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NGUYN HU IN NGUYN MINH TUN
LATEX
TRA CU V SON THO
NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI
c
Ebook
1.0 ca cun sch nguyn gc t bn in, cc bn tham
kho, cho kin sai st v li khuyn ti bn. Mi lin h
Tc gi: Nguyn Hu in
in thoi: 0989061951
Email: huudien@vnu.edu.vn
Web: http://nhdien.wordpress.com
Tc gi: Nguyn Minh Tun
Khoa Ton - C - Tin hc
Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni
Th in t: nmtuan84@hn.vnn.vn
Chu trch nhim xut bn:
Gim c: NGUYN VN THO
Tng bin tp: NGUYN THIN GIP
Ngi nhn xt:

PGS. TSKH. NGUYN HU CNG
PGS. TS. NG HUY RUN
TS. PHAN TRUNG HUY
Bin tp v sa bn in: LAN HNG

Trnh by ba: QUC THNG
LATEX TRA CU V SON THO
M s: 01.138.H2001-503.2001
In 1000 cun, ti Nh in i hc Quc gia H Ni
S xut bn: 7/503/CXB, S trch ngang 252KH/XB
In xong v np lu chiu Qu III nm 2001
LI GII THIU
S pht trin ca TEX
Nh ton hc ngi M D. E. Knuth sng to ra TEX do nhu
cu in mt cun sch v ton. ng d nh vit chng trnh xp
ch ny trong vng tm thng, nhng thc t ko di thnh
tm nm. Nhng nm 70 l thi k khng hong v chng trnh
bin dch. Chnh trong thi k ny, nhiu chng trnh bin dch
ra i nh Pascal, C, .... Chng trnh TEX cng l mt loi
chng trnh bin dch nhm mc ch s dng ring cho vn bn
v to khun v in n. Mt lot lnh ca TEX c ci ln vo
vn bn, sau khi bin dch qua TEX s c sn phm m tt c
cc my in v mn hnh u s dng c (tt nhin cc chng
trnh c v hin th c tp kt qu ca TEX khng ph thuc
vo phn cng). Tip sau l s pht trin TEX trn ton th gii.
Ngy nay, nhng ngi lm ton, nhng nh in sch khoa hc t
nhin, nhng tp ch ton u dng TEX lm tiu chun ch bn.
Trn th gii cn c hi nhng ngi dng TEX trn Internet. Hin
nay, TEX ang c pht trin v tho lun rt si ni. Mi vn
lin quan n TEX c th tm thy trn cc trang web:
1. http://ctan.tug.org/ ti Boston, M.
2. http://www.tex.ac.uk/ ti Cambridge, Anh.
3. http://www.dante.de/ ti Mainz, c.
Rt nhiu phng n v xut m rng TEX, ng k l:
AMSTEX c ph bin M, do hi Ton hc M ti tr v tc
gi l M. Spivak. Vn bn c cu trc, c nhiu phng ton
p v phong ph.
A
LTEX c ph bin chu u do L. Lamport xy dng da trn
TEX. Son trn LATEX thun tin, c nhiu khun mu sn.
Cc mc lc, ch s, nh s cng thc c th lm t ng
c. Vic lm sch v vit mt bi bo theo LATEX rt d v
kim sot c cc li c th xy ra. c sa i ln
cc phin bn trc, hin ti l LATEX 2 . Phin bn ny c
th dng tt c nhng u vit ca AMSTEX v LATEX. Vn bn
Li gii thiu
c chia thnh cc lp, v trong cc lp ta dng gi lnh
(\usepackage{...}).
S dng TEX
T nhng nm 90 mt s nh ton hc Vin Ton hc, trng
i hc Tng hp H Ni, ... s dng TEX son tho cc bi bo
gi ng cc tp ch nc ngoi. Mt s ngi do nhu cu
cng vic em TEX v s dng trong n v mnh. Hu ht
nhng ngi s dng TEX u cm thy hng th v b ch,
cn mt s t ngi thy ngi v khng hin th, ting Vit cha
thng dng trong TEX. Mt thi gian di chng ti c gng ci
du ting Vit trong TEX bng h thng macro v to cc cng c
chuyn i m ting Vit sang macro. Rt nhiu sch ton, lun
n v ton ting Vit c son tho theo h macro ny. Do
hn ch v h iu hnh DOS nn vic ph bin v s dng TEX
gp nhiu kh khn. Ngy nay, cc chng trnh qun l TEX
chy trn Windows, nn vic lin kt qu trnh s dng TEX
tr nn d dng. Mt khc, phng ch trong TEX l nh h thng
Windows nn s dng c n gin hn. C nhiu chng trnh
qun l TEX hon ho nh:
MikTeX. Chng trnh min ph, tc gi l Christian Schenk
(ngi c). Hin nay c bn MikTeX 2.0 ti
http://www.miktex.de. Chng trnh ci t chy trn
Windows 9x/NT, i km vi h son tho v kt ni t ng
WinEdt.exe ca Aleksandre Simonic.
+ u im: D s dng, t sinh phng, c chng trnh
chuyn i tp dvips, nhiu k hiu ton ko vo c.
Dng cho TEX v LATEX.
+ Nhc im: WinEdt phi mua ring. Vic ci t thm
phng phi c tp Meta phng v khai bo rt cht ch, nht
l LATEX.
PcTeX32 for Windows. L chng trnh thng mi phi mua.
c bn 4.0 hon ho. C th xem thng tin
http://www.pctex.com. u im: D s dng, ci t
phng khng i hi g ngoi tp *.rtf (tp Metric phng).
Chy c c TEX, LATEX, AMSTEX. C c chng trnh son
tho theo cc phng TrueType. Cu hnh li ca chng
Cc bc son tho LATEX
trnh d dng.
Scientific Work Place. C bn 2.5, phi mua. Son tho hin th
v tnh ton c ngay trn h son tho . Kt hp son
tho hin th v chy ngay sau khi son tho. Cha c cch
ci phng ting Vit vo .
TEX for Linux. Cc b ci t khc nhau v Linux u c cung
cp mt bn son tho TEX. V d teTeX v0.9 cho RedHat5.2. u ci phng ting Vit c bng cch chuyn t
cc phng TrueType trn Windows sang. H Linux cha ph
bin nn chng ti khng cp cch s dng ting Vit.
Hnh 1: Qu trnh son tho LATEX

Cc bc son tho LATEX
Nhng ai tng son tho mt vn bn trn my vi tnh u
phi s dng mt chng trnh son tho tr gip v xp ch
theo nh ca mnh. Mt qu trnh son tho vn bn bng TEX
cn c xc nh. Trc tin ta g vo tp vn bn m TEX c th
c c, nhng tp ny c gi l tp TEX c ui *.tex. Nhng
tp nh vy thng c to ra nh cc chng trnh son tho
vn bn ch c m ASCII (khng c m iu khin ln vo vn
bn). Sau TEX c tp son tho v n to ra tp mi DVI
(DeVice Independent) c ui l *.dvi. C cc chng trnh c
tp DVI cho hin ln mn hnh, c chng trnh in tp DVI ra my
in,... Trc khi hon chnh mt ti liu ta xem trn mn hnh kt
qu c ng khng, nu khng ta li tr li m tp TEX sa i
v chy li TEX nh s 1 son tho theo LATEX. Quan trng nht
l qu trnh son tho trn vn bn ca ta v cc lnh ca TEX.
Nhng la chn ca chng ta
Qua nhiu nm nghin cu v s dng TEX, chng ti chn
Li gii thiu
la mt loi TEX s dng. Chng ti chn LATEX lm ni dung

chnh trong cun sch ny, vi nhng l do sau y:
1. LATEX l mt chng trnh son tho hon chnh, c cc mu
m sn ging nh cc lp vn bn, cc chc nng c bit
cng c cung cp nh lm mc lc, lm ch dn, trch dn
ti liu, ....
2. LATEX c rt nhiu ngi dng k c M, rt nhiu chuyn
gia nghin cu v tip tc hon thin chng trnh ny, c
bit phin bn LATEX 2 bao hm c nhng gi khc ca TEX.
3. Nhng chng trnh PcTeX32 v MikTeX u tr gip v ly
LATEX lm chun, ng thi c cng c rt mnh a cc lnh
LATEX vo vn bn ca ta khi ang son.
4. Cu trc v mi trng trong LATEX rt sng sa, d hiu v
ngi dng c th to ra nhng lnh cho ring mnh.
5. Nhng chng trnh nh l cng c ton hc Maple, Mathematica v Matlab u cung cp chuyn i sang tp ngun
LATEX. Nhiu cng c chuyn i t cc chng trnh son tho
khc sang LATEX c nh: t Microsoft Winword sang LATEX
hoc t LATEX chuyn sang ngn ng ca trang web.
6. Nhng ngi dng TEX v AMSTEX th chuyn sang LATEX rt
d dng.
V phn mm qun l TEX chng ti chn PcTeX32, phin bn
4.0, vi cc bc son tho nh s 1. Ngoi ra, vic ci phng
v s dng phng True Type cho TEX rt tin. H son tho PcTeX32 rt r rng v c cng c tr gip cc lnh ca TEX. Cun
sch ny hon ton s dng phng True Type v chy trn PcTeX32 t phin bn 3.2 tr ln.
Cch s dng cun sch ny
C th cc bn khng c chng trnh PcTeX32 v chng
trnh ci du ting Vit, nhng nhng g v TEX v LATEX u s
dng c vi cc v d bng ting Anh. Chng ti c tnh ly v
d bng ting Vit cho d hiu v ph bin c d dng. Mi
v d trong cun sch ny u c chy trc tip trong LATEX cho
kt qu nh cc bn thy, cn phn vn bn ngun c m t
bng kiu ch nh my. Mun kim tra mt v d, cc bn hy
Cch s dng cun sch ny
tin hnh theo cc bc:

1. To ra mt tp ui *.tex c khun mu c bn v chp
ngun v d vo ch nhng du chm
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\documentclass[12pt,oneside]{book}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra,amssymb,latexsym, amscd}
\begin{document}
..........................
\end{document}
2. Bin dch LATEX tp trn cho kt qu. Nhiu v d i hi gi
lnh trong \usepackage, cc bn hy cho gi lnh vo thng
s lnh ny.
Nhiu v d gia phn ngun v phn kt qu cch nhau bi
du chm chm hoc l chia i trang theo chiu dc, mt bn l
kt qu, bn kia l phn ngun.
T chng 1 n chng 8 l ni dung c bn theo tng ch
ca LATEX, mi mt khi nim sau phn l thuyt l nhng v d
c th. Phn ny dnh cho nhng ngi bt u hc LATEX v cng
c hiu bit hn v LATEX cho nhng ngi s dng, chng ti
s dng ngun ti liu ch yu trong hai cun sch [4] v [5].
Chng 9 tp trung gii thiu vic ci t du ting Vit trong
TEX, c bit l cch s dng phng Windows cho TEX. Ph lc A
l nhng cu hi p c lin quan n vic s dng LATEX. Ph lc
B dnh ring lit k t in, cc lnh ca LATEX theo ch v c
gii thch. Phn ch s rt quan trng tra cu cc lnh trong
sch, cc lnh c xp theo vn ch ci, sau l s trang n
xut hin ln u vi v d v gii thch. Cun sch ny c thc
hin trn:
Phn mm:
PcTeX32, bn 4.0. H iu hnh Win98.
B ci du s dng ting Vit ca tc gi.
Phn cng:
Pentium II, tc 233Hz, 32Mb RAM, HDD 4,3Gb.
Lin lc: Bn c mun tm hiu phn mm PcTeX32, chng
trnh ci du ting Vit v ch dn s dng cun sch ny hoc
gii p thc mc xin lin lc vi:
Nguyn Hu in
Li gii thiu
Phng Gii tch s v Tnh ton Khoa hc, Vin Ton hc

P.O. Box 361, B H, H Ni. in thoi: 8361317 (212)
Th in t: nhdien@thevinh.ncst.ac.vn
Nguyn Minh Tun
Khoa Ton - C - Tin hc
Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni
Th in t: nmtuan84@hn.vnn.vn
Li cm n
Vic bin son cun sch ny l mt phn quan trng ca
chng trnh "Ph bin TEX cho sinh vin ngnh ton", c thc
hin ti Khoa Ton-C-Tin hc, trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin,
vi s ng h v tinh v vt cht ca Gio s o Trng Thi v
Gio s Nguyn Vn Mu. S ra i ca cun sch ny gn
lin vi nhng ng h v gip hiu qu ca trng i hc
Khoa hc T nhin v cc ng nghip Khoa Ton-C-Tin hc,
Vin Ton hc v cc ng nghip Phng Gii tch s v Tnh
ton Khoa hc. mt s ng nghip cc trng HSP Qui Nhn,
HSP Hu, HTH Hu, HSP Vinh,... to cho chng ti c hi
lm vic lu di vi TEX. Cun sch cng nhn c nhiu kin
ng gp c gi tr ca Ban bin tp v nhng iu kin thun li
cho vic xut bn ca Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H ni.
Chng ti by t lng bit n chn thnh v su sc v tt c
nhng gip qu bu .
H Ni, thng 8 nm 2001
Cc tc gi
Li gii thiu ti bn ln th nht
Ni dung v hnh thc ln ti bn ny khng c thay i nhiu.
i ch chng ti c sa cho chnh xc hn. Nhn y chng ti
cm n bn c s dng v gp cho chng ti nhng li
sai st ca cun sch. Cun sch ny v cun sch "LATEX vi gi
lnh v phn mm cng c", NXBHQG, 2004 cung cp y cho
ngi s dng LATEX. Ngoi ra chng ti cn cung cp a CDRom
ci t s dng LATEX v trang Web gii p vng mc khi cc
bn s dng: http://free.hostdepartment.com/n/nhdien.
H Ni, thng 10 nm 2005
MC LC
Li gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MC LC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DANH SCH CC HNH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
DANH SCH CC BNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Chng 1. Cu trc ca vn bn LATEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.1. Cu trc chun ca vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.2. Phn m u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.3. Phn thn bi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
1.4. Kiu cch trang vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
1.5. Nhng lp vn bn chun ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
1.6. Gi lnh km theo vi LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
2.1. Nhng k t a t bn phm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
2.2. T, cu v on vn bn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.3. Cu lnh ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.4. K hiu khng c trn bn phm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.5. Thay i c tnh phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
2.6. Dng, on v trang vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
2.7. Khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
2.8. Hp cha vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
2.9. Ch thch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
3.1. Mi trng lit k danh sch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
3.2. Mi trng khong tabbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
3.3. Mi trng vn bn trch dn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
3.4. Mi trng cu trc nh l theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
3.5. Mi trng bng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
10
LATEX Tra cu v son tho
3.6. Dng iu v c ca mi trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
Chng 4. Mi trng ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
4.1. Mi trng ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
4.2. Cu trc c s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
4.3. Vn bn trong mi trng ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
4.4. K hiu bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
4.5. Tn hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
4.6. Ch ci hy lp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.7. Ch ci Hbr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
4.8. Nhng k hiu ton khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
4.9. Du ton t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
4.10. Du quan h. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
4.11. Du mi tn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
4.12. Du m v nh du trong ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
107
4.13. Nhng dng ngang co gin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
107
4.14. Lnh nhng khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
109
4.15. Xy dng k hiu mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
4.16. Khong trng dc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112
4.17. Ch ci ton v k hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
113
4.18. nh nhn v nhm cc nhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
116
4.19. Phn s tng qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118
4.20. ng khung cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118
Chng 5. Cng thc nhiu dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
5.1. Ging cng thc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
5.2. Ngt dng cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
122
5.3. Ngt nhng cng thc di. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
122
5.4. Ging theo ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126
5.5. Ging cc mi trng ph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
131
5.6. iu chnh trong cc ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
133
Mc lc
11
5.7. Biu giao hon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
137
5.8. Ngt trang trong mi trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
139
Chng 6. K thut t to lnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
140
6.1. To nhng lnh mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
140
6.2. To mi trng mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
146
6.3. Gn s v o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
6.4. To lnh c bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
152
6.5. To mt mi trng danh sch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
153
Chng 7. To trch dn v tra cu thng tin . . . . . . . . . .
159
7.1. Lm bng mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
159
7.2. Ch s bng v hnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160
7.3. Ch dn cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
162
7.4. Lm ch s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
166
Chng 8. ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
172
8.1. Mi trng picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
172
8.2. a nh t ngoi vo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
184
Chng 9. Ting Vit trong LATEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
186
9.1. B lnh ci du ting Vit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
187
9.2. Chng trnh chuyn m ting Vit sang Macro. . . . .
192
9.3. Chng trnh chuyn Macro sang m ting Vit ABC
196
9.4. Dng phng True Type trong TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
200
Ph lc A: Hi p v s dng LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . .
203
A.1. Chuyn vn bn son trn Maple sang LATEX . . . . . . . .
203
A.2. Chuyn vn bn TEX sang LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
204
A.3. Chuyn vn bn AMSTEX sang LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
205
A.4. S dng Phng ting Nga trong PcTeX32 . . . . . . . . . . .
206
A.5. Phng ting Anh nguyn bn ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . .
208
A.6. Khi ci t PcTeX32 trc khi chy TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . .
208
12
A.7. T ng a cc nh dng lp vn bn v cc lnh ca

LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
A.8. Chuyn mt tp *.dvi sang *.ps trong PcTeX32 . . . . .
209
A.9. Lm ch s trong PcTeX32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
210
A.10. Nhng tp *.tex trong mi trng Unix hoc Linux
211
A.11. Tp macro ca cun sch ny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
213
Ph lc B: T in lnh trong LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
218
B.1. S m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
218
B.2. Tham kho cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
219
B.3. nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
219
B.4. Lp vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
221
B.5. Mi trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
222
B.6. Ghi ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
232
B.7. di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
232
B.8. Ngt dng v trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
233
B.9. Lm mt on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
234
B.10. Ghi ch bn l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
235
B.11. Cng thc ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
235
B.12. Phong cch trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
236
B.13. Thnh phn vn bn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
238
B.14. Khong trng v hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
238
B.15. Tp v chia tp trong LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
240
B.16. Mt ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
242
B.17. Tn phng ch Vit nam theo ABC dng cho TEX . .
243
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
251
TI LIU THAM KHO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
251
DANH MC T KHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
252
DANH SCH CC HNH

1
Qu trnh son tho LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1 Cu trc mt vn bn LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.2 Trang vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.3 Giao din trang hai ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.1 Cu trc mt danh sch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
7.1 Qu trnh lm ch s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
8.1 V ng thng \put(1.4,2.6){\line(3,-1){4.8}} . . . . 177
8.2 Tc gi vi nh co gin khc nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
A.1 Mn hnh Initex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
A.2 PcTeX Helper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
A.3 Default Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
DANH SCH CC BNG

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Du gch ngang . . . . . .
Bng k t c bit . . . .
Bng ch ci ASCII-vntime
K hiu c bit . . . . . .
Biu tng TEX . . . . . .
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45
46
47
48
48
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
Lnh to du . . . . . . . . .
H phng mc nh . . . . . .
Lnh to dng p con ch .
Bng cc c phng . . . . . .
n v o . . . . . . . . .
Khong trng ngang . . . . .
Khong trng ngang thng s
Khong trng ngang phantom
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49
52
52
53
58
59
59
59
3.1 Bng c ng dng \multicolumnv \cline . . . . . . 85

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
K t bin . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K t mi tn . . . . . . . . . . .
Gc trong gi amsmath . . . . . .
Tn cc hm c sn . . . . . . . .
Tn cc hm trong gi amsmath .
Hm ng d . . . . . . . . . . .
Ch ci Hy Lp hoa . . . . . . . .
Ch ci Hy Lp thng . . . . . .
Ch ci Hbr . . . . . . . . . . .
K hiu ton khc . . . . . . . . .
K hiu ton t . . . . . . . . . .
Ton t ln . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bng ton t trong gi latexsym.
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94
94
95
97
97
98
98
99
99
100
101
102
103
4.14 Du quan h chun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

4.15 K hiu quan h trong AMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Danh sch bng

4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
K hiu quan h m trong AMS . . . .

K hiu mi tn . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Du m trong mi trng ton . . . .
Lnh nhng khong trng trong ton .
Lnh chuyn i phng cho k t ton
Lnh thay i c phng . . . . . . . .
15
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105
106
107
110
113
116
6.1 Tn trong LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

6.2 S m trong LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.3 nh dng s trong LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9.1 Tn mt s phng Vit Nam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
A.4 Ch ci Slav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
A.5 G ch Slav theo bn phm ting Anh . . . . . . . . . 207
CHNG 1
CU TRC CA VN BN LATEX
1.1. Cu trc chun ca vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.2. Phn m u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.3. Phn thn bi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
1.4. Kiu cch trang vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
1.5. Nhng lp vn bn chun ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
LAT
1.6. Gi lnh km theo vi EX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
1.1. Cu trc chun ca vn bn

Mt vn bn chun b son tho lun c mt cu trc no .
EX a ra cu trc chung theo cc lnh trong tng phn. Mt
tp ngun ca LATEX c chia lm hai phn chnh: Phn m u
v Phn thn bi (Hnh 1.1).
LAT
1. Phn m u bao gm tt c cc dng lnh trc lnh

\begin{document}, thng l nhng nh ngha hoc cc lnh
c tc dng trn ton b vn bn.
2. Phn thn bi l mi trng document, n cha ton b nhng
g vn bn s in ra. Mi kh nng, cu lnh c th xy ra y.
Phn ny li c chia thnh ba phn:
u : Gm nhng cu lnh cho tiu mt vn bn v c
phn tm tt, li gii thiu, mc lc, ...
Ni dung: y l ni dung chnh ca vn bn, c th c c
phn ph lc.
Kt lun: y l phn kt thc vn bn, c th c phn trch
1.2. Phn m u
\documentclass{...}
\usepackage{...}
...
\begin{document}
\title{...}
\author{...}
Tn
\date{...}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\begin{abstract}
...
Tm tt
\end{abstract}
\chapter{...}
17
M u
Thn bi
\section{...}
Ni dung
\appendix
\chapter{...}
\begin{thebibiography}{9}
Kt thc
\end{thebibiography}
\end{document}
Hnh 1.1: Cu trc mt vn bn LATEX
dn cc ti liu tham kho.
1.2. Phn m u
1.2.1. Nhng lnh bt buc
Cu lnh bt buc cho phn m u l \documentclass, thng
s l lp vn bn v cc tu chn tc dng trn ton vn bn nh
\documentclass[12pt, draft]{article}
thng s tn lp vn bn article, tu chn phng ch 12pt v
draft s v hnh vung en bn l khi dng qu di.
Lnh \documentclass thng c dng vi \usepackage to
18
Chng 1. Cu trc ca vn bn LATEX
cho LATEX mnh hn bi cc gi lnh. V d

\usepackage{amssymb}
Gi gi lnh amssymb c nhng lnh gm cc k hiu c bit.
V d khc, gi lnh vi tu chn \usepackage[reqno]{amsmath}.
Gi gi lnh amsmath vi tu chn reqno t nhn s cc cng
thc ton v pha bn phi.
Lp vn bn c kh nng gi tu chn ca gi lnh nh
\documentclass[reqno]{amsart} cng gi gi amsmath vi tu
chn reqno.
Nhng tp lp vn bn trong chng trnh chy LATEX c
thit k phn tn m rng l *.cls, cn gi lnh l *.sty, v d
lp article nh ngha trong article.cls, cn gi amsmath nh
ngha trong tp amsmath.sty. Ta c th t nh ngha gi lnh
ring ca mnh v d nh vnfonts.sty.
1.2.2. Nhng lnh tu chn
Phn u thng bao gm nhiu lnh do ngi dng nh
ngha hoc nhng khai bo, khi ta t nh ngha v khai bo
y th c tc dng trn ton vn bn nh khai bo mi trng in
nghing theorem:
\theoremstyle{plain}
\newtheorem{theorem}{nh l}
\newtheorem{corollary}{H qu}
\newtheorem{main}{nh l c bn}
\newtheorem{lemma}{B }
\newtheorem{proposition}{Mnh }
Hoc v d ta dng mt phng k hiu
\font\webd = webdings at 16pt
\renewcommand{\rm}{\vntime}
C mt s lnh phi bt buc t phn m u nh
\DeclareMathOperator, \numberwithin s tm hiu chng
sau.
C nhng lnh t trc c \documentclass nh
1.3. Phn thn bi
19
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1994/12/01]
i hi phin bn LATEX t ngy 12/01/1994 tr v sau. Nu ta
bin dch tp vi LATEX 2.09, ta nhn c thng bo li kp thi.
1.3. Phn thn bi

y l phn chnh ca vn bn, nhng lnh thc hin tng
chi tit ca vn bn c m t trong sut nhng chng cn li.
Nhng v d ca cc chng sau ta t vo ti im ny v
bin dch kim tra, hc tp tc dng ca cc lnh v mi trng
trong LATEX. Ta ly mt v d nh mt bi bo, mc ch ch yu
l ni ln vic son tho vn bn c cng thc ton.
1.3.1. Vn bn c cu trc ca LATEX
V d sau ch mang mt ngha cch nh LATEX nh th no
khi vn bn cn c cu trc. Chng ti chn v d ny cng c
cht t ni dung ton hc, ci quan trng l c nhiu cng thc
ton. Ta s thy k thut nh cng thc ton.
7
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\newtheorem{corollary}{H qu}
\newtheorem{main}{nh l c bn}
\newtheorem{proposition}{Mnh }
\begin{document}
\title{Mt s ch v s v t}
\author{Nguyn Phng Hnh
\thanks{Ti tr bi hc bng Ti nng tr}\\
Phng Gii tch s v Tnh ton khoa hc\\
Vin Ton hc, Vit Nam\\
{\tt nphanh@hanimath.ac.vn}
\date{13 thng 6 nm 2000}
\maketitle
20
\begin{abstract}
Trong bi bo ngn ny chng ti mun im li mt
s s v t ni ting nh $\pi, e$ v cch chng minh
chng l s v t c t xa xa.
\end{abstract}
MT S CH V S V T
Nguyn Phng Hnh1
Phng Gii tch s v Tnh ton khoa hc
Vin Ton hc, Vit Nam
nphanh@hanimath.ac.vn
13 thng 6 nm 2000
Tm tt. Trong bi bo ngn ny chng ti mun im li mt

s s v t ni ting nh , e v cch chng minh chng l s v t
c t xa xa.
\section{Gii thiu}
Ngi u tin a ra gi thuyt s $\pi$ l v t l
Aristotle khi pht biu rng ng knh v chu vi ng
trn khng t l vi nhau.
Ngi u tin chng minh vn ny l Johann
Heinrich Lambert nm 1876. Chng ta im li y
cch chng minh ca Ivan Niven nm 1947 rt ngn gn v
bng tnh ton c s. Ta chng minh hai khng nh sau:
1. $\pi^2$ l s v t.
2. $e^r$ l s v t vi mi s hu t $r\ne 0$.
Phng php ca Niven bt ngun t mt bi bo c s
ca Charles Hermite nm 1873.
D thy rng $e=\sum_{k\ge 0}\frac{1}{k!}$ l s v
t. Tht vy, t $e=\frac{a}{b}$ (vi $a, b$ l nhng
s nguyn dng) ta nhn c
1
Ti tr bi hc bng Ti nng tr
1.3. Phn thn bi
1. Gii thiu
21
Ngi u tin a ra gi thuyt s l v t l Aristotle khi

pht biu rng ng knh v chu vi ng trn khng t l vi
nhau. Ngi u tin chng minh vn ny l Johann Heinrich
Lambert nm 1876. Chng ta im li y cch chng minh ca
Ivan Niven nm 1947 rt ngn gn v bng tnh ton c s. Ta
chng minh hai khng nh sau:
1. 2 l s v t.
2. er l s v t vi mi s hu t r 6= 0.
Phng php ca Niven bt ngun t mt bi bo c s ca
Charles Hermite nm 1873.
X 1
a
l s v t. Tht vy, t e = (vi a, b
D thy rng e =
k!
b
k0
l nhng s nguyn dng) ta nhn c
\[ N=n!\left(e-\sum_{k=0}^n\frac{1}{k!}\right) \]
l s nguyn vi $n\ge b$ v $n!e$ v $\frac{n!}{k!}$
(vi $0\le k \le n$) l nhng s nguyn.
Tuy nhin ta trin khai nh gi s nguyn ta tm
c
\[ N=\sum_{k\ge n+1} \frac{n!}{k!}
=\frac{1}{n+1}+\frac{1}{(n+1)(n+2)}+... \]
v nh vy $N$ c th so vi cp s nhn
\[ 0<N<\frac{1}{n+1}+\frac{1}{(n+1)^2}+... \]
iu ny v l vi $N$ l mt s nguyn.
iu trn cng khng dn n vic chng minh $e^2$
l mt s v t. Bi ny chng ti dng mt phng php
khc do Charles Hermite xng.
22

n
X
1
N = n! e
k!
k=0
l s nguyn vi n b v n!e v
nguyn.
n!
(vi 0 k n) l nhng s
k!
Tuy nhin ta trin khai nh gi s nguyn ta tm c

N=
X n!
1
1
=
+
+ ...
k!
n + 1 (n + 1)(n + 2)
kn+1
v nh vy N c th so vi cp s nhn
1
1
+ (n+1)
0 < N < n+1
2 + ...
iu ny v l vi N l mt s nguyn.
iu trn cng khng dn n vic chng minh e2 l mt s
v t. Bi ny chng ti dng mt phng php khc do Charles
Hermite xng.
\section{Kt qu chnh}
\begin{lemma}
Vi $n\ge 1$ c nh, cho $ f(x)=\frac{x^n(1-x)^n}{n!}
$
\begin{description}
\item{(i)} Hm $f(x)$ l mt a thc dng
$f(x)=\frac{1}{n!}
\sum_{i=n}^{2n}c_i xî$, y h s $c_i$ l nhng s
nguyn.
\item{(ii)} Vi $0<x<1$ ta c $0<f(x)<\frac{1}{n!}$.
\item{(iii)} o hm $f^{(k)}(0)$ v $f^{(k)}(1)$ l s
nguyn vi mi $k\ge 0$.
\end{description}
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}[Chng minh] Phn (i) v (ii) l hin
nhin. chng minh phn (iii) ta ch theo
1.3. Phn thn bi
23
phn (i) o hm bc $k$, $f^{(k)}$ ti $x=0$ vi

$n\le k \le 2n$ v trong khong ny th gi tr
$f^{(k)}(0)=\frac{k!}{n!}c_k$ l mt s nguyn.
T $f(x)=f(1-x)$ ta nhn c
$$f^{(k)}(x)=(-1)^kf^{(k)}(1-x)$$
vi mi $x$ v do $f^{(k)}(1)=(-1)^kf^{(k)}(0)$ vi
mi $k$.
\end{proof}
:
n
x (1 x)
2n
n!
1 X i
(i) Hm f (x) l mt a thc dng f (x) =
ci x , y h s
n! i=n
B 1.1. Vi n 1 c nh, cho f (x) =
ci l nhng s nguyn.
1
.
n!
(iii) o hm f (k) (0) v f (k) (1) l s nguyn vi mi k 0.
(ii) Vi 0 < x < 1 ta c 0 < f (x) <
Chng minh. Phn (i) v (ii) l hin nhin.

chng minh phn (iii) ta ch theo phn (i) o hm bc k,
f (k) ti x = 0 vi n k 2n v trong khong ny th gi tr
k!
f (k) (0) = ck l mt s nguyn.
n!
T f (x) = f (1 x) ta nhn c
f (k) (x) = (1)k f (k) (1 x)
vi mi x v do f (k) (1) = (1)k f (k) (0) vi mi k.
\begin{theorem}
$e^r$ l s v t vi mi $r\in Q\setminus \{ 0 \}$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}[Chng minh]
Ta ch cn chng minh $e^p$ khng th l s hu t vi
24
s nguyn dng $p$ l (v nu $e^\frac{p}{q}$ l

hu t th
$\left(e^\frac{p}{q}\right)^q=e^p$ cng s l hu t).
Gi s $e^p=\frac{a}{b}$ vi nhng s nguyn $a, b >0$
v ta chn $n$ ln sao cho $n!> ap^{2n+1}.$
t
\[ F(x)=p^{2n}f(x)-p^{2n-1}f(x)+p^{2n-2}f(x)
\mp\cdots +f^{(2n)}(x) \]
y $f(x)$ l hm B trn. Hm $F(x)$ c th
vit li di dng
\[ F(x)=p^{2n}f(x)-p^{2n-1}f(x)+
p^{2n-2}f(x)\mp\cdots, \]
v o hm bc cao $f^{k}(x)$, vi $k>2n$ u trit
tiu c.
T ta xem a thc $F(x)$ tho mn ng thc
\[ F(x)=-pF(x)+p^{2n+1}f(x). \]
Vi phn trn suy ra
\[ \frac{d}{dx}[e^{px}F(x)]=pe^{px}F(x)+pe^{px}F(x)
=p^{2n+1}e^{px}f(x). \]
v do
\[
N=b\int_0^1p^{2n+1}e^{px}f(x)dx
=b[e^{px}F(x)]\mid^1_0=aF(1)-bF(0).
\]
y l mt s nguyn v theo B trn phn (iii)
$F(0)$ v $F(1)$ l nhng s nguyn. Tuy nhin phn
(ii) ta nh gi ln ca $N$ vi gii hn trn v
di
\[ 0<N=b\int_0^1p^{2n+1}e^{px}f(x)dx<bp^{2n+1}
e^p\frac{1}{n!} =\frac{ap^{2n+1}} {n!}<1, \]
iu ny ch ra rng N khng phi l mt s nguyn, v
l.
\end{proof}
1.3. Phn thn bi
25
nh l 1.1. er l s v t vi mi r Q \ {0}.
Chng minh. Ta ch cn chng minh ep khng th l shu
t vi
p
p q
s nguyn dng p l (v nu e q l hu t th e q
= ep
a
cng s l hu t). Gi s ep = vi nhng s nguyn a, b > 0 v
b
ta chn n ln sao cho n! > ap2n+1 .
t
F (x) = p2n f (x) p2n1 f 0 (x) + p2n2 f 00 (x) + f (2n) (x)
y f (x) l hm B trn. Hm F (x) c th vit li di
dng
F (x) = p2n f (x) p2n1 f 0 (x) + p2n2 f 00 (x) ,
v o hm bc cao f k (x), vi k > 2n u trit tiu c.
T ta xem a thc F (x) tho mn ng thc
F 0 (x) = pF (x) + p2n+1 f (x).
Vi phn trn suy ra
d px
[e F (x)] = pepx F (x) + pepx F 0 (x) = p2n+1 epx f (x).
dx
v do
Z
N =b
p2n+1 epx f (x)dx = b[epx F (x)] |10 = aF (1) bF (0).
y l mt s nguyn v theo B trn phn (iii) F (0) v F (1)

l nhng s nguyn. Tuy nhin phn (ii) ta nh gi ln ca N
vi gii hn trn v di
Z 1
1
ap2n+1
0<N =b
p2n+1 epx f (x)dx < bp2n+1 ep =
< 1,
n!
n!
0
iu ny ch ra rng N khng phi l mt s nguyn, v l.
26
\begin{theorem}
$\pi^2$ l s v t.
\end{theorem}
Gi s $\pi^2=\frac{a}{b}$ vi nhng s nguyn
$a, b >0$. By gi ta s dng a thc
\begin{gather*}
F(x)=b^n\left( \pi^{2n}f(x)-\pi^{2n-2}f^{(2)}(x)+
\pi^{2n-4}f^{(4)}(x)\mp\right. \\
\left.\cdots+(-1)^nf^{(2n)}(x)\right).
\end{gather*}
T (iii) ca B ta nhn c $F(0)$ v $F(1)$ l
nhng s nguyn. Theo nguyn tc ly o hm c bn suy
ra
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{d}{dx}[F(x)\sin(\pi x)-\pi F(x)\cos(\pi x)]
&=&(F(x)+\pi^2F(x))\sin(\pi x)\\
&=&b^n\pi^{2n+2}f(x)\sin (\pi x)\\
&=&\pi^2a^nf(x)\sin (\pi x).
\end{eqnarray*}
Nh vy
\begin{eqnarray*}
N&=&\pi\int_0^1a^nf(x)\sin(\pi x)dx\\
&=&\left[\frac{1}{\pi}F(x)\sin(\pi x)F(x)\cos(\pi x)\right]\Bigg\vert_0^1\\
&=&F(0)+F(1)
\end{eqnarray*}
l mt s nguyn. Hn na $N$ l mt s dng v
c xc nh nh mt tch phn ca hm. Tuy nhin nu
ta chn $n$ ln sao cho $\frac{\pi a^n}{n!}<1$, khi
t phn (ii) ca B ta nhn c
\[ 0<N=\pi \int_0^1 a^nf(x)\sin (\pi x) dx
< \frac{\pi a^n}{n!}<1. \]
1.3. Phn thn bi
27
iu ny v l.
\end{proof}
:
nh l 1.2. 2 l s v t.
Chng minh. Gi s 2 =
ta s dng a thc
a
vi nhng s nguyn a, b > 0. By gi
b
F (x) = bn 2n f (x) 2n2 f (2) (x) + 2n4 f (4) (x)

