Professional Documents
Culture Documents
* Light
" Reflection of Light
Spherical Mirrors
" Refraction
* Total Internal Reflection
.. Refraction from a Spherical Surface
..
,.
"
Lens
Refraction Through a Prism
Dispersion
Optical Instruments
~ Resolving Power of a Microscop~~
" Resolvi~g Power of Telescope
------------------,~.~------------------
t> light
The light is that form of energy which makes objects visible to our
eyes. The branch of physics which deals with nature of light, its sources,
properties, measurement, effects and vision is called "optics". For the sake
of convenience, study of optics is generally divided into two parts namely
(i) geometrical optics or ray optics, and (ii) wave optics. This chapter
deals with the geometrical optics.
2. Incitlent ray, reflected ray and normal lie on the same plane.
886
J":
If
>bs0t-,
.(\iil Note
The above two laws of reflection can b.e appli.ed to the reflecting surfaces
wh}ch a(e not ev.en horizontal.
Here
9rh r(g,.
Vo-VM=-(Vl-VM)
hx
z-(2x+y)
Size of mirror, M M -
(b)
(c) 2h
~
2
(d) h
lnterp.ret
From
~ 0' M1M2
M 1M 2 = - x -
2x +y
and O'AB
=> (+2ms-
1
) - ( -3ms- )
=~vi+ (-3)
(a)
(c)
60 i
50 i
(b) 58 i
(d) 68 i
Interpret
Spherical Mirrors
Mirrors having their reflecting surface spherical are called
spherical mirrors. Spherical mirrors are of two types
(i) Concave mirror If reflection takes place from the inner
surface, the mirror is called concave [Fig. (a)].
(ii) Convex mirror If reflection takes place from the outer
surface , the mirror is called convex [Fig. (b)] .
A
Incident
light
Incident
light
---+
---+
--=p~------
887
Ray Tracing
Centre
and
radius
of
curvature The centre of curvature
and radius of curvature of a mirror
are the centre and radius of the
sphere of which the mirror is part.
In the given figure, AC is the radius
of curvature and C, the centre of
curvature.
Concave
Convex
.E)
c
F
ie,
Table 23.1
1.
= !!_
At infinity
2.
M'
888
3.
AtC
M'
4.
Between F and C
M'
\
~
5.
Atf
6.
Between F and P
Table 23.2
1.
( -oo)] at
At infinity
M'
2.
In front of mirror
c
M'
889
\
Formula and Magnification for Spherical Mirrors
we have,
1
Mirror fonnula
1
-=-+! v u
where symbol possess their usual meanings.
Now,
I
v
f
f-v
m=-=-=--=-0 u f-u
f
where I = size of image perpendicular to principal axis
0 = size of object perpendicular to principal ruds.
Axial magnification
~~ = :: = ( f ~
=(f
~!
"
Areal magnification
2
-=----=-v l.Sf f
3f
Lateral magnification
max = -
-+-=-or--+-=-u v F
-l.Sf v
f
m = Ar =::.:_=(-!) =(f - v)
ar
Ao
u2
f- u
. f
ni
u
l.Sf
h
or
__ = -2 or h2 = -2h1 = -5 em.
hl
The image is 5 em long. The minus sign shows that it is inverted.
10
-f
= -l.5f
1--f
1 - - - -- 1.5 f ------;~
u=
15 em andf = - 10 em
.!.+-- = -1- ie, v = -30em
v -15 -10
ie, concave mirror will form real, inverted and enlarged
image 11 of object 0 at a distanci! 30 em from it, ie, at a distance
40-30 = 10 em from convex mirror.
For convex mirror the image 11 will act as an object and so for it
u = -10 em andf = + 15 em.
.!.+-1-=_.!._ ie,v= +6Cin
v -10 15
So, final image 12 is formed at a distance 6 em behind the convex
mirror and is virtual as shown in figure.
So,
(i); Does the mirror fommla hold g?od for a plane mirrgr? . ,
,
. .. _._. _ _. :,:
, .....
(iit An object :is'placed between two plane parallel mirrors. Why do tpe
t images ;~t fainter .
(iii)' Why are inir:rors used in search-lights parabolic and not concave spherical?
, ; )>
qy~ If yo~ were driving a car, what typ~ ofmirtoi would .you prefer to use (9_r;ob~~~il:affic .at ""''"''"Adr?
w> Refraction
When light passes from one medium, say air, to another
medium, say glass, a part is reflected back into the first medium
andthe restpa~,;, .,
.:
.. ..;. n-''.': _,: ;\;)assesintu
the second medium, it either bends towards the normal or away
from the normal. This phenomenon is known as refraction.
... (i)
... (ii)
890
A.
l-12
=-.- . - = - = 1- = Sllll2
v2 A. 2 111
(a) 58.3
Rarer
Denser
Denser
Rarer
;1 > ;2
V2
<
l-12
> l-11
ll :> < u l
VI
If 1-1-2 ::> 1-1-1 then v 1 > v 2 and A-1 > 1..2 , ie, in a rarer m~dium,
speed and hence, wavelength of light is more .
(iv) In general, speed of light in any medium is less than its
speed in vacuum. It is convenient to define refractive
index 11- of a medium as.
Interpret
= 1.5.
We know that
c
v
(b) 85 .3
(d) 65
(c) 60
Oil-2
J
2 .6
(b) sin-
1
3.6
(a) sm -1 ( - 1
0
(c) sin-
Interpret
(-
J.lz
(_]__J
2.6
As we know
1-l sin i = (constant)
!l-air sin ~air)
=>
!l-air
=--Sin lair
1-l-glass
Again, llglass sin iglass = llwater sin r water
From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
sin 30 = 1.3 sin r
0
sm~glass)
1
2xl.3
1
2.6
... (i)
... (ii)
AB
AB
smr=--=-, r=.sin-1 ( 0
sin 81
sin8 2
_ 11 2 :::}
11
- 1 2 - 11
1
AB AB _
1
OB BI -
11 2
11
1
-=
v~
~~ J
Case I
If ).ll < ).lz
Shift becomes negative , image distance > object distance,
ieJ image is farther from the refracting surface.
Case II
If ).ll > ).lz.
Shift becomes positive, image distance < object distance,
ie image is closer to the refracting surface.
Case III
If ).lz = 1 or ).! 1 ~
~J
~X
).lX
(b) 2.75ms-1
(d) 4.75 ms- 1
Interpret
For the fish, appa.rent distance of the fly from the wall
of the aquarium is ).lX. If x is actual distance, then apparent
=~
J..ld
sinC=~
=>
J..ld
c = sin-1 (~:J
=>
).l
891
i>C
sin i >sin C
... (i)
(v.pp)fly = !l vfly
= 5 x ~ = 3.75ms-1
4
J..lz
7
7
J..lz =- = 1.4
5
. c =-1
sm
.2_= 36 -3= 15
or
J..l
-=--+7
5/3 J..lz
or
. .
smt=-,===
Jiz +hz
and
36
or
h
R>--
~J..l-1
892
u'
1E'
v'
(4/ 3) = (3/ 2)
v'
( -40)
==>
2
();;,:I
llz_= llz
==>
=>
(Jl 2u')
The final images in all the above cases are shown in figure .
I
---p ------------------------
~'~
Lens
(a) Double-convex
lens
(b) 4.3 em
(d) 2.3 em
(a) 5.3 em
(c) 5 em
;nterpret
(b) Plano-convex
lens
(c) Concavo-convex
lens
R = +lOcm ,
and
8"
5.3cm
A"
1 - - - - - v'
----~
8~~
l,i
Principal focus
'
'
(i) The rays corning parallel to principal axis of lens pas~
.. ...
_...-:: F1
c
u-----1...._--v
..!..=(1~2-1)(_..!__ _ _..!__]
f
~
Both the foci of convex lens are real while that of concave
lens are virtual.
R2
..!..=(!l-l)(_..!__ _ _..!__J
f
R1 R2
1 1 1
-= - - ! v u
Table 23.3
Rl
1.
At infinity
2.
Beyond 2F1
894
4.
Between F1 and
Beyond 2F2
2Fl
5.
At F 1
At infinity
6.
Between F 1 and
optical centre
1
- -=CI!g -1)(2__2_J
Rl
fair
and
(llg
ff'ater = llw -
Rz
XRl1 - Ri1 J
..
