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PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY

MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS


SUSTAINABILITY IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA.

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM


2007106235

ARK 587 RESEARCH PAPER


BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.)(ARCHITECTURE)
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, SHAH ALAM
MARCH JULY 2012

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY


MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS


SUSTAINABILITY IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA.

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM


2007106235

ARK 587 RESEARCH PAPER


BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.)(ARCHITECTURE)
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, SHAH ALAM
MARCH JULY 2012

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY


MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

PASSIVE

DESIGN

ON

COMMERCIAL

BUILDING

TOWARDS

SUSTAINABILITY, IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA.


This report has been submitted to the Department of Architecture, Faculty of
Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, to fulfil the
requirement of JSB 467/ARK 587 RESEARCH PAPER course.

Prepared by:
Name

: MUHAMD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM

UiTM No.

: 2007106235

Programme

: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
ARCHITECTURE

Year/Semester

: 2012/09

Session

: SEPTEMBER 2011- JANUARY 2012

Faculty

: Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY


MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this research paper and the research to which it refers are the
product of my own work and that any ideas or quotations from the work of other people,
published or otherwise are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard
academic practices.
Name

: MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN


RAHIM

UiTM No.

: 2007106235

This research had been checked by:


Supervisor

: Puan Nurulhusna Binti Qamaruz Zaman

Course Coordinator

: Puan Mimi Zaleha

_____________________________

____________

Signature of Supervisor

Date:

_____________________________

____________

Signature of Course Coordinator

Date:

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY


MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract........................................................................................................................... 3
Acknowledgement............................................................................................................4
List of Figures...................................................................................................................5
List of Tables....................................................................................................................5
Chapter 1: Introduction.....................................................................................................6
1.1 Statement of the problem...........................................................................................7
1.2 Purpose of the Study..................................................................................................8
1.3 Aim and Objective of Research..................................................................................9
Chapter 2: Literature Review..........................................................................................10
2.1 Sustainability Building Guide....................................................................................10
2.2 Passive Design Building Design Features................................................................15
2.3 Sustainable Commercial Buildings...........................................................................20
Chapter 3: Research Methodology.................................................................................26
3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................26
3.2 Research Method.....................................................................................................26

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY


MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Findings..........................................................................30


4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................30
4.2 Overview on Buildings Case Study...........................................................................30
4.3 Analysis on Location, Orientation and Layout..........................................................32

4.4 Analysis and Finding on Natural Ventilation.............................................................34


4.5 Analysis and Finding on Day Lighting (Natural Lighting)..........................................36
4.6 Conclusion................................................................................................................40
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation................................................................41
5.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................41
5.2 Conclusion................................................................................................................41
5.3 Recommendation......................................................................................................44
Bibliography....................................................................................................................45

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY


MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

ABSTRACT

It is generally held view that, passive design is a key to sustainable building. Basically,
the adoption of environmental concern in commercial buildings in Malaysia less
common. Sustainability can be related to cost savings by incorporating green building
practices such as innovative passive architecture design that will enhance building
image and performance, as well as achieving occupant comfort. Thus, in order to
promote sustainable buildings, this study will discuss innovative building features and
explore basic principles, issues and design strategic option for passive design elements
and refers to prominent commercial buildings in Klang Valley, Malaysia in order to know
incorporated passive design and energy savings. A few local studies will be highlighted
to examine the present condition of environmental sustainability commercial buildings in
Klang Valley, Malaysia in the aspect of natural thermal conditions and substantiate the
possibility of energy reduction and passive building elements. In all, the data and
outcome of this study to document and develop practical passive design principle of
sustainable building design for commercial buildings in Malaysia in order to promote the
importance of passive design elements toward achieving sustainable buildings and
incorporated with cost saving operation.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY


MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise to Allah S.W.T, at last I can finish up this research paper by the support of
everyone. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Puan Nurulhusna Binti Qamaruz
Zaman for the vision to support my research paper topic Passive Design On
Commercial Building Towards Sustainability in Klang Valley, Malaysia and also tutor
me thought the whole semester as it is a valuable lesson.. In addition, I also would like
to thank my friends from Department of Architecture to help me completed this
research.

