :
Iq
290
"~ ....................................................................................................
1.,
326
t --
-1
(a)
Dl=4
~_--4
D 2=8
Fig. 2
(b)
(c)
Structure (a) and cross-sections with dimensions of straight tube tuyere (b) and (main tuyere) spiral-flat tuyere (c)
used for the model of 18-t AOD vessel
II
III
IV
1+3
1+3+4
2+3
Q.,l(formain tuyeres)
12.94
20.12
25.34
15.82
22.64
Q.~2(for subtuyeres)
3.97
6.026
6.026
6.53
6.53
0.066/0.07
0.135/0.125
0.185/0.125
0.09/0.137
0.16/0.137
No.
Angle included between the two tuyeres, 0, ( " ' )
4+
5+
6+
20
40
60
80
100
115
130
150
1-adiabatic friction flow; 2- heating friction flow; 3-considering gas heating expansion; 4- considering formation of CO.
~ 0 corresponds to single tuyere blowing.
+ for rotating gas jet and study of back-attack action
in the bath
It can be seen from the experimental process that
the gas blown horizontally into the bath through an
annular tube type tuyere from the side wall near the
bottom of the vessel, was in the form of a jet and
formed a few very large bubbles near the tuyere outlet. Under the combined action of the inertial force
and the buoyancy, the gas jet gradually acquired an
upward motion after penetrating a certain distance along the horizontal direction in the bath liquid. At the
same time, the liquid around it was continuously
sucked in, a gas-liquid two-phase flow was formed,
and a great quantity of small bubbles was generated.
Also, the cross-sectional area of the two-phase stream
was gradually enlarged. At the liquid surface of the
bath, the gas inside the two-phase stream escaped into
the gaseous phase. Simultaneously, the kinetic energy of the liquid was changed into potential energy,
thus leading to the liquid surface level at the center of
the two-phase zone being higher than the surface level
around the zone. This part of the liquid had downward
motion owing to the force of gravity and flowed towards the peripheral wall of the vessel along the radial
20
.-..~
O
8 _~
'O""i,
o
,-~
20
(
",,,~
.9
~ ,~O
lO
d
c
I
20
Spiral-fiat tuyere
o --
Straight-tube tuyere
Fig. 3
Angle:60*
Angle:8ff
oi
..x
16
16
R
~" 14 " ~
E
12
"=
e~ l0
.9
.~ 8
26
Q(Nm3/h)
2*8 3(~ 32
Angle:100 o
......
....
..................
6
18 20
Fig.4
18 2~) 2*2 24
22 24 26
Q(NmVh)
28
* --
Spiral-flat tufyere
o --
Straight-tube tuyere
3*0 32
Mixing times in the AOD model bath as a function of gas flow rate at the
given included tuyere angles using non-rotating and rotating gas jets
rm=
n
)0.042( Qm2) -o22o( S / S o )
30 17(,~.~1
0"484 ,
(80 - 150 o)
(3)
14.61(Qml)
-0.142(Qm2)-0.139( S / S o ) -0.21,
(60" - 80 )
rm = 29.67( Q,,1 ) -o.15o(Q,,2) -0.099( S/So)O.29,
(80 - 100 )
(4)
are
the
2.5
w i t h m i x i n g time
Regarding the gas stirring energy in a gas agitation
ladle system, there are different calculation equations
in the literature The divergences of these equations
are basically due to different considerations for buoyancy power and expansion work during floating up of
the bubbles Actually, during floating up, every bubble undergoes the action of buoyancy, and its volume
gradually increases with decrease in the static pressure; the buoyancy suffered increases correspondingly. On the other hand, the bubble itself would also
do work to the liquid with its volume increasing. That
is to say, as a bubble floats upward, the real "buoyancy power" should include two parts, one owing to the
pure buoyancy and the other to expansion. The former would be caused purely by buoyancy and the latter would result from a decrease in static pressure;
10
they would not be equal [42]. In addition, the temperature of the gas stream after entry into the bath, Tg,
must be lower than the molten steel temperature, because it is impossible that the heat transfer rate between the gas stream and the bath is high enough to
allow equilibrium to occur in gas blowing processes [4345]. Moreover, the theoretical calculations[36a9]
indicated that, under the experimental conditions, the
gas will discharge at subsonic velocity, the outlet
pressure being equal to the back pressure. However,
the stream can still have a considerable velocity (for
instance, see Table 1) and a substantial kinetic energy. Therefore, it is inappropriate to neglect the effect
of the kinetic energy of the stream, although the related agitation efficiency is low [46]. Furthermore,
isothermal expansion of the gas near the outlet does
not take place in a water modeling process.