+ (1)n f (2n) (x) .
T (iii) ca B ta nhn c F (0) v F (1) l nhng s
nguyn. Theo nguyn tc ly o hm c bn suy ra
d 0
[F (x) sin(x) F (x) cos(x)] = (F 00 (x) + 2 F (x)) sin(x)
dx
= bn 2n+2 f (x) sin(x)
= 2 an f (x) sin(x).
Nh vy
Z
N =
an f (x) sin(x)dx

=
1
1 0

F (x) sin(x) F (x) cos(x)

= F (0) + F (1)
l mt s nguyn. Hn na N l mt s dng v c xc nh
nh mt tch phn ca hm. Tuy nhin nu ta chn n ln sao
an
cho
< 1, khi t phn (ii) ca B ta nhn c
n!
Z 1
an
n
0<N =
a f (x) sin(x)dx <
< 1.
n!
0
iu ny v l.
28
\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{tma83}
T. M. Apostol, {\it A proof that Euler missed:
Evaluating $\xi(2)$ the easy way}, Math. Intelligencer
5 (1983), 59-60.
\bibitem{in47}
I. Niven, {\it A simple proof that $\pi$ is
irrational},
Bulletin Amer. Math. Soc. 53 (1947), 509.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] T. M. Apostol, A proof that Euler missed: Evaluating (2) the

easy way, Math. Intelligencer 5 (1983), 59-60.
[2] I. Niven, A simple proof that is irrational, Bulletin Amer.
Math. Soc. 53 (1947), 509.
1.3.2. Mt vn bn khng i hi cu trc
Nhng vn bn ngn khng i hi cu trc ca LATEX, ta c
th son bng cc lnh n gin. Ta g vo nh sau
7
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\begin{document}
\centerline {\bf THI MN TON LP HA SINH}
\centerline {(Thi gian 120 pht)}
\centerline { s 2}
\vskip 1cm
\noindent {\bf Cu 1.} (3)
1.3. Phn thn bi
29
Cho $\Omega\subset R^{3}$ l tp b chn, o c v

$f:\Omega \rightarrow R$ l hm b chn trn $\Omega$.
Chng minh rng $f$ kh tng trn $\Omega$ khi v ch
khi vi mi $\epsilon >0$ tn ti phn hoch $\Delta$
ca $\Omega$ sao cho
$$ S^{+}(f,\Delta )-S_-(f, \Delta )<\epsilon ,$$
trong $ S^{+}(f,\Delta )$, $S_-(f, \Delta )$ l tng
trn v tng di Darboux.
\vspace*{18pt}
Tm th tch ca vt th c gii hn bi cc mt sau:
$$x^2+y^2+z^2=a^2;\quad x^2+y^2+z^2=b^2$$
$$x^2+y^2=z^2;\quad z\geq 0\quad (b>a>0).$$
\vspace*{18pt}
Tnh tch phn ng sau:
$$\oint_{C}(-y^2+e^{e^x}) dx +\text{arctg}y dy,$$
trong $C$ l bin ca min $G$ c gii hn bi
$y=x^2; x=y^2$ v $C$ c chiu ngc chiu kim ng h.
\vspace*{18pt}
Cho $f:R^k\rightarrow R$ l hm lin tc v
$\alpha\in R$. Chng minh rng tp
$A(\alpha)=\{x\in R^k:f(x)=\alpha\}$ l tp ng.
\end{document}
THI MN TON LP HA SINH

(Thi gian 120 pht)
s 2
Cu 1. (3) Cho R3 l tp b chn, o c v f : R l
30
hm b chn trn . Chng minh rng f kh tng trn khi v

ch khi vi mi > 0 tn ti phn hoch ca sao cho
S + (f, ) S (f, ) < ,
trong S + (f, ), S (f, ) l tng trn v tng di Darboux.
Cu 2. (3) Tm th tch ca vt th c gii hn bi cc mt
sau:
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 ; x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = b 2
x2 + y 2 = z 2 ;
z0
(b > a > 0).
Cu 3. (2) Tnh tch phn ng sau:

I
x
(y 2 + ee )dx + arctgydy,
C
trong C l bin ca min G c gii hn bi y = x2 ; x = y 2

v C c chiu ngc chiu kim ng h.
Cu 4. (2) Cho f : Rk R l hm lin tc v R. Chng
minh rng tp A() = {x Rk : f (x) = } l tp ng.
1.4. Kiu cch trang vn bn

Hnh 1.2 th hin nhng vng trn mt trang v kch thc
bng cc lnh ca LATEX ta c th thay i c.
1. Giao din v lnh lin quan n mt trang:
2. Trang hai ct gm cc thng s sau:
Mt trang c in ra gm c ba phn: Phn tiu chy
header, phn thn trang bao gm nhng ni dung ta xt
phn trc v cui cng l phn ch thch khi cn thit. iu
khin kiu cch trang vn bn ca cc lp vn bn bng lnh
\pagestyle{kieu}, y thng s kieu l mt trong cc mu
sau:
1. plain, n s to trang tiu chy b trng v phn ch thch
ch c s trang.
1.4. Kiu cch trang vn bn
\topmargin
\headheightHeader
\headsep
\evensidemargin
Body
Margin
\textwidth
\marginparpush
\marginparsep
Note
\marginparwidth
\textheight
\footskip
Footer
Lengths are to the nearest pt.
page height = 831pt
page width = 650pt
\hoffset = -36pt
\voffset = 36pt
\evensidemargin = 7pt
\topmargin = 40pt
\headheight = 40pt
\headsep = 20pt
\textheight = 555pt
\textwidth = 450pt
\footskip = 50pt
\marginparsep = 7pt
\marginparpush = 7pt
\columnsep = 40pt
\columnseprule = 3.0pt
Hnh 1.2: Trang vn bn
31
32
\topmargin
\headheightHeader
\headsep
\evensidemargin
\columnsep
Col. 1
Col. 2
Margin
\textwidth
\marginparpush
\marginparsep
Note
\marginparwidth
\textheight
\footskip
Footer
Lengths are to the nearest pt.
page height = 831pt
page width = 650pt
\hoffset = -36pt
\voffset = 36pt
\evensidemargin = 7pt
\topmargin = 40pt
\headheight = 40pt
\headsep = 20pt
\textheight = 555pt
\textwidth = 450pt
\footskip = 50pt
\marginparsep = 7pt
\marginparpush = 7pt
\columnsep = 40pt
\columnseprule = 3.0pt
Hnh 1.3: Giao din trang hai ct
1.5. Nhng lp vn bn chun ca LATEX
33
2. empty, n lm c tiu chy v dng ch thch bng trng.

3. myheadings, n nhn tiu chy t thng s ca cc lnh
\markboth v \markright ng thi lm dng ch thch bng
trng. Lnh \markboth c hai thng s t trn tiu chy
trang chn v l cn \markright ch c mt thng s chy trn
tt c tiu chy mi trang vn bn.
Lnh \thispagestyle hon ton tng t nh \pagestyle
nhng ch c tc dng trn mt trang hin thi. V d nhiu khi
ta phi li mt s trang sau ny cho nh vo, ta phi a
vo lnh \thispagestyle{empty}.

LATEX cung cp ba lp vn bn: article, report, book. Nh
cc phn trc ta bit phi vit mt vn bn i vi lp
article, cn nhng lp vn bn khc ch thay thng s ca lnh
\documentclass{article}.
C mt cht khc bit gia cc lp vn bn ny:
- Lp vn bn report v book c thm phn lnh \chapter
(t gia \part v \section theo th t).
- Lp vn bn book khng c mi trng abstract.
1.5.1. Nhng lnh cu trc trong vn bn
Nhng lnh to ra chng, hi nh \section, \subsection, ...
thng mt trong ba dng sau y:
Dng 1. Dng n gin nht
\section{title}
y title l tn cc mc.
Dng 2. Lnh c thm tu chn
\section[short_title]{title}
tu chn short_title dng trn tiu chy v a vo bng
mc lc.
Dng 3. Dng c * cui
34

\section*{title}
khng in ra s th t trc tiu v title khng t trn tiu

chy, cng khng a vo bng mc lc.
1.5.2. Nhng tu chn
Khi LATEX lm vic n xc nh cc tu chn ca lnh
\documentclass
khng thy tu chn cn thit n ly gi tr mc nh:
C phng: Tu chn: 10pt, 11pt, 12pt; mc nh 10pt.
Nh vy mun ch trong vn bn phng 12pt ta phi t
\documentclass[12pt]{article}.
Kch thc trang:
Tu chn:
letterpaper
legalpaper
executivepaper
a4paper
a5paper
b5paper
Mc nh: letterpaper
(8.5 inches 11 inches)

(8.5 inches 14 inches)
(7.25 inches 10.5 inches)
(210 mm 297 mm)
(148 mm 210 mm)
(176 mm 250 mm)
V d ta chn giy a4paper th

\documentclass[12pt, a4paper]{article}
Bn nhp: Tu chn: draft, final; mc nh: final
Tu chn draft s nh du bn l nhng dng qu cht.
In hai mt: Tu chn: twoside, onesite; Mc nh: Ph thuc
vo lp vn bn vi onesite cho lp vn bn article v report,
cn twosite cho lp vn bn book.
Chng xut pht: Tu chn: openright, openany; Mc nh:
Ph thuc vo lp vn bn.
Bt u mt chng lun lun bt u mt trang mi. Tu
chn openright l chng bt u trang bn phi, cn tu chn
khc l bt k. Tu chn ny khng p dng cho article, mc
nh openright cho lp book, cn openany cho lp report.
35
In hai ct: Tu chn: twocolumn, oneside; Mc nh: oneside.

Tu chn twocolumn in vn bn ra hai ct trn mt trang.
Trang tn vn bn: Tu chn: titlepage, notitlepage; Mc
nh ph thuc vo lp vn bn.
Tu chn titlepage to ra trang tn vn bn ring v t tm
tt trn mt trang ring, cn notitlepage khng to ra trang tn
bi ring. Vi lp article mc nh l notitlepage, cn book v
report mc nh l titlepage.
nh s cng thc ton: Tu chn: leqno, reqno; Mc nh:
leqno.
Tu chn leqno t nhn nh s cng thc v bn tri cng
thc, cn reqno th ngc li.
T hp nhng tu chn: Ta c th kt hp tt c cc tu chn
trn vo trong vn bn ca ta. V d:
\documentclass[12pt, a4paper,twocolumn]{report}.
\documentclass[10pt,twoside,openright]{book}.
1.5.3. Lp vn bn letter
Lp vn bn ny dng to khun mu th chun, v d sau
y cho ta thy r vic s dng lp vn bn c bit ny.
7
\documentclass{letter}
\usepackage{vnfonts}
\begin{document}
\address{Nguyn Hu in\\
Phng GTS v TTKH\\
Vin Ton hc, Vit Nam\\
P.O. Box 631,B H, H Ni}
\singnature{Nguyn Hu in}
\date{20/06/2000}
\begin{letter}{Gio s Hunh Vn Ti\\
36
Khoa cng ngh thng tin, i hc bch khoa TP HCM}

\opening{Tha Gio s}
Ti gi km theo y danh sch sinh vin s n thc
tp ti ch ca ngi trong nm hc 2000-2001.
\closing{Knh cho Gio s}
\cc{Vn phng\\ Trng khoa}
\encl{Danh sch sinh vin}
\ps{P.S. Gio s c ngh g, xin cho kin.}
\end{letter}
\end{document}
:
Nguyn Hu in
Phng GTS v TTKH
Vin Ton hc, Vit Nam
P.O. Box 631,B H, H Ni
20/06/2000
Gio s Hunh Vn Ti
Khoa cng ngh thng tin
i hc bch khoa TP HCM
Tha Gio s
Ti gi km theo y danh sch sinh vin s n thc tp ti

ch ca Gio s trong nm hc 2000-2001.
Knh cho Gio s
Nguyn Hu in
cc: Vn phng
Trng khoa
encl: Danh sch sinh vin
P.S. Gio s c ngh g, xin cho kin.
1.6. Gi lnh km theo vi LATEX
37
1.6. Gi lnh km theo vi LATEX

LATEX c ph bin cng vi mt s ln nhng lp vn bn
v gi lnh. Phn trc ta xt lp vn bn article, report,
book, letter. Cn lp vn bn amsart ging nh book, nhng
h thng phng dng nhiu ca AMS. Ngoi ra cn lp vn bn
khc nh slides dng lm ti liu chiu v proc dng lm
nhng tuyn tp hi ngh.
Nhng gi lnh sau y mt phn c ch ra cch s dng
trong cun sch ny. Nhng hng dn v cc ti liu lin quan
n TEX c th ly a ch cc trang web ca TEX.
Bng lnh \usepackage{...} ta c th dng nhng gi lnh
sau y. Nhng gi lnh thng c dng:
latexsym gi lnh cha mt s k hiu ch ci Hbr (Ch ci
ca ngi Do Thi).
alltt gi lnh cung cp mi trng alltt ging nh
verbatim ngoi tr \, { v } c ngha bnh thng.
exscale gi lnh cung cp nhng phng m rng cho cng thc
ton.
makeidx gi lnh cung cp cc lnh lm ch s.
showidx gi lnh in ra nhng i tng ch s ra bn l.
Nhng gi lnh lin quan n LATEX:
AMSTEX gi lnh bao hm c LATEX v AMSTEX.
babel gi lnh tr gip cho bin dch mt s ngoi ng.
graphics gi lnh cung cp nhng lnh ho, trong cun sch
ny cng c cp n.
psnfss gi lnh tr gip vic bin dch vi nhng phng
PostScrip.
tools gi lnh ang th nghim cho phin bn sau.
Mt s gi lnh l cc cng c quan trng ca LATEX
array gi lnh cha phin bn m rng ca mi trng array
38
v tabular.
dcolumn gi lnh sp xp nhng phn t trong bng i hi
phi c gi array.
delarray gi lnh thm k hiu bin ln cho array. i hi gi
array.
hhline gi lnh kim sot ng k ngang ca bng.
longtable gi lnh to cho bng c th in trong nhiu trang.
tabularx gi lnh cung cp cc phng n ca mi trng
tabular. i hi gi lnh array.
enumerate gi lnh m rng mi trng enumerate.
ftnright gi lnh t tt c cc lnh ch thch bn phi ct khi
vn bn c hai ct.
indentfirst gi lnh lm tht u dng ca on u tin.
layout gi lnh ch ra nh ngha ca lp vn bn.
multicol gi lnh sp xp nhiu ct trn mt trang.
showkeys gi lnh chn v in ra nhng nhn c dng trong
\label, \ref, \cite.
theorem gi lnh cho php nh ngha mm do nhng pht
biu nh l nh trong amsmath.
varioref gi lnh kim sot tham kho nhiu trang.
verbatim gi lnh m rng mi trng verbatim in hnh l
mi trng comment trong n khng in ra.
xr gi lnh cho php tham kho cho gia cc ti liu vi nhau.
xspace gi lnh cung cp khong trng thch hp sau cu lnh.
Nhng gi lnh ny c tho lun k trong cun sch [9].
CHNG 2
XP CH TRONG VN BN
2.1. Nhng k t a t bn phm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2. T, cu v on vn bn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3. Cu lnh ca LATEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4. K hiu khng c trn bn phm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5. Thay i c tnh phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6. Dng, on v trang vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7. Khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8. Hp cha vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9. Ch thch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
40
42
45
51
53
58
62
66
Mt vn bn thng bao gm nhiu k t ch ci c sp

xp theo mt ngn ng. Trong chng ny ta phi a vo tp
vn bn nhng k t v lnh LATEX x l v sp t.
2.1. Nhng k t a t bn phm

Phn ln cc k t c a vo t bn phm l ch ci, mt
s phm a vo l cc hm iu khin hoc sa i m phm.
2.1.1. Nhng phm c bn
Nhng phm c bn c chia thnh nhng nhm sau:
Ch
ci:
Bao
gm
a b c ... z A B C ... Z.
52
phm
ch
ci
Ch s: Gm 10 ch s 1 2 3 ... 9 0. Nhng
dng ch s c c nh dng bng lnh \oldstylenums,
v d \oldstylenums{1234567890} cho ra .
Du kt thc: Gm 9 phm ,
. ?
! :
~. Trong
40
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
6 k hiu u nh du, hai k t dng n l hoc i

dng lm du nhy. Du ~ dng lm du khng ngt t.
Du ngoc: Gm c 4 k hiu ( ) [ ].
K hiu php ton: Gm 7 k hiu / * + = - < > . Du
- c g vo bnh thng nh trong mode ton. Hai k t sau
cng lun lun phi nm trong mode ton.
Phm trng: Khi ta n phm spacebar hoc phm Tabs kt
qu cho ta mt k t trng; Nhn phm return (hoc enter )
cho ta mt k t xung dng (k t ny ta khng nhn thy trn
mn hnh son tho). Nhng h thng my tnh khc nhau cho
ta nhng k t xung dng khc nhau. Nhiu ngi gp kh
khn rt nhiu v vn ny khi s dng son tho LATEX trn
Unix, ri li phi son tho trn mi trng DOS hoc Windows,
chng v ting Vit chng ti c a ra th tc bng Pascal
chuyn i nhng k t cui dng dng trong Unix v dng cho
DOS hoc Windows.
2.1.2. Nhng phm c bit
C 13 phm to ra k t c bit cho LATEX:
# $ %
& ~ _
^ \ {
@ " |
Cc k t ny dng lm thnh phn lnh cho LATEX . Mt s

dng trong mode ton, mt s dng lm lnh iu khin.
nhng k hiu ny tr v mt k t bnh thng ta s hc sau.
Ch c @ l khng c i hi g c bit.
2.2. T, cu v on vn bn
Mt vn bn bao gm nhng t, nhng cu v nhng on
gp li. Trong vn bn nhng t tch nhau bi mt hoc nhiu
du trng. Mt nhm t kt thc bi du chm, du hai chm
hoc du hi lm thnh mt cu. Mt nhm cu kt thc bng
mt hoc nhiu dng trng to ra mt on.
2.2. T, cu v on vn bn
41
2.2.1. Nguyn tc du trng

LATEX qui nh nguyn tc sau khi gp nhng du trng:
1. Hai hay nhiu du trng i lin nhau ch coi l mt du
trng.
2. Du trng, du cch (tabs) v k t xung dng l nh nhau.
3. Mt dng trng coi l kt thc mt on, tng ng lnh
\par.
4. Nhng du trng bt u mt dng c b qua.
Ch : Trn nguyn tc ny vic a vn bn vo v LATEX sp
xp cho kt qu nhiu khi rt khc nhau. Nm k cc nguyn tc
ny s to iu kin cho ta g vo v sp xp mt cch sng sa
v ch ng a ra kt qu khi LATEX thc hin.
2.2.2. Du chm
LATEX dng nguyn tc trn quyt nh t du trng gia
cc t v nhng on. Cho mt cu nguyn tc trn c kt hp
mm do hn. LATEX t mt c khong trng gia cc t gi l
khong trng trong t v mt khong trng ln hn gia nhng
cu gi l khong trng trong cu. Nh vy LATEX phi quyt nh
tip nhn hoc khng mt du chm cho l cui mt cu.
LATEX thc hin nguyn tc du trng:
1. Mt du chm sau k t hoa (v d N. H. Dien) biu th mt
s vit tt khng coi l cui cu. Mi du chm khc c ghi
nhn l kt thc cu.
Nguyn tc trn lun lun c hot ng. Khi nguyn tc ny
khng hot ng c LATEX thc hin hai nguyn tc sau y:
2. a) Nu s vit tt khng kt thc bng ch ci hoa (v d nh
" ..v.v. " ) v n khng phi l t cui cng trong cu th sau
du chm ny phi t khong trng bng khong trng gia
cc t (bng cch t lnh \ sau du chm ).
V d ch ra lnh \ cung cp khong trng gia cc t:
T phn th hai, th ba, v.v.\ i hi,\\

T phn th hai, th ba, v.v. i hi,
42

b) Nu k t hoa sau l du chm ht cu th trc du

chm phi c lnh \@.
V d: Khong trng sau cu khng dng \@ s hi hp hn
khong trng gia cc cu.
8
ny suy ra t nh l A\@.
Do ta c th s dng\\
iu ny suy ra t nh l A. Do ta c th s dng
7
iu
:
Ch : Ngi ta c th ra lnh cho LATEX tnh khong trng

gia cc t v khong trng gia cc cu bng nhau bng lnh
\frenchspacing. hai khong trng ny khc nhau ta dng lnh
\nonfrenchspacing.
2.3. Cu lnh ca LATEX

Ch th cho LATEX thc hin mt lnh c bit no nh xung
dng, vit nghing, ging hng th phi lm nh th no? iu
ny c thc hin bng nhng lnh v mi trng ca LATEX.
2.3.1. Lnh v mi trng trong LATEX
Lnh \emph ch th cho LATEX lm nghing vn bn. Lnh \@ ch
th cho LATEX a vo khong trng gia cc cu sau du chm.
Mi trng flushright ch th cho LATEX y v pha phi
nhng vn bn nm gia hai dng lnh sau:
\begin{flushright}
\end{flushright}
Thit lp lnh v mi trng cho LATEX theo nguyn tc:
1. Mt mi trng bt u bng lnh \begin{name} v kt thc
bng \end{name}, y name l tn mi trng. Gia hai dng
2.3. Cu lnh ca LATEX
43
lnh trn l thn mi trng v b tc dng theo mi trng

nh ngha.
2. Lnh LATEX bt u bng k hiu \ v sau l tn lnh. Tn
ca lnh hoc l k t n khng phi ch ci (nh \# hoc
\) hoc l chui gm nhng ch ci (nh \arrow, c mt s
lnh khng phi bt u bng \ nhng rt t v p dng cho
trng hp c bit, nh $).
3. LATEX tm kt thc tn ca dng lnh nh sau:
- Nu k t u tin ca tn lnh khng phi l ch ci, tn
lnh kt thc sau k t u tin.
- Nu k t u tin ca tn l ch ci, lnh c kt thc bi
k t khng phi l ch ci.
Nu tn lnh l chui ch ci v kt thc bng khong trng
th LATEX loi b tt c khong trng sau tn lnh.
V d: tn lnh \input3 l sai, theo nguyn tc trn th 3 l
phn vn bn sau lnh hoc l mt i s. LATEX cng cho php
kt thc lnh bng k hiu * nh \hspace*. Mt s lnh trong
LATEX u c dng * cui gi l lnh bt bin *.
4. Tn lnh v mi trng phn bit ch ci thng v hoa.
V d: \ShowLabels hon ton khc vi \showlabels.
5. Lnh v mi trng c th c thng s, thng s c
nm gia ngoc nhn m v ng ngay sau tn lnh. V
d: \{o} (in ra ); mi trng alignat c gi nh sau:
\begin{alignat}{2} v \end{alignat}.
Mt lnh hoc mi trng c th nhiu hn mt i s. V d:
1
\frac{1}{2}, in ra .
2
6. Mt i s tu chn ca lnh v mi trng c t trong
du ngoc vung [ ].
V d: lnh \sqrt c i s tu chn cho cn thc cc bc khc
nhau nh \sqrt[3]{101}, in ra 3 101.
44
Ch : Theo nguyn tc trn th nhng du trng sau lnh

c coi l du kt thc lnh, nn khi in ra kt qu ca lnh s
lun lun dnh vo k t sau . trnh iu ta phi thm
lnh khong trng gia cc t vo . V d: \today l mt
ngy s in ra: Ngy 27 thng 4 nm 2016 l mt ngy. Ta nn g
vo nh sau \today\ l mt ngy hoc \today{}l mt ngy
s in ra ng.
2.3.2. Phm vi
Mt lnh nm bn trong cp ngoc nhn { } khng c tc
dng ngoi du ngoc nhn phi. Ta c th dng cp ngoc nhn
lng nhau
{... {... {...}...}...}.
Bn trong ngoc nhn l phm vi ca lnh, lnh khng c tc dng
ngoi phm vi xc nh ny. V d sau minh ha s tc dng ca
lnh trong mt phm vi:
7
{ch c \bf ch m} khng m na.
ch c ch m khng m na.
Xc nh mt phm vi theo nguyn tc sau:

1. Nhng du ngoc nhn phi cn i: mt ngoc nhn m phi
c ngoc ng li v mt ngoc nhn ng cn phi ng vi
ngoc m trc .
2. Cp i ngoc nhn khng che ph nhau.
Ch : Vi phm nguyn tc trn l vic rt d xy ra, vic tm
ra li nhiu khi rt kh khn. Thng LATEX thng bo li:
- (\end occurred inside a group at level 1)
ngoc m nhiu hn ngoc ng.
2.4. K hiu khng c trn bn phm
45
- Too many $\}$\{}s khi ngoc ng nhiu hn ngoc m.

- Khi phm vi v nhm mi trng giao nhau nh
{\bf ch m
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{lemma}
! Extra },or forgotten
ch na } ch cui
\endgroup.
\end{lemma}
1.7 ch na }
LATEX a ra thng bo li
ch cui

Mt ti liu c g vo c kh nng mt s k hiu khng
th g trc tip t bn phm; nhng cng c mt s k hiu c
bit c trn bn phm nhng do mc u tin dng n nn
in ra phi c cch c bit. Phn ny ta nghin cu v nhng k
hiu nh vy.
2.4.1. Du ngoc nhy
c du ngoc nhy n v nhy kp nh nhy n v
nhy kp " ta phi g vo nhy n v nhy kp. Khi to
nhy kp g hai ln nhy n, khng nn dng du nhy kp
trn bn phm.
2.4.2. Du gch ngang
Du gch ngang c nhng kch c nh bng 2.1:
Tn
gch ngang
en-dash
em-dash
du tr
G vo
---$-$
In ra
V d
Khng gian 3-chiu.
c trang 3 4.
Ti thy c 3 ngi.
Nhit xung 300 C.
Bng 2.1: Du gch ngang

2.4.3. Khong trng khng cho ngt
Khong trng khng cho ngt bng khong trng gia nhng
t m n khng th l im ngt xung dng. V d trong vn bn
c N. H. Hiu ", ta mun c cm t lun lun i vi nhau, khng
46
K t
\
{
}
%
&
_
#
Mc ch
Bt u lnh iu khin
Bt u mt nhm vic
Kt thc mt nhm vic
Ch thch
Ging ct cho bng
Khng ngt khong trng
Khi u v kt thc cng thc ton
Ch s trn trong ton
Ch s di trong ton
Bin thay th dng trong macro
G vo
$\backslash$
$\{$
$\}$
\%
\&
\~{}
\$
\^{}
\_{}
\#
Bng 2.2: Bng k t c bit
chp nhn N. H. " kt thc dng v bt u dng mi l Hiu

". chc chn khng c sai st xy ra ta phi lin kt cc t li
vi nhau bng cch g N.~H.~ Hiu.
V d sau l nhng trng hp thng phi dng lin kt ~.
nh~l~1. Donald~E.~Knuth Gi thit rng $f(x)$ l
(a)~lin tc, (b)~b chn.
2.4.4. Nhng k t c bit
C 13 k t c bit LATEX s dng lm cu lnh ca
mnh, in ra c thng phi thm du \ vo trc chng
nh bng 2.2.
Thc t khi son vn bn TEX lun lun ng chm ti nhng
k t ny. Khi ta hiu c bn cht ca cc k t ny v cch
hot ng ca LATEX thng qua cc k t ny th vic to ra vn
bn LATEX rt n gin.
Ch : Du | khng bao gi dng trong mode vn bn, nu
phi in trong mode ton k hiu |, ta g $|$. Ngoi ra cc k hiu
* in ra * (nu trong mode ton ) v @ in ra @.
Ta cng c th in ra k t c bit bng lnh \symbol:

0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
(
2
<
F
P
Z
d
n
x
)
3
=
G
Q
[
e
o
y
*
4
>
H
R
\
f
p
z
!
+
5
?
I
S
]
g
q
{
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
47
5
"
,
6
@
J
T
^
h
r
|
#
7
A
K
U
_
i
s
}
$
.
8
B
L
V
j
t
~
%
/
9
C
M
W
a
k
u
&
0
:
D
N
X
b
l
v
1
;
E
O
Y
c
m
w
Bng 2.3: Bng ch ci ASCII-vntime
7
\symbol{167}\\
\symbol{174}\\
\texttt{\symbol{92}}
8 :
Thng s ca lnh ny l s v tr ca k t nh bng sau, cc

k t ny ph thuc vo bng phng, bng 2.3 l phng vntime.
48
2.4.5. K t dnh nhau

Mt s nhm k t i lin nhau th dnh lin vo vi nhau. V
d: ff, fi, fl, ffi v ffl khi LATEX sp xp t ng.
ngn chn hin tng trn ta tch cc k t i lin nhau
bng cc nhm nh f{f}, f{i}, f{l}, f{f}{i} v f{f}{l}
cho ra ff, fi, fl, ffi, ffl. Ngoi ra ta c th khc phc bng cch
g if\/f cho ra iff, hay l \mbox{f}l cho ra fl.
2.4.6. K hiu v biu tng
Mt s k hiu c bit trong bng 2.4
G vo
\dag
\P
\S
\ddag
\copyright
In ra
G vo
\textvisiblespace
\textperiodcentered
\textbullet
\pounds
\textcircled{a}
In ra
Bng 2.4: K hiu c bit

Mt s lnh biu tng ca TEX trong bng 2.5
G vo
\TeX
\LaTeX{ }
\LaTeXe{ }
\AmS
In ra
TEX
LATEX
LATEX 2
AMS
Ch
- Sau cc lnh ny dng \ v {}
trnh c dnh vo t sau .
- Dng trong gi amsmath
Bng 2.5: Biu tng TEX

Ch : Mt s lnh cho k t trn mt tc dng khi ta dng
ting Vit, v trong b macro ta nh ngha li cc lnh trn.
2.4.7. Du v ci du
Du ting Vit theo phng rt phong ph. Nhng macro ci
du ny ch c tc dng trn phng CM ca TEX, c khi ta ch
nh ting Anh khng cn phng ting Vit nn ti lit k ra y
49
vi phng cmr10. Cn cc phng ting Anh khc cng tng t.