(i)
.. (ii)
fwater ( llg -1
"fair = llg f ll w -1
895
Important Features
u1 = -10 em
f 1 = 20 em
1
1
vl
u1
1
1. Power of lens P = - -f(inm)
---=-
!1
=>
vl 20 10
v1 =-20cm
=>
L1
L2
, o;:;;
0 2 '!
';.:
\i
v
1'2
\ '!
,1,.\! Scm
1
L,P;
n
Thus,
i=1
Magnification of Lens
or
i=l
Magnification of combination
50
00' 0
-u
I
v
-=m=0
u
v
m=-
'.
L.-1
Power of combination
- + - = - => v2 =-=16-cm
v2 25 10
3
3
~ala2 .
1 1 1
-=-+-+ .. =
f !1 fz
ie, the image is virtual and hence lies on the same side of the
object. This will behave as an object for the second lens.
1
100
j(incm)
Power of convex lens is positive and of concave lens is
negative .
2. If distance of an object from first focus of lens is a 1 and
distance of image from second focus is a 2 , then its focal
length.
P=
=>
1
1
1
-=---
i=l
-=-+ - - F !1 fz fdz
Power of combination,
P = P1 + Pz- x P1P2
Total magnification remains unchanged ie,
m=m 1 xm 2
5. If a lens is made of a number
of layers of different refractive
indices, then number of images
of an object formed by the lens
is equal to number of different
media.
6. Cutting of a lens
(i) If a symmetrical convex
lens of focal length f is
cut into two parts along
its optic axis, then focal length of each part (a
plano convex lens) is 2f. However, if the two parts
are joined as shown in figure, the focal length of
combination is again f.
2(,
(a)
(b)
2f
(c)
(d)
896
7. Silvering of a lens
(i) Let a plano-convex lens is having a curved surface of
radius of curvature R and has refractive index J.l if
its plane surface is silvered, it behaves as a concave
mirror of focal length.
R
=- 2(~-t- 1)
R
=- 2!l
f=
(a)
Table 23.4
(c)
(d)
in table.
1.
Convex lens
+ ve
+ ve
converging
2.
Concave mirror
- ve
+ ve
converging
3.
Concave lens
- ve
-ve
diverging
4.
Convex mirror
+ ve
-ve
diverging
2(2J.l-l)
897
= 4D
= -6 em, F =?
!1 ! 2
' F
10
<Jl
15
F = -15 em
!I)
or
A prism is a homogeneous,
p
transparent medium bounded
by two plane surfaces inclined
A
at an angle A with each other.
These surfaces are called as
refracting surfaces and the
angle between them is called
angle ofprismA.
Figure
shows
the
0
R
refraction of monochromatic
light through a prism. Here' i and e represent the angle of
incidence and angle of emergence respectively, r 1 and r2 are two
angles of refraction. If J.l is the refractive index of the material of
the prism, then
sini sine
J.l=--=-sinrl sinr2
A+om
2
!=--
[A+om)
sm - -
smt
J.!=-.- or J.l=
smr
om" {ll
l)A.
.J3
Interpret
Using,
ut
we have
Minimum Deviation
or
A
. A
2 Slll - COS 2
2
sin(1)
sin(1)
.J3
A
- = 30 or A = 60
2
.
L---~---:i-="-e----.i1
o= om;= (i + 0 -A
1
sinA
.J3=--=
COS-=-
A
r=-
Further at
sin -
The angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray
is lmown as the angle of deviation o. For refraction through a
prism it is found that
i + e =A + o and r 1 + r2 = A
r1
= r2
~~
.Dispersion
898
e = C!-lv -11R)A
Here, 1-lv
--0--~,
= 18
= 1.523
(a) 0.01639
(c) 0.05639
Interpret
_
0 01639
Here, A
2.55
A'= -(l-l.-1JA
!-l-1
without dispersion
we use a combination
of two prisms of
different materiaPs
such that
~A'=- [!-lv -1-lR] A
[!-l~ -!-l~]
2. Resultant
Microscope
It is an optical instrument which forms a magnified image
of a small nearby object and thus, increases the visual angle
subtended by the image at the eye so that the object is seen to be
bigger and distinct.
)
..
899
Object
M=1+-
f
where D
M = _ f o ( 1 + fe
D
fe
D
Length of telescope
LD =fo+ue
f o = focal length of objective lens
f e = focal length of eye piece
M~ = _ vo (E-J
Uo
fe
+ fe
1~~~~~
A
VlSlOn.
MD
=~(1+ DJ
fe
Uo
Length of microscope,
L0 =v0 +Ue
v0 = distance of first image from object lens.
U 0 = distance of object from objective lens.
f. = focal length of eye piece.
Telescope
Telescope is an optical instrument which increases, the
visual angle at the eye by forming the image of a distant object
at the least distance of distinct vision, so that the object is seen
distinct and bigger.
(i) Astronomical telescope It consists of two converging
lenses placed coaxially. The one facing the distant object is called
the objective and has a large aperture and large focal length.
The other is called the eye-piece, as the eye is placed closed to
it. The eye-piece tube can slide within the objective tube, so that
the separation between the objective and the eye-piece may be
varied.
'
M~ =
M = fo (1+ fe
D
fe
D.
Length of telescope ,
n
LD = fo + 4 f + de
f o = focal length of objective lens
f e = focal length of eye peice
Galilean telescope A simple model of Galilean telescope
is shown in figure. A convergent lens is used as the objective and
a divergent lens as the eye-piece.
900
Chapter 23
* Ray Optics
~--------
fo _ _ _ _ _ ____..,
1
A
d=--"'2J.1sin8
where fl is che refractive index of the medium between the
objective of the microscope and the object. This distance is called
limit of resoh~tion of the microscope.
M~ =
fo
fe
(1 - fe J
D
....de._____ _____ _
Length of telescope
Lv = fo -u,
Interpret
and
(d) 1.5
1.
Given,f = + 20 em
v = - 30 em ,
Using thefonnula,
1
-30
.!._.!.=.!.
v
wehave,
1
20
u0 = 12 em
-U 0
=.!!_ = 25 =2.08
uo
12
Interpret
1.22/c
of
901
Chapter Compendium
10. Refraction at Sphe,rical Surfaces,
Hz - f.L1
(ii) Magnification, m
= 111::_
flzU
vv<<.:muL)(.UI
.Ll ~'"wouL
law For any two media the ratio of the sine of the
of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction
constant for a light beam of a particular frequency, ie
v u f
o{co
T
t
L--..-~...,...--~~,,
(ii) A
'
+ o=i + e
m~
;5 ,m2
902
"
s .
l
l
"l
'
Illustrative
Example 1 A beaker contammg liquid is placed on a table
underneath a microscope which can be moved along a vertical scale.
The microscope is focussed, through the liquid, on a mark on the
table and the reading on the scale is a. It is next focussed on the upper
surface of the liquid and the reading is b. More liquid is added and the
observations are repeated, the corresponding readings being c and d.
The refractive index of the liquid is
(a)
d-b
d-c-b+a
(b)
b-d
d -c-b+a
(c)
d-c-b+a
d-b
(d)
d-b
d+c-b-a
/.12
Solution
tani = 1-lz
Ill
Since, at the time of total internal reflection,
sinec
= 1-lz,
Ill
... (v)
Solution
Solution
... (i)
=r
... (ii)
= 112
111
.. . (iii)
... (iv)
Solution
904
1 1 1
-+-=-
v f
==>
v=f
If the diameter of the image be d,
00
(r)
lu1 +uzl
lu1 -uzl
lul ;uzl
(d)
lu1;u2 1
(a)
(b)
T
d
2
.J_
d/2
--=a:::> d = (2a)v
v
:::>
d=(2a)v
Putting, 2a =6 and v = f, we obtain d = f6
A ray enters a glass sphere of refractive index fl = ../3 at
an angle of incidence 60 a ray is reflected and refracted at the farther
surface of the sphere. The angle between the reflected and refracted rays
at this surface is
(b) 60
(a) 50
(d) 40
(c) 90
Solution
Example 5
Solution
-+-=-
ul u1m f
2_(1 + ]:_) =_!_
or
_ u1
and
... (i)
Uz
u2m
----=-
Refraction at P
2_(1-]:_)=.!.
or
u2
... (ii)
ul +uz = 2
f
f
or
sin 60 = ../3 .
sinr1
sinr1 = (1/2) ==> r1 = 30
.l
Since
r2
r2
ul +uz
2
= r;
= 30
sinr2
1
Refraction at Q = - -sini2 - ../3
Putting r 2 = 30, we obtain i2 = 60
Reflection at Q, r; = r2 = 30
(a) J..l1
(c) J..l4
Solution
i1 =
= J..l3
= J..l1
(b) J..l2
(d) J..l2
= J..l4
= J..l3
4 (given).