Based upon the considerations above, the densities
of the gas agitation energy for the main tuyere and
subtuyere, era1 and e~2(W" t- 1) were respectively estimated using the following equation:
8m = b + 7]l~T + 712~k
"12) +
Tg
1 T2
7/2( ~ - ~ p g u g ) 2 }
(20 - 80 o)
rm = 43.91(eml)o.oaa(em2)_o.21o(S/So)O.4S4
(6)
'
(80 - 150 )
-0.113/
~ m 2 Jx - 0 ' 135/t S / S o )
(6o
-0.21
80 )
Vr~ = 44.04(eml)_o.12O(em2)_o.o98(S/So)O.29,
(80"
(7)
100")
O. 1031
plgH1
p~qH1
=
M?mT~{[21n(l+-~-o )-po+pLgHll+
r]l(1 -
2.6
(5)
where eb is the real "buoyancy power", eT is the expansion power of the gas at a constant pressure near
the tuyere outlet, ek is the kinetic energy, P0 is the
atmosphere pressure. The various Tg were estimated
according to the method described in Ref. [47]; 7/1
and r/2 were taken to be 0.06 and 0.02, respectively.
It is reasonable to believe that the above analysis and
Equation (5) are applicable both to a non-rotating gas
jet and to a rotating one. However, it is necessary to
determine the values of the related parameters for a
rotating gas jet, which were performed using a reasonable and reliable appropriation method E32'33] .
Not considering the energy loss as a result of the
interaction between the non-rotating streams of the
two straight-tube tuyeres, the total density of gas
stirring energy was appropriately 150 - 320 W" t-~,
and 155 - 330 W" t- 1 for the two rotating streams of
the two spiral-flat tuyeres. These values are much
higher than those ( 4 . 5 - 8 . 0 W ' t - ~ ) obtained by
Figueira and Szekely[3] in terms of two times of the
f(
dl
'
d2
-~,~)
=0
P~
De De
'
d2 ' pl '
(8)
WEI J.H. Physical and Mathematical Modeling of the Argon-Oxygen Decarburization ...
(20 - 80 )
30588.92(Frl")o.451(Fr2")-.ST(S/So) .484 ,
(80 o - 150 )
(9)
-~
t 30787"49(Frl")'337(Fr2")-'5(S/S)-21,(60
- 80 )
60950.07(Frl.)o.331(Fr2.)-o.o16(S/So)O.Z9,
11
( 8 0 - l o o o)
(10)
Equations ( 9 ) and (10) demonstrate clearly that
the gas jet from the main tuyere still has a governing
influence on the fluid flow and mixing in the bath, although the gas jet from the subtuyere has a physical
shielding effect on it. Comparatively, the rotating gas
jet of the main tuyere has a greater effect than the
non-rotating gas jet. It may be reasonably asserted
that the results obtained reflect fairly fully the flow
and mixing characteristics of the fluids in the prototype on account of the sufficiently high kinematic similarity of the model to its prototype under the experimental conditions. This has been confirmed in practice during the production of stainless steel in an 18 t
AOD vessel.