A special thank goes to Puan Mimi Zaleha for her patience and support through the
whole semester. I also would like to thank my parents for their support during difficult
times and through financially. Last but not least, I would like to thank the countless
people who contributed to this research report with informal reviews, suggestions and
data collection. Thanks to all for the contribution and may God bless all of you.
Thank you.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY


MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE

Figure 2.1: Pusat Tenaga Malaysia,ZEO Bangi......................22


Figure 2.2: Interior of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi..23
Figure 2.3: Figure 2.3: Roof of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi..23
Figure 2.4: Roof Interior of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi ..24
Figure 2.5: Section of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi.25
Figure 4.1: Sunway Giza Shopping Arcade, Damansara (Case Study 1).30.
Figure 4.2: Space U8, Shah Alam (Case Study 2).........31
Figure 4.3: Location Plan and Site Plan Sunway Giza32
Figure 4.4: Location Plan and Roof Plan of Space U8 ..33
Figure 4.5(a): Location Plan Sunway Giza34
Figure 4.5(b): Building Entrance Sunway Giza.34
Figure 4.6: Interior of Space U8 ..35
Figure 4.7: Skylight, Louvers and Glazed Window at Sunway Giza..36
Figure 4.8: Sub Basement Parking of Space U8 ....37
Figure 4.9: Retail space ..37

LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Summary, Discussion and Analysis of
Passive Features Building Case Study......38

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY


MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Passive design refers as designing the building and the space within it to benefit from
natural light, ventilation and even temperatures. It responds to site conditions and local
climate to maximize building users comfort and health enhance minimizing energy use.
Means that, it cans achieves this by using free, renewable sources of energy such as
sun and wind to provide household heating cooling, ventilation and lighting, thereby
removing the need for mechanical heating or cooling. Presently, `sustainability is a very
important and essential concept whenever people discussed on environmental issues.
The words sustainability has been widely recognized since the World Commission on
Environment and Development presented Our Common Future in 1987 under United
Nations (Brown, 2005).In my opinion; the adoption of environmental concern in
commercial buildings in Malaysia is less common. This proposal will explore basic
principles, issues and design strategic option for passive design elements and refers to
prominent example such as Space U8, Bukit Jelutong, which have adopted passive
design approach that relates to environmental concern. Using passive design can
reduce temperature, improve indoor air quality and make more enjoyable to live in. It
can also reduce energy use and environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas
emissions.
This research seek to determine the present latest technology and design tool that
applied on the highlighted local case study buildings and promotion of sustainable
buildings through the green building features.

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1.1 Statement of Problems


Today, in Malaysia there is increasing public awareness and interest in how buildings
affect the environment, public health and worker productivity. As a result, both the
public and private sector are beginning to demand buildings that optimize energy use
that enhance promote resource efficiency and improve indoor environmental quality.
Developers, owners, public at large are beginning to value the benefits of sustainable
building.
Early in the year 2006 there was an increase in the cost of electricity tariffs in
Malaysia of up to 12% (New Straits Times, 2006). For commercial activities, there were
desperate attempt for everyone in business to reduce their operating cost on energy
consumption. One example of this attempt is a general manager resorted to switching
off air conditioning for one hour at the administrative section of the hotel in order to save
energy. (Buttgen, 2007)

Based on the data above, my study will examine how building design features to
reduce building cost operation and drive for sustainable development.

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1.2 Purpose of Study


The purpose of the study are to study the issues and aspect of passive building design
concept towards sustainability context of commercial buildings in Malaysia, so as to
understand its characteristics, aspects on natural issues surrounding that drive to
achieve the operation cost saving building. A few local case study will be highlighted in
this paper such as Sunway Giza, Damansara. So, what are passive features
incorporated in Sunway Giza Building? Using Zero Energy Office (ZEO) and Low
Energy Office Building (LEO) as prominent example, the building design and energy
system at Leo Building were optimized using computerized design tools. The passive
sustainable features of ZEO building are the orientation, internal planning, building
material, roof insulation, glazing and natural ventilation. A saving of 50% was targeted
on the energy consumption for LEO compared to the performance of additional
commercial buildings in Malaysia. Consequently, observing and analyzing example of
case study to understand how innovative building features through passive design
building incorporated saving cost operation practically have done in Malaysia.

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1.3 Aim and Objectives of Research

The aim of study is to examine and explore the promotion of passive design
features through the development of commercial building in Malaysia incorporated with
lead to sustainability buildings. The literature on sustainable and innovative building
development within some example of commercial building in Klang Valley, Malaysia
shall be explored. In line with the aim, the objective of study is listed below:

(i) To conduct an exploratory study on selected commercial buildings in Klang


Valley, possibility of cost saving operation and passive design features elements.

(ii) To determine the present latest technology and design tool that applied on the
buildings

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CHAPTER 2: LITERITURE REVIEW

2.1 Sustainability Building Guide


2.1.1 Introduction
What is a sustainable building? Sustainability derived from word sustains which mean to
support, to keep alive and to keep going (Wikipedia). What is a sustainable building?
Sustainability derived from word sustains which mean to support, to keep alive and to
keep going (Wikipedia). "Sustainable means using methods, systems and materials that
won't deplete resources or harm natural cycles" (Rosenbaum, 1993). Sustainability
"identifies a concept and attitude in development that looks at a site's natural land,
water, and energy resources as integral aspects of the development" (Vieira,1993).
"Sustainability integrates natural systems with human patterns and celebrates
continuity, uniqueness and place making" (Early, 1993).