Solution
Q'
sin i1 = flz sm 12
sin i2 111 ' sin i3
Since,
= 11 3 sini3 = 11 4
112 '-sin i4 113
sini1 = 11 4
sin i4 111
i1 = i4 , therefore J..t4
= J..t 1
905
.
1 1
1
1
Nowusmg, - = - + - + - wehave
F f 1 f z f3
1 1 1 1
-=-+-+-
F f
2
3f
f'
4
3f
=---=-
F= 3f
4
Example U
3J3
(b) ll < - -
(a) !J.> -
Solution
.)3
(d)
Solution
(c) 10 em
So let
!J.<2
= 312 = -~
ll
... (i)
21J.
i > ec
sin i >sin ec
or
or
. 600 >-3
sm
2}l
or
.)3 3
->2
2}l
or
}l> .)3
-------------------------------------------_-:_-_:::.-_-_-_:::::.-_:::.-_-_-_:::.-_-:_-_:
(b)
J.
f = - 4.4 ern
0
3x
4x
V0
Uo
1
22.5
U0
+f
= L- F.=
~5
we have
fo
1
1.5
----=-
1 1
1) ( "R+"R
or
Now applying
(d) 3f
1
57=CL
f=-~
V0
f_
~olution
or
Solution
(c) 4f
u=-4xandv=-x
Then 3x = 10 ern
10
or
x =-ern
3
40
10
u=--cmand v=--cm
3
3
. . . 1 -3 3
Su b stltutmg m - = - + ! 10 40
(d) 4.4 em
Concave lens fom1S the virtual image of a real object.
luolz1.6 ern
IMI=vox!!_
f.
=(22.5) (~)uo
-7l ;.
=-
3~
\ 1.6
z140.
2.5
- 2.5
= 22.5 ern
Chapter Practice
Exercise I
Photometry
1. What is the ratio of luminous intensity ot two sources,
which produce shadows of equal intensities at ci1stance
25 em and 50 em from the photometer screen?
(a) 1 : 4
(b) 4 : 1
(c) 1 : 2
(d) 2 : 1
2. The time required for making a print a distance of 0.25 m
from a 60 W lamp is 5 s. If the distance is increased to
40 em, the time required in second to make a similar print
is
(a) 3.1
(b) 8
(d) 16
(c) 12.8
3. A source is at 4m height above the centre of a circular table
of a circular table of radius 3m. The ratio of illuminance
at 0 and P will be
, S
(a) 10%
(b) 20%
(c) 27%
(d) 36%
7. In a photometer, two sources of light when placed at
30 em and 50 em respectively produce shadows of equal
intensities. Their candle powers are in the ratio of
(a)
8.
9.
4m
PF---3-m_...Jo
10.
64
(a) 125
(b) 125
64
(c) 1
(d) 16
25
4. A lamp of 250 candela power is hanging at a distance of
6 m from a wall. The illuminance at a point on the wall at
a minimum distance from lamp will be
(a) 9.64lux
(b) 4.69 lux
(c) 6.94lux
(d) None ofthese
5. An electric bulb illuminates a plane surface . The intensity
of illumination on the surface at a point 2 m away from
the bulb 5 x 10- 4 phot (lumen cm-2 ) . The line joining the
bulb to the point makes an angle of 60 with the normal
to the surface. The intensity of the bulb in candela (candle
power) is
'
(a) 40 x 10- 4
(b) 40
(d) 20
(c) 40vG
6. A lamp is hanging at a height of 40 em from the centre
of the table. If its height is increased by 10 em, the
illuminance of the lamp will decrease by
11.
_.2._
25
3
(b) 16
25
5
(c) (d)
5
3
A book can be read if it is placed at a distance of 50 em
from a source of 1 cd. At what distance should the book
placed if the source is of 16 cd?
(a) 8 m
(b) 4 m
(c) 2m
(d) 1 m
In a grease spot photometer, light from a lamp with dirty
chimney is exactly balanced by a point source distance
10 em from the grease spot. On dearing the dirty chimney,
the point source is moved 2 em to obtain a balance
again. Then the percentage of light absorbed by the dirty
chimney is nearly
(a) 64%
(b) 36%
(c) 44%
(d) 56%
Two point sources A and B of luminous intensities 1 cd
and 16 cd respectively are placed 10.0 em apart. A grease
spot screen is placed between the two sources. For the
grease spot to become indistinguishable from both the
sides, it should be placed at
(a) 80 em from 16 cd lamp and 20 em from 1 cd
(b) 20 em from the 16 cd and 80 em from 1 cd
400
100
(c) - - em from 16 cd and em from 1 cd
3
3
400
100
(d)
em from 16 cd and
em from 1 cd
3
3
A point source of light moves in a straight line parallel
to a plane table. Consider a small portion of the table
directly below the line of mowment of the source. The
illuminance at this portion varies w1tn this d1stance r from
the source as
~1
(a)
(c)
oc
-;z1
(b)
oc
(d)
=-;A
continuously increases
continuously decreases
increases then decreases
decreases then increases
critical angle is 49, then the fish could see things above
water surface within an angular range of 8 where
Air
Water
Reflection of Light
13. A dentist has a small mirror of focal length 16 mm. He
v
(b)
(a)
Ti
v
(d)
(c)
Ti
by
(a) 8=49
"(c) 8=24_!_ 0
4
49
(b)
e = 98
(d) 8=90
from the first car. The position of the second car as seen
in the mirror or the first car is
(a) 19.35 em
(b) 17.45 em
(c) 21.48 em
(d) 15.49 em
21. A convex mirror forms an image one-fourth the size of the
(b)
(a)
(b)
u
v
(c)
(d)
907
(d)
xl +xz
Jxx
1 2
908
31.
32.
33.
34.
the object is
(b) 36 em
(a) 18 em
(d) infinite
(c) 48 em
Sun subtends an angle of 0 .5 at the centre of curvature
of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 15 m. The
diameter of the image of the sun formed by the mirror is
(a) 8 .55 em
(b) 7.55 em
(c) 6.55 em
(d) 5.55 em
A convex mirror and a concave mirror has radii of
curvature 10 em each are placed 15 em apart facing each
other. An object is placed midway between them. If the
reflection first takes place in the concave mirror and then
in convex mirror. the position of the final image is
(a) on the pole of the convex mirror
(b) on the pole of the concave mirror
(c) at a distance of 10 em from convex mirror
(d) at a distance of 5 em from concave mirror
An object 5 em tall is placed 1 m from a concave spherical
mirror which has a radius of curvature of 20 em. The size
of the image is
(a) 0.11 em
(b) 0.50 em
(c) 0.55 em
(d) 0.60 em
A convex mirror of radius of curvature 1.6 m has an object
placed at a distance of 1 m from it. The image is formed at
a distance of
(a) 8/13 min front of the mirror
(b) 8/13 m behind the mirror
(c) 4/9 min front of the mirror
(d) 4/9 m behind the mirror
A short linear object of length b lies along the axis of a
concave mirror of focal length f at a distance u from the
pole of the mirror. The size of the image is equal to
(a) b( u;ffz
b(u;f)
(c)
(b)
(d)
b(_L)1/2
u-f
b(f~u)
(b) 240- 28
(d) 180-8
30.
(a) 28
(c) 360-28
(b)
~f
2
(c) 28
(d)
~f
n
44. A plane mirror reflects a pencil of light to form a real
image. Then the pencil of light incident on the mirror is
(a) parallel
(b) convergent
(c) divergent
(d) Any of these
45. A spherical mirror forms an image of magnification 3. The
object distance, if focal length of mirror is 24 em, may be
(a) 32 em, 24 em
(b) 32 em, 16 em
W32~o~
~16~~~
Refraction of Light
46. How will the image formed by a convex lens be
affected, if the central portion of the lens is wrapped
in blank paper, as shown in the figure .