2.7
Back-attack phenomena of gas jets with
submerged horizontally blowing
The back-attack phenomena of the gas jets were
clearly observed during the experiments, no matter
what the straight-tube or spiral-flat type tuyere was
used. In the case of the straight-tube tuyere used,
large bubbles formed at the not too far position from
the tuyere outlet were striking backward the side wall
over the tuyere outlet under the oppression of the liquid in motion, and broken into small bubbles. At the
moment of large bubble detached, the gas jet was simultaneously contracting toward the tuyere outlet direction, attacking the front surface of the tuyere outlet and the side wall around it, thus causing one backattack. T h e n , the jet was stretching forward under
the action of the succeeding follow-up gas, and carrying within itself the next back-attack. This process
was repeatedly conducting in this way.
The back-attack phenomenon of a rotating gas jet
demonstrated its general features different from that
2.8
Back-attack frequencies and pressures of
gas jets with submerged horizontally blowing
The determined results on the back-attack frequencies of the rotating and non-rotating jets with the two
tuyere blowing through the annular tube tuyere at the
given gas blowing rates and blowing pressures are
shown in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The back-attack frequencies of the rotating and non-rotating jets
all showed a raising tendency with an increase in gas
blowing rate or blowing pressure of the main tuyere.
The influences of the angle included between the two
tuyeres on the back-attack frequency for the two kinds
of gas jets were all not too large under the experimental conditions, only the situation at the small gas
blowing rates was seemingly exceptional. The data in
Table 3 also indicated that the back-attack frequency
of a rotating jet was slightly higher at a same gas outlet flow rate.
The difference of operating modes specified in Tables 3 and 4 is that there was a higher gas flow rate of
the main tuyere for the straight-tube type tuyere. Appropriately, the back-attack frequency of the rotating
gas jet was evidently decreased.
12
Table 3 Determined results on back-attack frequencies of rotating and non-rotating gas jets with two tuyere blowing through annulartube tuyere at the given gas blowing rates and angle included between the two tuyeres (Hz)
12.94(main tuyeres)
15.82(main tuyeres)
20.12(main tuyeres)
22.64(main tuyeres)
25.34(main tuyeres)
4-
4-
3.97(subtuyeres)
6.53(subtuyeres)
6. 026(subtuyeres)
6.53(subtuyeres)
Angle included
between the two
tuyeres, O
60
80*
100
6. 026(subtuyeres)
Rotating
jet
Non-rotaring jet
Rotating
jet
Non-rotaring jet
Rotating
jet
Non-rotaring jet
Rotating
jet
Non-rotaring jet
Rotating
jet
Non-rotaring jet
(6)
(6)
(7)
(3)
(5)
(8)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(10)
(8)
(9)
(12)
(9)
(11)
(8)
(9)
(9)
(12)
(11)
(11)
(12)
(11)
(13)
Table 4 Determined results on back-attack frequencies of rotating and non-rotating gas jets with two tuyere blowing through annulartube tuyere at the given gas blowing pressures and angle included between the two tuyeres (Hz)
0.066(main tuyeres)
0.09(main tuyeres)
0. 135(main tuyeres)
0.16(main tuyeres)
0. 185(main tuyeres)
4-
0.07(subtuyeres)
0. 137(subtuyeres)
0.125(subtuyeres)
0.137(subtuyeres)
0. 125(subtuyeres)
Angle included
between the two
tuyeres, t9
60*
80
100
Rotating
jet
Non-rotaring jet
Rotating
jet
Non-rotaring jet
Rotating
jet
Non-rotaring jet
Rotating
jet
Non-rotaring jet
Rotating
jet
Non-rotaring jet
(6)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(8)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(6)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(12)
(13)
(13)
(12)
(9)
(11)
(15)
(14)
(15)
(12)
(11)
(11)
(17)
(17)
(17)
Table 5 Determined results on back-attack frequencies of rotating gas jet with single tuyere blowing through single tube tuyere at the
given gas blowing pressures (flow rates)
Blowing pressure (gauge value), MPa
0.066
0.09
0.135
0.16
0.185
6.47
7.91
10.06
11.32
12.67
Back-attack frequency, Hz
10
13
13
15
tuyere, the gas stream from the main tuyere has a decisive influence on the back-attack phenomenon.