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Its a concept that helps to maintain the environmental from damage and effect from a
building before construction until during the usage of the building. In order to achieve
sustainability, we need to balance the needs of human and protect capacity for future
development. Sustainability development can be described as the kind of development
that needs to pursue in order to achieve the state of sustainability. It is keep on going
process of maintaining a dynamic balance between the demands of people equity,
prosperity and quality of life, also considered ecologically possible. The environmental
aspects of sustainable development require a balance between protecting the physical
environment and its resources. Using these resources, we hope that will allow the earth
to continue acceptable quality of human life beings. Sustainability closely related to
achieve green building enhances incorporated passive design features. All of these
elements work together to achieve sustainable development enhance considered about
environmental concern.

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2.1.2 Green Building Features

There are few point that been stressed out by Poul Kristensen (IEN consultants) at the
FuturArc Forum 2008 that will make a building sustainable,
(i) Reduction in use of fossil fuels,
(ii) Water conservation and re-use,
(iii) Usage of sustainable material,
(iv) Waste minimization and avoidance,
(v) Indoor environment quality,
(vi) Build along the landscape.

Then its supported from Green Building Index which developed by the government to
enhance the green technology in Malaysia.

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MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

2.1.3 Green Building Index

Green Building Index (GBI) is Malaysias green rating tool for buildings and towns,
created to promote sustainability in the built-environment and raise awareness of
environmental issues amongst Developers, Architects, Engineers, Planners, Designers,
Contractors as well as the Public, so that we can look forward to a brighter and greener
future for generations to come. The GBI rating tool provides an opportunity for
developers and building owners to design and construct green, sustainable buildings
that can provide energy savings, water savings, a healthier indoor environment,
better connectivity to public transport and the adoption of recycling and greenery for
their projects and reduce our impact on the environment.( Green Building Index Sdn.
Bhd).

To expand the use of green technology, the government launched Green

Building Index (GBI) on 21 May 2009 GBI is a green rating index on environmentally
friendly buildings. Green buildings save utility cost and preserve

the

environment

quality. The purposes of having green building index are:

(i) Allows for easy public evaluation of what are true meaning of green buildings
(ii) Serves as key design principles for Architects and Engineer to design green
buildings.
(iii) Performances parameters are set for better total building performance
(iv) Due to the need to identify and to suit our local climate, cultures, building
code and practice.

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(v) Save energy and resources, recycle materials and minimize the emission of
toxic substances.
(vi) Harmonies with the local climate, traditions, culture and the surrounding
environment.
(vii)

Able to sustain and improve the quality of human life and maintain the

cycle of ecosystem.

Challenges to the Green Building Index (GBI) are adoption of other green tools, capital
cost barrier, not in local building codes and lacks of professionals. Benefit of Green
Building Index (GBI) such as better use of building resources, significant operational
savings and increase workplace productivity. In my opinion Green Building Index
effectively promote green building design and at the same time guiding the path of the
designer on what is the dos and the donts.

2.1.4 Conclusion
Sustainable building can be achieve with certain guide and requirements as there is
Green Building Index (GBI) programmed. This will helped the development of
commercial buildings in Malaysia much more sophisticated and effective as it can
improved the economy stability and also save the environment for the future generation.

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2.2 Passive Building Design Features

2.2.1 Introduction

Passive design is the main element to sustainable building that also reduce
energy efficiency using that lead to operational cost saving. Passive design basically
responds to local climate and site condition to allow total building users comfort and
maintain health. Using passive design can reduce heat temperature, improve indoor air
quality incorporated more enjoyable to live in. Thus, using passive design also can
reduce energy use and environmental impacts such as global warm and greenhouse
gas emission. Nowadays, practicality grown of using passive design bring towards
comfortable and resource-efficient buildings.

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2.2.1 Passive
Passive design refers as designing the building and the space within it to benefit
from natural light, ventilation and even temperatures. It responds to local climate and
site conditions to maximize building users comfort and health while minimizing energy
use. It achieves this by using free, renewable sources of energy such as sun and wind
to provide household heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting, thereby removing the
need for mechanical heating or cooling. Passive design features are elements that
attached to the building such as building location and orientation on the site, building
layout, window design, insulation, thermal mass, sun shading device, double skin
envelop and large overhang. Each element collaborate each other to achieve
comfortable temperatures and good indoor air quality. Design using passive design
features need to consider on to achieve right amount of solar access, insulation,
ventilation, building location and orientation.