(a) No image will be formed
(b) Full image will be formed but is less bright
(c) Full image will be formed but without the central
portion
(d) 1\vo images will be formed, one due to each exposed
ha~
(a) 1 image
(b) 2 images
(c) 3 images
(d) 9 images
51. As shown in figure position of an images I of an object 0
formed by lens. This is possible if
oLJ
(a)
(b)
u
v
(c)
(d)
'~
~ens
(a) n 2 > n 1
(c) n 1 > n 2
I
/
(b) n 1 >> n 2
(d) n 1 = n 2
/
/
909
Focal Length
Power
(a) Decreased
increased
(b) Decreased
unchanged
(c) Increased
unchanged
(d) Increased
decreased
49. 1\vo convex lenses placed in contact form the image of a
distant object at P. If the lens B is moved to the right, the
image will
(a) 25
(c) 30
(b) 36
(d) 50
arrangement corresponds to
A B
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
910
(a) (n- 1) f
(b) (n + 1) f
(c)
(n~1Jt
(d)
(n:1)f
< r2
63.
64.
67.
68.
(d) r 1 = 1/r2
62.
66.
69.
70.
71.
(a) decrease
(b) increase
(c) remain unchanged
(d) increase or decrease depending on the focal length
The power of a thin convex lens Cang = 1.5) is + 5.0 D.
When it is placed in a liquid of refractive index ani, then
it behaves as a concave lens of focal length 100 em. The
refractive index of the liquid ani will be
(a) 5/3
(b) 4/3
(c) F3
(d) 5/4
A concave lens with unequal radii of curvature made
of glass C~-t8 = 1.5 ) has a focal length of 40 em. If it is
immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1-ti = 2, then
(a) it behave like a convex lens of 80 em focal length
(b) it behave like a concave lens of 20 em focal length
(c) its focal length becomes 60 em
(d) nothing can be said
An object is put at a distance of 5 em from the first focus
of a convex lens of focal length 10 em. If a real image is
formed, its distance from the lens will be
(b) 20 em
(a) 15 em
(c) 25 em
(d) 30 em
A virtual image twice as long as the object is formed by a
convex lens when the object is 10 em away from it. A real
image twice as long as the object will be formed when it
is placed at a distance .... from the lens
(a) 40 em
(b) 30 em
(c) 20 em
(d) 15 em
An achromatic convergent doublet of two lenses in
contact has a power of+ 2 D . The convex lens has power
+5 D. What is the ratio of the dispersive powers of the
convergent and divergent lenses?
(a) 2 : 5
(b) 3 : 5
(c) 5 : 2
(d) 5 : 3
If i~Lj represents refractive index when a light ray goes from
medium ito medium j, then the product 2 ~-t 1 x 3 ~-t 2 x 4 ~-t3
is equal to
(a) 3~1
(c)
(b) 3 ~2
1
1~4
72. What. is the relation between refractive indices ~-t 1 , ~-t 2 , and
~-t 3 if the behaviour of light rays is as shown in figure.
(b) ~2
<
~1.~2 = ~3
::
(c) 1.1
(b) A1 (
~: J
(d) A1(
nz~n1 J
77.
(d)
n-n'
::~fJl:~:::~~~nili: ~ ; ; iiii:~::i;J
critical angle 8c. If thin layer of
water
(1-1 = ~ J is
l :
now poured on
'
the glass air surface, the angle at which the ray emerges
into air at the water-air surface is
(a) 60
(b) 45
(c) 90
(d) 180
78. Light is incident from a medium X at an angle of
incidence i and is refracted into a medium Y at angle of.
refraction r. The graph sin i versus sin r is shown in
figure. Which of the following conclusions would fit
the situation?
1. Speed of light in medium
Y is .J3 times that in
0.2
me diumX.
sin r
2. Speed of light in medium
sin i
Y is 1/ .J3 times that in
0.4
medium X.
3 . Total internal reflection will
occur above a certain i value.
(b) 1 and 3
(a) 2 and 3
(c) 2 only
(d) 3 only
79. When a glass slab is placed on a cross made on a sheet,
the cross appears raised by 1 em. The thickness of the
glass is 3 em. The critical angle for glass is
(a) sin- 1 (0.33)
(c) sin-1 ( .67)
Optical Instruments
j(n'-n)
911
912
(a) 30
(c) 60
99. It is desired to make a converging achromatic combination
of mean focal length 50 em by using two lenses of
materials A and B. If the dispersive powers of A and B
are in ratio 1: 2, the focal lengths of the convex ar.d the
100.
101.
102.
103.
J3
(b)
J2
(c)
J3
(d)
Prism
97. For a prism, its refractive index is cos A. Then minimum
2
angle of deviation is
(a) 180 -A
(b) 180- 2A
(c) 90 - A
(d) A
2
98. The refractive index of a prism for a monochromatic
wave is J2 and its refracting angle is 60. For minimum
deviation, the angle of incidence will be
913
Exercise II
Only One Correct Option
1. A ray oflight passes through four transparent medium with
refractive indices J.11, J.12, J.13 and J.14 as shown in the figure.
(m~ 1)
(a)
(c)
(m -1)
(c) d == 40 em
(d) d == 20 em
10. A 4 em thick layer of
,--,...,---,----water covers a 6 em 4cm
thick glass slab. A coin
is placed at the bottom
of the slab and is being
observed from the air
side along the normal
Coin
to the surface. Find _the
apparent position of the coin from
(a) 7.0 em
(b) 8.0 em
(c) 10 em
(d) 5 em
11. The light takes in travelling a distance of 500 m in
water. Given that J.1 for water is 4/ 3 and the velocity of
light in vacuum is 3 x 10 10 cms-1 Calculate equivalent
optical path.
(a) 566.64 m
(b) 666.64 m
(c) 586.45 m
(d) 576.64 m
p
12. How many images are formed by the lens shown, if an
object is kept on its axis?
(b) (m: 1)
(d)
(m
+ 1)
1!1
(a) 1
(c) 3
(b) 2
(d) 4
(a) 32 em
(c) 6 em
(b) 0.6 em
(d) 0.5 em
914
(b) 0.4 m
(d) 1m
(a) 0.1 m
(c) 0.9 m
15. The refractive indices of the crown glass for blue and red
light are 1.51 and 1.49 respectively and those of the flint
glass area 1. 77 and 1. 73 respectively. An isosceles prism
of angle 6 is made of crown glass. A beam of white light
is incident at a small angle on this prism. The other flint
glass isosceles prism is combined with the crown glass
prism such that there is no deviation of the incident
light. (i) Determine the angle of the flint glass prism.
(ii) Calculate the net dispersion of the combined system.
(a) -4, 0.04,
(b) 4, 0 .04
(c) 5, 0.04
(d) -5, 0 .04
16. A plano-convex lens has a thickness of 4 em. When placed
on a horizontal table, with the curved surface in contact
with it, the apparent depth of the bottom most point of the
lens is found to be 3 em. If the lens is inverted such that the
plane face is in contact with the table, the apparent depth of
uJ L the centre of the plane face is found to be 25/ 8 em. Find the
focal length of the lens. Assume thickness to be negligible
(a) 85 em
(b) 59 em
(d) 7.5 em
(c) 75 em
17. A convex lens of focallengthf is placed some where in
between an object and a streen. The distance between
object and screen is x. If numerical value of magnification
produced by lens is m, focal length of lens is
to w,
mx
mx
(b)
2r br(a)
2
2
(c)
(d)
(m-1f
~~2 -1
ri!gn9J'. .
suld 'c) ~
(b) _ h _
~~2+1
2h
2
(d)
{1 -~ J
(a)
(b)
2(~1
21 2
, [{ m: d ex
t (1-~ J
(d) awayfromPby
(c)
(a) _ h _
(c) towardsPby
+ ~2)
R
(m-1)
(m+1f
(m+ 1)
(~1 - ~2 )
2(~1- ~2)
(d)
2R
(~2 -~1)
(c) 2
(b) 3/2
(d)
ifi
~ -1
vw
20. A ray of light is incident at 60 on one face of a prism
whi.ch has angle 30. The angle between the emergent ray
and incident ray is 30. What is the angle between the ray
and the face from. which its emerges?
(a) 0
(b) 30
(c) 60
(d) 90
-:_-------. c _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-.::.::_-_-_-.