Trc kia chng ti dng rt nhiu lnh trong bng ny to
du ting Vit.
Lnh st k t
Tn
G vo
huyn
\o
sc
\o
m
\ô
mt ngng \"o
ng
\~o
gch trn
\=o
chm trn \.o
In ra
Lnh c khong trng

Tn
G vo
mc di
\c o
chm di
\d o
gch di
\b o
du vung \v o
du trn
\u o
du ni vng \t oo
du Hungari \H o
In ra
o
o
o
o
o
o
Bng 2.6: Lnh to du

c bit ci du ch i v j ta phi b du chm bng
lnh \i v \j. V d \{\i} in ra v \~{\j} in ra j.
2.4.8. Ni ngt t
LATEX c tp ngun vo mt dng cng lc cho n ht on
vn bn, sau n c gng sp xp cn i theo dng. t
c iu LATEX ngt nhng t qu di bng cch dng thut
ton v mt c s d liu c lu trong hyphen.tex. Ta c
th gip LATEX lm tt hn theo nguyn tc sau:
1. Nu ta thy LATEX khng ngt c mt t th ta c th thm
vo du s chn ngt trong t , du l \-. V tr c
thm vo l ni ta mun ngt t , v d \data\-base.
2. Lit k cc t thng c kh nng ngt c bng lnh
\hyphenation{data-base as-so-ciate} tt c nhng im
nh du trong danh sch t u c kh nng ngt nu cn
thit.
2.4.9. Li ch gii
Khi son vn bn ta mun c mt s li ch gii m khng in
ra sau ny, LATEX cung cp lnh bng k t %. Mi k t cng dng
50
sau du % LATEX u b qua khng xp vo vn bn in ra. Ta c

th lm ch thch cho cc tu chn. V d phn u khai bo vn
bn ta c th tin hnh
\documentclass[%
twocolumn,% trang hai cot
twoside, % chon in hai mat
legalpager% in loai giay
]{article}
Nu mc nh th ta t thm k t % trc cc thng s c
chn.
Mt cch n gin l khi vo u vn bn mi ta cho mt s
li xc nh khi to lp vn bn v mc ch vn bn cng ngy
gi sa i,...
%Day la van ban \LaTeX{ }
%Dich bang PcTeX for Windows voi \LaTeXe
%Chuong 5 trong cuon \LaTeX...
Ch :
1. Mt s thng s ca lnh trong LATEX khng cho php khong
trng sau n khi ta ngt ra, vy khi ngt ta phi cho % vo cui
dng nh v d u tin trn.
2. ng nhm ln du phn trm nh 30%, sau du ny vn bn
trn dng s b mt, khi phi g l 30\%.
3. Nu li ch gii qu di, ta phi ngt ra cc dng ngn
trnh mt chng trnh son tho ngt dng t ng lm sai
lch ch gii.
Nu dng gi lnh verbatim th nn dng mi trng comment
cho cc ch gii di
\begin{comment}
binh luan dai
2.5. Thay i c tnh phng
51
\end{comment}
Nhng khi dng mi trng comment phi a) Dng lnh kt
thc \end{comment} cn nm ring mt dng; b) Khng c
mi trng comment trong comment.
4. Mi trng comment c ch l thu hp khong vn bn c li ta
mun tm, v ta c th ngt i nhng khong vn bn dch
ng.
2.5. Thay i c tnh phng

Ta cn nm c LATEX chn phng nh th no? ta phi nm
c dng v c ca k t iu khin.
2.5.1. Nhng c trng ca phng c bn
Mi phng c cc c tnh sau:
Dng K t trong vn bn thng ng thng bnh thng,
nhng cng c th ta mun chng nghing hoc ng. i
khi ta dng k t c bit vi hnh dng khc thng.
n iu v t l Nhng ngi trc kia thng dng cc k t
trong vn bn c rng bng nhau. Tt c cc chng trnh
son tho trn mn hnh u dng phng n iu. LATEX c
phng n iu ri sp xp li theo phng t l. V d:
Phng n iu m m m m, i i i i
Phng t l
m m m m, i i i i
serif Mt serif l phn cui ca cc nt trong mt k t pha
trn v pha di. Phng thiu phn d ny gi l phng
khng chn. V d CM khng chn.
Hng lot: chiu cao v chiu rng K t c o bng chiu
rng v chiu cao. C nhng tiu chun cho k t
cao, bnh thng, bo thng m t theo chiu cao.
hp, bnh thng v tha l ni v chiu rng ca k t.
C Thng mt vn bn ca LATEX mc nh c ch l 10pt, cn
cc phng cho chng mc u th c to hn.
52
2.5.2. H phng vn bn
Trong mt lp vn bn ca LATEX ngi ta thit k ba h phng
vn bn:
1. H phng Rman;
2. H phng khng chn;
3. H phng kiu ch nh my.
Nhng h phng ny mc nh khng cn nh ngha li.
Trong mi trng vn bn bao gi cng l phng Rman. Cc bn
c th xem chng ti thay cc phng mc nh bng cc phng
ting Vit trong chng cui.
Nhng lnh trn ba h ca phng mc nh trong bng 2.7:
Lnh
\textnormal{...}
\textrm{...}
\textsf{...}
\texttt{...}
hoc
{\normalfont...}
{\rmfamily...}
{\sffamily...}
{\ttfamily...}
Chuyn vn bn
phng vn bn
h Rman
h khng chn
h nh my
Bng 2.7: H phng mc nh

Nhng lnh to dng p ca con ch trong bng 2.8
Lnh
\textup{...}
\textit{...}
\textsl{...}
\textsc{...}
\emph{...}
hoc
{\upshape ...}
{\itshape...}
{\slshape...}
{\scshape...}
{\em...}
chuyn vn bn theo
ng thng
dng ng
dng xin
DNG HOA
dng nghing
Bng 2.8: Lnh to dng p con ch

2.5.3. Thay i c ch
Phng mc nh ca vn bn l 10pt, trong \documentclass
ta c th thay i c ca ton vn bn qua thng s 11pt, 12pt.
Khi tt c cc tiu u thay i theo. Nhiu khi ta thay i
2.6. Dng, on v trang vn bn
53
phng mt on no th LATEX cung cp cho ta mt s c bng

cc lnh trong bng 2.9.
\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize
\large
\Large
\LARGE
\huge
\Huge
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Bng 2.9: Bng cc c phng
2.5.4. Ch nghing v nhng lnh hai k t

Khi ta dng ch nghing sau l ch thng th ta c
cm tng nh ch nghing st qu ch tip sau. sa
iu ny ngi ta cho thm mt khong trng nh vo
vi lnh \/. Mun khng cn sa bng tay nh vy hy dng
lnh kiu c thng s trong cc bng trn nh \textit{...}.
Lnh {\itshape...} khng cha c nghing.
Nhng lnh \bf, \it, \rm, \sc, \sf, \sl v \tt u
khng l lnh c bn ca LATEX, tuy vn c tc dng. Do nhiu
nguyn nhn khc c th khng nn dng nhng lnh hai k t
ny!

Khi sp xp mt vn bn, LATEX ngt vn bn thnh nhng
dng, nhng on v nhng trang. Nhiu khi ta phi bit LATEX
xp t nh th no cn iu chnh.
54
2.6.1. Dng vn bn
LATEX c vn bn mt on vo cng mt lc. N c gng
chia on vn bn thnh cc dng c di bng nhau; nu
khng lm c m c dng qu di, ta s nhn c thng bo
overfull \hbox message. V d in hnh c thng bo:
Overfull \hbox (22.707pt too wide) in paragraph at
lines 79
Trong tp *.log ghi li nhng dng qu rng. nhn c
thng bo khi dch ta chn tu chn draft ngay dng u tin
ca bi:
\documentclass[draft]{article}
Nhng dng rt di s c nh du sm bn bin; vt en
ny l vch ng c rng bng \overfullrrule.
Khng lo lng g khi ang nhp vn bn i vi li ny. Khi
no n phng n cui cng ta ly tt c cc thng bo ny, xem
k li dng thng bo xem dng c th ngt c u. Khi c
thng bo loi ny m ch ra dng di hn c 1.5578pt th cng
b qua v chp nhn c.
Ch :
Nu khng mun thng bo trn 1.55587pt khi dch th ta t
trong on vo trong cu trc sau:
{\setlength{\hfuzz}{2pt} ...on vn... }% end of \hfuzz
Chn thng s ny khng nh hng g n vic xp ch m
ch ngn chn nhng thng bo b tha dng dn 2pt. Nhiu khi
chc chn v kim sot c thng bo li dng qu di trong
mt on ta s dng mi trng setlength
\bengin{setlength}{\hfuzz}{2pt}
...on vn bn...
\end{setlength}
Ta c th ch th ngt dng gia mt on bng \linebreak.
Lnh ny ngt dng ti im a vo trn dng v ko dn dng
ra; nu LATEX thy v pha tri ca dng cn rt t ch th n thng
55
bo
Underfull \hbox (badness 4328) in paragraph at line
812
Ta c th dng \linebreak vi thng s tu chn t 1 n
4: i s cng ln tc dng cng mnh, nh \linebreak[4]
tng ng vi \linebreak; \linebreak[0] cho php ngt dng
nhng khng thc hin n.
Lnh \newline ngt dng nhng khng dn dng. Dng vn
bn tip theo lnh \newline bt u t dng tip nhng khng
c tht u dng.
Lnh \\ cng ging ht nh \newline, nhng n c hai s
khc bit:
- Lnh \\* u tin ngt trang sau dng ny.
- Lnh \\[length ] vi length l khong cch dng ta phi ch ra
c th nh 12pt, .5in hoc 1.2cm,...
8 :
V d lnh cui cng phi \\ V d lnh cui cng phi

xung dng.\\[15pt] Dng mi xung dng.
Dng mi
Do \\ c tc dng vi * v [, LATEX c th nhm ln khi ta
dng \\ sau dng tip bt u bng * v [. trnh iu trn
ta phi g {*} thay v * v {[} thay v [. V d
8 :
Ch khi dng ngt dng:\\ Ch khi dng ngt dng:

{[}a{]} Dng tip bt u l [a]
[ Dng tip bt u l [
Nu khng g {[} nh trn LATEX thng bo li
+ Missing number, treated as zero.
<to be read again>
a
1.23 [a]
Dong....
56
Nh vy, \\ ging vi \newline trong on ti liu, nhng

khng ging trong mi trng v thng s.
S kt hp \\*[length] c tt c c tnh ca cc lnh ring.
Lnh \nolinebreak c vai tr ngc li vi cc lnh trn. Sc
mnh ca cc lnh \nolinebreak[0] ging nh \linbreak v
\nolinbreak[4] nh \nolinebreak.
Nhng phng n khc ca lnh khng ngt l ~ hoc \mbox,
\text.
2.6.2. on vn bn
on vn bn c tch ra bi mt dng trng hoc lnh \par.
Lnh \par ngi dng ch ng ngt on.
Trong mt s lp vn bn, dng u tin ca on t ng
tht vo. Loi b tht u dng mt on bng lnh \noindent
v cho tht u dng bng lnh \indent.
i khi trong biu bng, trch dn, lm ch s ta khng cn
tht u dng cn nhng ni khc vn gi nguyn th ta gi v
gn thng s cho lnh \hangindent. V d
\setlength{\hangindent}{30pt}
\noindent {\bf Tui tr th ao c:} tnh yu, tin bc
v sc khe. Mt ngy kia khi v gi h s ao c:
sc khe, tin bc v tnh yu.\\
\hfill {\bf P. Gi-ran-di (M)}
Tui tr th ao c: tnh yu, tin bc v sc khe. Mt ngy kia

khi v gi h s ao c: sc khe, tin bc v tnh yu.
P. Gi-ran-di (M)
\setlength{\hangindent}{60pt}
\noindent Thin ti c th t nn mng, nhng
hon tt cng vic phi l lao ng kin nhn.\\
\hfill {\bf T. Man (c)}
57
Thin ti c th t nn mng, nhng hon tt cng vic phi l

lao ng kin nhn.
T. Man (c)
Ch lnh t di \setlength phi bt u mi on.

i khi trong on mun thay i gi tr ca lnh di ta
dng lnh \hangafer, n ch ra dng th my sau dng u tin
phi tht vo. Gi tr mc nh ca lnh ny l 1. V d tht dng
t sau 2 dng ta t \setlength{\hangafter}{2}.
2.6.3. Trang vn bn
C rt nhiu lnh ngt trang hon ton tng t nh cc lnh
ngt dng nh:
\newpage, \pagebreak, \pagebreak[0] n \pagebreak[4],
\nopagebreak, \nopagebreak[0] n \pagebreak[4].
Nhng lnh trn cng c s tng ng
\pagebreak[4] \pagebreak;
\nopagebreak[4] \nopagebreak;
\nopagebreak[0] \pagebreak[0];
i khi ta mun gn thm mt n hai dng vo trang c nh
v khng cho ngt chng, ta dng lnh \enlargethispage.
V d:
\enlargethispage{\baslineskip} thm mt dng di trang.
\enlargethispage{-\baslineskip} bt mt dng di trang.
\enlargethispage{10000pt} s lm trang thnh rt di, khi
ta c th ngt bng lnh \pagebreak.
Phin bn sao ca \enlargethispage* cho ta ko di trang
n c th c.
C hai dng khc ca lnh \newpage: Lnh \clearpage
mt trang trng ch ta chun b vo sau; Lnh \cleardoublepage
dng cho lp vn bn t twoside, b hai trang bn phi v tri
khng lm g c.
58
2.6.4. In nhiu ct vn bn
LATEX cung cp lp vn bn c tu chn twocolumn. Ta t
lnh \twocolumn s to ra trang hai ct bt u t trang mi.
Mun chuyn li trang mt ct ta dng lnh \onecolumn.
Gi lnh multicol ca F. Mittelback cung cp mi trng
multicols, vic chia ct bt u t gia trang. Mi trng c
gi bng \begin {multicols}{n}[title], y n l s ct v
title l thng s tu chn.
2.6.5. n v o
iu khin cc khong cch ngang v dc LATEX dng cc
o. C rt nhiu n v o trong LATEX nh trong bng 2.10.
LATEX dng c s o m v kt hp vi cc lnh iu khin
li i tng hoc nng i tng ln.
n v o c nh nh in, cm, pt, pc. n v o ph thuc
vo phng ca vn bn em, ex.
Tn
inch
centimetre
point
pica
Ph thuc phng
Ph thuc phng
Vit tt
in
cm
pt
pc
em
ex
So snh
1in
2.54cm=1in
72.27pt=1in
1pc=12pt
bng rng M
bng cao x
Hnh 1 n v
Bng 2.10: n v o
2.7. Khong trng

2.7.1. Nhng khong trng ngang
Vic s dng khong trng ngang v dc l mt phn quan
trng to khun dng mt vn bn. Mi lp vn bn u c s x
l khc nhau, nhng LATEX cung cp rt nhiu lnh cho php thm
vo khong trng ngang v dc.
Khi nhp vn bn ba lnh sau thng c dng nht:
Lnh \hspace ly di theo thng s v c ng khi dng:
2.7. Khong trng

Lnh
\
\quad
\qquad
c
||
| |
|
|
59
tng ng
Khong trng t co dn
1em
2em
Bng 2.11: Khong trng ngang

G vo
$|$\hspace{12pt}$|$
$|$\hspace{0.5in}$|$
$|$\hspace{2cm}$|$
C khong trng
| |
|
|
|
|
Bng 2.12: Khong trng ngang thng s

Lnh \phantom cho khong trng bng chui k t thng s
G vo
$|$di bng y$|$
$|$\phantom{di bng
y}$|$
c khong trng
|di bng y |
|
|
Bng 2.13: Khong trng ngang phantom
8 :
\phantom{nh} trng \phantom{pht} c\\

nh \phantom{trng} pht \phantom{c}trng
nh
2
c
pht
Nhng khong trng ngang khc: Ti u mi dng LATEX

khng tnh cc khong trng, k c vic to khong trng bng
cc lnh khc nh \quad, \hspace, v.v.. u b b qua. Phng n
\hspace* to khong trng khng bao gi LATEX b qua trong mi
hon cnh.
u dng
\hspace{2cm}u dng\\
\hspace*{2cm}u dng
8 :
u dng
u dng
u dng
60
Nh vy vic dng \hspace* lm tht u dng thm l chc

chn lm mt tc dng ca lnh \noindent. V d
8 :
u dng
\noindent u dng\\
\hspace*{24pt}u dng phi tht u dng phi tht
2.7.2. Khong trng dc
Khong trng theo chiu dc c th ch cho hnh v hoc
thm dng trng trnh by vn bn sng sa hn. Ta bit
rng lnh rt d thc hin l \\[length]. Lnh thng dng nht
l \vspace, n hon ton tng t nh \hspace, ch c khc l
khong cch dc.
C
Lnh
\vspace{12pt}
\vspace{0.3in}
\vspace{1cm}
Khong trng dc chun hnh dng v c ca phng l

C
Lnh
3pt
\smallskip
6pt
\medskip
12pt
\bigskip
Nguyn tc s dng lnh khong trng dc: Tt c cc lnh

to khong trng dc thm vo khong trng dc sau khi xp
xong dng m trong c cha lnh.
Kt qu sau y l bnh thng
8 :
Ht on trc y.
Ht on trc y.
\vspace{12pt}
Bt u on mi y
Bt u on mi y
By gi th li khc
8 :
Ht on trc y. Bt u
Ht on trc y.
\vspace{12pt}
Bt u on mi y, nhng on mi y, nhng khng
khng cch ra c u m micch ra c u m mi dng
sau.
dng sau.
2.7. Khong trng
61
LATEX b qua mi dng trng u trang hoc u mt on,

i vi \vspace cng chu tc ng ca lut ny. Nhng ch c
\vspace* l LATEX khng bao gi b qua trong mi hon cnh.
2.7.3. Nhng khong trng tng i
di ca cc khong trng u tnh bng n v tuyt i
nh 12pt, 0.5in, 1.5cm. i khi dng n v tng i ph thuc
vo phng rt thch hp. Nhng n v tng i l 1em xp
x chiu rng ch hoa M " hoc 1ex xp x cao ca ch x "
. V d \hspace{12em} v \vspace{15ex} ph hp phng ch ti
thi im . Nhng lnh ci du ting Vit c thit k theo
nhng o thch hp ny, bn c c th xem chng sau. Mt
v d macro cho ch :
\def\DD{D\kern-.7em\raise0.4ex\hbox{\char55}\kern.33em}
2.7.4. Nhng khong trng in thm
Nhng lnh \hfill, \dotfill v \hrulefill in vo cc
khong trng trn dng tng ng khong trng, nhng chm
im hoc ng k. Nu c hai lnh in du trng trn mt
dng th s phn trng c chia i cho mi lnh. Tm li nhiu
lnh trn mt dng th s phn trng u c phn bng nhau.
7
n dng s \dotfill 15
n dng s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chia i nh \hfill \hfill nh i chia
Chia i nh
nh i chia
Bn trong bn c\hrulefill v\dotfill c bn trong bn.
Bn trong bn c
v . . . . . . . . . . . . c bn trong bn.
62
Trong cc lnh mi trng ta cng p dng c nhng lnh

in du trng ny.
8 :
\begin{center}
u y\\
Ngy thng lm\\
\hfill Tn tc gi
\end{center}
u y
Ngy thng lm
Tn tc gi
2.8. Hp cha vn bn
i khi ta phi xp vn bn vo mt ci hp tng tng,
ta dng nhng hp ny nh mt ch ln trnh by ln trang.
Hp trn mt dng l \mbox hoc \makebox hoc \text trong gi
amsmath.
2.8.1. Nhng hp dng
Lnh \mbox cung cp hp dng, xp t thng s ca lnh ny
khng ngt dng. V d \mbox{nh l} xp nh l c cao
ca dng v khng cho LATEX ngt t, k c du trng. Mt khc
n cho php vn bn i s dng trong mi trng ton.
Lnh \text trong mi trng amsmath tng cng hn \mbox
l n xp t i s theo c phng nh trong ch s trn v ch s
di.
Lnh tng qut cho hp trn dng
\makebox[width][alignment]{text},
y
text vn bn trong hp.
width tu chn rng ca hp, nu b qua th n rng mc
cn thit, thng s c ch ra c th theo nhng n v o
ca LATEX.
alignmen l mt trong cc k t sau: c, l, r hoc s; l y vn
bn v tri, r y v phi, c qui tm v l mc nh, s co
gin vn bn cho di ca hp.
2.8. Hp cha vn bn
63
8 :
HH
\makebox{HH $\to$}$\odot$\\

\makebox[2.8cm][l]{HH $\to$}$\odot$\\HH
HH

\makebox[2.8cm]{HH $\to$}$\odot$\\
HH
\makebox[2.8cm][r]{HH $\to$}$\odot$\\

\makebox[2.8cm][s]{HH $\to$}$\odot$ HH
C bn di c th dng cho thng s width l \height,

\depth, \totalheight, \width c ngha sau:
Lnh
\height
\depth
\totalheight
\width
ngha
cao trn dng c bn
su di dng c bn
tng ca hai cao trn
rng ca hp
V d ta mun in khong rng haaa " ba ln
8 :
Nam
Nam \makebox[3\width]{haaa} Ly
haaa
2
Ly
Lnh \framebox ging ht \makebox, ch khc l n v khung

vung xung quanh.
8 :
\framebox[3cm]{Nam $\&$ Ly ...}Nam & Ly ...

Ch khi dng thng s
8 :
\framebox{\makebox[\totalheight]{1}}\\ 1
\framebox[\totalheight]{1}
1
2.8.2. Hp on vn bn
Hp vn bn cng ging nh on vn bn ch c khc l
di ca dng do ngi dng t t. Lnh \parbox{ }{ } c hai
thng s, thng s th nht qui nh di dng trong hp; thng
s th hai l nhng dng vn bn ta cho vo. V d
64
8 :
\parbox{6cm}{
Nu Anh Khng gp Em
{\bf Nu Anh Khng gp Em}\\
Nu Anh khng gp Em
Nu Anh khng gp Em\\
Lm sao Anh bit c
Lm sao Anh bit c\\
C mt vng Trng khc
C mt vng Trng khc\\
Li sng gia ban ngy.
Li sng gia ban ngy.
}
y l trng hp ring ca mi trng tabular. Ch s c
ch ra vi s o c th l in, cm hoc pt. Nu ta b qun thng s
th nht LATEX s bo li:
<to be read again>
T
1.234
Nu ta b qun thng s th hai th khng c thng bo li nhng
khng c kt qu g a ra.
C php y ca \parbox l
\parbox[alignment][height][alignment]{width}{text}
Cng ging nh lnh \makebox v cch dng height vi gi tr
\height, \depth, \totalheight, \width.
Cn inner-alignment cng ging nh i s alignment ca
\makebox.
2.8.3. Li bnh bn l
Mt dng khc ca hp on vn bn l lm li bnh bn l
Bn l trang bng lnh \marginpar. V d:
\marginpar{\it Bn l}.
Khng dng lnh ny trong mi trng ton equation v
multline, cng khng nn dng qu nhiu li bnh.
2.8. Hp cha vn bn
65
Nu vn bn c hai ct th li bnh u in ra pha ngoi l.

Cng thc tng qut l
\marginpar[left-comment]{right-comment}
thng s right-comment in v l phi li bnh, cn tu chn leftcomment in v bn tri li bnh.
rng ca li bnh c ghi vo lnh \marginparwidth. Nu
mun thay i ta p dng lnh
\setlength{\marginparwidth}{new-width}
V d \setlength{\marginparwidth}{90pt}
rng mc nh ph thuc vo lp vn bn, mun bit c
th ta ci lnh \the \marginparwidth vo vn bn v bin dch
cho ta kt qu.
2.8.4. Nhng hp c
Mt hp en c lm bng lnh \rule{...}{...}, thng s
th nht l rng, thng s th hai l cao ca hp. V d:
Du kt thc chng minh: \rule{1.6ex}{1.6ex}
Sa li du cho p hn: \rule[-.23ex]{1.6ex}{1.6ex}
Lnh \rule kt hp vi \makebox v \hrulefill, nh
8 :
1 inch :
1 inch : \quad
\makebox[1in]{\rule{0.4pt}{4pt}
\hrulefill\rule{.4pt}{4pt}}
Ch :
1. Nu \rule thiu i s LATEX s thng bo li
+ paragraph ended before \@rule was complete.
or
2. \rule khng chp nhn rng hoc cao bng 0:
+ Illegal unit of measure ( inserted)
<to be read again>
66
h
1.233 \rule{0}{4pt}}
2.8.5. Nhng hp nng ln h xung

Lnh \raisebox{displacement}{text} t text trong hp
theo chiu dc displacament. Nu displacament dng th hp
nng ln, ngc li hp h xung. V d
\raisebox{0.5ex}{I}\raisebox{-0.5ex}{E}N in ra IEN.
Lnh \raisebox cn c hai thng s tu chn nh
\raisebox[1.5ex][0.75ex]{text}
s t text ln trn 1.5ex v xung di 0.75ex, nh vy lm
khong cch dng thay i cng nh lnh \smash.
2.9. Ch thch
Dng lnh \footnote ch thch cui trang.
y l v d 1 \footnote{Nhn xung thy ngay!}
Mun thay i k hiu ch thch: \renewcommand{\thefootnote}
{\ensuremath{\fnsymbol{footnote}}}
Nhn xung thy ngay!
CHNG 3
Mi trng vn bn
3.1. Mi trng lit k danh sch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2. Mi trng khong tabbing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3. Mi trng vn bn trch dn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4. Mi trng cu trc nh l theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5. Mi trng bng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6. Dng iu v c ca mi trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
70
72
77
81
86
LATEX c ba loi mi trng vn bn:

1. Mi trng vn bn lit k th t v thng tch ra khi
khi vn bn trc v sau n.
2. Mi trng vn bn theo khi ln c lp nh biu bng.
3. Mi trng vn bn c kiu dng v kch c ring.
3.1. Mi trng lit k danh sch

LATEX c ba loi danh sch: enumerate, itemize v description.
3.1.1. Danh sch nh s enumerate
Danh sch nh s c to ra trong mi trng enumerate:
Nhiu cp v chng sau khi ci thng c ba giai on:

\begin{enumerate}
\item Anh ni Em nghe;
\item Em ni Anh nghe;
\item Hai ta cng ni c lng u nghe.
\end{enumerate}
\hfill {\bf B. Paxcal (Php)}
68
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn
Nhiu cp v chng sau khi ci thng c ba giai on:

1. Anh ni Em nghe;
2. Em ni Anh nghe;
3. Hai ta cng ni c lng u nghe.
B. Paxcal (Php)
Mi im ca danh sch bt u bng \item. S th t trong
danh sch c sinh ra c th tham kho cho bng lnh \label.
Cu trc ny c th dng cho vic pht biu nh l v nh ngha
hoc lit k cc iu kin cng nh kt lun.
3.1.2. Danh sch chm im itemize
Loi danh sch ny cc im l ngang hng nhau. V d
Mi ngy phi t xt mnh ba iu:

\begin{itemize}
\item Gip ngi ht lng cha?
\item Vi bn hu c thnh tht, tin tng cha?
\item Li thy dy c hc ht cha?
\end{itemize}
\hfill {\bf Tng T (Trung Quc)}
Mi ngy phi t xt mnh ba iu:

Gip ngi ht lng cha?
Vi bn hu c thnh tht, tin tng cha?
Li thy dy c hc ht cha?
Tng T (Trung Quc)

3.1.3. Danh sch m t description
Mi mt im trong danh sch bt u bng ch m v sau
l s m t c lp. V d:
3.1. Mi trng lit k danh sch
69
\noindent C nhiu cch lm h con:\\

\begin{description}
\item[Lm h tinh thn] n bng khen ngi n qu li;
\item[Lm h ch ] n bng ci g cng chiu;
\item[Lm h tri tim] n bng lo lng phc v n qu ng.
\end{description}
\hfill {\bf Puypanlp (Nga)}
C nhiu cch lm h con:

Lm h tinh thn n bng khen ngi n qu li;
Lm h ch n bng ci g cng chiu;
Lm h tri tim n bng lo lng phc v n qu ng.
Puypanlp (Nga)
3.1.4. S kt hp gia nhng mi trng danh sch

1. Nguyn tc bt buc vi mi mi trng danh sch l \item
phi lin ngay sau \begin{enumerate},\begin{itemize} v
\begin{description}.
Nu khng tun theo nguyn tc trn LATEX s thng bo
! LaTeX Error: Somethings wrong--perhaps a missing
\item.
2. Mi trng danh sch t lng nhau su n 4 ln. V d
70
8 :
\begin{enumerate}
\item M1-$\diamondsuit$
\begin{enumerate}
\item M2-$\heartsuit$
\begin{enumerate}
\item M3-$\spadesuit$
\begin{enumerate}
\item M4-$\clubsuit$
\item M4-$\clubsuit$
\label{bac4}
\end{enumerate}
\item M3-$\spadesuit$
\end{enumerate}
\item M2-$\heartsuit$
\end{enumerate}
\item M1-$\diamondsuit$
\end{enumerate}
$\clubsuit$: \ref{bac4}
1. M1-
(a) M2-
i. M3-
A. M4-
B. M4-
ii. M3-
(b) M2-
2. M1-
: 1(a)iB
Ch : C th sau lnh \item bt u vn bn bng du [; Trong

trng hp trnh LATEX hiu lm l bt u tu chn i s, ta a
vo {[} v tng t {]}.
3.2. Mi trng khong tabbing
Mi trng tabbing dng lm bng lit k
8 :
\begin{tabbing}
{\it No}\= {\it Tn vt t}
\= {\it n gi}\\
1\> a cng\> 100\$\\
2\> Mn hnh\> 200\$\\
3\> Bn phm\> 20\$
\end{tabbing}
NoTn vt t n gi
1 a cng 100$
2 Mn hnh 200$
3 Bn phm 20$
Lnh \= xc nh rng ca ct. Lnh \\ ht mt dng trong

bng. Lnh \> ngn cch cc ct trong hng. Mun cho rng
ca ct thch hp ta c nhiu cch:
3.2. Mi trng khong tabbing
71
1. Thm khong trng vo lnh xc nh rng ct.
8 :
\begin{tabbing}
{\it No}\quad
\={\it Tn vt t}\quad
\= {\it n gi}\quad\\
1\> a cng\> 100\$\\
2\> Mn hnh\> 200\$\\
3\> Bn phm\> 20\$
\end{tabbing}
No
1
2
3
2
Tn vt t
a cng
Mn hnh
Bn phm
n gi
100$
200$
20$
2. Dng lnh \kill xo dng gi lp rng
8 :
\begin{tabbing}
xxxxxx\=xxxxxxxxxxxx\= \kill
{\it No}\> {\it Tn vt t}
\> {\it n gi}\\
1\> a cng\> 100\$\\
2\> Mn hnh\> 200\$\\
3\> Bn phm\> 20\$
\end{tabbing}
No
1
2
3
2
Tn vt t
a cng
Mn hnh
Bn phm
n gi
100$
200$
20$
3. Cho khong cch cng lun theo rng ct.
8 :
\begin{tabbing}
\hspace{1cm}\=\hspace{3cm}
\=\hspace{2cm} \kill
{\it No}\>{\it Tn vt t}
\>{\it n gi}\\
1\> a cng\> 100\$\\
2\> Mn hnh\> 200\$\\
3\> Bn phm\> 20\$
\end{tabbing}
No
1
2
3
2
Tn vt t
a cng
Mn hnh
Bn phm
n gi
100$
200$
20$
Trong mi trng ny ta c th kim sot c rng ca

cc ct ging. t khong tabs cc ct ngay t u.
72
8 :
\begin{tabbing}
\hspace*{.25in}\=\hspace{2em}Program Uscln;
Var
\=\hspace{2em}\kill
m, n: integer;
Program Uscln;\\
a, b: integer;
Var\\
Begin
\> m, n: integer;\\
Writeln(Nhap m, n:);
\> a, b: integer;\\
Readln(m,n); a:=m; b:=n;
Begin\\
While m do
\>Writeln(Nhap m, n:);\\
if M>n then m:=m-n
\>Readln(m,n); a:=m; b:=n;\\
else n:=n-m
\> While m do\\
Write(Uscln:,a,b,la,m);
\>\>if M$>$n then m:=m-n\\
Readln;
\>\>else n:=n-m\\
End.
\>Write(Uscln:,a,b,la,m);\\
\>Readln;\\
End.
\end{tabbing}
Ch : Sau lnh \skill khng c du ngt dng \\. Nhiu khi
t khong tabs phi c lnh \hspace pha trc. Mi trng ny
c ch cho vic th hin thut ton, chng trnh ngun, ...
8 :
\begin{tabbing}
Type
Ty\=pe\\
Hoc sinh = Record
\>Hoc \=sinh = Record\\
Hoten: String[30];
chu khong hien ra\kill
Lop: 1..12;
\>\>Hoten: String[30];\\
Truong: String[30];
\>\>Lop: 1..12;\\
DiemTB: Real;
\>\>Truong: String[30];\\
Ketqua: Boolean;
\>\>DiemTB: Real;\\
\>\>Ketqua: Boolean;
\end{tabbing}
3.3. Mi trng vn bn trch dn

C 4 mi trng cho vic trch dn, trch on vn bn: quote,
quotation, verse v verbatim.

3.3.1. Mi trng trch on quote
73
\begin{quote}
Ci g bit cho l bit, ci g khng bit chu l khng
bit, y l bit vy. \emph{Khng T (Trung Quc)}
Bit phi lm g cn cha , cn phi c dng cm
thc hin iu na. \emph{G. imitrp (Bungari)}
\end{quote}
:
Ci g bit cho l bit, ci g khng bit chu l khng
bit, y l bit vy. Khng T (Trung Quc)
Bit phi lm g cn cha , cn phi c dng cm
thc hin iu na. G. imitrp (Bungari)
3.3.2. Mi trng trch dn quotation
\begin{quotation}
\textbf{Khng T ni:} Nh phi rn mnh v s ghen ght,
kp ln phi rn mnh v sc dc, n gi phi rn mnh
v tnh tham lam.
\end{quotation}
2
Khng T ni: Nh phi rn mnh v s ghen
ght, kp ln phi rn mnh v sc dc, n gi phi
rn mnh v tnh tham lam.
Ch : Hai mi trng trn mi mt trch dn cch nhau bi mt

dng trng. Ring mi trng quotation dng trng ny nh
du mt on mi.
74
3.3.3. Mi trng th verse

Dng th hin mt bi th, ngt dng bng du \\ v ngt
on bng dng trng. V d:
7
\begin{verse}
n mt ngy ri con s hi:\\
Cha lm g trong nm thng hm nay?
Cha khng c xy nhng ngi nh cao ti tri my\\
v ngn sng cho dng in sng ni ni,\\
nhng con i, cha dnh c cuc i\\
cho cng trnh khoa hc xng vi qu hng.
\hfill\emph{N. H. in}
\end{verse}
2
n mt ngy ri con s hi:
Cha lm g trong nm thng hm nay?
Cha khng c xy nhng ngi nh cao ti tri my
v ngn sng cho dng in sng ni ni,
nhng con i, cha dnh c cuc i
cho cng trnh khoa hc xng vi qu hng.
N. H. in
3.3.4. Mi trng gi nguyn verbatim

Mc ch ca mi trng ny l gi nguyn nhng g m ngi
son vn bn g vo, c th l m t nguyn bn cc lnh LATEX.
V d:
7
Bt u mt mi trng l lnh \verb+\begin+ sau
l tn mi trng v kt thc mt mi trng l
\verb+\end+ sau cng chnh tn nh
75
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{equation}
x^n+y^n=z^n
\end{equation}
\end{verbatim}
Bt u mt mi trng l lnh \begin sau l tn mi trng

v kt thc mt mi trng l \end sau cng chnh tn nh
\begin{equation}
x^n+y^n=z^n
\end{equation}
Mt s nguyn tc thit lp mi trng verbatim.
1. Khng th lp mi trng verbatim trong verbatim.
2. Khng c mi trng verbatim trong thng s ca mt lnh
LATEX.
Trong trng hp vi phm nguyn tc th nht LATEX thng bo
li
\begin{document} ended by \end{verbatim}
Ch : Khi dng mi trng verbatim cn trnh by sau y:
1. Nu trn dng lnh \end{verbatim} bt u bng nhng
khong trng th kt qu a ra c cng thm mt dng
trng.
\begin{equation}
x^2+y^2=z^2
\end{equation}
8 :
x2 + y 2 = z 2
(3.1)
2. Nhng k t cng mt dng sau lnh \end{verbatim} b b

qua. V d trn nu ta g vo cng hng
\end{verbatim}y l phng trnh Pitago
th y l phng trnh Pitago " khng ra kt qu.
Mi trng verbatim c phng n trn mt dng bng lnh
\verb. V d:
76
8 :
Mun in ra k t c bit
\% ngi ta phi dng lnh
trc n \verb+\%+.
Mun in ra k t c bit %
ngi ta phi dng lnh trc
n \%.
Sau \verb ngi ta dng du + xc nh gii hn mi trng.