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2.2.2 Key Features


Key features elements for passive design are building layout, building location and
orientation on the site, shading devices, building envelop, ventilation and insulation.
These elements are incentives for having a green building. Considering achieving right
amount of solar access so that to provide enough lighting in a building but prevent to
gain too much heat to maintain comfort temperature. This can be achieving by using
passive design through combination of location and orientation, room layout, window
and shading device. Insulation and thermal mass function as to help maintain even
temperatures, while ventilation provides passive cooling as well as improving indoor air
quality.
Consider for example, large windows that admit high levels of natural light might result
in too much heat gain, especially if it cast light on an area of thermal mass. Thus,
opening windows might also provide ventilation that let in noise. Considering all passive
design features, designer also should consider on views, local authority restriction and
building owner preferences.

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2.2.3 Overview Passive Features


a) Location, Orientation and Layout
The location automatically response due to have a good sustainable design. Its
response to the natural climate and topography condition on the site. Building
orientation affects heating energy requirements in distinct climatic factors. Solar
radiation and its heating effect on wall and the room which facing the sun directions.
Therefore, good ventilation enhance between the directions of prevailing winds and
orientation of building.
A good layout planning supposed to response the location of site and suitable building
orientation position to maximize respond to the natural climate.
b) Natural Ventilation
Natural ventilation basically is paving a way of reducing cooling load in building
where hot air

load in the building were bring out with the air ventilation. Natural

ventilation caused by pressure difference inside and outside of a building envelops, as a


result of wind velocity and stack effects.

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c) Day Lighting
Day lighting also one of key element on passive design feature. It is very important
and reacts as main role for people inside building that effect psychologically and
physically. The natural light can be capitalized by the use of window, light shade and
others. Basically, what the interior need is ambient daylight without the radiant heat and
glare that called diffuse daylight. The design should avoid direct sunlight penetration
into the building instead avoid the longer facade in the direction of east to west.
Designers should try to create better uniformed daylight distribution into a space. When
daylight enters a room through the windows, the illumination near the window will be
high and it reduces quickly as it gets further into depth room. By having high level
windows or clerestory window, where the lower window is for vision and the higher level
window is purely daylight can improve the daylight penetration.

2.2.4 Conclusion
Passive design influence factors affecting energy use in buildings. It responds to
natural climatic condition. Sustainability can be related to cost savings by incorporate
innovative passive architecture that will enhance good sustainability design.

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2.3 Sustainable Commercial Buildings


2.3.1 Introduction
Definition of commercial building is a building with more than 50 percent of its floor
space used for commercial activities. Commercial buildings include, but are not limited
to, stores, offices, schools, churches, gymnasiums, libraries, museums, hospitals,
clinics, warehouses, and jails. Government buildings are included except for buildings
on military bases or reservations. Sustainability in commercial building sector is
important for some reason (Mark McCracken). Thus, it is important to determine
potential value for future business development and secondly, it impacts on material risk
and opportunities of the business. Both of these factors lead to decide better investment
decisions. Sustainable commercial buildings have been described to have the following
building features which are:
(i) Site condition that optimizes the building orientation,
(ii) natural lighting,
(iii) Shading and ventilation.
Thus, the building envelops and material should use low embodied energy materials, by
using high performance material and used of recycles materials. Therefore, the building
supposedly to have efficient operational and maintenance cost. Lastly, the use of
energy and water which could be operated and managed to generate it electricity for
example by the use rainwater tanks can be used to store and collect rainwater.
Financial benefits can be derived from sustainable commercial building which include
lower operating cost for energy water and waste, increase rental rate, higher tenant
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retention rates due to increase comfort and productivity, lower liability and risk leading
to lower insurances rate, marketing advantage, higher loan value and lower equity
requirements, higher building value upon sale and also overall greater return on
investment.
Cost for the development of sustainable building will be issue in Malaysia. Meanwhile,
office building developers are not too interested in sustainable building because of
higher cost for development. Sustainability can be related to cost saving enhance
through having passive design features on the building.

2.3.2 Overview Sustainable Commercial Building in Malaysia


Cost cutting in operational cost is crucial which leads the lesser usage of electrical
resources where the origin is using fossil fuel. In Malaysia, interest of sustainable of
commercial building become more popular after year 1992 when Ken Yeang completed
his design which is a sustainability commercial building, Mesiniaga Tower which a
impressive works. Mesiniaga was design to use less usage of energy by the usage of
passive structural devices instead of mechanical equipments which consume electrical
energy. After that year, other corporate building has started to imply sustainability
features in their commercial building.

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1) Pusat Tenaga Malaysia

Figure 2.1: Pusat Tenaga Malaysia,ZEO Bangi


(Source: http:// www.mbipv.net.my/)
One good example of sustainable commercial building in Malaysia is the Zero Energy
Office (ZEO) Building built by Malaysian Government and design by Professor Dato
Ruslan Khalid. Fashioned after the Low Energy Office (LEO) building initiated by the
Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications (MEWC) in Putrajaya, the PTMs ZEO
building has placed Malaysia on the regional map as the first completely self-sustainabl
building in Southeast Asia. Spread over a 5-acre site in Bandar Baru Bangi,
Selangor, the building, located 40 kilometres south of the city centre of Kuala
Lumpur, operates on the dynamics of both passive and active techniques and onsite
renewable energy generation, as exemplified in the solar BIPV system.
The building is seen as a feasible and timely solution to growing concerns
surrounding the pressing issues of global warming and energy security. Figures
point to the alarming reality that in developed nations, buildings tend to take up a
third of total energy consumption.