915
. e 2':-2
(a)
Sill
. e 2':-8
(b)
Sill
(c)
sine= F3
(d)
- <Sill 9 < -
2
3
9
28. A plane mirror is placed at the bottom of a tank containing
a liquid of refractive index fl P is a small object at a
height h above the mirror. An observer 0 -vertically above
P outside the liquid sees P and its image in a mirror. The
apparent distance between these two will be
2
o.
I
I
I
I
I
~
(a) 2 fl h
(c)
_3!!_
J.L-1
(a) sin-1 (
1~1tz J
1
. -1(10t
(c) sm
-t2
(d) sm
. -1( -t110t2
(b) 40 em
(d) 10 em
~1 - ~2
~ = C;J.tg -1)( ~1 ~J
-
J:;
(b) + 8 D
(d) -4D
"'
916
Passage II
Total internal refl'ection is the phenomenon of reflection
of light into denser medium at the interface of denser
medium with a rarer medium. Light must travel from
denser to rarer and angle of incidence in denser medium
must be greater than critical angle (C) for the pair of
media in contact. We can show that
1
11 =sine
39. Critical angle for water air interface is 48.6. What is the
refractive index of water?
(a) 1
(b) 3/2
(c) 4/3
(d) 3/ 4
41. Critical angle for glass air interface where J.! of glass is 3/ 2 is
(a) 41.8
(b) 60
(c) 30
(d) 44.3
42. Critical angle for air water interface for violet colour is
49. Its value for red colour would be
(a) 49
(b) 50
(c) 48
(d) cannot say
43. A point source of light is held at a depth h below the
surface of water. If Cis critical angle of air water interface,
the diameter of circle of light coming from water surface
would be
(b) h tan C
(a) 2 h tan C
(d) h/ sin C
(c) h sin C
(d)
1)
m+1
52. In an optics experiment, with the position of the object
fixed, a student varies the position of a convex lens and
for each position, the screen is adjusted to get a clear
image of the object. A graph between the object distance
u and the image distance v, from the lens, is plotted using
the same scale for the two axes. A straight line passing
through origin and making an angle of 45 with the x-axis
meets the experimental curve at P. The coo~dinate of P
will be
(AIEEE 2009)
(a) (
f.f)
(b) (j,j)
(DCE 2009)
(a) 20 em
(c) 48 em
(b) 40 em
(d) 12 em
(a) 5
(c) 0.5
(b) .0.25
(d) 0.35
(a)
(a) t cos r
(b) ttanr
(c) t/cos r
(d) t/sin r
63. A right angled hollow prism is filled with a liquid. A ray
of light entering the prism grazing one face emerges out
grazing other face. Refractive index of the liquid is
(Karnataka CET 2008)
(b) 1.33
(c) 1.54
(d) 1.41
64. The radius of curvature of the convex face of a
plano-convex lens is 15 em and the refractive index of the
material is 1.4. Then the power of the lens in diopter is
(a) 1. 73
(a) 1.6
(b) 1.66
(d) 2.66
(c) 2.6
65. The wavelength of red light from He-Ne laser is 633 nm in
air but 474 nm in the aqueous humor inside the eye ball.
The speed of red light through the aqueous humor is
(Kerala CET 2008)
v(cm)
(c)
v(cm)
t
(b)
917
u(cm)
- "
) tm)
u(cm)
'IT ~
t
0
u(cm)
u(cm)
(d)
(a) 5.33
(c) 3
73. The image formed by a concave mirror
(UP SEE 2008)
(a) is always real
(b) is always virtual
(c) is certainly real if the object is virtual
(d) is certainly virtual
II
.9t8
------
~~~A lens
(::>)
(L)
(d)
(B)
..
(a) 2
(c) 5
(e) 7
(b) 4
(d) 6
(' ,
(B)
(d)
(a) reflection
(c) polarization
(b) diffraction
(d) interference
~.
9
(.
::> J
1
(a) 2 em
(c) 4 em
(b) 6 em
(d) 1 em
(b)- 3D
(d) 5D
1ooo A
Cb) 2ooo A
Cc) 3ooo A
Cd) 4ooo A
87. A light moves from denser to rarer medium. Which of the
following is correct?
(UP SEE 2006)
(a) Energy increases
(b) Frequency increases
(c) Phase changes by 90 (d) Velocity increases
I .~919
Answers
Exercise I
1.
11.
2;1.
31.
41.
51.
61.
71.
81.
91.
101.
(a)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
2.
12.
22.
32.
42.
52.
62.
72.
82.
92.
102.
(c)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
3.
13.
23.
33.
43.
53.
63.
73.
83.
93.
103.
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(a)
4.
14.
24.
34.
44.
54.
64.
74.
84.
94.
104.
5.
15.
25.
35.
45.
55.
65.
75.
85.
95.
105.
(c)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
6.
16.
26.
36.
46.
56.
66.
76.
86.
96.
7.
17.
27.
37.
47.
57.
67.
77.
87.
97.
(d)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
8.
18.
28.
38.
48.
58.
68.
78.
88.
98.
(c)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(b)
9.
19.
29.
39.
49.
59.
69.
79.
89.
99.
(b)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(a)
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
80.
90.
100.
~)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(a)
\h)
(a)
(a)
(b)
\
Exercise II
1.
11.
21.
31.
41.
51.
61.
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a,d)
(a)
(d)
(a)
71. (a)
81. (a)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(a,c,d)
(c)
(d)
(c)
72. (c)
82. (b)
2.
12.
22.
32.
42.
52.
62.
3. (b)
(b)
(a)
(a,c,d)
(a)
(b)
(d)
73. (c)
83. (a)
13.
23.
33.
43.
53.
63.
4.
14.
24.
34.
44.
54.
64.
74.
84.
(d)
(b)
(c) '
(a,d)
(d)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(c)
5.
15.
25.
35.
45.
55.
65.
75.
85.
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c,d)
(d)
(b)
'(c)
(d)
(a)
6.
16.
26.
36.
46.
56.
66.
76.
86.
(c)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(e)
(b)
(d)
7.
17.
27.
37.
47.
57.
67.
77.
87.
(b,~)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(d)
8.
18.
28.
38.
48.
58.
68.
78.
(a)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(d)
9.
19.
29.
39.
49.
59.
69.
79.
(d)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(b)
. 10. (a)
20. (d)
30. ~~
40. c)
50. (a)
60. (a)
70. (c)
80. (d)
_~hapter 23
920
Ray Optics
Exercise I
p-
~.AU
E=~=-I-=~
o
r2 (4)2 16
3.
E = Icos8 = I x (415)
p
r' 2
C5i
r3
Relative
luminosity
Icos60
200x200
or
I= 5 x 1o- 4 x 4 x 10 4 x 2 = 40 cd
r =40- x-40
16
6. -=I
50 x 50 25
5.
E cx: -1
or
41
125
E
I 125 125
:. -0= - X- = Ep 16 4I
64
4. At minimwn distance, incidence is normal. Therefore,
I
250
E=-z==6.94 lux.
2
5 x 1o- 4
400
700
1-E.= 1 - 16 =_2_
I
25 25
I-I'
9
or
- - x 100=- x 100=36o/o
I
25
7. When the screen is equally illuminated,
E1 = E2
or
r1
r]
I2
ri
50 x SO
25
1
16
8. 502 =d2
d2 = (50i x 16
or
or
d=50 x 4cm=200cm=2m.
9. r 1 = 10 em, r 2 = 8 em
I1
I2
64
I
1 1
100 ' - I
2
or
or
1
10. x z
_
-
I 2 -I1 = 36
I 2 o 100
16
(IOO-x)2
1
or
x
or
64
1 - 100
4
100-x
Sx =-100 or X= 20 em
Note that
360
.8
1 1 1
1
1 1
17. -+-=-or-=--+-
or
-2=~
21. _!_=_!_
f-u 4
f -(-0.5)
4f=f+0.5 or 3/=0.5
0.5
or
f =-m=0.17m
3
20+u
or
20+u = -10
or
u =-30cm.
29. Clearly, the given mirror is a convex mirror.
m =_f___
f-u
1
1 1
23. - + - = -30 v 30
1
2
1
or
v 30 15
or
v = 15 em
06
24. f =- = -0.3m = -30cm
2
1
1
1
-+- =v -10 -30
1
18
3 18-u
3x18 = 18-u
u=-2 x 18 cmoru =-36crn.