However, at a same gas blowing pressure, the back-
tuyere
tuyere
T h e r e was a
blowing
through
the
single
tube
WEI J. H. :
13
kPa
+1.0
'
0.0
kPa
+l.0
-1.0
0.0:
-1.0)
I0 " ~ - ~ l
I_0,s-!
one back-attack
onc back-attack
Non-rotatinggas jet
(a) Blowing pressures of the main tuyere and subtuyere (gauge values) : 0.16 MPa and 0. 137 MPa, 0 = 80
+1.0
kPa i
kPa
00
+1.0
-1.0
0.0
I
-1,0 -
io.
z..i
! ~ O.Is ~ !
one back-attack
onc back-attack
Non-rotatinggas jet
(b) Blowing pressures of the main tuyere and subtuyere (gauge values): 0. 066 MPa and 0.07 MPa, 0 = 80*
Fig.5
Back-attack waves of gas jets for a part of operating modes during the AOD water modeling blowing
0. 02756,
0.
14
would be the results of striking repeatedly by the bubbles with the back attacking of jet. Under the conditions of the rotating gas jets, relatively, the pits and
marks formed were fewer, shallower and more uniform, and their distribution area was smaller. There
were also some curved stripes. The kinds of appearance characteristics of the treated boric-acid plates
like that are completely corresponding to the observed
back-attack features of the gas jets, and reflect generally the actual situation about the damage of the refractory lining in the AOD process. In the practical
AOD process, the buoyancy stood by the bubbles
would be much larger, approximately over 7 times of
that for water modeling, and the zone formed the concave pits and pockmarks will be farther from the
tuyere outlet.
2.10 Using effectiveness and practical suitability of the annular (main tuyere) spiral-flat type
tuyere
The results of the water modeling experiments indicated that relatively to the annular straight-tube
tuyere, the annular spiral-flat type tuyere used is able
to become the gas stream of the main tuyere into being the rotating motion with a suitable intensity. That
can make the bath attain a better agitation, thus
reaching a better mixing efficiency. Furthermore, it
can decrease and even eliminate large bubbles, and
bring about a great number of small bubbles forming.
That will alleviate quite effectively the back-attack of
gas jet, decrease the non-uniformity and rate of the
erosion and wear of the refractory lining, thus improving the life of the refractory lining for the horizontal side blowing processes including the AOD process. Also, the utilization ratio of the oxygen gas and
the rates of the refining reactions will be enhanced
owing to marked increase in the reaction interface. It
should be said that this type of the tuyere possesses a
good latent using power and composite effectiveness
and well suites for industrial application.
It is well known that in AOD stainless steel making, the supplied oxygen is utilized to remove the car-
Mathematical
Based on the previous analysis, a new mathematical model for the AOD refining process of stainless
steel has been proposed and developed, in which the
conditions and characteristics mentioned have all been
considered and noted.
3.2.1
a[] a(FeO)
(16)
a cr2o3
,AGcr = z~G[=r+ R T l n
(17)
a [Cr] a (FeO)
[Si] + 2(FeO) = (Si02) + 2 [ F e ] ,
a (sio2)
2
a[si] a (FeO)
[Mn] + (FeO) = (MnO) + [ F e ] ,
A G c = AG~i + R T l n
AGMn = AC~n+ R T l n
a(MnO)
(18)
(19)
a [Mn]a (~eO)
where a i - - t h e activity of i component; AGi and z3G7
- - t h e Gibbs free energy at the refining conditions and
the Gibbs free energy at the standard state for oxidation reaction of i element, respectively, J. g- 1 ; R - the gas constant, J" tool-1. K-1; T - - t h e bath temperature, K. These all belong among the possible reactions which occur in the system. Thermodynamically,
the reaction schemes presented by reactions ( 1 1 )
through (15) and reactions (16) through (19) can all
characterize the chemical-equilibrium feature of the
refining system but, kinetically, they are different,
the former being direct, and the latter being indirect.