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MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

Figure 2.2: Interior of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi


(Source: http:// www.mbipv.net.my/)

Figure 2.3: Roof of Pusat


Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi
(Source: http://
www.mbipv.net.my/)

Figure 2.4: Roof Interior of Pusat Tenaga


Malaysia, Bangi
(Source: http:// www.mbipv.net.my/)

Figure 2.5: Section of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi


(Source: http:// www.mbipv.net.my/)

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2) Telekom Tower, Kuala Lumpur

Figure 2.5: Telekom Tower, Kuala Lumpur


(Source: http:// www.malaysian-explorer.com)

The building was 310 meter high, has 75 storey and was constructed in 1996 and
complete 1998.The tower has slabs at every 5 floors which accommodate gardens like
a mini park. Sky garden help to `green the tower instead provide natural shade on the
eastern and western facades and also serve a space for relaxation and informal
meeting. Offices are designed within a central core and make the best use of natural
lighting within paving out the heat. The narrow eastern and western facades minimize
solar penetration, reduce air conditioning loads while allowing high amount of indirect
lighting.

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2.3.3 Conclusion
Passive design features have been incorporated in a few buildings in Malaysia
which are LEO Building, Telekom Tower and Securities Commission Building. This
shown that nowadays Malaysia is move toward on sustainable commercial building
development. But, Malaysia still lacks of sustainable commercial buildings compare to
modern country especially in Asia such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia
and others. The government should labour more budgets in this sector mainly on
development sustainable commercial buildings in Malaysia.

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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY


3.1 Introduction
Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in much different academic
discipline, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further
contexts (Wikipedia). Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical
investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computitational
method (Wikipedia). In this chapter, the research methodology will be explained due to
the method selection that been used which are qualitative and quantitative method
approach based on data finding analysis relate that to the problems statement of
research paper. Therefore, to determine the advantages and disadvantages of each
method for each state of research paper application will be briefly reviewed.

3.2 Research Method


Multi-approach were used either qualitative or quantitative method, which consist
of data analysis, data collection, observation, plan analysis, interview, analysis of
journals, books and articles, case study

and photographs as being more

comprehensive and reliable way. The methods chosen have to be considered even
when arguments exist on collecting of data. The methods were chosen to use are:

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3.2.1 Data analysis


Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling
data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusion, and
supporting decision making (Wikipedia).Data can be of several types which are:

(i) Quantitative data is a number


(ii) Qualitative data is a pass/fail or the presence or lack of a characteristic.

3.2.2 Data collection


Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting
data, for example, as part of a process improvement or similar project (Wikipedia).The
aim of data collection basically is to obtain information to keep on record, to make
decision about important issues, to pass information on to the others. Therefore,
through the research finding, process is necessary as it ensures that data gathered are
both defined and accurate based on arguments embodied in the findings are valid.

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3.2.3 Observation
One of the effective ways through data collection is observation method.
Observation refer as a method of data where employs vision and record as its main way
in data collecting. In this study, observation was done through space and layout
planning, natural ventilation adopted, day lighting and also landscaping and garden. All
of these factors are the main idea of passive design features on the research finding.
3.2.4 Plan analysis
Plan analysis method was through by analyzed the building layout, space
planning and orientation to examine and evaluate as to extract advantages and
disadvantages. The research finding result will be used to evaluate for document and
propose practical checklist guide of sustainable building design for commercial buildings
in Malaysia in order to promote the importance of passive design elements toward
achieve sustainable buildings. Plan analysis should be the best method in architectural
and design research.

Every commercial building has its own approaches on passive design features.
Through the analysis, the study should determine if the building has a good layout
planning supposedly to response the location of site and suitable building orientation
position to maximize respond to the natural climate.

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3.3.5 Case study


A case study is an intensive analysis of an individual unit (e.g., a person, group,
or event) stressing developmental factors in relation to context (Wikipedia).Towards
decision about case selection and the subject and object of the study, decisions need to
be made about purpose, approach and process in case study. Three types of cases
may thus be distinguished which are:
i)

Key cases

ii)

Outlier cases

iii)

Local knowledge cases


In this paper, case study selection refers to prominent example such as Space

U8, Bukit Jelutong. The study should able determine passive design building strategies
that adopted in these buildings.

3.3.6 Conclusion
This research methodology described in this chapter can be describe as the
outcome result research finding based from interview, observation, data collection, data
analysis, case study and photograph definitely give a basic idea in getting information
regarding to purpose of research finding. It is important to understand and analyze the
result to achieve the research target.