-=--
or
or
1
1t
30. 8=-x-rad
2 180
1
v
1
1
3-1
10 30
30
30
or
v = - em= 15 em
2
v
15
m = -- = - - = 1.5
u
-10
Object lies between principal focus and pole. So, the
image is virtual and erect.
1 1 1
25. -+-=u v f
1
1
1
--+--=f-xl f-x2 f
f-x 2 + f-x 1 _ 1
Cf-xl)(f-x2) -~
or
diameter of image =
8
focal length
or diameter of image
1
1t
15
=-x-x-x100cm=6 55cm
2 180 2
.
.
31. For concave mirror
15
u=--cm
2
' v="'.
10
f =--em= -Scm
2
1 1 1 1
1
=---=----v f
u -5 -15/2.
1 2
-1
=--+-=5 15 15
or
v = -15 em
Clearly; the position of the final image is on the pole of
the convex mirror.
32. f = -10 ern, 0 = 5 em,
u = - 100 em, I = ?
!__ =_f___
2
f - fx2- fx1 + X1X2 = 2/ 2 - f(xl + X2)
2
or
f = x 1x 2 or f = Jx1x 2
This is Newton's mirror formula .
or
f-u
-10
-10
xs = -xs ern
-10-(-100)
90
= -0.55 em
I=
33.
or
or
or
27 m =_f___
f-u
28. m
JlW c,,
-12
._n ;l;
- - = - - - = - -4 -12-u
12ro u
1
12 + u = -48 or u =
or
=_f___
or
- 20
-2=---20-u
_!_=_1__ __!__ = 10 + 1 = 18 = 2_
v 0.8 -1 8
8 4
4
v=-m
9
(-f-)b
f-u
1 1 1
35'. -+-=u v f
_du_dv=O
u2 v2
_:66\:m.
or
f-u
f=~m=0.8m,u=-1m
-0.2
-0.2-u
0.2
2 = - - or 0.4+2u=0.2
0.2+u
2u = 0.2-0.4 = -0.2
u = -O.lm
f-u
- -f26. m
2=
921
or
dv
du
-7=~
dv
v 2 du
10x10
_1
_
-=---=----x9rns
_ =-lms 1
dt
u 2 dt
30x30
922
(180-2a) + (1'80-2~)
= 360-2(a+~)
90-a+90-~+8
But
= 180
43.
!_ = l_
d
8=a+~
or
I-X
37.
x-1
d
f or I = 8f.
u
or
I =-
44.
1--x-v-t-x-v--.j
As is clear from figure, the new distance is 2x - 2v. The
distance of image from object is reduced by an amount 2v
in orie second.
38. Th~ first images is due to r,eflection from the front surface
1---1
0
0'
39.
~I
I'
Observer
Observer
41.
30 em --~JM
m=_j_
f-u
. If m = + 3, then
-24
3=--24-u
10 em
~~X---!Iiiii--Y-
45.
or
-24- u = -8 or u + 24 = 8 .
or
u = 8 -24 em= -16 em
If m = -3 , then
-3
=--=3.._
-24-U
u+24 = -8
or
u = -32cm.
46. Only the light-gathering power is reduced.
47. Think in terms of rectangular hyperbola.
48. P=(!l-1)(2__2_)
Rl Rz
J..l decreases, p QJ.e.Jreases andf incre~:~ses.
49. Power of the system decreases due to separatidn between
the lenses. So, the focal length increases.
50. Note that two refractive indices are involved. Therefore,
two images will be formed.
51. Diminished erect image is produced only by a concave lens.
52. When convex lens is surrounded by denser medium, it
behaves like a diverging lens.
53. P=_!_+_!_-~=0
A !2 fd2
I
I
56.
61. m=--=-2=-3f+u
1
- +U
3
or
or
or
u =~- f
or
= ~ n )'
-20
.
- = - - - o r -20+u=-40
2 -20+u
u=-40+20 or u=-20cm
I
-25
15 ~10
I= 15 x 2.5 em= 3'7!5 em
-=-
r2
'
r""'
_!_) ~ >Oc,
1 1 1
60. y=~--;]
' 2..
-4
-10
= _R_
2(1!. -1)
or
or
or
11 < 1.5.
64. Clearly, 2f = 20 em orf = 10 em
Now, u = -15 em, v = ?
F = 10 em
1
1
1
v -15 10
[ 1
1
1 1
1
or
-+-=-or-=--v 15 10
v 10 15
1 3-2 1
or
- = - - = - orv = 30 em
v
30
30
The change in image distance is (30- 20) em ie, 10 em.
65. The power of the given system is a combination of the
positive power of the convex lens, negative power of the
plano-concave lens of water and zero power of the plane
mirror. Clearly, the power of the system decreases.
66. 5 = (1.5
,-=---
2(~t-1)
f f
-f
R
--->R
f+u
59.
Now,f> R
57. m=-'-
v
v=
f+u=L
n
1
u = --m = -0.5m
2
1
v
-f
Again, m=-=--=2
u -f/ 2
Clearly, the image is virtual and double the size.
n=-'f+u
1 2
-2u = - +- = 1
3 3
-=---=--
20
!=-em
0.65
= 30.77 em "' 31 em
---2u=3
3
1
1
62. - - - - = v -f/2 f
1 1 2
1 0.65
-=-! 20
58.
or
40
or
or
or
or
56-20
d
20x56 -20x56
d = -36 em
1 1
10 4
1 2-5
3
-=--=-! 20
20
20
f = - - em= --6.67 em
-=---
or
1
1
d
20-56 = 20 (-56)
or
1 1
d
.. fl+f2=fd2
923
-1)(*)
..
(i)
... (ii)
924
__l.=
(l.5-1)(~-~J
40
R R
1
1
R1
1
R2
1
20
No~' _!_=(~-1](-~J
f
2
20
or
1
1
- = - or f = 80 em
f 80
\
It behave like a convex lens of focal length 80 em.
1 1 1
or
68. - - - = -
v u
1
v
1
-15
1
or
1
10
1
-=--+v
15 10
1 -2+3
-=-v
30
v = 30 em
or
or
76.
;1
69. m=-ff+u
+2=_1__f-10
2f- 20 = f or f = 20 em
20
-2=--- or-40-2u = 20
20+u
-2u = 20 + 40 or u = - 30 em
Now,
or
Again,
or
70. The condition for achromatism is
ffit P1 + WzPz = 0
ffit P1 = -wzPz
W1 = _ Pz
=>
Wz
P1
Now, P1 + P2 = 2D
or
5 + P2 = 2 or P2 = -3D
ffit
-3
5
3
5
-=--=(1)2
v1
vA1
A1
c
VA
A
nz "' - = - = v2
vA 2
A2
]-=(i-1)(~1- ~J
=
/
(n -1)n'
. 'd'
DlVl mg, - 1 = _:____________:___
fl
or
n-n'
fn'~n -1)
n -n
!1=1=3(1-~)
or
1 1
1
1 2
2
1-- = -,--- or - = 1-- =- or 11 = 11 3 ' 11
3 3
3
Now,--=sinic 2
or
or
. .
sm zc =
. _1(2J
~
or zc = sm
ic = sin- 1(0.67).
[
Chapter 23 Ray Optics
80. Wavelength in vacuum,
3 108
A = X 14
Sx10
= 60ooA
'A
Now: - e x : - 2
' 100 / f J
10 A= 0.6 X 10 A
l2
Again, t ex:
1.5
. 81. M =fo
9 = fo or f. = 9f
'Je
Also, L = fo + fe or 20 = fo + fe
or 20 = 9 fe + f. or 20 = 10 fe
or
fe = 2 em
:. f 0 =9x2cm=18cm
.
87. Shift
=t(1-~)
1=3(1-.! ) or .!=1-.!_
Jl
3
11
1
1 2
3
or - = 1-- =- or 11 =- = 1.5
Jl
3 3
2
1 1 1
_ =
11 3 8 1 1 4
or
88.
or
!=--;;--;;_
5
Now:' M 0 =--=
-19
1
3.8
Again, M = M0 X Me
or
= ; + - feD
89. Separat10n
F-10
Je
+D
= 80 + Sx25 = 80 + 125
5+25
30
= 84.16 em= 84.2 em.
90. (1) M =-J0 (1 + f.
fe
D
192
u0 =--cm=-1.75cm
110
M = -40 (
f
For distinct vision,
f' = distance of far point = -3m
~= 40x35x180x7 = 2 l.lo"' 21 o.