3.2.3
- 2 100Msi
3
2[Cr] + ~-02 = (Cr203)
(12)
- 100MMn
(14)
Pco
(11)
(13)
(15)
1
[C] + ~Oz = ICOI
[Si] + 02 = (SiOz)
1
[Mn] + ~-O2 = (MnO)
15
Wm d [ % M n ]
dt
2rlQo
- 22400XMn
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
16
- Wmd[%C]-AreaPmkC([%C]-[%C]e)
dt
(24)
d[%C]
dt
:2 - ( - 8 1 - ~ )
(26)
where
81 = --
AreaPmkc _ Pt
Wm
s2 =
ro Om C
Wm
[ %C3
)Qo<l-
dt
2Mcr +
d[ %Mn]
dt
dt
~/Mc@~d[%Cr] MMnod[%Mn] ~_
cp,~lk ~
~
+ MMn
dt
MsGd[%Si]
d[%C] + d[%Cr] +
Msi dt ) - Cp'm T ( dt
dt
df%Mn3 +d[%Si3 / 100
dt
--dt /-~-m{QOpoCp,o[(1 -r~)rgMco d[ %C]
Tg,ol + qloss + qs} + Cp.COTg Mc
dt
a[cr]
+ [ %C]
a CrxO3Kcr_c
(lOO
100
(25)
Ws
~6
(27)
+ Qs.
(28)
)1/(lOOCp'm+lOOcp'sWs/Wm)
(30)
QodtpoCp.o Tg,o +
Wm
QsubdtpsubCp,sub Tg,o +
d[ %C]AI..1
~ -~'aixC
W~cp,~T + 1 - ~ (
d[ %Cr] ~ ~,,.
d-i
M"/Cr --
d[ %Si]
d[ %Mn]Au
AHsi) dt = W m [ 1 +
dt
~--M.
dt
[d[%C]+d[%Cr]+d[%Mn]+d[%Si]/dt
I.
\ dt
]lOOJ
dt
dt
dt
Cp,m( T + d T ) + Qo(1 - 7])dtpo%,oTg + Q~ub"
W m
dtp~.bCp.~.bTg + ~
conduction from the upper of the vessel, J's-1; q4-the heat loss by conduction from top of the vessel, J"
s- 1 ; q5--the heat loss absorbed by refractory lining of
the vessel during bath rising temperature,
qu--the uncertain heat loss of the system,
J" s-l;
J" s-l;
d [ % C ] ) d t Mco
dt
M----cCp,co Tg
pressure, J" g- i. K- i ; Wl--the mass of refractory lining, g; Ws--the mass of slag, g; AHi--the oxidation
enthalpy of i element,
substance, g" cm -3
The parameters of the model were discussed and
more reasonably determined. Particularly, the Gibbs
free energies for the oxidative reactions of the elements dissolved in the molten steel were used to calculate the distribution ratios of the oxygen blown into
the bath among the elements.
17
ability.
3.3.1
As far as the carbon concentrations and bath temperatures at the ends of blowing periods are concerned, the predicted results by the model were in ex-
3.3.2
Competitive oxidation of elements and distribution ratios of blown oxygen among elements
For
and 0 . 4 2 % , respective-
deviations are 1 . 2 1 %
and 0.
and 0 . 1 3 % , 0 . 0 0 %
0.8[-
.,,r.'l
2"~-.~, I
~,. ~
.,.I. I
=o
0
0
0
400
0.8
800
1200
1600
~" ~
,,-
2000
2400
2800
1-'---t..