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CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction of the building


Through this chapter, the data achieve from data collection, data analysis, plan
analysis, interview, observation and case study will be summarize incorporate with
passive design features. Therefore, the explanation supposedly to get reliable
understanding toward research finding topic regarding to the buildings case study
selected which are Sunway Giza Shopping Arcade, Damansara and Guthrie Pavilion,
Shah Alam.
4.2 Overview on Buildings Case Study
4.2.1 Sunway Giza Shopping Arcade

Figure 4.1: Sunway Giza Shopping Arcade, Damansara


(Case Study 1)

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4.2.2 Space U8, Bukit Jelutong.


The project name of this building is Sunway Giza Shopping Arcade located at the
Dataran Sunway, Kota Damansara. This building completion is around November 2009.
The site area is 6.17 acres, gross area around 451 110 square feet and 16.9 metre of
building height. The owner of this building is Sunway Damansara Sdn. Bhd. and
designed by SA Architects Sdn. Bhd.

Figure 4.2: Space U8, Shah Alam


(Case Study 2)
The project name of this building is Space U8 located at 6, Persiaran Pasak
Bumi, Taman Bukit Jelutong, Seksyen u8, 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor. This building
completion is around October 2011. The owner of this building is Mainstay Holdings
Sdn. Bhd.

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4.3 Analysis on Location, Orientation and Layout

Entrance of the building

Figure 4.3: Location Plan and Site Plan Sunway Giza


(Source: http://www.sunwaygizamall.com)
Sunway Giza Mall was conceptualized with the aim to further enhance the popularity of
alfresco dining in Malaysia. As a pedestrian-friendly feature, Pedestrian Boulevards
are integrated into the layout, creating a strong pedestrian through fare that connects
the entire development. The layout shape of this building is rectangle and used a
clustered organization. The orientation of building like compass orientation where the
four blocks of the building it has direction to north, east, south and west. The longer
facade along south direction where it exposed sunlight in the morning. The west and
east side facade of the building have less opening windows therefore reduced the heat
gain into the building .In afternoon, the eastern facade frontage just adapt minimize
solar penetration but then allowing high amount of indirect lighting into the building.
Sunway Giza Mall is located near Persiaran Surian Road. It is centre zone with site
context surrounding area such as Selangor Golf Club, Palm Spring Damansara, Giant
Kota Damansara and lot of residential.

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Figure 4.4: Location Plan of Space U8


(Source: http://www.mapsgoogle.com)
Space u8 is a commercial development nestled within Bukit Jelutong, built on a hybrid
concept of dual frontage, featuring shop offices on the outer frontage with an inner
faade of a retail outlet. The mall is combining simple elegance and creative
architecture to establish space efficiency. The entrance located facing west as it
suitable with sun orientation and also received much more light than heat.
The inner frontage of all units is connected with spacious common corridors, vertically
linked by glass lifts as well as open stairways and overlooks the central courtyard. Each
shop enjoys greater visibility from the courtyard providing maximum exposure to
shoppers,

ensuring

premium

value

for

each

unit.

Creative use of glass and earth tones combined with natural lighting and striking
landscaping create a spacious, airy atmosphere. The layout is disabled friendly.

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4.4 Analysis and Finding on Natural Ventilation


Entrance of the building

Figure 4.5 (a): Location Plan


(Source: http://www.google.com)
This building has very unique approaches on natural ventilation system. The passive
ventilation mechanism consist of natural ventilation system strategies where passive
methods of cross ventilation which by a simple opening or enhanced by the stack effect
from smaller ingress - larger egress windows used to maintain the thermal comfort
inside building. The building consists of four entrances which creates an unobstructed
air movement route for air to flow constantly. The air flow from any direction directly
entered into the building by four entrances provided. The entrances were design as a
large opening which capture the moving outdoor air and direct it through the spaces
within the building compound. The entrances high characteristic allows a larger volume
of air to be capture and improving the efficiency of natural ventilation.

Figure 4.5 (b):


Building Entrance Sunway Giza

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Natural
lighting

Louvers

Natural
lighting

Figure 4.6: Interior of Space U8

Natural
lighting

Space U8 use natural ventilation for the main hall and corridors. Cross ventilation and
also the air was cooled by the water fountain. They fully utilized natural ventilation to
cool down the heat in the mall. As people can experienced the wind blow in the middle
of water fountain as the effect of air hole under the roof. The corridor also ventilated with
outside air as it has opening at every end of the mall corridors.