3Sx100x22
'
f'
!2
1 1
92. f=-=-m=20cm
p 5
86. tcx:-
d2
j_
1
1
1
100 25
2.5=---- o r - = - - - -0.75 u
u
75 10
1
4 5
1 -8-15
23
-=-- - - o r - = - - = - u
3 2
u
6
6
6
u = --m = -0.26m
23
or
95
-95 =-19 xMeor Me=-=5
19
83. L = v0 + fe -==- v0 = L - f. '
or
V0 =19.2cm
1
1
1
19.2 uo 1.6
1 10 10
--::::::--or
uo 16 192
1 120-10 100
or
192
192
uo
or
fJ
or
t ex: 64
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i),
64
16
100t=-=16 or t=-s
4
100
fe
fe
... (i)
!2
1
cx:4
100
or
Now, 11=~
or
925
!2
10
L.
Now,
1
20
---=-
... (ii)
926
1
1
1
1 1
1
or - - - = - o r - = - - v -25 20
v 20 25
1 5-4
1
1
or
~ = 100 or ~ = 100
2
..
d = lOOcm =1m
or
93. For the eye-piece
ve = -25 cm,f, = 5 em
1
1 1
---=-25 ue 5
1
1 1
1
-1-5
or
-=----or-=--ue
25 5
ue
25
25
or
u =-e
6
25
Now, vo = L-lu e I= 20-
98.
~=sin(~)
.A
sm 2
sin
J2 =--'1..---...=-----.J.
1 . (60+om)
J2
=sm
2
. 45o =sm
. (60o+om)
sm
2
or
120-25
95
- - - e m = - em
=180- 2A
om
om= 30
1
1 1
1
6
Now, - - - - = - or - = - - 1
95 / 6 uo 1
uo 95
. A+om
or
l=--
= 60 + 30 = 90 = 450
or
1
99. - = ~
2
~:(~)- ~(~)
Now,
x~=-337.5
=+
1 1 1
Now, - = - + F !1 fz
1
1
1
-=-+--
100
so fl -2!1
F= _!_=_!_m=10cm
p
10
or
25
F 10
= 2.5
~=
=-COt = _.!
~
2
! 2 =-2!1
or
13 5
-0.4 2.5
.
95. Power of combination P = P 1 +P2
= + 20- 10
!1
fz
COt
oo ,
or
Again,
f 2 = -2 x 25cm = -SOcm
100.
Tij
-2
. A
sm 2
sm
. (A+om)
--
A
2
cot- = ---'-------'. A
sm 2
cos
or
or
or
or
A . (A+om
1
- 2- J
2 = sm
. A
sm2
. (
sm
' . A
sm 2
2- 2
1t
A ) =sm
. (A
- +-om )
2
A A om
---=-+2 2 2
2
Jt
~~A= om
, 2
2
i=3Q0
1
1.5
sin30
sinr
.
l.S 0 .75
or smr=-=
2
-'
or
r =48.6
(iii) 9 = r- i = 18,6
Required angle = 2 x 18.6 = 37.2
+ r2
or
or
30 = r 1 + 0
Again,
r 1 = 30
Now: sin i =
' sin30
J2
or
or
. .
{;:;2 1
sml = v.t.X-
or
. .
1
Slnl=
or
or
J2
or
or
ll2 = 1.232
1
sini = --=0.81
c
1.232
ic = sin- 1 0.81
= 54.26
Now, sin 8 = 0 .8 or 8 = 53 .13
This angle is clearly greater than critical angle
corresponding to wavelength 400 run. So, light of 400 nm
wavelength undergoes total internal reflection.
104. For passing the ray from prism,
45
102.
103.
927
..
)l
< cosec
)l
90)
<cosec ( Z
ll <
J2
llmax =
J2
ll1 -
-1 20+
0.8x1o-14
Ill-
400x400x10 18
or
0.8
Ill= 1.20+16
Ill = 1.20 + 0.05
or
or
or
' .'
or
1
1
1 1
u
-20 v 30
(20) (30)
V=
20+30
= - 12 em (to the left of the diverging lens.)
Ill = 1.25
1
. . =--=
0 .8
Slnl
c
1.25
2.
1
v
-=---=>--=---
121.
Exercise II
1. As there is no deflection between medium 1 and 2.
Therefore, J.1.1 = J.1.2
2. Imaae can be formed on the screen if it is real. Real image
of reduced size can be formed by a concave mirror or a
convex lens.
Let u = 2/ + x, then
1 1 1
-+-=u
=>
f 2f +x
j(2f + x)
v=
.
f+x
=>
or
-=- x ~
2
orf= 1.20m
0.3
111
x
11x
7. - = - + - - - - =---+----z
!1 !2 fd2
!1 !1 !1
!12
-=-
f+x
j(2f +x)
__..
For
X=O,J=oo
Hence, for x = 0, system will behave like a glass plate.
8. We know that
or
or
or
i = i'=I' A = 45
4
i+i'=A+o
or
1 1
1
-=----=
=>
7=(~-1)(0~3)
1
1 1
--+-=2/+x
or
90= 60 +8
() = 30
A
2'_=1+m
f.
. s.
v= j(m+1)
!~(.&.-1x]__]_J
1!2
R1 R2
( :. u is negative)
1
1
s=4(1-- )+6(1-- )
4/3
3/2
= 3.0 em
h = h1 + h2 - s = 4 + 6- 3
Thus,
= 7.0 em.
11. We know that
velocity of light in vacuum
11 = velocity of light in water
or
3x1010
4
3 velocity of light in water
=>velocity of light in water = 2.25 x 10 10 cms-1
500 100
= 2.22 X 1o-6 s
Time taken =
X
2.25x1010
I
i
929
T3: 2 TO
~
(a)
(b)
1.33
1
1.33
v
-40 -20
After solving, v = - 32 em.
or
-----= --
h2 = _ __ 1(32)
1.33(-40)
1
h2 = 0.6cm
or
The positive sign shows that the image is erect.
J.1=:3
or
or
-dz
!=~
=0.4-m.
15. (i) When angle of prism is 'Small and angle of incidence is
also small, the deviation is given by 8 = (f.1-1)A. Net
deviation by the two prisms is zero. So,
Flint
Crown
81 +82 =0
(~L 1
or
Here, 111 and 112 are the refractive indices for crown
and flint glasses respectively.
51
4
Hence, f..l1 = 1. +1. g 1.5 and
2
- 1. 77 + 1. 73 -1 75
f..l22
- .
This givesA2
=-
17. Here, x = u
+v
f
f -v
f+u
f
and image is real, magnification is negative.
f
-(m+1)f
-m=-- u=
f+u'
m
m=--=--
From
f-v
-m=--~v=(m+1)f
Put in Eq.(i)
1
x= - (m + ) f + ( m+ 1)f
Solving, we get,
mx
(m+1) 2
1
1
sini
18. sin C = - = - - - f..l sinr' I sini sinr'
As is clear as shown in figure
LCBD=goo
goo -r +goo -r' = goo
Den~er
r
B
or
sini
:. sin C = _ ___:__
_ _ sini
sin(g0-r) cosr
sini
. ( . )
= - -. =tant : t=r
COSt
Rarer
930
'
. C
=~= ~rz+hz
sm
J..lzrz = rz + hz
- Jll -1 J..lz -1
--+-R
R
(J..lz -1)rz = hz
h
r=---
~J..lz -1
2r=
~J..lz-1
i2 = 0
Hence, angle between the ray and the face from which it
emerges = 90-0 = 90.
21. As a convex lens alone can form a real images as well as a
virtual image, therefore, the lens in the present question
is a convex lens. Let f be the focal length of the lens and
m be the magnification produced.
In the first case, when image is real,
u = -16cm, v = (m x 16)cm
1
1
1
1
1 16
- - + - = - o r 1+-=16m 16 f
m
f
.. (i)
"
.. (ii)
f
2
22. When a slab of thickness tis introduced between P and
the mirror, the apparent position of P shifts towards the
Hence, the mirror must be moved in
5 = (1 - J:__) t
1.5
t = 15 em.
fa
vo
22
22
2=- or f=-=11 em.
~}
Uo
1
9 1
-+-=-;v0 =10cm.
vo
uo fe
vo
1
1 1
1 6
--+-=-or 1--=-6m 6 f
m f
M=-~_
1
1
1
From-- - = -
From---= -
mirror by ( t-
Given, f a = 1 em.
u = -6cm, v = ( -6m)cm
Vo=+vo,Uo= - ; .