0.6
04
0.2
-- ~
'
4(~0
'
860
'
12100
n
1600
....
ij
0.6
20{00
I~t/2
2400
......o--
,~" "
No.354
0.4
"i _ _ - - ' ,
00 t_
0
-;-..,...,..
400
800
12100
|6100
~90001
9400
Distribution ratios of blown oxygen among C, Cr, Si and Mn during the refining process
C-C r - - - - S i - - ' - - Mn ......
1--Adding alloy agents or crop ends and scrap; 2--Endpoint of blowing period I; 3--Endpoint of blowing period II
18
molten steel
centration
Fig. 7 demonstrates the changes in the decarburization rates for three heats (No. 266, 281, and 354)
during the refining process with time. It must be
pointed out that at high carbon levels, the carbon concentration in the steel can also influence the decarburization rate by changing Xc, although its role is smaller. When the decarburization process is controlled by
the liquid-phase mass transfer of carbon, its rate also
concerns the supplied oxygen r a t e , only its influence
is greatly weakened. T h a t is one more feature of the
model.
IE-2 I
tion
I/
Critical point
No.266
21
1
IE-4 I0
400
800
1200
'E2I
IE-4~
IE-2
1600
2000
2400
Critical point
'
I
400
800
1600
1200
2000
Z~0
'
800
21
I
1200
2400
No.354
,l \
I
2800
No.281
Critical point
1E-3
1E-4~
1600
31
I
2000
2400
WEI J. H. :
0.8
"~
',
,.
.......
t.A'i~.,'"" "
19
41
20
Mn
Delermined
E
'-~
O
data
19
0.0
.I ......
700
18
| 400
2100
2800
i
0
I
700
I
1400
Determined
data
~
I
2100
I
2800
Predicted changes in concentrations of C, Cr, Si, Mn in liquid steel and bath temperature during the AOD refining process
by the model (for heat of No. 307)
1--Adding crop ends and scrap or alloyagents; 2--Endpointof blowing period I; 3--Endpoint of blowing period II; 4--Endpoint of blowing period III
Fig.8
The surplus oxygen is almost all consumed for the oxidation of the chromium after the critical point. This
means that the time of blowing period I is excessively
long. On the other hand, it is often demonstrated that
the supplied oxygen before the critical point is insufficient in this practice. From the viewpoint of process
optimization, obviously, this kind of blowing practice
is not reasonable.
It can be suggested from the model predictions
that, under the prerequisite of ensuring that violent
splashing of the liquid on the bath surface does not
take place, raising suitably the blowing flow rates of
oxygen and nitrogen (or argon) will be beneficial to
heightening the rising rate of the bath temperature
and to intensifying the decarburization in blowing period I. For blowing period II, lowering appropriately
the ratio of oxygen to argon may decrease the loss of
Cr, thus avoiding an excessively high bath temperature. Also, the dilution role of argon to carbon
monoxide and the agitation of the gas stream to the
bath may be fully utilized, thus making the decarburization at low carbon levels progress smoothly.
Assuming a change of only the blowing mode and
taking the additional three sets of different 02:Nz and
Oz:Ar values from the existing practice for heat 281,
modeling calculations have also been carried out using
this model; the results are presented in Fig. 9.
20
21
1.4
1.2
,--..///]
":~::..-..:.,
1.0
0.8
O~ 20
-:
',
"\
".....
\
,
0.4
-
.......
,,,
",...
",,
~
~
L)
:\
.\
"\
/'"
'2--
"
16.5
/ /: j " ~ /
""..
\~"
~.~.~
I
600
17.0 E
"".%
:""
d
I
7":".,
///'\
18
"-..
19
1200
1800
600
2400
............
.....
1200
1800
16.0
2400
"'/
/'
0.2
. . ......
17.5
e~
.......
\
ForlC~J//
~ . :.,
: " ..,.,.