Trong trng hp dy k t trong mi trng c du + th phi
thay vo du !.
V d: nu ta g \verb+$\sin^2+\cos^2=1$+ th LATEX s bo
li
+ Missing $ inserted.
<inserted text>
$
1.5 \verb!$\sin^2+\cos^2
=1$!
Gii hn ca cu lnh \verb ch trn mt dng. LATEX khng chp
nhn kiu g vo dng xung dng nh sau:
$\sin^2+
\cos^2=1$
khi ta nhn c thng bo
+ LaTeX Errror: \verb command ended by end of line...
1.6 \verb+$\sin^2+
Tm li, \verb c nguyn tc sau
1. C dng lnh \verb bt buc trn mt dng.
2. Khng th c du trng gia lnh \verb v du gii hn mi
trng.
3. Lnh \verb khng th cha trong i s ca mt lnh khc.
4. Lnh \verb khng th cha trong amsmath trong mi trng
ton.
3.4. Mi trng cu trc nh l theorem
77

Phn ln thnh phn mt ti liu ton hc l nh l, b ,
nh ngha, v. v... Trong LATEX c mt mi trng vn bn dnh
ring cho cng vic ny.
nhn c mi trng ny ta tin hnh hai bc nh sau:
Bc 1. Phn m u, khai bo bng lnh \newtheorem. V d ta
t ngay dng u tin dng lnh
xc nh mi trng theorem.
Bc 2. Gi cc mi trng trong thn bi bo nh mt mi
trng. Ta dng nh ngha Bc 1. V d:
\begin{theorem}
S lng s nguyn t l v hn.
\end{theorem}
nh l 3.1. S lng s nguyn t l v hn.

V d trong Bc 1 l dng n gin nht trong vic xc nh
mi trng cu trc nh l. Thng s u tin theorem l tn mi
trng. Thng s th hai nh l l nhn c in ra. LATEX t
ng nh s cho nhn.
Nh vy ta c th nh ngha cc mi trng t u vn bn
trc lnh \begin{document} cc mi trng
\newtheorem{theorem}{ nh l}
\newtheorem{definition}{ nh ngha}
LATEX s kim tra cc nh ngha ny v cho ta s dng mi
trng khai bo trn.
Khi ta s dng mi trng c th p dng s tu chn ca mi
trng.
78
1. Tu chn ch thch thm cho mi trng:
\begin{theorem}[nh l ln Fecma]
Vi mi s nguyn $n>2 $, \\
phng trnh $x^n+y^n=z^n $ khng
nguyn.
\end{theorem}
c nghim
nh l 3.2 (nh l ln Fecma). Vi mi s nguyn n > 2,

phng trnh xn + y n = z n khng c nghim nguyn.
2. Tu chn nh s lin tc trong mi trng khc nhau: Gi s
ta c B v Mnh cng nh mt ch s. Ta s thc hin
khai bo nh sau
\newtheorem{proposition}[lemma]{Mnh }
Ta ch rng tu chn ca dng th hai l lemma. Khi nh
s ca hai mi trng trn lin tc nh B 1, Mnh 2,
Mnh 3, ....
3. nh s theo chng mc: Lnh \newtheorem c th c tu
chn khc nhau nh
\newtheorem{lemma}{B }[section]
Khi LATEX nh s B trong chng mc. Trong chng
1, s ca cc b l B 1.1, B 1.2, ...; trong chng
2, B 2.1, B 2.2, ...
Thay vo section ta c th thay bng cc lnh mi trng
thch hp vi lp vn bn: chapter, section v subsection.
Ta cng c th kt hp gia cc mi trng ny
\newtheorem{lemma}{B }[section]
\newtheorem{proposition}[lemma]{Mnh }
Khi nh s km theo vi s ca chng mc nh B
1.1, Mnh 1.2, Mnh 1.3 v tip tc.
3.4.1. C php lnh y
Lnh \newtheorem y bao gm cc thnh phn sau
79
\newtheorem{envname}[procCounter]{name}[secCounter]
y hai thng s tu chn loi tr nhau v
envname l tn ca mi trng dng trong thn ti liu. Tn mi
trng c th chn tu , nhng nn trnh tn mi trng
v tn lnh c trc .
procCounter l thng s tu chn; s m ca mi trng khai
bo mi tip tc s m ca mi trng khai bo trc .
Kt qu hai mi trng c nh s lin tip.
Name l chui k t c gi v in ra cng vi s m nh nh
l 1, nh l 2.
secCounter l thng s la chn nh s cnh Name theo s
m chng mc tng ng. Nh vy nu theorem l tn
mi trng evnname v section l secCounter th trong mc
1 s c nh l 1.1, nh l 1.2, .... nh s ny c th
trong subsection, sections hoc chapters.
3.4.2. Thit lp vi phong cch
Trong gi lnh amsmath ta c th chn mt trong ba thit lp
phong cch: plain, mi trng in nghing; definition; remark,
in nghing t nht.
Ta cng nhn c mt s la chn ngoi l trong amsthm.
V d phng n * cui lnh ca \newtheorem xc nh thit lp
khng nh s trong mi trng na. Ta ch ra mt s cch la
chn phong cch:
\newtheorem{corollary}{H qu }
\newtheorem*{main}{nh l c bn}
\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}{nh ngha}
\theoremstyle{remark}
\newtheorem*{notation}{Notation}
80
Trc lnh \newtheorem ta t \theoremstyle. Mc nh l

phong cch plain. Lnh \theoremstyle cn tc dng cho ti khi
ta t li phong cch khc bng mt trong plain, definition
hoc remark.
V d:
\newtheorem{definition}{nh ngha}
Trong vn bn c th c nh l, b v nh ngha ni dung
ca chng in nghing v plain. nh s mi loi trn l c lp
nh nh ngha 1, nh ngha 2, nh l 1, B 1, B 2,
nh l 2,...
Bng cch kt hp cc tu chn v nh s ta c nhng
phong cch khc nhau nh phn trc.
Chuyn ch nh s: nh s vo cc nh l v pha
tri nh 3.2 nh l, ta t lnh \swapnumbers trc lnh
\newtheorem ngay t khi nh ngha mi trng.
3.4.3. Mi trng chng minh
Trong gi amsthm c nh ngha mi trng chng minh.
8 :
Chng minh. Ni dung chng
Ni dung chng minh a vo
minh a vo y ...
y ...\hfill \end{proof}
Bt u chng minh bng nhn proof v kt thc l k hiu

\qedsymbol. trnh in ra k hiu vung ny ta thc hin
\begin{proof}
...
\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{}
\end{proof}
3.5. Mi trng bng
81
thay vo ch proof bng cc ch khc ta c th cho tu

chn.
Ch : Dng trng rt quan trng vi LATEX xc nh mt on.
i vi mi trng vn bn c nhng nguyn tc chung nh sau:
1. Dng trng c b qua ngay sau lnh \begin{name} v
ngay trc \end{name} ngoi tr mi trng verbatim.
2. Mt dng trng sau \end{name} c ngha l sau bt u
mt on mi.
3. Khng bt buc phi mt dng trng trc
\begin{name}.
3.5. Mi trng bng

Mi trng bng to ra mt bng nh mt k hiu ln ". V
d bng im sau
8 :
\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|}
\hline
Tn &Ton&L&Ho\\\hline
Hiu &7&8&7\\ \hline
Hnh&9 &10&8\\ \hline
Ly
&6 &7& 6\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
Tn
Hiu
Hnh
Ly
Ton
7
9
6
L
8
10
7
Ho
7
8
6
Nguyn tc thit lp mi trng tabular:

1. Thng s sau lnh \begin{tabular} l cc k t l, r, c
ngha l trong mi ct c sp xp dt v bn tri, bn
phi, gia; cn k hiu | l vch ng ca ct.
2. Nhng ct cch ra bi du & v hng cch nhau bi du \\.
3. \hline vch ng k ngang.
4. \begin{tabular} c i s tu chn t hoc b cho vic xp
t pha di v pha trn theo chiu ng ca cc ct.
V d v bng cc k t trong mt phng ch chng trc
\begin{tabular}{|r||l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline
82
&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9\\
\hline\hline
0&\symbol{0}&\symbol{1}&\symbol{2}&\symbol{3}
&\symbol{4}&\symbol{5}&\symbol{6}&\symbol{7}
&\symbol{8}&\symbol{9}\\ \hline
100&\symbol{100}&\symbol{101}&\symbol{102}
3.5. Mi trng bng
83
&\symbol{107}&\symbol{108}&\symbol{109}\\ \hline
110&\symbol{110}&\symbol{111}&\symbol{112}&
\symbol{113}&\symbol{114}&\symbol{115}&\symbol{116}
&\symbol{117}&\symbol{118}&\symbol{119}\\ \hline
120&\symbol{120}&\symbol{121}&\symbol{122}&
\symbol{123}&\symbol{124}&\symbol{125}&
\symbol{126}&\symbol{127}&& \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
Mun a bng vo gia dng dng mi trng center
8 :
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|}
\hline
Tn &Ton&L&Ho\\
\hline
Hiu & 7& 8 & 7 \\ \hline
Hnh& 9& 10 & 8\\ \hline
Ly
& 6 & 7 & 6\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
2
Tn
Hiu
Hnh
Ly
Ton
7
9
6
L
8
10
7
Ho
7
8
6
Mt s k thut to biu bng theo mun:

1. Thay khong trng gia nhng ct bng @. V d @{.}
8 :
\begin{tabular}{l r@{.} l}
Ton&7&5\\
L&6&5\\
Ha &8&3\\
\end{tabular}
Ton
L
Ha
2. nh c cho mt ct bng p{ rng}
2
7.5
6.5
8.3
84
8 :
\begin{tabular}
{|p{1.5cm}|r|r|r|}\hline
Tn &Ton&L&Ho\\
\hline
Hiu&7 &8 & 7\\ \hline
Hnh&9&10 & \\ \hline
Ly&6 &7 &6 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
Tn
Hiu
Hnh
Ly
2
Ton
7
9
6
L
8
10
7
Ho
7
6
Mc nhin cc phn t trong ct cn v pha tri. cho mi

phn t vo gia ta phi cho lnh \centering trc cc ct.
3. \hline v ng k ngang sut cc ct trong bng; lnh
\cline{a-b} v ng ngang t ct a n b. V d nh
\cline{1-3} hoc \cline{4-4}.
Ngoi ra \multicolumn{3}{c ||}{\emph{B hc}} lin kt
mt s ct thnh mt ct hng . Thng s th nht l
s ct cn lin kt li; thng s th hai dng xp phn t
trong hng; thng s th ba l ni dung trong ct mi. v d
8 :
\begin{tabular}
{| p{1.5cm} | r| r| r|}
\hline
Tn&Ton&L&Ho\\ \hline
Hiu& 7 & 8 &7 \\ \hline
Hnh&\multicolumn{3}{c |}
{\emph{B\ hc}}\\ \hline
Ly & 6 & 7 & 6\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
Tn
Hiu
Hnh
Ly
2
Ton L Ho
7 8
7
B hc
6 7
6
\begin{table}[!htp]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|| c c | c | r ||}\hline
\rm Tn & \rm Thng&\rm Tun &\rm im TB\\ \hline
\rm Hiu & 10 &1
& 7\\ \cline{3-4}
& &2
& 8\\ \cline{3-4}
3.5. Mi trng bng
85
& &3
& 8\\ \cline{3-4}
& &4
& 7\\ \cline{2-4}
&\multicolumn{2}{| l}{ Bnh qun:} &7,5\\ \hline
\rm Ly & 10 &1
& 7\\ \cline{3-4}
& &2
& 6\\ \cline{3-4}
& &3
& 6\\ \cline{3-4}
& &4
& 7\\ \cline{2-4}
&\multicolumn{2}{| l}{Bnh qun:} &6,5\\ \hline
\multicolumn{3}{|| l}{Bnh qun chung:}&7\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Bng c ng dng $\backslash$\texttt{multicolumn}v
$\backslash$\texttt{cline}} \label{B:mulcline}
\end{center}
\end{table}
2
Tn
Hiu
Thng
10
Tun
1
2
3
4
Bnh qun:
Ly
10
1
2
3
4
Bnh qun:
Bnh qun chung:
im TB
7
8
8
7
7,5
7
6
6
7
6,5
7
Bng 3.1: Bng c ng dng \multicolumnv \cline

C th dng \parbox chnh li dng bnh qun chung
\multicolumn{3}{|| l}{\parbox[b]{10em}{Bnh qun\\
chung ca Hiu v Ly:} &7\\ \hline
tinh chnh cao ca dng khung ch ta c th a vo
\rule{0ex}{2ex} trc dng ch bt u.
86
Mt cch tng qut chnh cc khung khng st ch trong

bng ta dng lnh \arraystretch, ta hy so snh
\begin{center} \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25}
\bengin{tabular}{|r|c|c|}\hline
&{\bf im TB}&{\bf Th}\\ \hline
{\bf Hiu}&7.5& 13\\ \hline
{\bf Ly}&6.5& 19\\ \hline
{\bf Hnh}&0& -\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
Hiu
Ly
Hnh
im TB
7.5
6.5
0
Th
13
19
-
im TB
Th
Hiu
7.5
13
Ly
6.5
19
Hnh
Bng sau cng phi t

\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25} sau \begin{center}.
3.6. Dng iu v c ca mi trng

C rt nhiu mi trng t phng ch. Chng th hin nh
chnh tn ca chng nh
rmfamily, sffamily, ttfamily, upshape, itshape, slshape,
scshape, em, bfseries
V d \bengin{ttfamily} ... \end{ttfamily} in ra vn bn
trong ... nh l {\ttfamily ... }.
Nh ta bit mun y khi ch trong mt mi trng ta
c mi trng flushright hoc flushleft, trong n ta c th p
dng mi k thut ca LATEX nh
\begin{flushright}
Ci tha \begin{itshape} ban u \end{itshape} lu luyn y\\
Nghn nm cha d ai qun\\
\begin{bfseries} Th L \end{bfseries}
\end{flushright}
3.6. Dng iu v c ca mi trng
87
2
Ci tha ban u lu luyn y
Nghn nm cha d ai qun
Th L
Tng t nh vy cho mi trng centering qui tm on

vn bn, raggedright cn phi v raggedleft cn tri.
CHNG 4
MI TRNG TON HC
4.1. Mi trng ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2. Cu trc c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3. Vn bn trong mi trng ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4. K hiu bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5. Tn hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6. Ch ci hy lp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7. Ch ci Hbr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8. Nhng k hiu ton khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9. Du ton t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.10. Du quan h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.11. Du mi tn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.12. Du m v nh du trong ton hc . . . . . . . . . . .
4.13. Nhng dng ngang co gin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.14. Lnh nhng khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.15. Xy dng k hiu mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.16. Khong trng dc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.17. Ch ci ton v k hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.18. nh nhn v nhm cc nhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.19. Phn s tng qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.20. ng khung cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
90
93
94
96
98
99
100
101
103
106
107
107
109
110
112
113
116
118
118
4.1. Mi trng ton

Trong vn bn c nhng k hiu v cng thc ton hc th
ta phi bit cch thc chuyn t mi trng vn bn sang mi
trng ton v ngc li. LATEX cung cp hai dng mi trng
ton l mi trng ton trn cng dng vi vn bn c tn
l math; mi trng cng thc ton c lp trn dng ring gi
4.1. Mi trng ton
89
l displaymath. m mt mi trng ton trn dng vn bn

ta dng k hiu vit tt ca mi trng $ hoc $ v ng mi
trng ny li bng $ v $. Mi trng cng thc ton m v
ng mi trng bng cc k hiu \[ v \] hoc $$ v $$.
V d: cng thc ton trn mt dng a b (mod ), ta g
n
X
n(n + 1)
th g
vo $a\equiv b\pmod{\alpha}$ hoc
i =
2
i=1
vo $\sum_ {i=1 }^ {n }i=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}$; cn mi trng
mt dng ring gi l mi trng cng thc
a b (mod ) v
n
X
i=
i=1
n(n + 1)
2
G vo nh trn ch khc l k hiu ton nm trong \[ v \]

\[
a\equiv b\pmod{\alpha} \mbox{ v }
\sum_ {i=1 }^ {n }i=\frac{n(n+1)}{2} \]
Nguyn tc thit lp mi trng ton :
1. Khng chp nhn mt dng trng trong mi trng math v
displaymath.
2. K t trng trong mi trng ton b b qua.
Nh vy ta vit $a+b=c$ v $a + b = c$ u cho ra a + b = c.
Mun a khong trng vo trong mi trng ton ta phi dng
lnh nh $a\quad b$ hoc thay i mi trng trong mi trng
ton bng cc lnh \mbox{...} hoc \text{...}.
Ch :
1. tp ngun son tho d c ta cn son tho theo:
- t \[, \] hoc $$ trn mt dng ring.
- B nhng khong trng xung quanh cc k hiu ton t hoc
quan h ton t.
- Mi trng ton trn mt dng ring nn tht u dng mt
s k t.
- Khng ngt cng thc lin tc thnh cc dng khc nhau.
2. Khong trng sau du phy trong mi trng ton v mi
trng vn bn hon ton khc nhau nh $a$, $b\in B$ khc
90
Chng 4. Mi trng ton hc
vi $a, b \in B$.

3. ng m mi trng ton bng cc k hiu tng ng $ v
$ hoc $ v $ trong mi trng math; \[ v \] hoc $$ v $$
trong mi trng displaymath; nu dng k t $ cho c ng
v m mi trng th LATEX thng bo khng chnh xc ni cn
ng hoc m mi trng.
4.2. Cu trc c s
Cng thc ton c xy dng trong mi trng ton bng
cc cu trc c s: Nhng php ton s hc, ch s trn v ch s
di, cn thc, h s a thc, k hiu vi phn, ...
4.2.1. Php tnh s hc
Nhng php tnh dng ngay t cc bn phm nh: a + b, a b,
a, a/b v ab ta g vo tng ng $a+b$, $a-b$, $-a$, $a/b$,
$ab$.
Ring php nhn nu ta dng du chm hoc ta phi
dng lnh tng ng \cdot hoc \times nh $a\cdot b$ v
$a\times b$ cho ra a b v a b.
Php chia thay
\frac{...}{...}.
bng
ngi
ta
hay
8 :
\[
\frac{x+y}{1+xy}
\]
dng
lnh
2
x+y
1 + xy
Trong gi amsmath cung cp thm phng n th hin php

chia trong mi trng ton trn dng vn bn bng \tfrac v
dng cng thc bng \dfrac.
8 :
$ \tfrac{1+a^2}{2+b^2}
\qquad\dfrac{1+a^2}{2+b^2}$
1+a2
2+b2
1+a
2 + b2
4.2.2. Ch s trn v ch s di
Ta to ch s di bng k t _ v ch s trn bng k t .
Phm vi ca ch s c bao trong ngoc nhn { }.
4.2. Cu trc c s
91
8 :
2
2
i1
x1 , yi2 , a , x , xi + 1, xi+1
$x_{1}, y_{i_2}, a^{2},

x^{i_1}, x_{i}+1, x_{i+1}$
Ta cng c th dng lnh \sb cho ch s di v \sp cho ch

s trn nh
8 :
a1 b
$a\sb{1} - b\sp{x+y}$
x+y
Ch :
1. Dng { } nhm cc ch s trn hoc di. LATEX khng chp
nhn $a^{b}^{c}$, m phi l $a^{b^{c}}$.
2. Khi ta mun ch s c nhiu hn mt k t ta phi nhm li;
nh mun c a12 phi g $a_{12}$, ch khng phi $a_12$
cho kt qu a1 2.
3. Mun lm ch s cho mt t mi trng vn bn ta thc hin
nh v d sau:
8 :
Ta dng k hiu ${}^{*}$

Ta dng k hiu ch
ch khng gian i ngu. khng gian i ngu.
4.2.3. Du cn
Cn bc hai dng lnh \sqrt.
$\sqrt{3}$
$\sqrt{b^2-4ac}$
Du cn c th lng nhau
\[ \sqrt{1+\frac{1}{2}
\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{3}
\sqrt{3+\cdots}}}\]
8
:
2
b2 4ac
8 :
2
s
1
1+
2
r
2+
1
3 +
3
Cn bc cao hn theo cch tu chn, nh \sqrt[3]{5} cho
ra 3 5. Ch s cn bc cao khng phi lc no cng to ra cng
92
thc p. Trong gi amsmath c hai lnh \leftroot v \uproot

chnh ch s cn nh
8 :
$\sqrt[9]{5}$\\
5
9
$\sqrt[\leftroot{2}\uproot{2} 9]{5}$\\ 5
9
$\sqrt[\uproot{2} 9]{5}$
5
4.2.4. H s Niutn
Trong gi lnh amsmath cung cp lnh \binom cho h s Niutn
trn dng vn bn Cab+c v C n+1
, trn dng cng thc ton
1
8 :
$$\binom{a}{b+c}
\binom{\frac{1}{2}}{n+1}$$
Cab+c C n+1
1
2
Ngoi ra cng c \dbinom cho mi trng ton cng thc,

\tbinom cho mi trng trn dng.
4.2.5. Du tch phn
To du tch phn bng lnh \int. Vi tch phn xc nh trn
R
2
dng ex dx = . du gii hn ta dng lnh \limits
nh sau
8 :
$\int\limits^{\infty}_{-\infty}
e^{-x^2}\,dx=\sqrt{\pi}$
ex dx =
Nu trong mi trng ton cng thc khng cho du gii

hn nh dng trn th thm vo lnh \nolimits. Sau y l cc
phng n khc nhau ca du tch phn, tr k hiu u cn li
u phi i hi gi lnh amsmath.
7
$\oint, \iint, \iiint,\\
\iiiint, \idotsint$
8 :
H RR
RRR
, , R ,R
RRRR
,
4.3. Vn bn trong mi trng ton
93
4.2.6. Du ba chm
Trong mi trng ton du ba chm c th hin nhiu cch
khc nhau. Nu ta dng ba chm t bn phm s khng c p
v nhiu khi b ngt dng vo ng nhng du ny. Ta dng cc
lnh tng ng:
- Ba chm pha di dng lnh \ldots
8 :
$F(x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n)$
F (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
- Ba chm vo gia dng dng lnh \cdots
7
$x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n$
8 :
x1 + x2 + + xn
Ch : Khi dng gi th tc amsmath, lnh \dots c th thc hin

c nh cc lnh trn, nhng nhiu khi khng c nh trn th
phi dng cc lnh trn. Ngoi ra cn cc du ba chm \dotsc
tng ng vi du phy; \dotsb tng ng vi ton t nh phn
v k t quan h; \dotsm tng ng vi du nhn; \dotsi tng
ng vi du tch phn.
4.3. Vn bn trong mi trng ton

Vn bn t trong mi trng ton u thnh ch in nghing
v khng c khong trng trc cc t. Ring macro ting Vit
trong mi trng ton LATEX khng chp nhn v bo li.
- LATEX cho php nhng mi trng vn vn vo mi trng
ton bng lnh \mbox.
7
$A=\{ x|x \in X_i
\mbox{ vi }i\in I\,\}$
8 :
A = {x|x Xi vi i I }
- Ta c th a mi trng ton trong \mbox
7
$A=\{x|
\mbox{vi $x$ dng}\}$
8 :
A = {x|vi x dng}
94
- Trong gi th tc amstext (c t ng gi vo khi dng

amsmath v dng lp vn bn AmSLaTeX) c lnh \text a vn
bn vo trong mi trng vn bn. Nhng c khc l vn bn co
dn thch hp c nh:
8 :
\[ x_ {\text{\rm tri}}+4=
x_ {\text{\rm phi}}\]
xtri + 4 = xphi
4.4. K hiu bin

4.4.1. Bng k t bin
- Trong bng k hiu chun sau y cn thiu: \vert v | nh
nhau; \Vert v \| nh nhau trong bng 4.1:
Tn gi
Ng. trn tri
Ng. vung tr.
Ng. nhn tri
Gch xui
Gc bt tri
Vch ng
Ca tri di
Ca tri trn
G vo
(
[
\{
\
\lange
|
\lfloor
\lceil
In
(
[
{
\
h
|
b
d
Tn gi
Ng. trn phi
Ng. vung ph.
Ng. nhn phi
Gch cho
Gc bt phi
Vch ng
Ca phi di
Ca phi trn
G vo
)
]
\}
/
\range
\|
\rfloor
\rceil
In
)
]
}
/
i
k
c
d
Bng 4.1: K t bin

- K hiu bin mi tn trong bng 4.2
Tn gi
Mi tn ln
Mi tn i ln
Mi tn xung
Mi tn i xung
Mi tn hai u
Mi tn i hai u
G vo
\uparrow
\Uparrow
\downarrow
\Downarrow
\updownarrow
\Updownarrow
Bng 4.2: K t mi tn
- Trong gi amsmath c cc gc nh bng 4.3
In ra
l
m
4.4. K hiu bin

Tn gc
trn tri
di tri
G vo
\ulcorner
\llcorner
95
In
p
x
Tn gc
phi trn
phi di
G vo
\urcorner
\lrcorner
In
q
y
Bng 4.3: Gc trong gi amsmath

4.4.2. K hiu bin c c nh
Nhng k hiu bin bng trn c nh c theo thng s
ton vn bn. LATEX cn cung cp cc lnh \bigl, \Bigl, \biggl,
\Biggl, \bigr, \Bigr, \biggr, \Biggr to ra k hiu bin i sau
n c mt c c nh. V d
8 :
$( $ $\bigl( $ $\Bigl( $
$\biggl( $ $\Biggl( $

Ta c th chn mt phng n sau y theo c thch hp
8 :
\[ F(x)|^{a}_{b}\quad
F(x)\bigr|^{a}_{b}\quad
F(x)\Bigr|^{a}_{b} \]
F (x)|ab
a
F (x)b
Ngoi ra cng c cc lnh \big, \Big v \Bigg. V d
8 :
a

F (x)
b

$x\big|$ $x\Big| $ $a\Bigg|$
x x a

Ch :
1. Ta g vo $|| a ||$ v $\| a \|$ cho ra kt qu hon ton
khc nhau ||a|| v kak.
2. K hiu bin dng c i nhng c th ch dng mt k hiu
n cng c nh F (x)|ab .
4.4.3. Bin c kch thc tu bin
cc k hiu bin trong hai bng trn bin i tng ng
vi kch thc ni dung trong lng n ngi ta dng lnh tng
96
qut: \left delim1 v \right delim2, y delim1 v delim2

c ly trong hai bng trn. Cu trc ny cn phi i i. Nu
mt bn du bin khng c ta phi km lnh tng ng \left.
v \right.. c bit k hiu | dng nh mi quan h i khng
c p lm, ta nn dng \mid.
8 :
$\{\, x\mid x^{2}\leq2 \,\}$ { x | x 2 }
8 :
\[\left|\frac{a+b}{2}\right|
\left\| A^2\right\|,
\left(\frac{a}{2},b\right]
\left. F(x)\right|_{a}^{b}\]
2

a + b 2 a i
b

2 A , 2 , b F (x)|a
vi k hiu ln hn ta dng \biggm trong mi quan h i nh
$\left\{\,x\biggm|\int_{0}^xt^{2}
dt \leq 5 \, \right\}$
8 :

Rx 2
x 0 t dt 5
4.5. Tn hm
Nhng k t trong mi trng ton l nhng ch nghing.
in ra tn nhng hm ton hc khng nghing LATEX cung cp
nhng tn hm thng dng.
4.5.1. Bng tn hm c sn
Bng 4.4 gm tn cc hm c sn.
V d: Ta cng dng c cc lnh \limits cho cc ch s thch
hp ca hm. Ch khng c hm tg v cotg ca Vit Nam.
8 :
lim f (x) = 1
$\lim\limits_{x \to 0}f(x) =1$
x0
Trong gi amsmath c mt s hm trong bng 4.5. V d:
8 :
$\varliminf\limits_{x\to 0}\quad$
$\varlimsup\limits_{x\to 0} $\\
$ \varinjlim\limits_{x\to 0}\quad $
$\varprojlim\limits_{x\to 0}$
lim
x0
lim
x0
lim
x0
lim
x0
4.5. Tn hm
G vo
\cos
\sin
\tan
\cot
\csc
\sec
\arccos
\arcsin
\arctan
\cosh
\coth
97
In ra
cos
sin
tan
cot
csc
sec
arccos
arcsin
arctan
cosh
coth
G vo
\sinh
\tanh
\det
\dim
\exp
\ln
\log
\lg
\arg
\deg
\gcd
In ra
sinh
tanh
det
dim
exp
ln
log
lg
arg
deg
gcd
G vo
\hom
\ker
\inf
\sup
\lim
\liminf
\limsup
\max
\min
\Pr
In ra
hom
ker
inf
sup
lim
lim inf
lim sup
max
min
Pr
Bng 4.4: Tn cc hm c sn
G vo
\varliminf
\varprojlim
\varinjlim
In ra
lim
lim
lim
G vo
\varlimsup
\projlim
\injlim
In ra
lim
proj lim
inj lim
Bng 4.5: Tn cc hm trong gi amsmath
7
$\injlim\limits_{x\to 0} \quad
\liminf\limits_{x\to 0} \\
\limsup\limits_{x\to 0} \quad
\projlim\limits_{x\to 0}$
8 :
inj lim
x0
2
lim inf
x0
lim sup
proj lim
x0
x0
4.5.2. Hm ng d
Hm mod l hm c bit cho ng d. LATEX cung cp cho ta
hai lnh \bmod v \pmod. Nu ta dng gi amsopn (t ng c
gi vo khi dng amsmath hoc dng lp vn bn AMS) ta c
thm hai lnh na \mod v \pod. tinh t gia cc lnh ny ta
c th xem trong bng 4.6.
98

G vo
$x\equiv
$x\equiv
$x\equiv
$x\equiv
v
v
v
v
\mod{\theta}$
\bmod{\theta}$
\pmod{\theta}$
\pod{\theta}$
Kt qu in
x v mod
x v mod
x v (mod )
x v ()
Bng 4.6: Hm ng d
4.5.3. To nhng tn hm mi
to ra mt tn hm bt k trong amsmath s dng lnh
\DeclareMathOperator{opCommand}{opName}
y \opCommand l lnh ca hm ta nh ngha, cn opName l
tn hm cn in ra. V d:
\DeclareMathOperator{\tg}{tg}, khi $\tg\alpha$ s in ra
tg.
4.6. Ch ci hy lp
Ch ci Hy Lp hoa cng rt hay c p dng trong cng
thc, xem bng 4.7.
G vo
\Gamma
\Delta
\Lambda
\Xi
\Pi
\Sigma
\Upsilon
\Phi
\Omega
In ra
G vo
\varGamma
\varDelta
\varLambda
\varXi
\varPi
\varSigma
\varUpsilon
\varPhi
\varOmega
In ra
Bng 4.7: Ch ci Hy Lp hoa

Trong ton hc ngi ta hay dng ch ci Hy Lp thng trong
cng thc , bng 4.8.
ng ln ln gia cc k hiu :
4.7. Ch ci Hbr
G vo
\alpha
\digamma
\varepsilon
\theta
\kappa
\mu
\pi
\varrho
\tau
\varphi
\omega
99
In
G vo
\beta
\delta
\zeta
\vartheta
\varkappa
\nu
\varpi
\sigma
\upsilon
\chi
In
G vo
\gamma
\epsilon
\eta
\iota
\lambda
\xi
\rho
\varsigma
\phi
\psi
In
Bng 4.8: Ch ci Hy Lp thng

- \upsilon (), v , v \nu ( ).
- \varsigma ( ) v \zeta ( ).
4.7. Ch ci Hbr
G vo
In ra
\aleph
\daleth k
G vo In ra
\beth
i
\gimel
Bng 4.9: Ch ci Hbr

Trong gi latesym cng c \Box(2), \mho(0) v \Diamond(3).
100
4.8. Nhng k hiu ton khc

G vo
In ra
\hbar
~
\imath
\wp
\Im
=
\infty
\emptyset
\forall
\smallint
\surd
\top
>
\P
\dag
\flat
[
\sharp
]
\clubsuit
\heartsuit
\neg
\hslash
}
\backprime
8
\Bbbk
k
\diagup

\blacktriangle N
\triangledown
O
\square

\lozenge
\measuredangle ]
\circledS
s
\Finv
`
\nexists
@
G vo
\ell
\jmath
\Re
\partial
\prime
\backslash
\exists
\triangle
\Vert
\bot
\S
\ddag
\natural
\angle
\diamondsuit
\spadesuit
In ra
`
<
0
\
4
k
\complement
\vartriangle
\varnothing
\diagdown
\blacktriangledown
\Game
\blacksquare
\blacklozenge
\sphericalangle
\bigstar
\eth
{
M

H
a

^
F
Bng 4.10: K hiu ton khc
4.7. Ch ci Hbr
101
4.9. Du ton t
G vo
In ra G vo
In ra
\pm
\mp
\times
\cdot
\circ
\bigcirc

\div
\diamond

\ast
\star
?
\cap
\cup
\sqcap
u
\sqcup
t
\wedge
\vee
\triangleleft
/
\triangleright
.
\bigtriangleup
4
\bigtriangledown
5
\oplus
\ominus

\otimes
\oslash

\odot

\bullet
\dagger
\ddagger
\setminus
\
\uplus
]
\wr
o
\amalg
q
\dotplus
u
\centerdot

\ltimes
n
\rtimes
o
\leftthreetimes
h
\rightthreetimes
i
\circleddash

\smallsetminus
r
\barwedge
Z
\doublebarwedge
[
\culywedge
f
\curlyvee
g
\veebar
Y
\intercal
|
\Cap
e
\Cup
d
\circledast
~
\circledcirc
}
\boxminus