Jl1- J..lz
25. As is clear from figure , A = 30, i1 = 60
As the ray retraces its path on reflection at the silvered face , therefore,
i 2 = 0, r 2 = 0
As
r 1 +r2 =A
r1 + 0 = 30
or
r1 = 30
---=-
As
F=-R-.
or
2h
Diameter
~Jt
V0
+ f, = 10 + 5 = 15 em.
4
sine::::-3xl.5
. e::::-s
sm
9
28. Note that image formation by a mirror does not depend
on the medium. As P is at a height h above the mirror,
image of P will be at a depth h below the mirror.
If d is depth of liquid in the tank, apparent depth of P,
d-h
Xl=-J..l
:_ Apparent distance between P and its image
d+h d-h 2h
=Xz-Xl = - - - - - = J..l
J..l
J..l
931
36. In air
x
lOx
29. c=-v=-tl '
tz
p =
. ( 1
f1 = (1.5 -1)
Rl -
1 )
Rz = 2
10
_!_J=
_3_ =4
R
0.5
1J
. _1 (10t
-e ,=Sill
.. . (i)
tz
P'
-1
- = - R=-10cm
20 2R'
Refraction from rarer to denser medium
)(.~1 - ~J
310 = ( 3 2 - 1 )(
~1 - ~J
..
..
(i)
(ii)
= ( 1.5 - 1) X 4 =4.5-4
--x4=0.5D.
4
413
A+B
1
37. !l=~ => ll""~
:. __.!__=(1.5-l)(I__I_)
20
= R
1
In water
(~
- 1 )[__.!__ - __.!__]
!lm
Rl Rz
1
41. sine=_.!_= - - = = 0.6667
ll 3/2 3
e = sin- 1(0.6667) = 41.8
1 - ,s1n
e=l
42 . From ll = - .
Sill e
!l
As
llv > !lr
ev< e,.
43. As shown in figure
OS= h
When angle of incidence
is slightly greater than
--------e, light undergoes total
------------------
internal reflection.
~-=-=~-=-=-h
c --------~~-=~-=-=
-------:. Diameter of circle of
-----------------------------
light coming from water
----------------surfaee = 2 r = 2 (OB)
------- ~ --s----------
= 2 OS tan e = 2h tan C.
44. In air or water, a convex lens made of glass behaves
as a convergent lens but when it is placed in carbon
disulfide, it behaves as a divergent lens. Therefore, when
a convergent lens is placed inside -a transparent medium
of refractive index greater than that of material of lens, it
behaves as a divergent lens.
It simply concludes that property of a lens whether
the ray is diverging or converging depends on the
surrounding medium.
45. If a mirror is placed in a medium other than air its focal
length does not change asf = R/2, but for 1,the lens
3.
,------~---_-,
and
932
or
_d_:..
1.22A
For high resolving power, diameter (d) of objective should
be higher.
47. We know that power of lens is a reciprocal of its focal
"
1
1
.
= 2D
length, hence P = - =
50
f-
1
' ) (1
1J
~=(1.5-1
--10
R1 R2 .
(;1- ;J=~
or
~f = r:Jlgllw -1J(_!_
_ _!_J
Rl Rz
100
I= fo
a
-50
v=-SOcm
Thus, concave lens will form an image of the object at
infinity at a distance of 50 em.
48. When glass surface is made rough, then light incident
on it is scattered in different directions. Due to which its
transparency decreases.
There is no effect of roughness on absorption of light.
.J6 1
.J3 =sine
"
1
" so
smC=-=sm4
fe
00
or
f'=40cm
54. For a telescope
u
1
=(~-1
)x!=_..!._
1.33
5 40
0.5
0.03
om = 2x~x60-60
= 30
4
56. Incident ray and finally reflected ray are parallel to each
other means, o= 180
F2
c = 45
50 Red glass transmits only red light and absorbs all the colours
of white light. Thus, when green flower is seen through red
glass it absorbs the green colour, so it appears to be dark.
51. Here, u = -mf, u = v,f = -f
Using lens formula !_..!. = ..!., we have
v u f
or
1
1 ( 1+1) =-(m+1)=-(m+1)
-1
1
-=-v
f
m
mf
u
or
-=--
v
u
From
=>
=>
57.
Jl
-X
oc-
m+1
.
. =v = -1Lmear
magm'fi catiOn
u (m+ 1)
52. The lens formula is
1 1 1
-=--... (i)
! v u
The graph between u and vwill be curve as shown in figure .
Let the coordinates of P be (x, x), then u = -x and v = x
1 1 1
2
- = - - - = - orx = 2f
FromEq.(i),
0=360-20
180 = 360 -20
e = 90
A.
1-lrarer
<
1-ldenser
< Ararer
ie, wavelength decreases.
Actenser
58.
allg
1
1
=-.- -=>sinC=--.
smC
allg
~ I
II
. .
60. _!_ =
F
-j
'
C~-t-1) (__!_
- __!_ J
R
R
."',.
0.06
R1
R2
100
3
R
1
Now, -1= - or R 2 = 2R 1
R2 2
100
l
.
71. 8=-,8=1 mm.
R1 =
= 0.045m
200
R 2 = 2R 1 = 2 x 0.045 m = 0.09 m.
So,
and
1
- = ~ = 0.75
4/ 3 4
11
20
-20
1
1
1
=-+-=40 120 30
4
= -x30 = 40cm
. Rz
I
=(~-1)_(-~-~)
1
- - = (1.5 -l)(_!_+_!_J
3
2R1
'
R1
933
1
1t
1
8 = - = - x - rad
60 180 60
1=3m
l
x=r=8
3
= 48
1 = 10 krn.
1t
180 60
72. For dispersion without deviation
81 - 82 = 0, ie , 81 = o2
=DB= OC
cosr
x-
or
OB=-t_ .
cosr
90
2
~-t=-1-=_1_=
sin C
sin 45
lin =J2=1.414.
1/ -v 2
_!_ =
C~-t-1) (__!___!_ J
R1 R2
66.
~-t=
__!_ = (
sin(A+om)/2 sin(60+60)/2
=
sinA/2
sin60 /2
= sin60 = .J3 = 1. 73
sin30 .2xl / 2
6 7. From the lens formula
v u f
u is always negative, vis positive.
68. The distance in the experiment are measured by a vernier
scare provided on the microscope .
20
~l
-1)(_!_- __!_
R1
R2 )
or
-=(1.60-1)
1
(1 -1 J
20
R1 R2
or
20
R1 __ R2
When the lens is in the wate~
... (i)
934
;.-(:~: 1)(~1 ~2 )
or
-\ = ( a !-lg -a 1-lw
f
a!-lw
or
)(J__J_)
R1
Rz
3
cos-=-
f=-R-.
(%}A= 2cos-
(%)
f1
=x(1-~J=6(1- 3 ~ 2 )
!1 =
1
-,--......,-,---:-
focal length
.2 = 2D
ov >or
or
D 2 > D1 or D1 > D 2
84. As object is at the centre of the sphere, the image must be
.
.
1
1
8 60
85. From smC=-=--=0.75,C=4.
1-1 1.33
d
=6 x -=2 em
3
Magnification m = fo = 4
fe
fo = 4fe
I
5fe-10 em
fe = 2 em
f a= 8 em
fa = 8 em, fe = 2 em
Hence, L4 and L 1 will be used.
... (ii)
(n-1)
or
and
.!..)
=
-1)(]_-
~~~~00~
3 2 =9xi 2 cm
J2 = 1
... (i)
2(n -1)
ie
79. Shift
~ = cos..
Rz
A
2
3
A
-= 2cos -
R1
-=(n-1)-
or
-1)(2_- __!__)
= 2 x tan C = 2
x 8 tan 48.6
= 16 x 1.13 = 18.08 em
1inm
-4
86. A=--=5x10
mm
2000
= 5 x 10-7 m = 5000 A
5000
A.'= 2:. =
= 40ooA
1-1
1.25
87. When a ray of light moves from one medium to other,
its velocity changes. This change depends on refractive
index of the medium. Light travels from denser to rater
medium, ie, from medium of higher refractive index to
lower refractive index. So, in second (rarer) medium, its
velocity in.creases.
~