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4.5 Analysis and Finding on Day Lighting (Natural Lighting)

Skylight

Glazed
window

Natural
lighting

Figure 4.7: Skylight, Louvers and Glazed Window at Sunway Giza


For the day lighting mechanism, Sunway Giza has a high well insulated roof canopy
protects boulevards locate in middle area, with open sides and ends to facilitate
ventilation. The roof is also punctuated with skylights, designed to bring in the required
amount of daylight to create the right ambience. Windows are generally tinted and
incorporated with sun shading panels to reduce heat gain. Day lighting is used
extensively to cut back the usage of artificial lighting by employing large pictured
frames windows to maximize views as well. A large sun shading panel had been
installed at two main entrances, which are at front side and backside of the building.
The louvers protected also function as to hide the compressor.

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Opening
in sub
basement
.

Figure 4.8: Sub Basement Parking of Space U8

Large
window
for retail
space.

Figure 4.9: Retail space


As we reffering to Figure 4.6, the images shows how Space U8 was design to use natural
lighting to enlighten this mall without the aid of artificial lighting. The mall roof has glazed glass
supported by space framed structure. This instalation of ropf has been claim as the longest
span of its king n Malaysia which can povided natural linghting into this mall.
Futhermore the excitement of this building conyinued to the basement level which contain a
habitabal sub basement as it an provided up tp 1000 psrking for its visitor. The car park have
natural lighthig coming on every way of the mall side and it also allow air to go through into the
basement without any mechanical support. The layout shape of this building is rectangular

in shape where the building are totally exposed to sun ray during evening. Thus the
building use the exterior wall as light source for the retail space as the space is divided into
retail space. In the relation to that is the retail space will have enough natural lighting for their
usage in the day and lesser the heat catchment from the sun.
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Table 4.1: Summary, Discussion and Analysis of Passive Features Building Case Study
Comparison of the Two Commercial Discussion and Analysis
Buildings
Sunway Giza Arcade Space U8
Shopping
Site Locations
Sunway
Giza
is
located
near
Persiaran
Surian
Road. It is centre
zone with site context
surrounding
area
such as Selangor Golf
Club, Palm Spring
Damansara,
Giant
Kota Damansara and
lot of residential.

Space U8 located at
6, Persiaran Pasak
Bumi, Taman Bukit
Jelutong, Seksyen u8,
40150 Shah Alam,
Selangor. The site
context have main
access at the west
and accessible from
every point. Near to
industrial
area.
Provide a very private
area.
Layout and Orientation
The layout shape of
this
building
is
rectangle and used a
clustered
organization.
The
orientation of building
like
compass
orientation where the
four blocks of the
building
it has
direction to north,
east, south and west.

The site context surrounded


on each building is different.
Space U8 site location more
greenery rather than Sunway
Giza that less of green area.
Shading by trees and
vegetation is a very effective
method of cooling the
ambient hot air and
protecting the building from
solar radiation beside
achieve thermal comfort.

Space U8 also use


rectangular
design
shape and centralized
design. The building
have
central
courtyard that bring
the difference for the
other building which it
has indoor fountain.

Both buildings oriented along


south and north direction
and have longer facade on
that direction. The good
design should avoid direct
sunlight penetration into the
building instead avoid the
longer facade in the direction
of east to west. Usually east
and west oriented windows
and walls receive about 50%
more sunshine than the
north and south oriented
window/walls.

Space U8 use natural


ventilation for the
main
hall
and
corridors.
Cross
ventilation and also
the air was cooled by
the water fountain.
They fully utilized
natural ventilation to
cool down the heat in
the mall. As people

Both buildings seem to apply


the same method of passive
features which are cross
ventilation. Natural
ventilation caused by
pressure difference inside
and outside of a building
envelops, as a result of wind
velocity and stack effects.

Natural Ventilation
Passive methods of
cross
ventilation
which by a simple
opening or enhanced
by the stack effect
from smaller ingresslarger
egress
windows
used
to
maintain
thermal
comfort
inside
building.

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can experienced the
wind blow in the
middle
of
water
fountain as the effect
of air hole under the
roof. The corridor also
ventilated with outside
air as it has opening
at every end of the
mall corridors.
Day Lighting(Natural Lighting)
The roof is also
punctuated
with
skylights, designed to
bring in the required
amount of daylight to
create
the
right
ambience. Windows
are generally tinted
and incorporated with
sun shading panels to
reduce heat gain.

The roof have a


tempered glass which
allow natural lighting
to penetrate and also
the ventilation holes
allow
light
to
penetrate
into
o
building. the retail
space also have large
glass windows that
allow natural lighting.

Landscape and Garden


Less green area but it
has
provide
a
courtyard in middle of
boulevard where have
landscape in that area

.have a green area in


the middle of the
courtyard
and
surrounded
by
landscape trees on
the outside.

Both building have their own


approaches on to control the
sun penetration by having
glazed window as an
example. The natural light
can be capitalized by the use
of window, light shade and
others. Basically, what the
interior need is ambient
daylight without the radiant
heat and glare that called
diffuse daylight. The design
should avoid direct sunlight
penetration into the building
instead avoid the longer
facade in the direction of
east to west.
Shading by trees and
vegetation is a very effective
method of cooling the
ambient
hot
air
and
protecting the building from
solar radiation.