\boxtimes

\boxdot
\boxplus

\divideontimes
>
Bng ton t phn di dng trong gi amssymb.
Bng 4.11: K hiu ton t
102
G vo
\prod_{n=1}^n
trn dng
Qn
dng ring
n
Y
\coprod_{n=1}^n
`n
n=1
n
a
\bigcap_{n=1}^n
Tn
n=1
n
\
\bigcup_{n=1}^n
Sn
n=1
n
[
\bigwedge_{n=1}^n
Vn
n=1
n
^
\bigvee_{n=1}^n
Wn
n=1
n
_
\bigsqcup_{n=1}^n
Fn
n=1
n
G
\biguplus_{n=1}^n
Un
n=1
n
]
\bigotimes_{n=1}^n
Nn
n
O
\bigoplus_{n=1}^n
Ln
n
M
\bigodot_{n=1}^n
Jn
n
K
\sum_{n=1}^n
Pn
n
X
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
Bng 4.12: Ton t ln
4.7. Ch ci Hbr
G vo In ra
\lhd

\unlhd
103
G vo
In ra
\rhd

\\unrhd
Bng 4.13: Bng ton t trong gi latexsym.
4.10. Du quan h
4.10.1. Du quan h chun trong LATEX
G vo
In ra G vo
In ra
\in
\ni
3
\leq
\geq
\ll

\gg

\prec
\succ

\preceq

\succeq

\sim
\cong
=
\simeq
'
\approx
.
\equiv
\doteq
=
\subset
\supset
\subseteq
\supseteq
\sqsubset <
\sqsubseteq v
\smile
^
\frown
_
\perp
\models
|=
\mid
|
\parallel
k
\vdash
`
\dashv
a
\propto
\asymp

\bowtie
./
\sqsubset <
\sqsupset
=
\Join
1
Ba k hiu cui cng dng trong gi latexsym.
Bng 4.14: Du quan h chun
104
4.10.2. Du quan h ca AMS

G vo
In ra G vo
\leqslant
6
\geqslant
\eqslantless
0
\eqslantgtr
\lesssim
.
\gtrsim
\lessapprox
/
\gtrapprox
\approxeq
u
\lessdot
l
\gtrdot
\lll
\ggg
\lessgtr
\gtrless
\lesseqgtr
Q
\gtreqless
\lesseqqgtr
S
\gtreqless
\doteqdot
+
\eqcirc
\circeq
$
\fallingdotseq
\risingdotseq
:
\triangleq
\backsim
v
\thicksim
\backsimeq
w
\thickapprox
\preccurlyeq
4
\succcurlyeq
\curlyeqprec
2
\curlyeqsucc
\precsim
\succsim
\precapprox
w
\succapprox
\subseteqq
j
\supseteqq
\Subset
b
\Supset
\vartriangleleft
C
\vartriangleright
\trianglelefteq
E
\trianglerighteq
\vDash

\Vdash
\Vvdash

\smallsmile
`
\smallfrown
\shortmid
p
\shortparallel
\bumpeq
l
\Bumpeq
\between
G
\pitchfork
\varpropto
\backepsilon
\blacktrianglelef J
\blacktriangleright
\therefore
\becaus
Bng 4.15: K hiu quan h trong AMS
In ra
>
1
&
'
m
R
R
P
;
,
<
3
%
v
k
c
B
D

a
q
m
t

I
4.7. Ch ci Hbr
105
4.10.3. Bng k t quan h m trong AMS

G vo
\ne
\nless
\nleq
\nleqslant
\nleqq
\lneq
\lneqq
\lvertneqq
\lnsim
\lnapprox
\nprec
\npreceq
\precneqq
\precnsim
\precnapprox
\nsim
\nshortmid
\nmid
\nvdash
\nVdash
\ntriangleleft
\ntrianglelefteq
\nsubseteq
\nsubseteqq
\subsetneq
\varsubsetneq
\subsetneqq
\varsubsetneqq
In ra
6=

.
0
1
6
5
*
"
(
$
&
G vo
\notin
\ngtr
\ngeq
\ngeqslant
\ngeqq
\gneq
\gneqq
\gvertneqq
\gnsim
\gnapprox
\nsucc
\nsucceq
\succneqq
\succnsim
\succnapprox
\ncong
\nshortparallel
\nparallel
\nvDash
\nVDash
\ntriangleright
\ntrianglerighteq
\nsupseteq
\nsubseteqq
\supsetneq
\varsupsetneq
\supsetneqq
\varsupsetneqq
Bng 4.16: K hiu quan h m trong AMS
In ra

/
2
3
7
4
+
"
)
!
%
'
106
4.11. Du mi tn
G vo
In
G vo
In
\leftarrow
\rightarrow or \to
\longleftarrow
\longrightarrow
\Leftarrow
\Rightarrow
\Longleftarrow
= \Longrightarrow
=
\leftrightarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\Leftrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow
\uparrow
\downarrow
\Uparrow
\Downarrow
\updownarrow
l
\Updownarrow
m
\nearrow
%
\searrow
&
\swarrow
.
\nwarrow
\mapsto
7
\longmapsto
7
\hookleftarrow
\hookrightarrow
,
\leftharpoonup
(
\rightharpoonup
*
\leftharpoondown
)
\rightharpoondown
+
\rightleftharpoons
\leftleftarrows
\rightrightarrows
\leftrightarrows

\rightleftarrows

\Lleftarrow
W
\Rrightarrow
V
\twoheadleftarrow

\twoheadrightarrow

\leftarrowtail

\rightarrowtail

\looparrowleft
"
\looparrowright
#
\upuparrows

\downdownarrows

\upharpoonleft

\upharpoonright

\downharpoonleft

\downharpoonright

\leftrightsquigarrow ! \rightsquigarrow
\multimap
(
\nleftarrow
8
\nrightarrow
9
\nLeftarrow
:
\nRightarrow
;
\nleftrightarrow
=
\nLeftrightarrow
<
T phn th hai tr xung dng trong gi amssymb.
Bng 4.17: K hiu mi tn
4.12. Du m v nh du trong ton hc
107
4.12. Du m v nh du trong ton hc

Nhng lnh nh du trong mi trng vn bn khng c tc
dng trong mi trng ton. Tt c cc lnh nh du c trong
mi trng ton lit k di y
G vo
In
\hat{o}
o
\tilde{o}
o
\acute{o}
o
\bar{o}
o
\breve{o}
o
\check{o}
o
\dot{o}
o
\ddot{o}
o
...
o
\dddot{o}
....
\ddddot{o} o
\grave{o}
o`
\vec{o}
o
G vo
\Hat{o}
\Tilde{o}
\Acute{o}
\Bar{o}
\Breve{o}
\Check{o}
\Dot{o}
\Ddot{o}
In
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
G vo
\widehat{o}
\widetilde{o}
a\sphat
a\sptilde
a\spbreve
a\spcheck
a\spdot
a\spddot
a\spdddot
In
ob
oe
ab
a
a
a
a.
a..
a...
\Grave{o} o`
\Vec{o}
o
Bng 4.18: Du m trong mi trng ton

- Nhng lnh c ch ci hoa u ci du m cho cc k
t hoa.
$\Hat{\Hat{A}}\hat{\hat{A}}$
8 :
AA
- Hai lnh \widehat v \widetilde co gin ph hp vi k t

trn to du.
$\widehat{ABCDE},\widetilde{aiai}$
8 :
g
\ aiai
ABCDE,
- Nhng lnh cha k t sp " v \dddot, \ddddot phi

cn gi gi amsmath v amsxtra.
4.13. Nhng dng ngang co gin

Mt dng trong mi trng ton c th co gin bng cch gn
vo ngoc nhn, ng gch trn hoc nhng ng mi tn.
108
- Lnh \overbrace v \underbrace to ra ngoc nhn m ly

dng.
7
$\overbrace{a+b+\cdots+z}$\qquad
$\overbrace{a+a+\cdots+a}^{n}$\qquad
$\underbrace{a+a+\cdots+a}_{n}$
z
}|
{
a + b + + z
z
}|
{
a + a + + a
|a + a +
{z + a}
n
- Kt hp cc lnh trn qua v d sau
\[\underbrace{\overbrace{a+\cdots+a}^{\frac{m-n}{2}}
+\underbrace{b+\cdots+b}_{n}
+\overbrace{c+\cdots+c}^{\frac{m-n}{2}}}_{m}\]
2
mn
mn
2
2
{
{
z }|
z }|
a + + a + b| + {z
+ }b + c + + c
n
{z
m
- Tng t nh cc lnh trn cho ng thng gch trn

hoc di bng \overline v \underline hoc mi tn trn
\overleftarrow, \overrightarrow .
8 :
$\overline{\overline{X}\cup
X X =X
a
aa
\overline{\overline{X}}}=
\overline{\overline{X}}$
$\overleftarrow{a}\quad
\overrightarrow{aa}$
- Trong gi amsmath c thm mt s lnh na nh
4.14. Lnh nhng khong trng
109
8 :
$\overleftrightarrow{xx}
xx
\quad\underleftarrow{xxx}$\\ xxx
$\underrightarrow{xxx}\quad
\underleftrightarrow{xxxx}$
2
xxx
xxxx
hoc nhng mi tn gia dng vi k hiu trn v di
\[A \xrightarrow{\text{1-1}}B\xleftarrow[\alpha\to\beta]
{\text{onto}}C\xleftarrow[\gamma]{}D\xleftarrow{ } E\]
1-1
onto
A B C
D
E
4.14. Lnh nhng khong trng

4.14.1. Khong trng ca k hiu
Trong mi trng ton khong trng ca LATEX bao quanh
nhng k hiu c phn thnh cc lp khc nhau. Lp dnh cho
P
k hiu ton thun tu nh A, x, X, , ; Lp ton t nh phn
nh =, , |, , ...; Lp cc php ton t nh +, v lp cc k
hiu bin {, },... nh cc bng phn trc ta thy.
Theo nguyn tc ta khng cn bit s phn loi ca LATEX.
LATEX t ng thu xp cng vic to cng thc cho p nht. Nhiu
khi chnh LATEX cng khng phn bit r rng cc k hiu thuc
loi no, ta mun c cng thc p phi ch ng thm vo cc
khong trng. LATEX c cung cp mt s lnh chnh tinh vi cc
khong trng theo bng 4.19.
Ch lnh \medspace v \thickspace i hi c gi lnh
amsmath, quad v qquad rt thch hp dng tch cc cng thc
hoc vn bn vi cng thc ton. C ca quad v qquad ph thuc
vo phng hin thi trong trang. Cc lnh \, hoc \+ dng tinh
chnh khong cch nh cng thc ton trn dng vi vn bn.
Trong gi amsmath cn c lnh \mspace{...} vi n v tnh l
18mu=1em, v d chnh khong trng \mspace{2mu}.
110
Ngn
\,
\:
\;

Dng y
\thinspace
\medspace
\thickspace
\quad
\qquad
Ngn
\!
Dng y
\negthinspace
\negmedspace
\negthickspace
Bng 4.19: Lnh nhng khong trng trong ton

Ta c th theo di mt s v d sau:
R
$\int_0^\pi\tan xdx=3$\\
1. Trn dng
R 0 tan xdx = 3
$\int_0^\pi\tan x\,dx=3$
khc vi 0 tan x dx = 3
2. Trn dng | f (x)|
khc vi |f (x)|
5cm
3. Trn dng
khc vi 5 cm
$|-f(x)|$
$\left |-f(x)\right |$
4. Trn dng sin x/logn

khc vi sin x/logn
$\sin x / \log n$
$\sin x /\! \log n$
$\sqrt{5} \mbox{cm}$
$\sqrt{5}\,\mbox{cm}$
4.15. Xy dng k hiu mi

LATEX cng vi AMSfonts phng cho ta rt nhiu k hiu c sn.
Nhng ngi dng v cng a dng, lun xut hin tnh hung
phi xy dng k hiu hon ton mi. LATEX v gi lnh amsmath
cung cp cho cc bn lnh xy dng cc k hiu mi d phc
tp.
4.15.1. Rp nhng k hiu
LATEX c lnh \stackrel{top}{bottom} to k t mi bng
cch t top ln bottom, m c ca top gim i mt bc. V d
7
$x \stackrel{?}{=} y$
8 :
2
?
x=y
Gi amsmath cung cp lnh \overset c hai i s, i s th

nht c nh i v t trn i s th hai. Cn lnh \underset th
cng nh vy nhng i s th nht t di i s th hai.
4.15. Xy dng k hiu mi
111
8 :
\[\overset{\alpha}{\star}\quad
\underset{\rightarrow}{X}\quad
\overset{\dagger}{\odot}\]
Ta c th dng lnh ny to ra ton t nh phn nh
8 :
def
$f(a)\overset{\text{def}}{=}a^2$
f (a) = a2
Lnh c ba thng s
\sideset{_{ll}^{ul}}{_{lr}^{ur}}{large_op}
to ra large_op gi nguyn, cn k hiu ll t v tr tri di, k
hiu ul t v tr tri trn. Bn phi cng vy cho lr v ur.
8 :
$\sideset{_{\flat}^{\dag}}
{_{\heartsuit}^{\sharp}}{\prod}$
Ta c th xy dng cng thc
Y]
[
8 :
$\sideset{}{}{\sum}\limits
_{\substack{i <10\\ j < 10}}x_iy_j$
X0
2
xi yj
i<10
j<10
4.15.2. Dng khai bo

t mt k hiu vo cc lp k hiu m LATEX phn loi
ta c cc lnh sau:
Lnh \mathbin khai bo i s ca n l ton t nh phn nh
8 :
ab
khc vi ab
$a \mathbin{\alpha} b$\\
khc vi $a \alpha b$
Lnh \mathrel khai bo i s ca n l quan h nh phn nh
8 :
$a \mathrel{\text{R}} b$\\
khc vi $a \text{R} b$
aRb
khc vi aRb
112
Trong gi amsopn ta c th khai bo ton t nh
8 :
$\operatorname{Trunc}f(x)$
Trunc f (x)
Dng Trunc nh mt ton t vi k hiu bin
8 :
$\operatorname*{Trunc}_{x\in X}A_{x}$ TruncxX Ax
4.16. Khong trng dc

x l khong trng d ngang hay dc do LATEX t quyt nh.
Nhng nhiu khi ta mun nhng khong trng theo ch quan
ca mnh th LATEX cng cho php mt s lnh nh \mathstrut. V
d.
Nguyn bn cha x l:
8 :
$\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b}$
a+
2
b
p ln ri:
7
$\sqrt{\mathstrut a}+
\sqrt{\mathstrut b}$
8 p
:
2
p
a+ b
Cch khc:
7
$\sqrt{\vphantom{b} a}+\sqrt{b}$
8 :
a+
2
b
Lnh \smash ch th cho LATEX khng tnh i s h dng

hoc nng dng ln. V d khng dng qu tha bng lnh
\smash:
1
Nu g t nhin khng x l th trng hp dng c loga b =
logb a
cch ra hi tha.
sa li dng trn ta g vo
4.17. Ch ci ton v k hiu
113
Nu g t nhin khng x l th trng

hp
dng c $\log_{a}b=\smash{\dfrac{1}{\log_{b}a}}$
cch ra hi tha.
Nu g t nhin khng x l th trng hp dng c

1
cch ra hi tha.
loga b =
logb a

Phn loi k hiu ton trong ng cnh khong trng nh ta
bit. Nhng k hiu trong cng thc ton phn lm hai loi: mt
l tt c ch ci t trong mi trng ton nh A, b, x, y, 1, 2, ... v
hai l cc k hiu ton hc nh >, {, , +, ....
4.17.1. Ch ci ton
Tt c ch ci v ch s trong mi trng ton gi l ch ci
ton. Ch ci ton trong mi trng ton mc nh l ch ci
nghing. V d: x2 + 3y3 = , y x v y l ch ci ton. Ch s
ton mc nh l phng roman.
LATEX c mt s lnh chuyn i dng ch ci ton sang phng
dng ch ci. V d $\mathbf{a}$ thnh a hoc $\mathit{a}$
thnh a. i s ca lnh chuyn i ch l mt k t tr trng
hp $\mathit{a}$. V d
8 :
$\mathit{Hymalaya}$
Lnh
\mathsf{a}
\mathrm{a}
\mathtt{a}
\mathnormal{a}
Hymalaya
K t ton
khng chn
r man
nh my
nghing
kt qu
a
a
a
a
Bng 4.20: Lnh chuyn i phng cho k t ton

Theo qui nh chung tn cc hm l kiu r man. Mun
lm cc tn hm mi ta dng cc lnh \operatorname hoc
114
\DeclareMathOperator. Cn t k t vn bn trong mi trng

ton ta thng dng \mbox{...} hoc \text{...}.
4.17.2. K hiu k t ton
Nhng phn trc ta thy rng khng lit vo lp k t
m vo lp k hiu ton. LATEX xem l k t ton hn l ch
ci ton. L do l chng ta khng lm nghing, to khng chn
hay lm xin k t ny. Nhng bng lnh \boldsymbol trong gi
amsbsy ta c th lm m cc k hiu ny.
Hai bng k hiu ch ci c xy dng trong LATEX: Ch ci
Hy Lp v ch ci calligraphic gm ch c ch ci hoa v c gi
bng lnh \mathcal. V d:
$\mathcal{A}$, $\mathcal{E}$,$\mathcal{F}$ in ra A, E, F.
ABCDEFGHIKLMN OPQRST UVWX YZ
Gi lnh eucal cho ta cc ch ci le nh b phn
ca ch ci calligraphic. Ngha l u vn bn c lnh gi
\usepackage{eucal} v nh ngha li lnh \mathscr. Vi lnh
ny th
$\mathscr{A}$, $\mathscr{E}$,$\mathscr{F}$ in ra A, E, F.
ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Bng
cch
gi
gi
lnh
cch
khc
nh
\usepackage[mathscr]{eucal} th hai lnh \mathcal, \mathscr
cng dng song song.
$\mathcal{A}$, $\mathcal{E}$,$\mathcal{F}$ in ra A, E, F.
$\mathscr{A}$, $\mathscr{E}$,$\mathscr{F}$ in ra A, E, F.
Gi lnh eufrak gi bng \usepackage{eufrak}, ta c th
dng c lnh \mathfrak gi c k t hoa v thng.
$\mathfrak{p}$,$\mathfrak{m}$ in ra p,m.
$\mathfrak{N}$, $\mathfrak{P}$,$\mathfrak{M}$ in ra N,
P,M.
abcdefghiklmnopqrsTuvwxyz
115
Ch hoa rng trong gi lnh amsfonts c to bng \mathbb.

$\mathbb{A}$, $\mathbb{E}$,$\mathbb{F}$ in ra A, E, F.
Ch : Nu gi amsfonts th khng cn phi gi gi lnh
eufrak ta cng c th dng c lnh ca gi ny.
4.17.3. K hiu ton m
Trong mi trng ton, hu nh tt c cc k t u cung cp
bi LATEX tr phng m. lm mt k t m trong cng thc
ton ta dng \mathbf. V d lm m k hiu vect V ta phi g
vo $\mathbf{v}.
lm m k hiu ton li phi dng lnh \boldsymbol
trong gi amsbsy c gi t ng trong lp AMS-LATEX hoc gi
lnh amsmath
$\boldsymbol{7}$,$\boldsymbol{\alpha}$, in ra 7, ,
$\boldsymbol{\pi}$,$\boldsymbol{\mathcal{B}}$ in ra . B,
$\boldsymbol{\to}$, $\boldsymbol{B}$ in ra , B.
lm cho c cng thc m ta dng lnh \mathversion{bold}.
{\mathversion{bold}$x\equiv y\pmod{\theta}$} in ra x y
(mod ). Trong phm vi xc nh ca lnh \mathversion{bold}
tr li bnh thng bng lnh \mathversion{normal}.
Ch khng phi k hiu no cng c tc dng bi lnh lm
m trn. V d nh \sum khng thay i trong cc lnh trn m
thay vo phi dng lnh \pmb trong gi lnh amsmath. Nhng
cng khng c m mn nh mong mun.
7
$\sum_{k=1}^{n}k^2\\
\pmb{\sum}_{k=1}^{n}k^2\\
\mathop{\pmb{\sum}}_{k=1}^{n}k^2$
8 :
P
n
k2
P k=1
n
k2
P k=1
n
2
k=1 k
4.17.4. Thay i c
C bn c cho k hiu c gi bng cc lnh trong bng 4.21
Nhng lnh ny quyt nh c ca cc k t sau n:
116
Lnh
\displaystyle
\textstyle
\scriptstyle
\scriptscriptstyle
C trong mi trng ton

C chun cng thc trn mt dng
C chun cng thc trn dng vn bn
C chun cho k hiu ch s trn v
ch s di
C chun cho k hiu hai ln ch s
trn v ch s di
Bng 4.21: Lnh thay i c phng
8 :
\[
\frac{1}{\displaystyle 2 +
\frac{1 }{\displaystyle 3+ \ddots}}
\]
2
1
2+
1
.
3 + ..
Gi amsmath cung cp lnh \cfrac c tu chn
8 :
\[
\cfrac{1}{2 +
\cfrac{1}{3+ \ddots}}
\]
2
1
2+
8 :
\[
\cfrac[l]{1}{2 +
\cfrac[l]{1}{3+ \ddots}}
\]
1
.
3 + ..
1
2+
1
.
3 + ..
4.18. nh nhn v nhm cc nhn

Theo mc nh mi trng cng thc ton u c nh s t
ng. gn li, LATEX v gi lnh amsmath u cung cp lnh
\tag{name} gn li nhn cho cc phng trnh. Cn nhng s
ca phng trnh c gn t ng c th ly ra c bng lnh
\label{name} v sau tham kho s ny bng lnh \ref{name}.
4.18. nh nhn v nhm cc nhn
117
Ch rng gn nhn trong mi trng equation v equation*

l nh nhau. V d
8 :
\begin{equation}\tag{NT}
\binom{n}{k}=\binom{n}{n-k}
\end{equation}
Cnk = Cnnk
Lnh \tag* v \tag cng nh nhau
8 :
\begin{equation} \tag*{N-T}
\end{equation}
(NT)
2
Cnk = Cnnk
N-T
Nhng cng thc c cng mt nhm ta phi t nhm ng

thc vo trong mi trng subequations. V d:
8 :
\begin{subequations}\label{E:pt}
n!
\begin{equation}\label{E:pt1}
Cnk =
k!(n k)!
\binom{n}{k}=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}
\end{equation}
Cnk = Cnnk
\begin{equation}\label{E:pt2}
\end{equation}
\end{subequations}
(4.1a)
(4.1b)
Khi tham kho \eqref{E: pt} in ra (4.1), \eqref{E:pt1}

in ra (4.2),\eqref{E:pt2} in ra (4.1b).
nh s khc ca ng thc nh
8 :
\begin{equation} \label{E:pt1}
n!
\binom{n}{k}=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} Cnk =
k!(n k)!
\end{equation}
8 :
2
(4.2)
ng thc tng ung

ng thc tng ung
\begin{equation}
Cnk = Cnnk
(4.20 )
\tag{\ref{E:pt1}$$}
\end{equation}
118
4.19. Phn s tng qut

Trong gi lnh amsmath c cung cp lnh phn s tng qut
\genfrac{bientrai}{bienphai}{gach}{co}{tuso}{mauso}
y
bientrai l k t bin bn tri cng thc; mc nh khng c
bin;
bienphai l k t bin bn phi cng thc; mc nh khng c
bin;
gach l khong gch phn s: mc nh khng du gch;
co l k t trong phn s c ln, ch c 4 loi:
0 cho \displaystyle,
1 cho \textstyle,
2 cho \scriptstyle,
3 cho \scriptscriptstyle.
Mc nh ph thuc vo hon cnh ca cng thc. V d nh
trong mi trng cng thc dng ring th thng s ny bng
0.
tuso l t s ca phn s;
mauso l mu s ca phn s.
Nhng lnh sau tng ng vi phn s tng qut
\frac{ts}{ms}
\genfrac{}{}{}{}{ts}{ms}
\dfrac{ts}{ms} \genfrac{}{}{}{0}{ts}{ms}
\tfrac{ts}{ms} \genfrac{}{}{}{1}{ts}{ms}
\binom{ts}{ms} \genfrac{(}{)}{0pt}{}{ts}{ms}
8 :
\[\frac{x+y}{z},
x+y x+y x+y
\genfrac{}{}{1pt}{}{x+y}{z},
,
,
z
z
z
\genfrac{}{}{2pt}{}{x+y}{z}\]

\[\genfrac{}{}{3pt}{}{x+y}{z}, x + y
x+y
x+y
\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{x+y}{z},
,
,
z
z
z
\genfrac{]}{[}{0pt}{}{x+y}{z}\]
4.20. ng khung cng thc

Lnh \boxed{...} ng khung cng thc
4.20. ng khung cng thc
119
8 :
$\boxed{z^n=r^n
z = r (cos n + i sin )
(\cos n \phi +i \sin \phi) }$
n
Trn mt dng ta cng c th ng khung nh

$\boxed{i^2=-1}$ in ra i2 = 1 .
CHNG 5
CNG THC NHIU DNG
5.1. Ging cng thc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
5.2. Ngt dng cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
122
5.3. Ngt nhng cng thc di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
122
5.4. Ging theo ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126
5.5. Ging cc mi trng ph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
131
5.6. iu chnh trong cc ct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
133
5.7. Biu giao hon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
137
5.8. Ngt trang trong mi trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
139
Cho n chng ny ta xt mi trng ton trn cng dng

vn bn hoc mi trng ton trn mt dng. Nhng trong thc
t cng thc ton th hin trn nhiu dng. Ta xt mt lot mi
trng mi sp xp v gn nhn cho cc dng cng thc ton.
LATEX ch c hai mi trng array hoc eqarray v equation cn
tt c cc hm cn li trong chng ny i hi gi lnh amsmath.
5.1. Ging cng thc c bn

Trong mc ny cc lnh khng cn mt gi lnh no, m n
c sn t khi LATEX ra i. Mi trng array cho ta xp hng v
ct cc cng thc ton. Mi hng c th ch ra cc phn t dt v
tri, phi, cn gia bng cc k t tng ng (l, r, c). Ht mt
hng bng lnh \\. Du ngn cch cc ct bng &. V d
5.1. Ging cng thc c bn
121
8 :
\[\begin{array}{c r l}
a & 20 & b\\
c-10&d+30&e\\
f+40&g-50&h+i
\end{array}\]
a
20 b
c 10 d + 30 e
f + 40 g 50 h + i
Ta c th s dng cc lnh \left v \right vi cc k hiu

bin to ra ma trn hoc cc mng theo mun:
8 :
\[\left|\begin{array}{cccc}
a_0 &a_1& \cdots & a_n\\
a_1 &a_2& \cdots & a_{n+1}\\
\vdots &\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\
a_n &a_{n+1}&\cdots&a_{2n}\\
\end{array}\right|\]
Mng lng nhau
a0
a1
..
.
a1
a2
..
.
an an+1
an
an+1
..
...
.
a2n
8 :
\[ \left( \begin{array}{c}
\left[ \begin{array}{cc}
a & b \\
c & d \\
e & f
\end{array}\right]\\
y\\ z
\end{array} \right) \]

a b
c d
e f
y
z
C th dng vi lnh \multicolumn v to khung nh v d:
8 :
\[\begin{array}{|r@{,}l|}\hline
2 &5\\
44&9\\
23&3\\
\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{\rm ---}\\
70&7\\ \hline
\end{array} \]
2,5
44,9
23,3
70,7
122
Chng 5. Cng thc nhiu dng
Ngoi ra c mi trng eqarray tng t nh mi trng trn

nhng c nh s cng thc. Nu khng mun nh s cng thc
ta thm du * vo mi trng nh eqarray*. Vi phin bn mi
ca LATEX ging cng thc theo cc gi lnh rt phong ph ta tm
hiu cc mc sau.
5.2. Ngt dng cng thc

Ngt cc dng v nh s dng c thc hin trong mi
trng gather.
\begin{gather}
\delta_1=x_1+x_2+x_3\label{E:ga1}\\
\delta_2=x_1x_2+x_1x_3+x_2x_3\label{E:ga2}\\
\delta_3=x_1x_2x_3\label{E:ga3}
\end{gather}
1 = x 1 + x 2 + x 3
(5.1)
2 = x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3
(5.2)
3 = x 1 x 2 x 3
(5.3)
Nguyn tc to mi trng gather

1. Du \\ tch dng, nhng khng c \\ dng cui cng.
2. Mi dng c nh s t ng nu ta khng dng lnh
\tag cui v lnh \notag b qua nh s trn dng c
lnh.
3. Khng c dng trng trong mi trng ny.
Mi trng gather* cng ging nh gather nhng tt c cc dng
u khng nh s.
5.3. Ngt nhng cng thc di

Mi trng multline dng ngt nhng cng thc qu di
thnh mt s dng; dng u tin y v pha tri; dng cui
cng y v pha phi v nhng dng gia c qui tm.
123
\begin{multline}\label{E:mu2}%
(x_1y_1+x_2y_2+\cdots+x_ny_n)^2=(x_1^2+x_2^2+\cdots+x_n^2)
(y_1^2+y_2^2+\cdots+y_n^2)\\
-(x_1y_2-x_2y_1)^2-(x_1y_3-x_3y_1)^2-\cdots\\
-(x_1y_n-x_ny_1)^2-(x_2y_3-x_3y_2)^2-(x_2y_4-x_4y_2)^2\\
-\cdots-(x_2y_n-x_ny_2)^2-\cdots-(x_{n-1}y_n-x_ny_{n-1})^2.
\end{multline}
(x1 y1 + x2 y2 + + xn yn )2 = (x21 + x22 + + x2n )(y12 + y22 + + yn2 )

(x1 y2 x2 y1 )2 (x1 y3 x3 y1 )2
(x1 yn xn y1 )2 (x2 y3 x3 y2 )2 (x2 y4 x4 y2 )2
(x2 yn xn y2 )2 (xn1 yn xn yn1 )2 . (5.4)
Nguyn tc lp mi trng multline
1. Du \\ tch dng, nhng khng c \\ dng cui cng.
2. Tt c cc dng cng thc c gn mt nhn s t ng
nu ta khng dng \tag t gn nhn hoc l khng nh
s bng lnh \notag.
3. Khng c dng trng trong mi trng ny.
4. Vic tham kho nhn cng thc c dng \label v \ref
theo cch bnh thng cho nhn cng thc.
Nu ta g sai multiline cho multline LATEXs bo li:
! LaTeX error: Enviroment multiline undefined.
1.5 \begin{multline}
\label{E:mu2}
Mi trng multline* ging nh mi trng multline nhng
khng nh s cng thc.
Lnh tht vo so vi l dng u v dng cui c iu
khin bng lnh cho di \multgap (gi tr mc nh l 10pt).
V d
124
\begin{setlength}{\multlinegap}{0pt}
\begin{multline*}\label{E:mu3}
(x_1y_1+x_2y_2+\cdots+x_ny_n)^2=(x_1^2+x_2^2+\cdots+x_n^2)
(y_1^2+y_2^2+\cdots+y_n^2)\\
-(x_1y_2-x_2y_1)^2-\cdots-(x_1y_n-x_ny_1)^2\\
-(x_2y_3-x_3y_2)^2-\cdots-(x_2y_n-x_ny_2)^2\\
-\cdots-(x_{n-1}y_n-x_ny_{n-1})^2.
\end{multline*}
\end{setlength}

(x1 y2 x2 y1 )2 (x1 yn xn y1 )2
(x2 y3 x3 y2 )2 (x2 yn xn y2 )2
(xn1 yn xn yn1 )2 .
Nhng dng gia c th cn dt

\shoveleft{...}, bn phi shoveright{...}
bn
7
\begin{multline*}
(x_1y_1+x_2y_2+\cdots+x_ny_n)^2=(x_1^2+x_2^2+
\cdots+x_n^2)(y_1^2+y_2^2+\cdots+y_n^2)\\
\shoveleft{-(x_1y_2-x_2y_1)^2-(x_1y_3-x_3y_1)^2
-\cdots-(x_1y_n-x_ny_1)^2}\\
-(x_2y_3-x_3y_2)^2-(x_2y_4-x_4y_2)^2
-\cdots-(x_2y_n-x_ny_2)^2\\
-\cdots-(x_{n-1}y_n-x_ny_{n-1})^2.
\end{multline*}
tri
125

(x1 y2 x2 y1 )2 (x1 y3 x3 y1 )2 (x1 yn xn y1 )2
(x2 y3 x3 y2 )2 (x2 y4 x4 y2 )2 (x2 yn xn y2 )2
(xn1 yn xn yn1 )2 .
im ngt cng thc v gn nhn cng thc
1. Tn trng cng thc ton hc trn vn vi bn phi v bn tri.
V d: ta tch cng thc
!2
X
x1 + y 1 +
C5i + a2
i<5
Nu ta g vo
Khi LATEX s bo li
! Missing \right, isnerted

\begin{multline}
x_1+y_1+\left(\sum_{i<5}\\ <inserted text>
\right.
\binom{5}{i} +a^2\right)^2
1.11 \end{multline}
\end{multline}
Nh vy im ngt cng thc khng ng do phn sau c lnh
\right ng cng thc b vi phm.
2. nh s cng thc hu ht mi trng cu trc trong chng
ny u c vic nh nhn t ng hoc ta t gn bng lnh \tag
hoc khng gn \notag. Nhng mt nhm cng thc i lin nhau
ta c th ch ng gn nhn phn bit nh cc cng thc (5.5),
(5.5a) v (5.5b):
\begin{gather}
\delta_1=x_1+x_2+x_3\label{E:vie1}\\
\delta_2=x_1x_2+x_1x_3+x_2x_3\tag{\ref{E:vie1}a}\\
\delta_3=x_1x_2x_3\tag{\ref{E:vie1}b}
\end{gather}
126
2
1 = x 1 + x 2 + x 3
(5.5)
2 = x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3
(5.5a)
3 = x 1 x 2 x 3
(5.5b)
nhn c nhn (10 ) ta g vo \tag{ref{E:Vie}$$} v

nhn c (1a ) g vo \tag{ref{E:Vie}${}_{\text{a}}$}. Gn
ln lt
\begin{subequations}\label{E:su}
\begin{gather}
\delta_1=x_1+x_2+x_3 \label{E:su1}\\
\delta_2=x_1x_2+x_1x_3+x_2x_3 \label{E:su2}\\
\delta_3=x_1x_2x_3 \label{E:su3}
\end{gather}
\end{subequations}
2
1 = x 1 + x 2 + x 3
(5.6a)
2 = x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3
(5.6b)
3 = x 1 x 2 x 3
(5.6c)
y khi tham kho \eqref{E:su} s in ra nhm (5.6), cn

\eqref{E:su1}, \eqref{E:su2} v \eqref{E:su3} in ra (5.6a),
(5.6b) v (5.6c).
5.4. Ging theo ct

Cng thc trn nhiu dng nhiu khi to thnh cc ct. Phn
ny ta xt n mi trng align ging theo ct cng thc. Mi
trng align to ra cc ct, s cc ct tri ra theo b rng ca
trang. V d
5.4. Ging theo ct
127
\begin{align}\label{E:al2}
\arcsin(\sin x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi }&-\frac{\pi}{2}\le x
\le \frac{\pi}{2}\\
\arccos(\cos x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi } &-\pi\le x \le \pi\notag
\end{align}
:
arcsin(sin x) = x
arccos(cos x) = x
x
2
2
Vi x
Vi
(5.7)
5.4.1. im t ging ct
t ging ct theo nguyn tc sau y
1. Nu phi ging n ct th trn mi dng phi c 2n 1 khong
gia cc & tch ct v s th t chn ca & c nh du l
im ging.
2. Khng c nh du ging ct & vo gia cng thc c lnh
bn tri v bn phi lin kt nh \left v \right hoc l gia
cc i s ca lnh. V d:
\begin{align}
\binom{a&+b}{2}\\
x&+y=z
\end{align}
LATEX s bo li khng to c
cng thc:
\begin{align}
!Argument of\align has...}
<inserted text>
\par
...
1.9 \binom{a&+b}{2}
\\
\end{align}
5.4.2. Phng n ging ct

Mi trng align c hai phin bn bin i. Mi trng
flalign dn ct bn tri v bin tri, dn ct bn phi v bin
phi. Cng cng thc trn ta c
128
\begin{flalign}\label{E:fla2}
\arcsin(\sin x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi }&0\le x \le \frac{\pi}{2}\\
\arccos(\cos x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi } &- \pi\le x \le \pi\notag
\end{flalign}
:
arcsin(sin x) = x
arccos(cos x) = x
(5.8)
2
Vi x
Vi 0 x
Mi trng alignat khng a vo khong trng gia cc ct.

