WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

CHAPTER 2 : THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM (ANSWER)

Activity 1 (refer text book pg 11, 12,)
1. tiny, discrete
2. molecules, ions
3. smallest, take part
4. atoms, chemically
5. positively-charged
6. in
7. gas, liquid, solid, movement, different arrangement
8.

absorbed, released

Activity 2 (refer text book pg 13,14,15)

1.
State of matter

Solid

Liquid

Gas

The particles are

The particles are less

The particles are further

packed closely

closely packed but

apart from each other.

together in an orderly

not in orderly

manner
Particles can only

arrangement
Particles can vibrate,

Particles can vibrate,

vibrate and rotate

rotate and move

rotate and move freely

about their fix

throughout the liquid

positions.
Particles are

Particles are attracted

The attraction forces

between the

attracted by very

by moderately strong

between particles are

particles
Energy content of

strong forces.
Very low energy

forces.
Moderately high

weak forces
Very high energy

Draw the particles

arrangement

Particles
arrangement

Particles movement

Attractive forces

particles

energy.

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

2. When heat energy is supplied to particles in matter, its kinetic energy (increase/decrease) and
the particles in matter vibrate ( faster/ slower) When matter loses heat energy, the kinetic energy
of the particles (increase/decrease) and they vibrate ( faster/ slower).
3. A : Melting B :

Boiling/ Evaporating C : Freezing

D : Condensation

E : Sublimation

F : Sublimation

4. (a) solid, melting point

(b) liquid, gas, absorbed, overcome, intermolecular
(c) Explanation on the heating process of matter
Point
A to B

States of matter
Solid

Explanation
Heating causes the particles to absorb
more energy and vibrate faster. The
temperature of the substance and the
kinetic energy increases.

B to C

Solid and liquid

Continuous heating does not cause the

temperature of the substance to increase.
The energy absorbed is used to overcome
the forces of attraction between the
particles. The constant temperature is
called the melting point.

C to D

Liquid

Continuous heating causes the

temperature of the liquid to increase. The
particles move faster because their kinetic
energy is increasing.

5. (a) Explanation on the cooling process of matter

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Point
P to Q

Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

State of matter
Liquid

Explanation
As cooling continues, particles lose more
kinetic energy, move slower and the
temperature decreases.

Q to R

Liquid and solid

The stronger bonds formed during freezing

release energy. This energy released is the
same as the energy lost to the surroundings
during cooling. Thus the temperature
remains unchanged. This constant
temperature is called freezing point

R to S

Solid

The temperature decreases as cooling

continues

(b) liquid, solid, exactly balanced,

Activity 3 (refer text book pg 16, 17,)

The Historical Development Of Atomic Models

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

1. Complete all the blanks and draw the structure of each atomic model.
Model

Structure
(Refer text book pg 16,17)

Characteristic

Daltons atomic model

(proposed by John
Dalton in 1805 )

The atom was imagined as a small

indivisible ball similar to a very tiny ball.

J.J Thomson discovered the electrons, a

negatively-charged particle.
The atom was describe as a sphere of
positive charge embedded with electrons.

Thomsons atomic
model
(proposed by J.J
Thomson in 1897 )

Ernest Rutherford discovered proton, a

positively-charged particle in an atom.
The central region of atom has a very small
positively-charged particles, which contains
almost all the mass of the atom.

Rutherfords atomic
model
(proposed by Ernest
Rutherford in 1911 )

The electrons in an atom move in shells

around the nucleus which contains protons.

Bohrs atomic model

(proposed by Neils
Bohr in 1913 )

Chadwick proved the existence of neutrons,

the neutral particle in the nucleus.
The nucleus of the atom contains protons &
neutrons, and the nucleus is surrounded by
electrons.

Chadwicks atomic
model (proposed by
James Chadwick
in 1932 .)

Activity 4
1. neutrons, electrons

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

2. protons, neutrons, electrons

Subatomic particle

Symbol

Relative mass

Proton

Relative electric
charge
+1

Neutron

Electron

1/1840

-1

3.

protons

4.

protons, neutrons

5.

The nucleon number is also known as the mass number.

NUMBER OF NEUTRON = NUCLEON NUMBER -- PROTON NUMBER
=

- Z

Symbols Of Elements
The standard representation for an atom of any element shows the proton number and the
nucleon number of the element. It can be written as follows:
A
Z

A Nucleon number
Z proton number
X symbol of element

1
H
1
3
Li
7

X
21 Proton number
Sc
Nucleon number
45

2
He
4

4
Be
9

5
B
11

6
C
12

7
N
14

8
O
16

9
F
19

10
Ne
20

11 12
Na Mg
23 24

13
Al
27

14
Si
28

15
P
31

16
S
32

17
Cl
35

18
Ar
40

19
K
39

20
Ca
40

21
Sc
45

6. Consider part of the periodic table of the element above and complete the table below.

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Element

Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

Symbol

Proton
number
21
13
18
4
5
20
6
17

No. of
neutron
s
24
14
22
5
6
20
6
18

Nucleo
n
number
45
27
40
9
11
40
12
35

No. of
electron
s
21
13
18
4
5
20
6
17

Scandium
Aluminium
Argon
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Carbon
Chlorine

Sc
Al
Ar
Be
B
Ca
C
Cl

Fluorine
Helium
Hydrogen
Lithium
Magnesium
Neon
Nitrogen
Oxygen

F
He
H
Li
Mg
Ne
N
O

9
2
1
3
12
10
7
6

10
2
0
4
12
10
7
10

19
4
1
7
24
20
14
16

9
2
1
3
12
10
7
6

Phosphorus
Potassium

P
K

15
19

16
20

31
39

15
19

Standard
representatio
n

35
17

Cl

16
8

Activity 5 ( refer text book pg 20)

1. same number, different number
2.
Element

Number of
isotopes

Symbol of
isotopes
1
1

Number of
protons
1

Number of
electrons
1

Number of
neutrons
0

Name of
isotopes
Hydrogen-1

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

Hydrogen-2

Hydrogen-3

Oxygen-16

8
8

8
8

9
10

Oxygen-17
Oxygen-18

6
6
6

6
6
6

6
7
8

Carbon-12
Carbon-13
Carbon-14

Cl

17

17

18

Chlorine-35

17
35
35

17
35
35

20
45
46

Chlorine-37
Bromine-80
Bromine-81

16
8

18
8

Carbon

3
14
6

Chlorine
Bromine

35
17

3. Uses of isotopes in our daily lives

(refer text book pg 21)

a. Gamma rays of Cobalt-60 : to treat cancer

b. Carbon-14 : to estimate the age of bone/ artifacts
c. Phosphorus-32 : to treat skin cancer/ to study the metabolism of phosphorus by plants
d. Sodium- 24 : to detect the leakages of underground pipes
e. Iodin -131 : to treat thyroid patients/ to diagnose thyroid glands

Activity 6
1.

2,8,8
2.

23

Na
11

Number of proton
Number of electron
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron arrangement

11
11
12
11
23
2.8.1

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

3. the outermost occupied

4.
Atom of Elements
Oxygen
Aluminium
Chlorine
Neon
Pottasium
magnesium

Electron Arrangement
2.6
2.8.3
2.8.7
2.8
2.8.8.1
2.8.2

Number of valance electron

6
3
7
8
1
2