: ,//,..'"/--<f/,,,
\ ,,
\ '..:
",,
\ -.... ,,,
~-~ 0.6
0.0
18.0
Changes in concentrations of carbon and c h r o m i u m in molten steel and bath t e m p e r a t u r e at given flow r a t e s of o x y g e n
and n i t r o g e n ( a r g o n ) and their ratio values for heat of No. 281
1--Adding alloy agents or crop ends and scrap; 2--Endpoint of blowing period I; 3--Endpoint of blowing period II
a - - Oz:Nz = 800:400 (Nm3.h -1) for blowing period I and 02:Ar = 600:600 (Nm3-h - l ) for period II (existing practice)
b - - 02:Nz = 400:800 (Nm3.h i) for blowing period I and Oz:Ar = 400:800 (Nm3"h -1) for period II
c - - 02:N2 = 600:600 (Nm3.h -1) for blowing period 1 and 0z:Ar = 600:600 (Nm3"h ' l ) for period II
d - - Oz:N2 = 900:500 (Nm3.h -1) for blowing period I and 02:Ar = 200:800 (Nm3-h -1) for period II
model can also provide very useful and reliable information for these operations.
4 Summary Remarks
The latest studies and advances made by the author
with his research group on physical and mathematical
modeling for the AOD process have been summarized.
These studies have clearly and successfully brought to
light the fluid flow and mixing characteristics in the
bath and the overall features of the back-attack phenomena of gas jets during the refining process, and
offered a better understanding of the process.
The bath fluids undergo very vigorous stirring and
circulatory motion conditions during gas blowing
through two annular tuyeres with straight-tube type;
there is no obvious dead zone in the bath, thus providing an excellent mixing effectiveness and a short mixing time. The gas flow rate of the main tuyere has a
governing influence on the fluid flow and mixing in
the bath; the gas stream of the subtuyere evidently
has a physical shielding effect on the main tuyere jet.
A suitable increase in the gas flow rate of the sub-
Vol. 6
No. 1
Mar. 2002
WEI J.H. :
21
process. T h e r e exists throughout competitive oxidation among the various elements during the refining
process. The Gibbs free energies of the oxidation reactions of elements can be used to characterize fully
this kind of competition and to determine reasonably
the distribution ratios of oxygen among the elements.
The critical carbon concentration of decarburization
(after which the decarburization changes to become
controlled by the mass transfer of carbon in molten
steel) for the A0D refining process of austenitic stainless steel in an 18 t A0D vessel is in the range of 0 . 2 5
mass- % - 0.40 mass- %. The ratio of oxygen to argon
(or nitrogen) and the blowing gas flow rate can
strongly influence the changes in the bath composition
and temperature. For the existing blowing mode of
02 :N2 = 800:400 (Nm3"h -1) in the first blowing period and 02 :Ar = 600 : 600 (Nm 3" h- 1 ) in the second
blowing period, appropriately raising the oxygen and
nitrogen flow rates in the first period and decreasing
the oxygen flow rate and increasing the supplied argon
rate in the second blowing period can not only heighten the rising rate of the bath temperature and intensify the decarburization in the first period, but also reduce the loss of chromium, and avoid the excessively
high bath temperature, and remove the carbon in the
liquid steel to a lower level in the second period. Other operating factors, such as the initial temperature
and mass of liquid steel, the addition of crop ends,
scrap, and alloy agents, etc. can also change the decarburization progress. All of these factors should be
reasonably controlled. The model can provide very
useful information and a reliable basis for optimization
of the technology of the AOD refining process of stainless steel and control of the process in real time and
online.
References
I1]
1995,
22
[ 5 ]
[6 ]
[7]
[8 ]
[9 ]
[ 10 ]
[ 11]
[ 12 ]
[13]
[ 14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[ 18 ]
[19]
Vol. 6
No. 1 Mar.2002
WEI J. H. :
[47]
[48]
I49]
[50]
[51]
[52]
[53]
[541
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
23