Nh vy ngi dng ch ng cho khong trng tch cc ct
ra.
\begin{alignat}{2}\label{E:ali1}
\arcsin(\sin x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi }&0\le x\le\frac{\pi}{2}\\
\arccos(\cos x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi }& -\pi\le x \le \pi\notag
\end{alignat}
2
arccos(cos x) = x Vi x
arcsin(sin x) = x Vi 0 x
(5.9)
Thng thng ngi ta dng khong trng \quad hoc \qquad

tch ct nh
\begin{alignat}{2}\label{E:ali2}
\arcsin(\sin x)&=x&\qquad\mbox{ Vi }&0\le x\le\frac{\pi}{2}\\
\arccos(\cos x)&=x &\qquad\mbox{ Vi }&- \pi\le x \le \pi
\end{alignat}
5.4. Ging theo ct
129
2
arcsin(sin x) = x
arccos(cos x) = x
2
Vi x
Vi 0 x
(5.10)
(5.11)
Mi trng alignat c bit thch hp vi vic lit k cng

thc trong chng minh nh
\begin{alignat}{2}
A&=A\cap (B\cup C)&&\quad\text{(theo tnh phn b)}\\
&=(A\cap B)\cup(A\cap C)&&\quad
\text{(theo iu kin (*))}\notag\\
&=B\cup C\notag
\end{alignat}
A = A (B C)
(theo tnh phn b)
= (A B) (A C)
(5.12)
(theo iu kin (*))
=BC
y ta cn phn bit mi trng eqnarray v align c s khc
nhau khi kt qu in ra.
8 :
\begin{eqnarray}
x&=& 17y\\
y&>& a+b+c
\end{eqnarray}
x = 17y
(5.13)
y > a + b + c (5.14)
Cng cng thc trong mi trng align
\begin{align}
x&= 17y\\
y&> a+b+c
\end{align}
8 :
x = 17y
y >a+b+c
2
(5.15)
(5.16)
Ta thy rng khong trng bao quanh = v > trong mi trng

eqnarray ln hn v l khong trng mc nh gia cc ct.
130
5.4.3. Dng vn bn trong cng thc ton

Lnh \intertext t mt dng vn bn vo gia cc dng
trong cc mi trng align v phin bn ca n.
\begin{align}
(x+y)^n&=\sum_{k=0}^{n}\binom{n}{k}x^{n-k}y^k\\
\intertext{D dng nhn c biu thc sau}
&=x^n+\sum_{k=1}^{n}\binom{n}{k}x^{n-k}y^k\notag
\end{align}
(x + y) =
n
X
Cnk xnk y k
(5.17)
k=0
D dng nhn c biu thc sau

n
=x +
n
X
Cnk xnk y k
k=1
Hoc mt v d c
\begin{align*}\label{E:ali4}
\arcsin(\sin x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi }&0\le x \le \frac{\pi}{2}\\
\intertext{Bn c c th tm c cng thc tng t}
\arccos(\cos x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi }&- \pi\le x \le \pi\notag
\end{align*}
arcsin(sin x) = x
Vi 0 x
Bn c c th tm c cng thc tng t

arccos(cos x) = x
Vi x
Ch : Lnh \intertext{...} a vo sau t nht mt du

\\.
5.5. Ging cc mi trng ph
131
5.5. Ging cc mi trng ph

5.5.1. Mi trng ph khc nhau
Hai khi mi trng align v gather c phin bn ph
aligned v gathered. Ta c th ging hai mi trng ny.
Hai mi trng ph aligned v gathered c cng tnh cht
nh trong cc mi trng tng ng align v gather.
8 :
\[ \begin{aligned}
x&=5+a+\beta\\ y&=7+b\\ z&=9+c
x=5+a+
x = 11 +
\end{aligned}
y =7+b
hoc y = 13
\text{ hoc }
z =9+c
z = 15 + d
\begin{gathered}
x=11+\beta\\ y=13\\ z=15+d
\end{gathered}\]
Mt s mi trng ph nh aligned, gathered v array c
tu chn theo i s [c], [t] hoc [b] cho vic cn vo trng
tm, ln trn hoc xung y tng ng. V d
8 :
\[ \begin{aligned}[b]
x&=5+a+\beta\\ y&=7+b\\ z&=9+c
x=5+a+
x = 11 +
\end{aligned}
y =7+b
y = 13
\text{ hoc }
z =9+c
hoc z = 15 + d
\begin{gathered}[b]
x=11+\beta\\ y=13\\ z=15+d
\end{gathered}\]
Trong mi trng ph LATEX khng nh s v gn nhn.
Ta c th dng mi trng ph aligned vit cng thc
nhiu dng m nhn s nh vo gia cc dng.
7
\begin{equation}\label{E:tong1}
\begin{aligned}
(x+y)^n&=\sum_{k=0}^{n}\binom{n}{k}x^{n-k}y^k\\
&=x^n+\sum_{k=1}^{n}\binom{n}{k}x^{n-k}y^k
132
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
2
n
(x + y) =
n
X
Cnk xnk y k
k=0
n
=x +
n
X
(5.18)
Cnk xnk y k
k=1
5.5.2. Ngt cng thc

Mi trng ph split dng ngt cng thc thnh nhng
phn nh. Mi phn nh tn trng nguyn tc trn vn cng thc
ton v tt c cc phn ch gn mt nhn cng thc.
7
\begin{equation}\label{E:dh1}
\begin{split}
(u_1u_2\ldots u_n)&= u_1u_2\ldots u_n\\
&+ u_1u_2\ldots u_n+\ldots+u_1u_2\ldots u_n
\end{split}
\end{equation}
2
(u1 u2 . . . un )0 = u01 u2 . . . un
+ u1 u02 . . . un + . . . + u1 u2 . . . u0n
(5.19)
Nguyn tc dng nhng mi trng split

1. split bt buc phi nm trong cc mi trng sau
equation, align, gather, flalign, gathered hoc nhng
phng n * cui ca chng.
2. Cng thc b ngt ch c mt s nhn c gn t ng hoc
c gn bng lnh \tag hoc khng c nhn nu ta dng
lnh \notag.
5.6. iu chnh trong cc ct
133
3. Lnh \tag v \notag ch c nh v tr trc

\begin{split} hoc sau lnh \end{split}.
V d: Ta c th t align* v split vo trong gather
8 :
\begin{gather}\label{E:bp1}
\begin{split}
(a + b + c)2 = [a + (b + c)]2
(a&+b+c)^2=[a+(b+c)]^2\\
= a2 + 2a(b + c) + (b + c)2
&= a^2+2a(b+c)+(b+c)^2\\
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
&=a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ca
(5.20)
\end{split}\\
\begin{align*}
a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b)
a^2-b^2&=(a-b)(a+b)\\
a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
a^3-b^3&=(a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2)
\end{align*}
\end{gather}
Ta c th t split trong align
8 :
\begin{align}\label{E:bp2}
\begin{split}
(a&+b+c)^2=[a+(b+c)]^2\\
&= a^2+2a(b+c)+(b+c)^2\\
&=a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ca
\end{split}\\
&a^2-b^2=(a-b)(a+b).
\label{E:bp3}
\end{align}
(a + b + c)2 = [a + (b + c)]2
= a2 + 2a(b + c) + (b + c)2
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(5.21)
a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b).
(5.22)
Ch rng \\ nm sau \end{split} tch dng trong align.

Trong gi amsmath ta c th dng lnh \raisetag t li v
tr nhn, v d \raisetag{6pt} ngha l nng im nhn 6pt ln
pha trn.

Nhng phn trc ta xt mt s mi trng ph: flalign,
alignat, ... v c gather, multline iu chnh t nht mt ct n
134
mt s ct. Trong phn ny ta xt thm mt s mi trng ph

na rt thng dng trong vic cn chnh trong ct mi trng.
5.6.1. Ma trn
Mi trng ph ma trn matrix phi nm trong mi trng
equation hoc equation*. V d
8 :
$$\left( \begin{matrix}
a+b & uv & 157\\
ab & u+v & 51
\end{matrix}\right)$$
2

a + b uv 157
ab u + v 51
Trong gi amsmath ch cho 10 ct khi to ma trn. Nu ta mun

s ct nhiu hn phi khai bo bng lnh
\setcounter{MaxMatrixCols}{12}. V d
\medskip
$$\setcounter{MaxMatrixCols}{12}
\left(\begin{matrix}
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 & 11 & 12\\
1 & 2 & \hdotsfor{8} & 11 & 12
\end{matrix}\right)$$
2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2
...........
11 12
Lnh \setcounter t ch s cho bin ton cc ni chung,

trng hp y l MaxMatrixCols. Lnh \hdotsfor phi bt
u sau mt & v ch ra s ct chm qua.
Nhng ma trn khc nhau: Thc t nhiu ma trn khc nhau
do k hiu bin khc nhau. Nguyn th ca cu trc mi trng
ph matrix khng c bin ging nh mt biu bng vy
135
8 :
$$\begin{matrix}
a+b+c & uv \\
abc
& u+v
\end{matrix}$$
a + b + c uv
abc
u+v
Ngoi ra LATEX cung cp mt s ma trn c bin khc nh

a + b + c uv
pmatrix:
abc
u+v
a + b + c uv
bmatrix:
abc
u+v

a + b + c uv

vmatrix:
abc
u + v

a + b + c uv

Vmatrix:
abc
u + v
Thc t ta c th to ra nhng ma trn c du bin thch hp
8 :
$$\left( \begin{matrix}
a+b+c & uv \\
abc
& u+v
\end{matrix} \right]$$
2

a + b + c uv
abc
u+v
Trong ma trn nhng phn t c th l cc du ba chm, ta

xt phng n sau
8 :
$$\begin{pmatrix}
a_{11} &a_{12}&\dots&a_{1n}\\
a_{21} &a_{22} &\dots &a_{2n}\\
\vdots &\vdots &\dots &\vdots\\
a_{n1} &a_{n2} &\dots &a_{nn}
\end{pmatrix}$$
a11 a12
a21 a22
..
..
.
.
an1 an2
. . . a1n
. . . a2n
..
... .
. . . ann
Ma trn nh: Nu ta t ma trn trn mt dng vi vn bn

th thy k hiu kh to
136
8 :
Cng
trn dng

vn bn
a + b + c uv
lm dng
abc
u+v
cch rng.
Cng trn dng vn bn

$\begin{pmatrix}
a+b+c & uv \\
abc
& u+v
\end{pmatrix}$
lm dng cch rng.
8 :
Trnh iu ta dng mi
trng smallmatrix nh
$\left(\begin{smallmatrix}
a+b+c & uv \\
abc
& u+v
\end{smallmatrix}\right)$
Trnh iu ta dng mi
trng
nh
smallmatrix
a+b+c uv
abc u+v
Mi trng smallmatrix khng c dng khc nhau ging nh

matrix v hm \hdotsfor khng c tc dng.
5.6.2. Mng
Mi trng ph matrix trong gi amsmath hon ton tng t
nh mi trng ph array trong nguyn gc LATEX. V d
8 :
$$\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
a+b & uv & 157\\
ab & u+v & 51
\end{array} \right)$$
a + b uv 157
ab u + v 51
Nguyn tc lp mi trng array

1. Cc ct c cch bi &.
2. Thng s ca \begin{array} l bt buc: n bao gm chui
cc k t l, r v c; mi k t cho mt ct; mi ct c
y tng ng v bn tri, bn phi v vo gia.
Khi ta khng nh mt cht thng s no th ta nhn c
thng bo li khi dch
5.7. Biu giao hon
137
! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg.

1.7 a
+b & uv & 157\\
Nu ta c dng gi amsmath, ta nhn c thng bo
! Extra alignment tab has been changed to \cr
<recently read> \andtemplate
1.14 \end{equation*}
5.6.3. Mi trng trng hp
Mi trng cases cng l mi trng ph. Ta xt v d sau
8 :
\begin{equation}
|a|= \begin{cases}
a & \text{nu $a>0$}\\
0 & \text{nu $a=0$}\\
-a & \text{nu $a<0$}
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
nu a > 0
a
|a| = 0
nu a = 0
a nu a < 0
(5.23)
Ta c th ni cases ch l trng hp ring ca array.
5.7. Biu giao hon

Trong gi amsmath c cung cp mi trng ph CD xy dng
biu giao hon. V d
\[\begin{CD}
A
@>>>
@VVV
C
@=
\end{CD}\]
8 :
B \\
@AAA\\
D
B
x
Nguyn tc lp biu giao hon

1. CD l mi trng ph nn nm trong mt mi trng \[ \].
2. Biu giao hon l mt ma trn km theo hai dng mi tn:
mi tn ngang v mi tn ng. Mi tn bt u bng k hiu
@
138
a) Mi tn bn phi l @>>>, bn tri @<<< v du song song

@=.
b) Mi tn xung @VVV, mi tn ln @AAA.
3. Mi tn c th km theo nhn bn cnh:
a) Nu @>{tren}>> v @<{tren}<< th t tren trn mi tn,
cn @>>{duoi}> v @<<{duoi}< th duoi di mi tn.
b) Nu @V{trai}VV v @A{trai}AA th trai bn tri mi tn,
cn @VV{phai}V v @AA{phai}A th phai bn phi mi tn.
4. Nhng im b trng khng cn thm k t ph tr g.
\[ \begin{CD}
\mathbb{A} @>H_1>> \mathbb{B} @>>H_2> \mathbb{C} \\
@VP_1VV
@AAP_2A
@VVP_3V
\\
\mathbb{D} @<<H_3< \mathbb{E} @>>H_4> \mathbb{F}
\end{CD}\]
H
A 1
P1 y
B
x H2
P
2
P
y 3
D E F
H3
H4
Ta b i mt nt
\[ \begin{CD}
\mathbb{A} @>H_1>> \mathbb{B} @>>H_2> \mathbb{C} \\
@VP_1VV
@AAP_2A
\\
\mathbb{D} @>>H_3> \mathbb{E}
\end{CD}\]
H
A 1
P1 y
B C
x H2
P
2
D E
H3
5.8. Ngt trang trong mi trng
139
5.8. Ngt trang trong mi trng

Mc nh mi mi trng ton u khng cho ngt trang
ngang khi. Gp trng hp phi ngt trang ngang khi ta phi s
dng lnh \allowdisplaybreaks. Lnh ny cho php ngt trang
trong mi trng cng thc nhiu dng. V d
{\allowdisplaybreaks
\begin{align}\label{E:nd1}
a&=b+c,\\
d&=e+f,\\
x&=y+z.
\end{align} }
cho php ngt bt k dng no sau dng th nht.
Trong min ca \allowdisplaybreaks th \\* c u tin
ngt hn \\. Phng n khc l sau \\ ta c th t lnh
\displaybreak cho im ngt hoc \displaybreak[0] cho php
ngt sau mt dng. Tng t nh vy cho \displaybreak[n]
y n l 1, 2 hoc 3. Nh vy \displaybreak[4] tng ng vi
\displaybreak.
CHNG 6
K THUT T TO LNH
6.1. To nhng lnh mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2. To mi trng mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3. Gn s v o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4. To lnh c bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5. To mt mi trng danh sch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
140
146
149
152
153
6.1. To nhng lnh mi

LATEX bao gm s ln cc lnh. Tuy nhin LATEX cng cho php
to ra cc lnh mi s dng theo s thch ca ta.
6.1.1. Lm lnh ngn gn
Nhiu lnh trong LATEX rt di d nh nhm hoc trong son
tho c nhiu cm t lp i lp li, ta c th to ra lnh ngn gn
hn bng lnh \newcommand.
V d: \newcommand{\va}{\varepsilon} khi dng ta g vo
\va hoc \newcommand{\cmr}{Chng minh rng}.
Nguyn tc to lnh mi
1. Dng lnh \newcommand.
2. M ngoc nhn nh lnh mi vi \ v ng ngoc nhn
li.
3. Ni dung lnh th hin trong nhm ngoc nhn tip theo.
4. Dng lnh mi bng cch sau mi lnh thm du cch \
hoc {}, v d trn phi dng \va\ v \cmr{}.
6.1. To nhng lnh mi
141
Nhng ch khi dng v to lnh mi

1. t nhng lnh phn m u ca ti liu trc
\begin{document} th lnh c tc dng trn ton thn bi.
2. LATEX kim tra lnh mi ngoc nhn ng m, cn ch thng
bo li ni dung lnh mi khi s dng n.
3. Ch khng to lnh mi trng vi s lnh LATEX c. Khi
LATEX s bo li
LaTeX Error: Command \va already defined.
4. Khng nhiu du trng trong ni dung nh ngha do tn
b nh v kt qu nhiu khong trng khi dng lnh kh
qun l.
5. Trong ni dung lnh mi phi ch ng v m ngoc nhn
cho mt phm vi hot ng trong n. V d:
\newcommand{\tbao}{\itshape
ch nghing ny chy
tip}
khi dng lnh thng bo ny \tbao th sau vn bn dng
tip theo s nghing ht, do ta dng lnh \tbao s thay
th bng \itshape ch nghing ny chy tip v lnh
\itshape pht huy tc dng. C hai cch sa sau
\newcommand{\tbao}{{\itshape ch nghing ny chy
tip}}
hoc
\newcommand{\tbao}{\textit{ ch nghing ny chy
tip}}
Lnh mi m bo trong hai mi trng ton, vn bn:
Lnh \ensuremath dng to lnh mi hot ng cho hai mi
trng ton v vn bn. Gi s ta mun dng lnh mi cho 2 ,
nu ta ch nh ngha
\newcommand{\dh}{\partial^2}
th ch dng c trong mi trng ton, cn nu
\newcommand{\dh}{$\partial^2$}
th ch dng c trong mi trng vn bn.
\newcommand{\dh}{\ensuremath{\partial^2}}
142
Chng 6. K thut t to lnh
th hot ng trong mi ng cnh.

Gi lnh xspace: gii quyt vn lnh mi dnh vo cc t
sau, ta phi gi gi lnh xspace ca David Carlisle ngay u bi
\usepackage{xspace}.
V d: \newcommand{\cmr}{Chng minh rng\xspace}. Khi
mi lnh \cmr\ , \cmr{} v \cmr l nh nhau.
6.1.2. Lnh c i s
Nu ta nh ngha
\newcommand{\goc}{\ensuremath{\widetilde{A}}}
e cng nhc. Trong khi ta mun
th ch dng c cho mt gc A
bt c ch ci no hoc nhm ch ci no lnh trn u lm c
gc. Ta c th lm li
\newcommand{\gocc}[1]{\ensuremath{\widetilde{#1}}}
y l lnh c thng s [1] l s thng s, #1 l ni dung
] vi $\gocc{ABC}$.
thng s ny. Nh vy ta c th in ra ABC
V d ng dng:
1. Trong phn u bi nh ngha
\newcommand{\vd}[1]{\textbf{#1}},
khi ta dng \vd{ABC} s ra ABC.
2. i s #1 c th xut hin hn mt ln trong ni dung to lnh.
Ta mun cho mt lnh va xut hin trong bi v chy vo tp
ch s nh
\newcommand{\ie}[1]{#1\index{#1}}.
Khi ta g trong vn bn c lnh \ie{description} th i
s ny chy vo hai ch, mt l ti v tr lnh ny, hai l vo
tp ch s theo lnh \index. V d khc trong quyn sch ny
chng ti dng lnh
\newcommand{\mysec}[1]{\section[\cbxk #1]{\cbxh #1}
y \cmssbxk v \cmssbxh l phng ch khc nhau khi cho
in ra ti ch v vo ni dung mc lc.
3. Nhng lnh mi c th c n 9 i s. V d ba i s
\newcommand{\ddu}[3]{#1\equiv#2\mod{#3}}.
6.1. To nhng lnh mi
143
Khi $\ddu{x}{y}{\theta}$ in ra x y mod .

4. Ta c th dng lnh sau y
\newcommand{\pts}[2]{a_{#1}\times\alpha^{#1}_{#2}}
7
\[\mathbf{A}=
\begin{pmatrix}
\pts{1}{1}&\pts{1}{2}&\cdots&\pts{1}{n}\\
\pts{2}{1}&\pts{2}{2}&\cdots&\pts{2}{n}\\
\vdots&\vdots&\cdots&\vdots\\
\pts{n}{1}&\pts{n}{2}&\cdots&\pts{n}{n}
\end{pmatrix}\]
11
12
21
22
a1
a1
a2
a2
A=
..
..
.
.
n
an 1 an 2n
a1
a2
..
n1
n2
an nn
6.1.3. To li mt lnh
LATEX bao gi cng thng bo li khi mt lnh mi lp trng
vi nhng lnh c t trc. V d
\newcommand{\or}{\o} LATEX s thng bo
! LaTeX Error: Command alrready defined.
123 \newcommand{\or}{\o}!
Nhng ta c th to li bng
\renewcommand{\or}{....}
y cng l lnh ci du ting Vit b li khi chy vi LATEX .
y l lnh c bn ca LATEX , khi ta nh ngha li lnh th LATEX
chy bin dch khng cn ng na v mt lnh nguyn bn ri.
Chnh v vy m chng ti phi sa li bng
\newcommand{\oh}{.....}
Nn trnh ht sc nh ngha li nhng lnh ca LATEX .
Nhng nhiu khi cng c ch khi ta nh ngha li k hiu kt
thc chng minh \qedsymbol trong gi lnh amsmath
144
\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{$\blacksquare$} hay l
\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\ensuremath{\blacksquare}}.
\renewcommand c lnh ng hnh: nu lnh ny ri vo
trong nhng lnh c th \providecommand s b qua, cn lnh
nguyn thu vn gi nguyn. Ngc li, \providecommand s tin
hnh ging nh \newcommand. Tr li v d trn:
\providecommand{\oh}{.... }
Khi dng \oh, LATEX s thng bo li khng c lnh s
dng.
6.1.4. To lnh c i s ty chn
Ta c th nh ngha lnh m thng s ca n tu chn hoc
cung cp gi tr mc nh cho tu chn. Ta xt v d sau:
\newcommand{\tong}{\ensuremath{a_{1}+a_{2}+\cdots+a_{n}}}.
$\tong$.
8 :
a1 + a2 + + an .
By gi ta in ra tng t 1 n m no , vi gi tr mc nh n.
\newcommand{\Tong}[1][n]{\ensuremath{a_{1}+\cdots+a_{#1}}}.
$\Tong$\\
$\Tong[m]$
8 :
a1 + + an
a1 + + am
Lnh \newcommand c th c ti 9 thng s nhng ch c thng

s u l tu chn. Lnh sau y c hai i s, mt l tu chn:
\newcommand{\Ttong}[2][n]{\ensuremath{
#2_{1}+#2_{2}+\cdots+#2_{#1}}}
$\Ttong{x}$,\\
$\Ttong{a}$,\\
$\Ttong[i]{a}$.
8 :
x1 + x2 + + xn ,
a1 + a2 + + an ,
a1 + a2 + + ai .
6.1.5. Gn li cc tn mc nh
Trong LATEX c nhiu t a vo t ng v in ra cng t ng
nh Table ", List of Tables ", Abstract ",... Nhng chng ta c
6.1. To nhng lnh mi
145
th gn li cc t ny theo ca mnh. V d thay cc t abstract

" thnh Tm tt ", ... \newcommand{\abstract}{Tm tt}. Bng
sau y lit k tt c nhng tn m ta c th thay i c, trong
cun sch ny chng ti thay i sang ting Vit bng cc lnh
nh trn (Xem bng 6.1).
Lnh
\abstractname
\alsoname
\alsoseename
\appendixname
\bibname
\ccname
\chaptername
\contentsname
\datename
\enclname
\figurename
\indexname
\keywordsname
\listfigurename
\listtablename
\notesname
\headpagename
\pagename
\partname
\proofname
\refname
\tablename
\preffacename
\seename
\subjectname
\tablename
\tocname
\contentsname
\headtoname
Tn
Abstract
Also
Also see
Appendix
Bibliography
Cc
Chapter
Contents
Date
Enclosure
Figure
Index
Key words
List of Figures
List of Tables
Notes
Page
Page
Part
Proof
References
Table
Preface
See
Subject
Table
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
To
Ting Vit
Tm tt
Cng vy
Cng vy xem
Ph lc
Ti liu
Cc
Chng
Mc lc
Ngy
Km theo
Hnh
Ch s
Kho t
Danh sch cc hnh
Danh sch cc bng
Ghi ch
Trang
Trang
Phn
Chng minh
Ti liu tham kho
Bng
Li ni u
Xem
Ch
Bng
Bng danh mc
Bng danh mc
n
146

Bng 6.1: Tn trong LATEX
Ch : Khi s dng nhng lp ti liu khc nhau nhng tn

bng trn cng khc nhau nh: lp article, amsart v amsproc
dng \refname trong khi lp report, book, amsbook li dng
\bibname. Lp letter dng mt lot cc lnh ring \pagename,
\enclname, \ccname v \headtoname.
6.2. To mi trng mi
Nhiu mi trng ca LATEX khng thch hp vi ta, ta c th
sa i v lm tt hn ln cc mi trng c.
t tn li mi trng: V d ta mun thay tn mi trng
proof (trong gi lnh amsmath) ta vit lnh
\newenvironment{cm}
+ Cch ny khng thay i ni {\begin{proof}}
dung ca mi trng proof.
{\end{proof}}
\newenvironment{cm}
{begin_text}
{end_text}}
+ Thay i thc s ni dung

mi trng nh cc lnh ct
bn.
Ch : begin_text bao gm c lnh \begin{oldname} v

end_text cha lnh \end{oldname}, y oldname l tn mi
trng c ta mun sa i.
+ V d mi trng proof ton
ch nghing nh ct bn
\newenvironment{cm}
{\begin{proof}\em}
{\end{proof}}
\newenvironment{cm}
{\begin{proof}}
{\end{proof}}
+ Khi s dng mi trng ri

LATEX mi bo li khi tn mi
trng c khng ng LaTeX
Error: Enviroment proof undifined! 1.12 \begin{cm}
Mi trng c thng s: \newenvironment c th to mi

trng c thng s, ch c dng trong begin_text. V d: Ta
6.2. To mi trng mi
147
nh ngha li mi trng theorem v kt hp lun nhn tham

kho
\newenvironment{mytheoref}[1]
{begin{theorem}\label{T:#1}}
{\end{theorem}}
Khi gi mi trng ny nh \begin{mytheoref}{label} th ngoi
mi trng nh ngha bnh thng ra ta cn gn nhn tham kho
T:label v khi ta s dng nhn ny cho lnh \ref.
Ch : Khng nn dng tn mi trng trng vi tn cc lnh
c, khi LATEX s bo li.
To mi trng ch ra mt phm vi: Nhiu khi ta ch sa i
v thay li mi trng trong mt phm vi vi chng, on, v d
nh cc s m. Tt nhin ta c th m { trc khi to mi trng
mi v } ng li khi ht s dng mi trng ny.
V ngoc nhn ng m rt kh nhn khi son tho nn ta c
th a vo mi trng
Khi dng ta g vo
\newenvironment{exception}
{relax}
{relax}
\begin{exception}
new command
body
\end{exception}
\relax l lnh khng lm g c, nhng ta c th nhn dng

khi s dng lnh mi d hn.
To mi trng hon ton mi: V d sau to ra mi trng vn
bn cn vo tm trang theo chiu dc.
\newenvironment{vcenterpage}
{\newpage\vspace*{\fill}}
{\vspace*{\fill}\par\pagebreak}
To mi trng c thng s tu chn vi gi tr mc nh:
\newenvironment{trangnho}[1][3in]
{\noindent\begin{minipage}{#1}}
148
{\end{minipage}}
kim tra mi trng trn ta g vo
\begin{trangnho}
ng sng theo iu ta c mun. Hy sng theo iu ta c th.
\\ \hfill{\bf Ngn ng Nht Bn}
\end{trangnho}
:
ng sng theo iu ta c mun. Hy
sng theo iu ta c th.
Ngn ng Nht Bn
Khi gi tr tu chn thay i
\begin{trangnho}[3.5in]
ng sng theo iu ta c mun. Hy sng theo iu ta c th.
\\ \hfill{\bf Ngn ng Nht Bn}
\end{trangnho}
ng sng theo iu ta c mun. Hy sng theo

iu ta c th.
Ngn ng Nht Bn
To lnh c thng s ngn: Phng n ui * ca lnh
\newcommand* l to ra lnh hoc mi trng i s ngn v nhiu
khi thng s ca lnh hoc mi trng l on vn bn rt di. V
d:
Khi ta nh ngha
\newcommand{\LBF}[1]{{\large\bfseries#1}}
p dng tt cho on mt.
on hai bt u.
6.3. Gn s v o
149
Nhng ta nh ngha c *
\newcommand*{\LBF}[1]{{\large\bfseries#1}}
th khng s dng c, LATEX s thng bo li.
! Paragraph ended before \LBF was complete
<to be read again>
\par.
6.3. Gn s v o
LATEX dng s nguyn gn vo cc s m nh cc s chng,
mc v tiu mc. LATEX cng gn di o vo cc lnh di,
v d trong cun sch ny ta gn \textwidth l chiu rng ca
trang 11.3truecm.
6.3.1. Nhng s m
S m c xc nh trong LATEX, trong gi lnh hoc ngi
dng.
S m chun ca LATEX: LATEX t ng sinh ra nhng s ca cng
thc, mc, nh l, ...; nhng s ny tng thch vi b s m.
Bng sau ch ra s m chun ca LATEX.
equation
footnote
part
chapter
paragraph subparagraph
enumi
enumii
figure
section
subsubsection
enumiii
page
subsection
table
enumiv
Bng 6.2: S m trong LATEX

t li s m: Lnh \setcounter t li s m c trn. V
d:
t li s chng hin thi: \setcounter{chapter}{3}
t li s trang hin thi: \setcounter{page}{35}
Ch : Cc s m t ng tng ln khi dng cc lnh trong
LATEX, nhng lnh cha s m ny. Nhiu khi t li s trang
khng phi l gii php tt, v khi tt c tham kho v s
chng, s trang, ch s u sai lch.
t mt s m mi: Ta c th t ra mt s m mi bng lnh
150
\newcounter{somoi}, khi somoi l mt s m mi khi to

ngay bng 0. Ta cng t s m vi tu chn v gi tr mc nh
\newcounter{somoi}[gt], gt l mt s c gn ngay cho somoi.
Nguyn tc to s m mi: S m mi phi bt buc khai bo
ngay phn u vn bn v khng th nh ngha trong cc tp c
vo \include.
nh dng s m: Hnh dng mc nh ca s m c th gi
ra bng lnh \thesomoi. thay i s m ta dng lnh
\renewcommand{\thesomoi}{ new-format}
y new-format l dng s c th.
S m c th nh dng theo 5 loi:
Tn
rp
roman nh
roman ln
ch ci nh
ch ci ln
Lnh
\arabic{counter}
\roman{counter}
\Roman{counter}
\alph{counter}
\Alph{counter}
V d
(6)
(vi)
(VI)
(f)
(F)
Bng 6.3: nh dng s trong LATEX

Gi tr mc nh ca cc s m l rp. V d nh ngha li
\renewcommand{\thechapter}{\arabic{chapter}}
\renewcommand{\thesection}{ \thechapter~\arabic{section}}
\renewcommand{\thesubsection}%
{\thechapter-\arabic{section}.\arabic{subsection}}
Khi chng 4 mc 2 tiu mc 1 s in ra : 4-2.1.
Khi mun in ch s roman nh phn u, phn cn li nh
s rp bnh thng ta tin hnh:
\pagenumbering{roman}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\listoftables
\include{intro}
6.3. Gn s v o
151
\pagenumbering{arabic}
\include{chuong1}
......
\include{chuong9}
\printindex
Trong gi lnh amsmath ta mun i cc nh s trong
cng thc nh t (2a), (2b) sang (2i), (2ii) ta t nh sau:
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\theparentequation\roman{equation}}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\theparentequation\roman{equation}}
Php tnh s hc s m: Lnh \stepcounter{sodem} tng s

m sodem v t bng 0 cho tt c cc lnh c tu chn sodem.
Lnh \refstepcounter{sodem} t s c ngha cho lnh
\label. Ngha l sau lnh ny \label s tham kho gi tr ca
s m sodem.
Lnh cng mt s nguyn vo s m
\addtocounter{counter}{n}
V d: Ta thc hin hai lnh
\setcounter{sodem}{7} addtocounter{sodem}{3}
kt qu sodem c gi tr 10.
Tm gi tr ca s dm bng \value, ta c th t li gi tr
\setcounter{sodemmoi}{\value{sodem}}.
6.3.2. Nhng lnh v di
Trong lnh v s m ch cha s nguyn, cn cc lnh v
di cha s thc v n v o.
n v o: LATEX dng 7 n v o; c 5 n v o tuyt
i: cm (xngtimt), in (ins), pc (pica, 1pc=12pt), pt chm im
(1in = 72.27pt) v mm (milimt) v hai n v o tng i:
em bng rng ch M theo phng ch, ex cao ca ch x theo
phng.
C rt nhiu lnh di, v d c 17 lnh di thc hin
trn trang hoc 12 lnh di trong t mi trng,... Nhng
lnh thng dng nht l \parskip lnh tht dng u tin trn
152
mi on, \parskip l lnh cch cc on nh nhau, \textwidth

t chiu rng trang vn bn, \marginparpush t khong nh
cch l v khi vn bn ghi ch ngoi l.
Gn di: Lnh \setlength t gi tr cho lnh di. V d:
\setlength{\textwidth}{3in} lm b rng trang rt hp.
Ch : Thng s ca lnh t lnh di rt hay nhm:
1. i s th nht phi l lnh; v d sai:
\setlength{\textwidth}{3in}.
2. Phi c n v o thng s th hai; rt d sai
\setlength{\textwidth}{3}
di co gin: LATEX cho php t mt di co gin. V d
\setlength{\strechspace}{3in plus 10pt minus 8pt}. Ngha
l ta gn vo lnh di \strechspace gi tr 3inch, nhng n c
th gin hn 10pt hoc co li 8pt. Lnh di co gin dnh cho
to ra, sp xp cng thc v cc dng mt cch hp l nht.
To mt lnh di mi: Lnh \newlength to ra
mt lnh di mi nh \newlength{\dodaimoi}
to ra lnh di \dodaimoi. Ta c th t
\setlength{\dodaimoi}{3cm}
v
ta
dng
lnh
\parbox vi lnh mi \parbox{\dodaimoi}{...}.
6.4. To lnh c bin

Mt lnh c bin lm d c hn. Trong trng hp ny ta
to lnh mi bng lnh nguyn thu ca TEX \def. Mt v d
hai lnh coi nh tng ng \newcommand{\la}{\leftarrow}
v \def\la{\leftarrow}.
Nhng sau lnh \def th LATEX khng kim tra lnh \la c
cha m n ph nh lun lnh trc . Ngha l \def khc vi
cc lnh \newcommand, \renewcommand v \providecommand. LATEX
khng h tr g lp mt lnh mi i vi cc lnh c.
Nhng ta c th dng \def nh ngha lnh c bin nh:
\def\vv<#1>{\langle#1\rangle}
khi gi lnh ny phi km k t bin nh $\vv<a,b>$ in ra ha, bi.
6.5. To mt mi trng danh sch
153
\def\con#1=#2(#3){#1\equiv#2\mod{#3}}
khi $\con a=b(\theta)$ cho kt qu a b mod .
Ch khng c nhng khong trng xung quanh #.
V d khc ta t li \def\LaTeX{ }/{\LaTeX{ }}, khi s dng
g vo \LaTeX{ }/ th k t c bit ny khng dnh vo cc t
sau .