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4.6 Conclusion
From my observations, Space U8 for the overall building system is successfully
achieved their design strategy with the aim of enhancing a natural ventilated shopping
mall with the central courtyard with water fountain thoroughfare that connects the entire
development. The courtyard also is the bloodlines of the development, linking
everything together. Shops fronting this courtyard are designed to have their own
character that will affect the visitors, creating an active frontage that engages passersby. A high well insulated roof design protects the whole building as it can provided light
and also air, with air holes under the roof to facilitate ventilation. The roof is also
punctuated with skylights, designed to bring in the required amount of daylight to create
the right ambience. This building likely more approach on natural ventilation strategies.
Sunway Giza also highlighted on their natural ventilated passive features where it use
concept of cross ventilation on design strategy. Furthermore, from my observations, this
building is successfully achieved design strategy for passive design features which are
day lighting. The building are Passive methods of cross ventilation which by a simple
opening or enhanced by the stack effect from smaller ingress- larger egress windows
used to maintain thermal comfort inside building.

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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1

Introduction

In this final chapter, conclusion and recommendation should able finalize due to the
research finding and data collection. Critical recommendation from data analyzing and
observation should presented.
5.2 Conclusion
Basically, the development of sustainable commercial building in Malaysia is less
common where the use of passive design building intends to promote the sustainable
development towards reducing cost operation. The fast growing development may
sometimes makes developer forgot the importance of passive design features that
enhance sustainability building besides just aiming for the value profit. In other word,
they dont realize where benefits that can be derive from sustainable building which
include low cost operation, water and waste, marketing advantage, increase rental rate,
higher building value upon sale and greater overall return on investment.
After analysis done, it agreed that the case study buildings are still lacking on passive
design building even both of the projects has their own approaches on passive features
element. The development of this case study for passive design building strategies can
be classified as standardize compare to some example sustainable commercial building
in the literature review. The climate condition in Malaysia began as major factor
influence in challenge of designing sustainability commercial building.
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Both orientation of the building are similarly exposed to sun ray directly where it is not
well planned for passive design strategies. Passive design strategies are permanently
attached to or part of building design such as sun shading devices, large overhang and
building orientation as an example. Despite of that, these projects well-planned on
natural ventilation mechanism where it use concept of cross ventilation. Based on my
opinion, lack of awareness on advantages of sustainability building becomes the major
factor on where less promotion development of sustainable commercial building in
Malaysia. The use of passive design building intends to promote sustainable
development towards the move to reduce cost mainly energy cost.ZEO Building and
Menara Telekom were example building that incorporated with passive features in
Malaysia. Based on the case studies carried out in these two areas, the following
aspects are acknowledged:
(i) Location, orientation and layout- The location automatically response due to have
a good sustainable design. Its response to the natural climate and topography
condition on the site.
(ii) Natural Ventilation- Effective ventilation is necessary for temperature control and
air

quality.

(iii) Day Lighting- Daylight should be used maximize as possible to light a building,
both for energy efficiency and for the health and comfort of occupants.

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5.3 Recommendation
The implementation development of sustainable building in Malaysia need encourage
awareness from government and developer sector inspire to achieve green building
mission. Besides that, education and training should incorporate concept of sustainable
development and made it well known and accepted by public. A way in education
learning seen as important tool in promoting to increase the level of awareness among
public about the importance of sustainable development.
In order for development commercial building in Malaysia towards sustainability, the
following develop practical passive design principle as guide for future development of
sustainability commercial buildings. It is based on theoretical and data analyses from
the research finding have been proposed:
(i) Location, layout and orientation must be considered from the beginning of the
design process despite consideration include access to view, cooling breezes,
and understanding on sun paths.
(ii) Ideal site Be able to accommodate building with a relative large north-facing
wall for maximum solar gain. A site with north-south alignment is likely to receive
midday sun and with minimal overshadowing, but may have limited morning or
evening sun. A site with east-west alignment is more likely to be overshadowed
to the north.
(iii) Day lighting - Avoids direct sunlight, use diffused light which requires

careful

placement and sizing of windows. The higher the window head, the deeper the
daylight will penetrate into the interior.
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(iv) Day Lighting - Designing so all spaces requiring day lighting which have access
to an external wall and arranging spaces so that natural lighting comes from two
or more directions.
(v) Natural Ventilation - When designing this system, longer faade of the building
should be facing the prevailing wind direction, with doors and opening windows
providing the ventilation openings.
(vi) Natural Ventilation - Maximizing air flow by designing open plan spaces and
using architectural and landscape features to direct and control air flow.
(vii)

Natural Ventilation - Maintaining vertical distance between two openings to

create a stack effect and having opening at different level.

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