LATEX cung cp rt nhiu mi trng danh sch nh chng
3. By gi ta mun lp mt danh sch mi theo ca ta.
6.5.1. Lnh di cho mi trng list
Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt danh sch nh hnh 6.1
Hnh 6.1: Cu trc mt danh sch

N bao gm 6 lnh di ngang v 3 lnh di dc. By gi
ta lit k cc lnh.
154
Lnh di dc
\topsep: Khong cch dc gia on mc th nht v vn
bn trc ; cng nh vy gia on mc cui cng v vn
bn tip . Thc ra khong cch ny bng tng \topsep v
\parskip. Mun tng khong cch ny th thm khong cch vo
\partopsep.
\parsep: Khong cch gia hai on mc.
\itemsep: Thm vo \parsep to khong gia cc on danh
mc, vy khong cch ny l \itemsep v \parsep.
Tt c cc lnh khong cch dc u co gin thch hp.
Lnh di ngang
Hai lnh \leftmargin v \rightmargin cho khong cch t
im phn t ca danh sch n l tri v phi tng ng.
rng ca nhn ta c th mc nh hoc thay i bng
lnh \labelwidth, khi thay i \itemindent n v so vi l
tri. \labelsep l khong cch t nhn n vn bn ca \item.
Tht u dng ca mt on cng trong \item o bng
\listparindent.
6.5.2. Mi trng list
Ngi ta c th t to ra mt mi trng danh sch bng mi
trng \list c dng tng qut sau:
\begin{list}{defaul_label}{declarations}
\item phantu1
\item phantu2
...
\end{list}
y defaul_label l nhn s ra ti mi \item, cn
declarations l lnh t chiu di, chiu rng. Ta ly mt v
d
8 :
155
Nhng tc phm nh kim

Nhng tc phm nh kim
cng ca Xun Qunh
cng ca Xun Qunh
\begin{list}{$\diamondsuit$}
{\setlength{\leftmargin}{.2in} T Tm-Chi Bic
\setlength{\rightmargin}{.0in} Hoa Dc Chin Ho.
\setlength{\parsep}{.6pt}}
Gi Lo Ct Trng.
\item T Tm-Chi Bic
Li Ru Trn Mt t.
\item Hoa Dc Chin Ho.
\item Gi Lo Ct Trng.
Sn Ga Chiu Em i.
\item Li Ru Trn Mt t.
T Ht.
\item Sn Ga Chiu Em i.
\item T Ht.
\end{list}
6.5.3. Nhng v d c th
Hai v d sau y bn c tham kho v t to ra danh sch
ca mnh. Bn c c th so vi hnh v v hiu nhng kch thc
trong mi trng ny.
\begin{list}{{$\heartsuit$}\arabic{sothutu}}
{\setlength{\leftmargin}{1in}
\setlength{\rightmargin}{.6in}
\setlength{\labelwidth}{1.0in}
\setlength{\labelsep}{.2in}
\setlength{\parsep}{.5ex plus 0.2ex minus 0.1ex}
\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex plus 0.2ex minus 0ex}
\usecounter{sothutu} \itshape}
\item No u d c phi phai thi gian\\
Cn y mi khc ca dao Ti v Em
\item Chn qu ngho, ta c mnh\\
Mt ngy bng my trm nm hi ngi.
\end{list}
156

1
No u d c phi phai thi gian

Chn qu ngho, ta c mnh

Ta c th thit lp mi trng
\newenvironment{tramnam}
{\begin{list}{{$\clubsuit$}\arabic{sothutu}}
{\setlength{\leftmargin}{1in}
\setlength{\rightmargin}{.6in}
\setlength{\labelwidth}{1.0in}
\setlength{\labelsep}{.2in}
\usecounter{sothutu}\itshape}}
{\end{list}}
Ta p dng mi trng mi
7
\begin{tramnam}
\item Thuyn tnh ti c
V ngi con gi ti yu
\item C ai ng chn lm
m ti ng gt chn tin
\end{tramnam}
lnh nh dng tri\\

ni lng qu
bn\\
....
2
1
Thuyn tnh ti c lnh nh dng tri

V ngi con gi ti yu ni lng qu
C ai ng chn lm bn
m ti ng gt chn tin ....
Trng hp nhn l nhng t di
157
\begin{list}{}
{ \setlength{\leftmargin}{30pt}\setlength{\rightmargin}{0pt}
\setlength{\itemindent}{14pt}\setlength{\labelwidth}{40pt}
\setlength{\labelsep}{5pt}
}
\item[\textbf{No u}\hfill] d c phi phai thi gian\\
\item[\textbf{Chn qu }\hfill] ngho, ta c mnh\\
\end{list}
No u d c phi phai thi gian

Chn qu ngho, ta c mnh
Ta to ra mi trng c thng s xc nh rng ca cc ch
vit m u dng:
\newcommand{\namelistlabel}[1]{\mbox{#1}\hfil}
\newenvironment{chuongtrinh}[1]{%
\begin{list}{}
{\let\makelabel\namelistlabel
\settowidth{\labelwidth}{#1}
\setlength{\leftmargin}{1.1\labelwidth}
}}{\end{list}}
7
\vspace*{1cm}
{\bf Chng trnh khai trng cng vin Ho Lc}
\begin{chuongtrinh}{10h00-10h00x}
\item[{\bf 08h00-09h00:}] Khai mc hi ngh\\
158
- Gii thiu chng trnh.\\

- Pht biu ca Gim c.
\item[{\bf 09h00-11h00:}] Biu din vn ngh\\
- on ca ma nhc H Ni;\\
- on Xic Trung ng.
\item[{\bf 11h00-13h00:}] Tic chiu i.
\end{chuongtrinh}
:
Chng trnh khai trng cng vin Ho Lc
08h00-09h00: Khai mc hi ngh
- Gii thiu chng trnh.
- Pht biu ca Gim c.
09h00-11h00: Biu din vn ngh
- on ca ma nhc H Ni;
- on Xic Trung ng.
11h00-13h00: Tic chiu i.
CHNG 7
TO TRCH DN V TRA CU
THNG TIN
7.1. Lm bng mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
159
7.2. Ch s bng v hnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160
7.3. Ch dn cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
162
7.4. Lm ch s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
166
7.1. Lm bng mc lc
LATEX to ra cc tp ph tr lm mc lc, tp ny c cng
tn vi tp chnh ta lm vn bn ch c khc l *.toc. Bng lnh
\tableofcontents bin dch hai ln th mc lc s a vo vn
bn ti v tr c lnh ny. V d: Tp ngun ca ta l doclatex.tex
th tp mc lc s l doclatex.toc. Trong tp ny lit k tt c cc
thnh phn n v ca: part, chapter, section, appendics, ....
Ngoi nhng thnh phn mc nh nh trn ta c th a
thm dng vo tp mc lc bng lnh
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{line add}
Thng s th nht l tn phn ui tp bng mc lc. Thng s
th hai phi l mt trong cc thnh phn: part, chapter, section,
subsection, subsubsection, paragraph, subparagraph. Mi thnh
phn ny l nh dng dng trong mc lc mt cch khc nhau
v nh s t ng theo cc thng s ny.
Ta cng c th thm vo dng khng cn nh dng g bng
lnh \addtocontents{toc}{line add}. Lnh ny nhiu khi ta
160
Chng 7. To trch dn v tra cu thng tin
dng nh dng li bng mc lc. V d: Ta mun thm mt

s khong trng vo phn no trong mc lc ta dng lnh
\addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace{10pt}}
Tp *.toc rt d c, ta c th m ra v xem. V d c cc dng
\contentsline{chapter}{\numberline {1}...}{3}
\contentsline{section}{\numberline {1.1}...}{3}
\contentsline{subsection}{\numberline{1.1.1}..}{3}
\contentsline{subsection}{\numberline{1.1.2} ..}{4}
Ch : Ta phi bin dch vn bn ba ln th ni dung mc lc
mi c y . Ln th nht ch to ra tp *.toc. Ln th hai ta
ch nhn c mc lc vi ni dung c, mt khc n to ra mc
lc mi vi dng v s trang ng bao gm c s trang mc lc
nhng cha a c vo vn bn ta ang dch. Ln th ba th
ni dung vn bn ng c a vo vn bn.
7.2. Ch s bng v hnh

Rt nhiu ti liu cha bng v hnh. Ta phi lm th no
bng v hnh phi nm trn mt trang vn bn? LATEX a ra
gii php l bng v hnh c ng " c ln u trang, cui
trang hoc sang trang sau.
Hai mi trng bng v hnh tc ng ging ht nhau trn i
tng ca mnh.
7.2.1. Mi trng bng
Cu trc chun ca mi trng ny:
\begin{table}
Bang o day
\caption{name}\label{Ta:xxx}
\end{table}
Trong mi trng bng thng dng mi trng tabular.
Lnh \caption l tu chn; thng s ca n in km theo bng v
7.2. Ch s bng v hnh
161
a vo trang lit k danh sch hnh. Tu chn \label cn phi

t gia hai lnh \caption v \end{table}; nhn ny dng
tham kho s ca bng. Mt bng cng c th c nhiu \caption.
C rt nhiu v d v bng trong cun sch ny.
Ngay sau lnh \begin{table}, ta c th ch ra i s tu chn:
b cho bng cui trang;
h t bng ti ch;
t t bng u trang;
p t bng mt trang ring.
Ta cng c th kt hp cc la chn trn. V d:
\begin{table}[ht] i hi LATEX t bng ti ch hoc ti u
trang. Mc nh l t hp [tpb]; cn th t ca t hp khng
quan trng, ngha l [th] cng nh [ht].
Bng lnh \listoftable LATEX to ra tp c tn trng vi tn
vn bn nhng phn ui l *.lot cha danh sch cc bng trong
ti liu. Danh sch trong tp *.lot c a vo vn bn ca ta ti
im ta a vo lnh trn.
Tng t nh bng mc lc ta c th thm vo danh sch bng
nhng dng ch theo c php:
\addcontentsline{lot}{section}{line_to_add}
\addtocontents{lot}{line_to_add}
7.2.2. Mi trng ho
Nhng nh v, nh qut vo, nh s, ... u c th a vo
EX bng mi trng figure. Hon ton nh mi trng bng,
nhng lnh tu chn \caption v \label dng gn nhn cho
hnh v tham kho cho v lnh \listoffigures cng a
danh sch cc nh ca ti liu vo tp *.lof . Cng bng lnh
LAT
\addcontentsline{lof}{section}{line_to_add}
\addtocontents{lof}{line_to_add}
gn thm dng vo danh sch cc hnh.
Nu ta dng gi lnh graphics th cu trc lnh l:
162
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{file}
\caption{name}\label{Fi:xxx}
\end{figure}
y file l tn tp nh ta c sn vi kch thc to. Nu
ta mun co gin nh so vi kch thc nguyn bn ta phi dng
lnh
\scalebox{.68}{\includegraphics{file}}
V d:
\begin{figure}
% \scalebox{.120}{\includegraphics{hinh.bmp}}
\caption{name}\label{Fi:xxx}
\end{figure}
7.3. Ch dn cho
LATEX c ba loi ch dn cho:
1. Ch dn k hiu bng \ref,
2. Ch dn trang bng \pageref,
3. Ch dn ti liu trch bng \cite.
7.3.1. Ch dn k hiu
Bng lnh \label ta ch th cho LATEX sinh ra mt s ch dn
lu vo thng s ca n \label{symbol}. Sau bt c u
trong vn bn ta c th tham kho n s ny bng lnh \ref
nh \ref{symbol}.
Ta c th gn nhn cho \section mt phng trnh, mt hnh,
mt bng, mt phn t nh s, mi trng nh s no hoc
nhng nh l hoc cc pht biu mnh khc. V d:
1. Ch dn mt chng, mt mc: Vo u chng cng vi tn
chng ta t nhn
\section{Mi trng ton}\label{Ch:mtt}
sau ta c th ch dn s chng bng lnh \ref{Ch:mtt}.
7.3. Ch dn cho
163
2. Ch dn mt phng trnh: Khi thit lp mi trng ta cn gn

nhn
\begin{equation}\label{E:int}
\int_{0}^{\pi}\sin x \, dx = 2.
\end{equation}
Khi tham kho s ca phng trnh ta phi g vo
(\ref{E:int}), ch l phi c ngoc trn bao quanh.
3. Nh v d trn cho s nh l
\begin{theorem}\label{T:Fe}
$x^2+y^2=z^2$.......
\end{theorem}
bt c u trong vn bn ta cng c th t ch dn
\ref{T:Fe}.
Ch :
1. Lnh \label c thng s l ch ci, cc k hiu du hoc ch
s. Thng s ny phn bit ch thng v ch hoa l hon
ton khc nhau.
2. Phi t ngay \label sau nhng cu trc lnh sinh ra s.
Khi dng ch dn phi c ~ ni vi t tham kho nh:
Chng~\ref{Ch:mmt} hoc nh nh l~\ref{T:Ferma}.
3. t nhn phi l cc cm t hoc k hiu d nh v thng nht
trong sut vn bn nh nh l bt u bng T:, B bt u
bng L:, Chng bt u bng CH:,...
7.3.2. Ch dn trang
Khi ta t lnh \label{symbol} ti mt v tr no trong
trang, sau ta mun ch dn n trang ta dng lnh
\pageref{symbol}. V d: Ta t \label{vd} ti trang hin thi
th khi tham kho ch dn ta g vo \pageref{vd} s ra 163.
164
7.3.3. Ch dn ti liu trch

Ti liu tham kho trong mt bi bo thng l khng nhiu
lm, ta c th g trc tip vo bng mi trng thebibliography.
V d:
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{gg}
George Gr\"atzer,
{\it Math into \LaTeX:
An introduction to \LaTeX{} and \AmS\LaTeX}
Birkh\"auser, Boston, 1995.
\bibitem{ll}
Leslie Lamport,
{\it \LaTeX{}: A Document Preparation System}
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1994.
\bibitem{dnkbook}
Donald E. Knuth,
{\it \TeX book, } Computers and typesetting, Vol A,
\bibitem{dnkfont}
Donald E. Knuth,
{\it METAFONT: The Program .}
Computers and typesetting, Vol D,
Thng s ca lnh \bibitem do ta qui c d nh, khi ch dn
ti liu ta dng lnh \cite. Nh v d trn ta t \cite{nhd} th
s ra [1]. Mi trng trch dn t ng sinh ra cc s cho cc
nhn. C tham s 99 cho mi trng trn lnh cho LATEX sinh
ra nhng s c hai ch s. Nu ta mun sinh ra nhiu hn na th
thm s 9 vo thng s 99 thnh 999.
Ch khng c t nhn c du trng trong lnh \cite nh
\cite{nhd } s ch ra [?].
7.3. Ch dn cho
165
Ta c th ch dn mt lot s ti liu nh \cite{nhd,gg} s ra

[1, 4].
Ta cng c th s dng tu chn ca \cite nh
\cite[pages~2-15]{gg} s ra [4, pages 2-15]
Ta mun dng nhn trch dn ti liu th ta phi ch ra
thng s tu chn ca lnh \bibitem, v d:
\bibitem[GG]{gg}
George Gr\"atzer,
{\it Math into \LaTeX:
An introduction to \LaTeX{} and \AmS\LaTeX}
Birkh\"auser, Boston, 1995.
m ..............................................................
GG George Gr
atzer, Math into LATEX: An introduction to LATEX and
AMSLATEX Birkh
auser, Boston, 1995.
Khi dng \cite{gg} s ra [GG].
Ch :
1. Nhn ca ti liu tham kho nh phn trn khng bt u
bng du trng, khng cha du phy v cng khng kt thc
bng du trng.
2. Trong LATEX khng c lnh du gch cho cng mt tc gi c
nhiu ti liu c trch dn. Mun thc hin c iu th
hy a vo nh ngha
\providecommand{\gac}{\makebox[3em]{\hrulefill}\,}
Sau ta c th p dng nh:
\bibitem{dnkbook}
Donald E. Knuth,
{\it \TeX book, } Computers and typesetting, Vol A,
\bibitem{dnkfont} \gac, {\it METAFONT: The Program .}
166
Computers and typesetting, Vol D,

3. tiu ti liu tham kho cho ng ta t ngay t u

\renewcommand{\bibname}{Ti liu tham kho}
4. Trong mt ti liu c nhiu mi trng thebibiography th
cc s li bt u t 1. V d cun sch c nhiu chng, mi
chng u c ti liu tham kho.
7.4. Lm ch s
Lm ch s l g? Ch s l mt thnh phn no trong vn
bn c lit k cui ti liu v bn cnh s trang ni thnh
phn xut hin. Vic lit k cc thnh phn mun lm ch s
t ng ho trong LATEX. Ngi dng LATEX mun lm ch s
trong mt ti liu di c chng trnh MakeIndex.exe ca Pehong
Chen. Sau y l cch tin hnh lm ch s.
7.4.1. Chun b vn bn
Nh chng trnh MakeIndex.exe nn lm ch s trong khi
son tho vn bn tp ngun ta ch t lnh \index l xong. Cc
bc chun b:
1. Phn m u vn bn t dng lnh
\usepackage{makeidx}
\makeindex
2. Ti im vn bn mun in ra ch s ta t lnh
\printindex
3. nh du tt c phn t mun lm ch s bng lnh \index.
7.4.2. Nhng thnh phn ca ch s
C mt s loi ch s khc nhau v cch dng lnh \index
thc hin chng.
Thnh phn n gin gm mt t, k hiu hoc c cu vi bn
cnh l s trang, v d
7.4. Lm ch s
V d kt qu
, 2
Dien, N.H. 5
167
Cch thc hin nh du
\index{@$\alpha$}
\index{Dien, N.H.}
Dng tng qut ca loi ny l

\index{entry_text}.
Thnh phn ph gm thnh phn chnh v mt thnh phn ph
sau n uc gn ch s.
V d kt qu
Cch thc hin nh du
Hotel, 2
\index{Hotel!Hilton}
Hilton, 2
V d kt qu
Hotel, 2
Hilton, 2
Hanoi, 2
Cch thc hin nh du

\index{Hotel!Hilton!Hanoi}
Dng tng qut

\index{entry!subentry} hoc
\index{entry!subentry!subsubentry}.
Thay i dng ch s mun nhn mnh thnh phn s trang
no ta c th ghi s trang m ln.
\index{Newton, I.|\textbf}
Thc cht |\textbf l lnh \textbf{...} s ch s. Bt c
mt lnh tc ng phng no cng c, nhng phi c dng c
i s nh lnh v d trn. Nu khng nh vy lnh tc ng s
khng kim sot c.
Ngoi ra ta c th nh ch s trong khong trang tc ng
V d kt qu
Cch thc hin nh du
Main Theorem, 2 \index{Main Theorem!exposition|(}
exposition, 1-2 \index{Main Theorem!exposition|)}
Cch cc thnh phn ch s bng du |, m trang tra cu bng
(v ng trang tra cu) ti ni trang kt thc. Ta cng c th kt
hp c hai phn trn nh v d
\index{Main Theorem!exposition|(\textbf}
\index{Main Theorem!exposition|)\textbf}
168
Lm ch s cho cc lnh: Mun lm ch s cho cc cng thc

hoc lnh ca LATEX, ta thc hin theo cng thc
\index{placement@entry}
khi placement dng xp th t trong khi lm ch s. V d
V d kt qu
Cch thc hin nh du
2
2
sin x + cos x = 1, 2
\index{@$\sin^2x+\cos^2x=1$}
\alpha, 5
\index{alpha@\verb+\alpha+}
N.H. Dien, 10
\index{Dien@N.H.~Dien}
Nhng k t c bit: Nhng k t !,@ v | c mt chc nng
c bit, ta cn phi thm du phy kp vo trc n nh "!, "@
v "|. K c " ta cng thm vo "". V d ta phi lm ch s cho
|A|, ta t
\index{"|A"|@$|A|$}
Tham kho cho: Mt thnh phn ca ch s c th tham kho
cho ti nhng ch s khc, v d cm t distributive lattice
thc cht ch s theo hai t lattice, distributive, ta g lnh
\index{lattice|see{lattice}} lnh ny t bt c u th kt
qu cng l
lattice| see lattice
t im ch s v tr no? Ta phi thc hin t phn t ch
s sao cho:
1. Phn t ch s phi c ch dn ng trang.
2. Nhng phn t ch s khng to thm khong trng tha
trong vn bn.
V d dn n thm khong trng
K hiu ton hc $\alpha$, $\beta$
\index{alpha@\verb+\alpha+}
\index{beta@\verb+\beta+}
l ch ci Hy Lp.
trong trng hp ny c th v tnh ta t thm du trng sau
. trnh iu khng mong mun xy ra ta thm du % vo
sau cc phn t ch s
7.4. Lm ch s
169
K hiu ton hc $\alpha$, $\beta$

\index{alpha@\verb+\alpha+}%
\index{beta@\verb+\beta+}%
l ch ci Hy Lp.
7.4.3. Qu trnh lm ch s
Sau khi thc hin bc chun b v ci cc phn t ch s trong
bi, thc hin c kt qu lm ch s mt ti liu, v d l
tp doclatex.tex ta thc hin cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Chy TEX ln th nht i vi doclatex.tex.
Hnh 7.1: Qu trnh lm ch s

c tp doclatex.idx cng th mc vi tp ngun. Trong
tp ny c nhng dng lnh nh
\indexentry{\verb+\alpha+}{2}
\indexentry{\verb+\beta+}{2}
Bc 2: Chy chng trnh MakeIndex.exe trn dng lnh
DOS:
MakeIndex doclatex.idx
170
Trn dng lnh hin ln

This is MAKEIN 1, portable version 2.12
[26-May-1993] .
Scanning input file doclatex.idx....
done (638 entries accepted, 0 rejected).
Sorting entries........done (7228 comparisons).
Generating output file doclatex.ind....done (707 lines
written, 0 warnings).
Output written in doclatex.ind.
Transcript written in doclatex.ilg.
Mt s cu lnh trong tp doclatex.ind
\begin{theindex}
\item \verb+\curlyvee+$(\curlyvee)$, 65
\indexspace
\item \verb+\dag+$(\dag)$, 64
.....
\end{theindex}
Bc 3: Dch li doclatex.tex mt ln na s thy c tp ch
s.
7.4.4. Nguyn tc thc hin lm ch s
1. Khng nhng k t trng trong lnh \index mt
cch khng cn thit. V d \index{item}, \index{ item},
\index{item } l hon ton khc nhau.
2. Nguyn tc v khong trng ca LATEX khng c tc dng, ngha
l vic xp li cc phn t ca ch s khng b qua cc k t
trng.
3. Trong lnh \index{position@item}, position bao hm tnh
k t trng v c k t hoa l khc nhau. V d:
\index{alpha@$\alpha$},\index{Alpha@$\alpha$},
\index{ALPHA@$\alpha$} biu din ba phn t khc nhau.
4. Nu ta dng mnh position, n l phn t chnh th nhng
phn khc phi l phn t ph. V d: Nu ta thit k ch dn
7.4. Lm ch s
171
\index{Dien@N.H. Dien} th nhng ch s thnh phn phi

l \index{Dien@N.H. Dien!Vietnam} ch khng c vit l
\index{N.H. Dien!Vietnam}.
CHNG 8
HA
8.1. Mi trng picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.2. a nh t ngoi vo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
172
184
ha ca LATEX l mt phn ca ti liu c to ra bng ba

cch sau y:
1. Dng cc lnh c bn ca LATEX 2 , khng cn mi trng
ha.
2. Dng gi lnh ha v trong vn bn.
3. Dng gi lnh a cc nh c sn vo vn bn.
8.1. Mi trng picture

Nu ch cn v mt dy cc mi tn v khung hnh hp ta c
th dng lnh \fbox nh
\fbox{bn tri}$\rightarrow$\fbox{gia}$\rightarrow$
\fbox{bn phi}$\rightarrow$
bn tri gia bn phi
Lnh \framebox cng nh lnh \fbox nhng c kch thc v

tu chn
173
\framebox[3cm][l]{bn tri}$\rightarrow$
\framebox[3cm][c]{gia}$\rightarrow$%
\framebox[3cm][r]{bn phi}$\rightarrow$
bn tri
gia
bn phi
Thng s l y ch v bn tri, c y ch vo gia, r y ch

v bn phi.
Ngoi ra ta c th kt hp vi \parbox{...}{..} to ra
hnh chiu dc.
8 :
\parbox{3cm}{
\framebox[3cm]{bn trn}\\
\centerline{$\downarrow$}\\
\framebox[3cm]{gia}\\
\centerline{$\downarrow$}\\
\framebox[3cm]{bn di}\\
\centerline{$\downarrow$}}
2
bn trn
gia
bn di
Nt v v khong cch ch ti khung ta c th thay i bng

lnh \fboxrule v \fboxsep
8 :
\begin{center}
\setlength{\fboxrule}{3pt}
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0.2cm}
\fbox{ Cao dao Em v Ti}
\end{center}
2
Cao dao Em v Ti
8.1.1. H to v di n v
v c nhng hnh phong ph hn cht na ngi ta dng
mi trng picture, mi trng ny v cc hnh t hp bi cc
dng ch, ng thng, ng mi tn, ng trn v mt s
ng cong. Mun v hnh trong mi trng ny ta phi ch ra
174
Chng 8. ha
to v tr t i tng v, ngha l phi xc nh c to

x, y. Nh vy ta phi hiu trc to y xc nh nh th no.
Nh ta bit mt cp to c xc nh bi gc to v
di n v trn trc ca n. LATEX cung cp lnh di n v trn
cc trc l \unitlength, gi tr mc nh ca n l 1pt, rt may
l ta c th thay i di n v ny bng lnh \setlength, v
d ta t li di n v l 1cm.
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
Gc to ti thi im vo mi trng picture gc bn tri
l (0, 0). Nh vy mun v hnh ta phi to ra khong trng pha
trc hoc ta ra lnh to ra h trc to trn thng s ca mi
trng nh: \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
Lnh ny ngha l hnh v ca ta cn chiu rng 100 n v
di, chiu cao 200 n v di, gc di bn tri c to
(10,20), do gc trn phi c ta l (110, 220).
8 :
\setlength{\unitlength}{2pt}
\begin{picture}(10,20)(1,2)
\put(1,2){\vector(1,2){10}}
\end{picture}
Khi thit k hnh v ta b qua thng s im u to gc
di, khi v xong tt c bng cch chuyn dch im u to
th tt c cc hnh c chuyn theo.
Thng s u tin ca mi trng xc nh c ca hnh v
EX s xc nh khong trng tng ng t hnh vo . Tuy
nhin iu ny ch l tng i, LATEX cho php ta v cc hnh vt
ra ngoi khong xc nh , thm ch vt c ra ngoi mt trang
vn bn.
LAT
Sau lnh \begin{picture} l mi trng c bit. Ch c cc

lnh cn thit trong mi trng ny mi c xut hin y
nh cc lnh: \put, \multiput, \qbezier v \graphpaper v c
th khai bo nhng lnh \em, \thicklines, \thinlines. Khng
bao gi t li n v di bn trong mi trng, ngha l khng
175
dng lnh \unitlength trong mi trng.

Nt v c lnh \thinlines nt mng v \thicklines nt m
hn.
8.1.2. Nhng i tng v trong picture
Tt c cc i tng c v u t trong thng s ca \put.
V d
\begin{picture}
\put (11, 5.5){picture object}
\end{picture}
t picture object trong mi trng ho ti im (11, 5.5).
Mt s i tng c th nh sau:
Vn bn: n gin l t nhng cm ch ti mt to
cho.
8 :
\begin{picture}(10,5)(3,4) Bn tay ai ?
\put (3, 5){Bn tay ai ?}
\end{picture}
Hnh hp: Mt hnh hp c v bng lnh \makebox hoc
\framebox, ta cng c th dng \savebox vi chc nng c bit.
Thng s u tin ca nhng lnh ny l chiu rng v chiu cao
ca hp.
8 :
\put (7, 3){
\framebox(10,5){Con ch }}
\end{picture}
2
Con ch
Gc tri di ca hp l to ca lnh \put, cn ch theo

mc nh t vo trng tm ca hp, theo tu chn ca lnh
\framebox l l y sang tri, r y sang phi, t y ln trn,
b t xung di. V d
176
Chng 8. ha
\put (20, 5){\framebox(15,4)[t]{Con ch }}
\put (3, 4){\framebox(12,4)[br]{Con mo }}
\end{picture}
Con ch
Con mo
Trng hp c bit hp c chiu di, rng bng 0, rt thch

hp cho vic t ch vo trong hnh v
\put (20, 5){\makebox(0,0)[t]{Con ch }}
\put (45, 10){\makebox(0,0)[br]{Con mo }}
\end{picture}
: mo
Con
Con ch
Lnh \dashbox tng t nh \framebox nhng ng k l

nhng du gch.
8 :
\begin{center}
\put (7, 4){
\dashbox(60,25){Con ch }}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
2
Con ch
ng thng: Lnh \line v ng thng, thng c dng

\line(x,y){len}
ng thng c v theo cch nh sau: Cho im p0 l im
xut pht ca ng thng c to (x0 , y0 ) (Hnh 8.1), thng
177
dng lnh \put xc nh im p0 . T im p0 v pha phi x

n v v ln pha trn y n v ta tm c im p1 , nh vy p1
c to (x0 + x, y0 + y) (nu x, y l nhng s m th lm theo
chiu ngc li). ng thng c v t im p0 n p1 , nhng
ng thng ko di vi di len.
Hnh 8.1: V ng thng \put(1.4,2.6){\line(3,-1){4.8}}
Gi tr ca len l mt s khng m. Gi tr ca x v y cng

b gii hn ch l nhng s nguyn trong khong t 6 n 6.
Hn na chng khng c c s chung ln hn 1. Nu chng c
c s chung th ta phi n gin ho chng i . V d cho x = 2
v y = 4, ta phi thay chng bng x = 1 v y = 2. Nh vy
nhng thng s cho \line bng cc cp sau y l khng hp l
(1.4, 3), (3, 6), (0, 2) v (1, 7). V d
7
\put (7, 3){(7,3)\line(3,2){30 }}
\end{picture}
Mi tn:
8 :
(7,3)
178
Chng 8. ha
8 :
(22,14)
\put (7, 2){\makebox(0,0){(7,4)}}
(22,4)
\put (7, 4){\vector(1,2){5}}
(7,4)
\put (28, 4){\makebox(0,0){(22,4)}}
\put (22, 4){\vector(-1,0){10}}
\put (22,16){\makebox(0,0){(22,14)}}
\put (22, 14){\vector(3,-2){15}}
\end{picture}
Mi tn l ng thng gn mi tn cui v c v bng
lnh \vector. Nguyn l lm vic ca v vect ging ht nh lnh
\line.
Tt c thng s ca \vector cng nh \line nhng hai s
nguyn ch xc nh trong khong 4 v 4.
Xp trng: Lnh \shortstack to ra mt hp cha nhng ch,
im xut pht ca hp l gc tri bn di. Thng s ca lnh l
nhng dng vn bn c ngt bng lnh \\. Lnh ny rt ging
bng mt ct, nhng khong cch cc dng c thit k cho hnh
v. Gi tr mc nh l cc hng u cn vo tm dng, ta c th
p dng tu chn l cho y v tri, r y v phi.
\put (1, 7){\shortstack{Nguyn \\ Hu\\ Cu}}
\put (20, 7){\shortstack[l]{L\\ Vn \\ Duyt}}
\put (40, 7){\shortstack[r]{Hong \\ Hoa \\ Thm}}
\end{picture}
Nguyn
Hu
Cu
L
Vn
Duyt
Hong
Hoa
Thm
179
ng trn: Lnh \circle v ng trn thng qua ng knh,

vi im tm ta t trc bng lnh \put. Lnh \circle* v
ng trn en c. Hai lnh ny ch v c c ng knh ln
nht nh.
8 :
\put (10, 10){\circle{20}}
\put (10, 10){\vector(0,1){7}}
\put (30, 10){\circle*{5}}
\end{picture}
Hnh van v gc trn: van l hnh ch nht lm trn cc
gc, ngha l gc vung thay bng mt phn t ng trn. Hnh
van c sinh ra bi lnh \oval, thng s ca n l chiu cao
v chiu rng cn im t l tm ca hnh van. LATEX v hnh
trn gc vi kh nng ln nht v ng knh.
8 :
\begin{picture}(10,10)
\put(5,5){\oval(8,3)}
\end{picture}
Nu ta cho thng s tu chn ca \oval th LATEX ch v mt
phn t ca van nh: l v phn bn tri, r v phn bn phi, t
v phn trn v b v phn di. Hn na nu kt hp hai ch ci
trn th n ch ra cc on giao vi nhau:
7
\put(5,5){\oval(12,3)[t]}
\put(15,0){\oval(8,3)[br]}
\end{picture}
8 :
180
Chng 8. ha
8.1.3. K thut v hnh

Chia li: Gi lnh graphpap nh ngha mt hm
\graphpaper v li v nh s trc to . Thng s u tin
l to gc di ca hnh chia li, cn thng s th hai l
chiu rng v chiu cao ca li
\begin{center}
\graphpaper(-5,0)(200,100)
\end{picture}
\end{center}
100
50
0
-5
45
95
145
195
Mi mt mt li l 10 n v theo mc nh. Nhng ta c th

thay i bng cch cho tu chn
\begin{center}
\graphpaper[9](-5,0)(200,100)
\end{picture}
\end{center}
181
90
45
0
-5
40
85
130
175
Ct tm thi mt hnh v: Lnh \savebox hon ton tng

t nh \makebox ch c khc l n ct hnh vo b nh. Cc thng
s hot ng ging nh trong \makebox. Sau mun dng hnh
ny ta ly ra t bt c v tr no trong vn bn.
Good
Good
Good
m ..............................................................
\newsavebox{\toy}
\savebox{\toy}(10,5){Good}
\put(0,0){\frame{\usebox{\toy}}}
\end{picture}
Lu tm thi hnh v s tn b nh, dng b nh sau khi
s dng lnh \savebox v tho b hnh v tm thi ta phi dng
lnh \sbox{\toy}{} .
Lp li mt i tng: Nhng hnh v thng c nhng phn
lp li bng cch chuyn dch khong cch. Bng cch dng lnh
\multiput vi thng s to (x, y) v (x, y), lnh
182
Chng 8. ha
\multiput(x,y)( x, y){15}{object}
s t 15 bn sao chp object t v tr (x, y) v cc bc thm
(x, y) n v nh
\put(x,y){object}
\put(x x,y + y){object}
\put(x2 x,y +2 y){object}
...
\put(x14 x,y + 14 y){object}
8 :
\multiput(25,7)(7,-3){4}{\circle{5}}
\end{picture}
Nhng gi v hnh trong mi trng picture: Mi ngi
u c kh nng v hnh trong mi trng ny, sau y ch l
nhng gi khi u lm quen vi vic v hnh:
1. Nu ta dng di n v l 1pt nh mc nh th phi coi
nh 1cm.
2. Bng cch t cc lnh v hnh v th chy LATEX ri xem trn
mn hnh xem hnh v t kt qu mong mun cha.
3. Lm h to bng lnh \graphpaper v dng h to ny
t hnh.
4. Chia nh cc hnh thnh nhng hnh nh ri ghp li bng
lnh \put, thm ch ta c th dng lnh
\put(x,y){\begin{picture}(a,b) ... \end{picture}}.
Bng cch ny ta c th v hnh nhng to a phng,
hn l phi tnh ton mi to theo to ban u.
5. Rt c kh nng hnh thit k ln u khng c nh mun,
bng cch thay i cc thng s v di n v thch hp ta
s sa li hnh thit k.
Kt thc phn ny bng mt v d t hp
183
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{1in}
\put(0,0){\circle*{.1}}
\put(0,-.5){\framebox(.7,.3){center}}
\put(-1,-.5){\dashbox{0.01}(.7,.3)[tl]{top left}}
\put(1,-.5){\dashbox{0.1}(1.2,.3)[br]{bottom right}}
\put(-.65,-1){\circle{.2}}\put(-.7,-1.05){1}
\put(1,-1){\oval(.5,.25)}\put(.85,-1.05){oval}
\put(0,-1){\fbox{$\begin{array}{c}a\\b\\c\end{array}$}}
\put(-.3,-.35){\vector(1,0){.3}}
\put(-.65,-.5){\vector(0,-1){.4}}
\put(.35,-.5){\vector(4,-3){.5}}
\put(-.55,-1){\vector(1,0){.55}}
\put(0,-1){\vector(-1,0){.55}}
\put(.32,-1){\vector(1,0){.43}}
\put(1.2,-.895){\line(1,1){.3975}}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
:
top left
center
a
b
c
bottom right
oval
184
Chng 8. ha
8.2. a nh t ngoi vo
Tp nh c to ra bi cc chng trnh khc cng c th a
vo bng lnh \special
v hnh nh hnh v ng thng v nh s c hnh ta
phi thc hin trong mi trng figure. Nhng lnh sau y l
a hnh v ng thng phn trc.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[width =10cm, height =6cm]{line}
\end{picture}
\caption{Ve duong thang
$\setminus$put(1.4,2.6) $\{\setminus$line(3,-1)$\{$4.8$\}\}$}
\end{figure}
Sau y l cng mt nh ta c th cho co gin khc nhau:
\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[height=3cm,width=2cm]{nhdien}
\hspace*{0.5cm}
\hspace*{0.5cm}
\caption{Tc gi vi nh co gin khc nhau}
\end{figure}
8.2. a nh t ngoi vo
185
Hnh 8.2: Tc gi vi nh co gin khc nhau

Tp nh phi c ng dn y , tr trng hp ta tp
ngay trong th mc cc tp *.tex. Nhng tp nh c ui sau
u a vo c: *.bmp, *.eps, *.wmf, *.ps. Dng tng qut l
\special{bmp:<path+filename> x=n y=m}
\special{eps:<path+filename> x=n y=m}
\special{wmf:<path+filename> x=n y=m}
\special{ps:<path+filename> x=n y=m}
CHNG 9
TING VIT TRONG LATEX
9.1. B lnh ci du ting Vit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
187
9.2. Chng trnh chuyn m ting Vit sang Macro
192
9.3. Chng trnh chuyn Macro sang m ting Vit ABC .

196
9.4. Dng phng True Type trong TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Nhng chng trnh son tho vn bn hin ti ang ph bin

nc ta u xut pht t nc ngoi. Trong thit k chng
trnh, nhng chng trnh ny khng bao gi quan tm ti b m
ting Vit. B m ting Vit cng cn ang bn ci trong nc th
lm sao cc chng trnh son tho vn bn ca nc ngoi h li
cung cp cho mnh. Mt gii php l nhng cc b m ting Vit
theo h thng phng ca cc chng trnh son tho. Nhng b
phng ting Vit cng cha hon chnh v phong ph m ln xn
cc b m khc nhau. Cch y trn 5 nm vic ci du v phng
ch ting Vit trong TEX l vn kh. C nhiu gii php thc
hin lm phng trong TEX, nhng khng c mt n hoc mt
d n no m ch my m, t lm ly v cho n by gi cng
vy. Vi kh nng hiu bit ca mnh, chng ti to ra qui trnh
ci du ting Vit bng lnh (macro) ngay trong TEX v c chng
trnh chuyn b m ting Vit sang h macro ny. Theo chng ti
c bit th h thng macro ny hin vn cn nhiu ni dng.
Tuy ci du ting Vit c trn mt s phng nhng khng c
p lm nht l du hi. Nhc im chnh ca h thng macro l
khng hin th ting Vit, gy li vi mt s lnh ca LATEX.... Ngy
nay th khc, trn h iu hnh Windows chng ti to ra
9.1. B lnh ci du ting Vit
187
qui trnh son ting Vit trong TEX bnh thng nh cc ngn ng
khc, ngoi ra cn ly c tt c cc phng trong Windows vo
TEX d dng. Nh vy TEX khng b b hp trong cc phng vn c
ca mnh m cn ly rt nhiu k hiu trn phng ca Windows.
Nhng lu gi nhng g lm, ti c dnh chng ny dnh
im li nhng kt qu chng ti lm cho TEX.

Tuy b lnh ci du c hn ch nhng n chy trn mi mi
trng, nhng ai cha c iu kin th c th s dng nhng
macro di y son tho ting Vit khng cn b m no.
Cch tin hnh
1. Lp tp cha tt c cc macro ny, v d tn l nhdttex.tex.
2. G k t c du ting Vit theo macro nh ngha.
3. u trang vn bn c lnh \input nhdttex
%
***************************************
%
*
VIET-ACCENTS
*
%
*
macro package for reproducing
*
%
*
vietnamese accents
*
%
***************************************
%
%
HANOI INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICS
\def\dd{d\kern-.46em\char 26}
\def\DD{D\kern-.7em\raise0.4ex\hbox{\char 55}\kern.33em}
\def\is{\\i}\def\ih{\\i}\def\ix{\~\i}\def\ij{\d i}
\def\ir{\i\kern-.27em\raise.16ex\hbox{\char47}\kern-.01em}
\def\ys{\y}\def\yh{\y}\def\yx{\~y}\def\yj{\d y}
\def\yr{y\kern-.370em\raise.16ex\hbox{\char47}\kern.1em}
\def\as{\a}\def\ah{\a}\def\ax{\~a}\def\aj{\d a}
\def\ar{a\kern-.370em\raise.16ex\hbox{\char47}\kern.1em}
\def\us{\u}\def\uh{\u}\def\ux{\~u}\def\uj{\d u}
\def\ur{u\kern-.370em\raise.16ex\hbox{\char47}\kern.1em}
\def\es{\e}\def\eh{\e}\def\ex{\~e}\def\ej{\d e}
188
Chng 9. Ting Vit trong LATEX
\def\er{e\kern-.370em\raise.16ex\hbox{\char47}\kern.1em}
\def\os{\o}\def\oh{\o}\def\ox{\~o}\def\oj{\d o}
\def\or{o\kern-.370em\raise.16ex\hbox{\char47}\kern.1em}
\def\oo{\^ o}
\def\oos{{\accent"5E o}\kern-.385em\raise.2ex
\hbox{\char23 }\kern-.1em}
\def\ooh{{\accent"5E o}\kern-.62em\raise.2ex
\hbox{\char22}\kern.08em}
\def\oor{{\accent"5E o}\kern-.21em\raise.35ex
\hbox{\char47 }\kern.1em}
\def\oox{{\accent"5E o}\kern-.470em\raise.3ex
\hbox{\char176}}
\def\ooj{\d {\accent"5E o}}
\def\aa{\^ a}
\def\aas{{\accent"5E a}\kern-.385em\raise.2ex
\hbox{\char23}\kern-.08em}
\def\aah{{\accent"5E a}\kern-.62em\raise.2ex
\def\aar{{\accent"5E a}\kern-.21em\raise.35ex
\def\aax{{\accent"5E a}\kern-.470em\raise.3ex
\hbox{\char176}}
\def\aaj{\d {\accent"5E a}}
\def\ee{\^ e}
\def\ees{{\accent"5E e}\kern-.385em\raise.2ex
\def\eeh{{\accent"5E e}\kern-.62em\raise.2ex
\def\eer{{\accent"5E e}\kern-.21em\raise.35ex
\def\eex{{\accent"5E e}\kern-.470em\raise.3ex
\hbox{\char176}}
\def\eej{\d {\accent"5E e}}
\def\aw{\u a}

\def\aws{{\accent"15 a}\kern-.470em\raise.3ex
\def\awh{{\accent"15 a}\kern-.50em\raise.3ex
\def\awr{{\accent"15 a}\kern-.410em\raise.3ex
\def\awx{{\accent"15 a}\kern-.470em\raise.45ex
\hbox{\char176}}
\def\awj{\d {\accent"15 a}}
\def\uw{u\kern-.44em\raise.82ex\hbox{
\vrule width .12em height .0ex depth .075ex
\kern-0.16em \char56}\kern-.07em}
\def\uws{\\uw}\def\uwh{\\uw}\def\uwx{\~\uw}
\def\uwj{\d \uw}
\def\uwr{\uw \kern-.450em\raise.16ex
\def\ow{o\kern-.42em\raise.82ex\hbox{
\def\ows{\\ow}\def\owh{\\ow}\def\owx{\~\ow}
\def\owj{\d \ow}
\def\owr{\ow \kern-.450em\raise.16ex
\def\uo{\uw\ow}\def\uos{\uw\ows}\def\uoh{\uw\owh}
\def\uor{\uw\owr}\def\uox{\uw\owx}\def\uoj{\uw\owj}
%
\def\IS{\I}\def\IH{\I}\def\IX{\~I}\def\IJ{\d I}
\def\IR{I \kern-.63em\raise.80ex
\def\YS{\Y}\def\YH{\Y}\def\YX{\~Y}\def\YJ{\d Y}
\def\YR{Y\kern-.46em\raise.80ex
\def\AS{\ A}\def\AH{\A}\def\AX{\~A}\def\AJ{\d A}
\def\AR{A\kern-.46em\raise.80ex
189
190
\def\US{\ U}\def\UH{\U}\def\UX{\~U}\def\UJ{\d U}
\def\UR{U\kern-.46em\raise.80ex
\def\ES{\E}\def\EH{\E}\def\EX{\~E}\def\EJ{\d E}
\def\ER{E\kern-.46em\raise.80ex
\def\OS{\O}\def\OH{\O}\def\OX{\~O}\def\OJ{\d O}
\def\OR{O\kern-.46em\raise.80ex
\def\OO{\Ô}
\def\OOS{{\accent"5E O}\kern-.5em
\raise.8ex\hbox{\char23}}
\def\OOH{{\accent"5E O}\kern-.78em\raise.8ex
\def\OOR{{\accent"5E O}\kern-.33em\raise1.02ex
\def\OOX{{\accent"5E O}\kern-.60em\raise.9ex
\def\OOJ{\d {\accent"5E O}}
\def\AA{\^ A}
\def\AAS{{\accent"5E A}\kern-.5em\raise.8ex
\hbox{\char23 }}
\def\AAH{{\accent"5E A}\kern-.78em\raise.8ex
\def\AAR{{\accent"5E A}\kern-.33em\raise1.02ex
\def\AAX{{\accent"5E A}\kern-.60em\raise.9ex
\def\AAJ{\d {\accent"5E A}}
\def\EE{\^ E}
\def\EES{{\accent"5E E}\kern-.5em\raise.8ex
\hbox{\char23 }}
\def\EEH{{\accent"5E E}\kern-.78em\raise.8ex

\hbox{\char22}\kern.28em }
\def\EER{{\accent"5E E}\kern-.33em\raise1.02ex
\def\EEX{{\accent"5E E}\kern-.60em\raise.9ex
\def\EEJ{\d {\accent"5E E}}
\def\AW{\u A}
\def\AWS{{\accent"15 A}\kern-.620em\raise.85ex
\def\AWH{{\accent"15 A}\kern-.60em\raise.85ex
\def\AWR{{\accent"15 A}\kern-.530em\raise.88ex
\def\AWX{{\accent"15 A}\kern-.57em\raise.97ex
\def\AWJ{\d {\accent"15 A}}
\def\UW{U\kern-.42em\raise1.36ex\hbox{
\def\UWS{\\UW}\def\UWH{\\UW}\def\UWX{\~ \UW}
\def\UWJ{\d \UW }
\def\UWR{\UW \kern-.48em\raise.80ex\hbox{\char47}
\kern.21em}
\def\OW{O\kern-.460em\raise1.36ex\hbox{
\def\OWS{\ \OW}\def\OWH{\ \OW}
\def\OWR{\OW \kern-.540em\raise.80ex\hbox{\char47}
\kern.25em}
\def\OWX{\~ \OW}\def\OWJ{\d \OW}\def\UO{\UW\OW}
\def\UOH{\UW\OWH}\def\UOS{\UW\OWS}
\def\UOR{\UW\OWR}\def\UOX{\UW\OWX}\def\UOJ{\UW\OWJ}
191
192
9.2. Chng trnh chuyn m ting Vit sang

Macro
T nhng nm trc chng ti lm chng trnh chuyn i
bng Pascal, di y trch mt on tp ngun cc bn
bin dch v thc hin chuyn i c (chng trnh ny hon
thin c nhiu ngi dng trong nhiu nm). Mc ch ca
chng trnh l chuyn cc tp son tho c m ABC sang macro.
Thc hin theo qui trnh sau:
1. Chp tp ngun ny vo tp t tn l vn2tex.pas.
2. Bin dch ra tp vn2tex.exe.
3. Son tho vn bn bng bked.exe hoc Winword ghi li tp
*.txt.
4. Cho chy vn2tex.exe chuyn i m sang macro ri chy
TEX.
(**************************************
*
VnToTeX (Version 3.0)
* "Tool for converting VN codes to TeX-macros"
*
*
Copyright (c) 1993
*
Hanoi Institute of Mathematics
*
P.O. Box 631, BoHo , Hanoi, Vietnam
*
*Developed by : Nguyen Huu Dien
*Distribution:
*Free copies of this software may be obtained
*from Hanoi Institute of Mathematics
************************************)
Program vntotex;
USES Dos, Crt;
ype
MTc =Array[1..68] of string[10];
MTch=Array[1..66] of string[10];

const
cn : MTc =(\dd,\DD,\uw,\ah,\as,
\ar,\ax,\aj,\awh,\aws,\awr,
\awx,\awj,\aah,\aas,\aar,\aax,
\aaj,\eh,\es,\er,\ex,\ej,\eeh,\ees,
\eer,\eex,\eej,\ih,\is,\ir,\ix,\ij,
\oh,\os,\or,\ox,\oj,\ooh,\oos,\oor,
\oox,\ooj,\owh,\ows,\owr,\owx,
\owj,\uh,\us,\ur,\ux,\uj,\uwh,
\uws,\uwr,\uwx,\uwj,\yh,\ys,\yr,
\yx,\yj,\aw,\aa,\ee,\oo,\ow);
ch : MTch =(\UW,\AH,\AS,\AR,
\AX,\AJ,\AWH,\AWS,\AWR,
\AWX,\AWJ,\AAH,\AAS,\AAR,
\AAX,\AAJ,\EH,\ES,\ER,\EX,
\EJ,\EEH,\EES,\EER,\EEX,\EEJ,
\IH,\IS,\IR,\IX,\IJ,\OH,\OS,\OR,
\OX,\OJ,\OOH,\OOS,\OOR,\OOX,
\OOJ,\OWH,\OWS,\OWR,\OWX,
\OWJ,\UH,\US,\UR,\UX,\UJ,
\UWH,\UWS,\UWR,\UWX,\UWJ,
\YH,\YS,\YR,\YX,\YJ,\AW,\AA,
\EE,\OO,\OW);
var
E,F : text;
s,x,y,z,u,v,t:char;
cs,l,m,n,a,i,b,j,q : integer;
ob,Name, FName,RName, VName:string ;
(*---------------------------------------*)
Procedure codt(n:integer;s:string);
Begin
if x=chr(n) then Begin
Read(F,y);
if (y= ) or (y=chr(13)) then Write(E,s,\)
193
194

else
Write(E,s, );
x:=y;
end;
end;
(*-----------------------------*)
Procedure cmass(A:MT;B:MTc);
var k:integer;
begin
for k:=1 to 68 do codt(A[k],B[k]);
end;
(*------------------------------------*)
Procedure cmassh(A:MTh;B:MTch);
var k:integer;
begin
for k:=1 to 66 do codt(A[k],B[k]);
end;
(*--------------------------------*)
Procedure dauchu;
const bk: MT=(174,167,173,181,184,182,183,
185,187,190,188,189,198,
199,202,200,201,203,204,208,206,207,209,
210,213,211,212,214,215,221,216,220,222,
223,227,225,226,228,229,232,230,231,233,
234,237,235,236,238,239,243,241,242,244,
245,248,246,247,249,250,253,251,252,254,
168,169,170,171,172);
Begin
While Not EOF(F) Do
Begin
While Not EOLN(F) Do
Begin

Read(F,x);
cmass(bk,cn);
Write(E,x);
End;
Readln(F);
Writeln(E);
dem;
End;
Close(F);
Close(E);
End;
(*---------------------------------*)
Procedure kiemtra;
Begin
Assign(F,VName);
{$I-}
Reset(F);
{$I+}
if ioresult <>0 then begin
Window(1,1,90,25);
gotoxy(13,22);textbackground(5);textcolor(14);
Writeln(KHONG CO TEP ?
);
gotoxy(13,23); Writeln((Ten tep sai khong ?) );
gotoxy(13,24); Write([Enter] thoat ra);
Readln;
textbackground(0);textcolor(white);ClrScr;
halt;
end;
end;
(*-----------------------------------*)
Procedure vaovntex;
var k:integer;
195
196
Begin
Write(Cho ten tep vao : );
readln(VName);
kiemtra;
Assign(E,RName);
Rewrite(E);
end;
(*------------------------------------*)
Procedure bktex;
Begin
ClrScr;
vaovntex;
dauchu;
end;
(*-------------------------------------*)
Begin
bktex
readln;
ClrScr;
End.
9.3. Chng trnh chuyn Macro sang m ting

Vit ABC
C th cc bn dng TEX bng macro, by gi khng dng
macro na m li dng m ting Vit. Chng trnh sau y bin
i tp macro ting Vit do chng ti ph bin tr li m ting
Vit ABC:
1. Chp tp ngun ny vo tp t tn l tex2abc.pas.
2. Bin dch ra tp tex2abc.exe.
3. Cho chy tex2abc.exe chuyn i macro sang m ABC ri
chy TEX.
Program
tex2abc;

USES DOS,CRT;
Type
MTc = Array[1..68] of string[10];
MT =Array[1..68] of integer;
var E,F:text;
x,y:char;
ok, k1,k2,k:integer;
name1,name2:string[80];
st:string[30];
nam,thang, I:INTEGER;
const
cn: MTc =(\dd,\DD,\uw,\ah,\as,\ar,\ax
,\aj,\awh,\aws,\awr,\awx,\awj,\aah
,\aas,\aar,\aax,\aaj,\eh,\es,\er
,\ex,\ej,\eeh,\ees,\eer,\eex,\eej
,\ih,\is,\ir,\ix,\ij,\oh,\os,\or
,\ox,\oj,\ooh,\oos,\oor,\oox,\ooj
,\owh,\ows,\owr,\owx,\owj,\uh
,\us,\ur,\ux,\uj,\uwh,\uws,\uwr
,\uwx,\uwj,\yh,\ys,\yr,\yx,\yj
,\aw,\aa,\ee,\oo,\ow);
bk: MT=(174,167,173,181,184,182,183,185,
187,190,188,189,198,
199,202,200,201,203,204,208,206,207,209,
210,213,211,212,214,215,221,216,220,222,
223,227,225,226,228,229,232,230,231,233,
234,237,235,236,238,239,243,241,242,244,
245,248,246,247,249,250,253,251,252,254,
168,169,170,171,172);
Begin
ClrScr;
window(1,1,80,25);
textbackground(5);textcolor(14);
Writeln( Chuong trinh chuyen macro-TeX sang ABC);
197
198
Writeln(
TeX -> ABC
);
Writeln( Nguoi lap: Nguyen Huu Dien, Tl. 7560253);
Writeln(***********************************);
Writeln(Su dung
);
Writeln(Tep vao: Ten tep , co phan mo rong);
Writeln(Tep ra : Ten tep , co phan mo rong );
Writeln(****************oOo*************);
writeln;
textbackground(0); textcolor(white);
i:=1;
readln(name1);
assign(F,name1);
{$I-}
reset(F);
{$I+}
if ioresult <>0 then begin
Window(1,1,90,25);
);
gotoxy(13,23); Writeln((Co sai ten khong ?) );
gotoxy(13,24); Write([Enter] thoat ra );
Readln;
halt;
end;
Write(Cho ten tep ra : );
readln(name2);
assign(E,name2);
rewrite(E);
x:= ;
i:=1;
ok:=0;

While Not EOF(F) Do
Begin
Begin
Read(F,x);
case x of
\:Begin
st:=x; Read(F,y);
repeat
st:=st+y;
Read(F,y);
until (y=chr(32)) or (y =chr(92)) or (y=chr(13));
for i:=1 to 68 do
if st=cn[i] then
Begin
ok:=1;
Write(E,chr(bk[i]))
End;
if ok=0 then Write(E,st,y);
ok:=0;
end;
else Write(E,x);
End;
END;
Readln(F);
Writeln(E);
End;
writeln;
Writeln(DA XONG ! -> Nhan phim bat ky);
Close(F);
Close(E);
y:=readkey;
199
200

end.
9.4. Dng phng True Type trong TEX

Mi chng trnh qun l TEX trn h iu hnh Windows
c cch qun l phng True Type khc nhau. Chng ti
th nghim thnh cng trn PcTeX32, MikTeX, teTeX cho Linux.
Nhng do PcTeX32 rt thng dng nn y ch trnh by mt
cch n gin nht s dng phng True Type trong PcTeX32 v
dng n son tho TEX ting Vit. Chng ti c chng trnh
ci t t ng khng phi lm tt c nhng g m t di y,
y ch l tng quan s dng phng ting Vit.
9.4.1. Chun b cho h thng ting Vit
1. Vic u tin l phi c nhng tp *.tfm, quan trng nht l
vntime.tfm, vntimei.tfm, vntimeb.tfm, vntimebi.tfm
vncour.tfm, vncouri.tfm, vncourb.tfm, vncourbi.tfm
vnarial.tfm,vnariali.tfm,vnarialb.tfm,vnarialbi.tfm
c c nhng tp ny ta c th dng cng c chuyn i
t dng True Type phng sang v cha chng vo th mc
c:\pctexv4\fonts\users. Tng t lm cc phng ting Vit
khc.
2. Thit lp mc nh ting Vit thay cho cc phng LATEX c:
To tp
a) vnfonts.sty trong c:\pctexv4\latex2e, ni dung
%%Filename: vnfonts.sty
%%Written by Nguyen Huu Dien , Vien Toan hoc, 6/2000
%
\def\fileversion{1}
\ProvidesPackage{vnfonts}[\filedate\space
\fileversion\space TrueType Package]
\renewcommand{\sfdefault}{tarvn}
\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ttmvn}
9.4. Dng phng True Type trong TEX
201
\renewcommand{\ttdefault}{tcrvn}
%phong chu hoa
\def\rmh{\vhtime}
\def\bf{\vhtimeb}
\def\ith{\vhtimei}
\def\bfith{\vhtimebi}
%co the them dinh nghia khac vao day
\renewcommand{\indexname}{Ch s}
\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Chng}
\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Mc lc}
\renewcommand{\bibname}{Ti liu tham kho}
\renewcommand{\figurename}{{\it Hnh}}
\endinput
b) Cng trong c:\pctexv4\latex2e to ba tp na
ot1ttmvn.fd, ot1tcrvn.fd, ot1tarvn.fd. C ba tp ny hon ton
tng t nhau, ta ch m t mt tp.
%Filename: OT1ttmvn.fd /font vntime
%Written by Nguyen Huu Dien, Vien Toan hoc
%
\DeclareFontFamily{OT1}{ttmvn}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{b}{n}{<-> vntimeb}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{b}{it}{<-> vntimebi}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{m}{n}{<-> vntime}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{m}{it}{<-> vntimei}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{m}{sl}{<->ssub*ttmvn/m/it}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{m}{sc}{<->ssub*ttmvn/m/n}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{b}{sc}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/n}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{b}{sl}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/it}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{bx}{n}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/n}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{bx}{sc}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/n}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{bx}{it}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/it}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{b}{ui}{<->sub*ttmvn/b/it}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{bx}{ui}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/it}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{bx}{sl}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/it}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{m}{ui}{<->sub*ttmvn/m/it}{}
\endinput
202
9.4.2. S dng phng ting Vit

1. Dng h son tho m tp v g cc lnh LATEX cng vi ting
Vit hin th theo m ABC vi b g ABC.
2. u tp vn bn dng lnh \usepackage{vnfonts}.
3. G vn bn bng b g ABC v cc lnh theo nguyn tc ca
LATEX.
4. Bin dch qua LATEX v xem trn mn hnh View. Nu c bo li
tr li bc 1 sa.
Theo cch ny th cc lnh ca LATEX u tc ng tt ln
phng ting Vit. Nhng phng ting Vit khc ngoi 3 phng
mc nh trn cn s dng th khai bo bnh thng nh cc lnh
ca TEX. V d ta mun dng phng Windows: .VnGothicH th
dng lnh \font\goth=vhgoth at 12pt sau p dng phng
ny {\goth ....}. Ch p ch tt. Mt s phng v d (bng
9.1):
Tn
vnarial
vnariali
vnarialb
vnariabi
vhariabi
Tn ABC
.VnArial
.VnArial
.VnArial
.VnArial
.VnArialH
V d
X hi ch ngha Vit Nam

Bng 9.1: Tn mt s phng Vit Nam

Bn c c nhu cu ci t ting Vit trong TEX lin h vi tc gi.
PH LC A
HI P V S DNG LATEX
A.1. Chuyn vn bn son trn Maple sang LATEX nh th no?
Tr li. Chng trnh Maple l mt cng c rt tt son
tho v hc tp, nghin cu ton hc. Ta c th son tho ting
Vit trong n v cc tnh ton, cng thc ton trong n mt cch
hin th. Ta c th in vn bn ra giy, nhng nh dng ca
n khng phong ph. Phn ny chng ti trnh by cch chuyn
nhng g Maple lm c sang dng LATEX, s dng v hc Maple
bn c c th tm trong [2], nhm mc ch:
1. nh dng li nhng g Maple th hin sang LATEX.
2. Ly nhng phn quan trng trong Maple chuyn sang LATEX nh
cng thc, hnh v,...
Cc bc tin hnh:
1. Chp ton b cc tp trong c:\maplev4\etc vo th mc
c:\pctexv4\latex2e.
2. Son tho tp trong h MapleV4.
3. Dng chc nng chuyn i trn Menu:
File Export as LaTeX.
4. M tp va chuyn i trong PcTeX v chy vi LATEX. Kt qu
l tp dvi. Ta c th sa cha tp tex ny theo mun hoc ch
ly mt phn sang tp khc.
Ch : nh dng chun ca tp LATEX m Maple chuyn qua
c nh dng v ta thm c ci du ting Vit
\documentclass[fullpage,11pt]{article}
\usepackage{maple2e}
Ngha l gi lnh cho Maple c dng y. Trong gi lnh
204
Ph lc A: Hi p v s dng LATEX
ny c nhiu mi trng v lnh c trng nh

\begin{mapleinput} ... \end{mapleinput}
\begin{maplettyout} ... \end{maplettyout}
\begin{maplelatex} ... \end{maplelatex}
v Macro a hnh vo
\mapleplot{plotfilename}.
Khi v hnh trong Maple xong chuyn sang LATEX cc hnh u
chuyn sang di dng *.eps. Ta c th ly cc tp hnh ny v
a vo vn bn ca ta bng cc lnh ta hc phn trc. Ngoi
ra cng thc ta th nghim trn Maple u chuyn sang LATEX hon
ton chnh xc. Bng cch ci t ting Vit ca chng ti khi t
Maple chuyn sang LATEX c th chy ngay v ting Vit khng cn
tham gia g thm.
A.2. Chuyn vn bn TEX sang LATEX ch iu g?

Tr li. i vi TEX, LATEX vn dng cc lnh chung, cn cc
lnh nh dng, phng c khc. Trc khi ta dng lnh ca TEX
hy tra xem LATEX c cha v LATEX l mt h cht ch v c lp.
Nhng lnh sau y ca TEX khng dng trong LATEX:
- Nhng lnh lm mi trng:
\tabs \tabsdone \settabs \+
\tabset \cleartabs \tabalign
- Nhng lnh v ghi ch, a hnh vo, a ra mn hnh:
\pageno
\headline
\footline
\normalbottom
\folio
\topins
\pageinsert
\nopagenumbers \makeheadline
\advancepageno \makefootline
\pagebody
\dosupereject
\plainoutput
\footstrut
\pagecontents
\vfootnote
\topinsert
\midinsert
\endinsert
- Nhng lnh chn phng
A.3. Chuyn vn bn AMSTEX sang LATEX
205
\fivei \fivebf \sevensy

\fiverm \seveni \teni
\fivesy \sevenbf \oldstyle
- Nhng lnh ging phng trnh
\eqalign \eqalignno
\leqalignno.
A.3. Chuyn vn bn AMSTEX sang LATEX phi ch iu g?

Tr li. i vi AMSTEX, LATEX bao trn bng cch dng cc
gi lnh. Nhng ngi dng AMSTEX khng kh khn g khi
son LATEX vi cc gi lnh nh amsmath. Bng cc khi nim mi
trng LATEX bao tt c cc lnh ging cng thc, phng AMS v
cc biu , ma trn trong AMSTEX.
Nhng lnh cu trc ca AMSTEX khng dng trong LATEX nh
\input amstex
\documentstyle{amsppt}
\magnification=1200
\hfuzz=5pt
\topskip=-0.5truecm
\pageno=1
%\nopagenumbers
\parindent=2em
\raggedbottom
\normalbaselineskip=12pt
\normalbaselines
\nologo
Bng sau y so snh s chuyn i mt s lnh gia AMSTEX
v EX:
LAT
206
AMSTEX
\cr
\align,\endalign
\aligned,\endaligned
\gather,\endgather
\gathered,\endgathered
\alignat 3,\endaglinat
\displaylines{...}
\eqalign{ ... }
\multline,\endmultline
\matrix ,\endmatrix
\cases,\endcases
LATEX
\\
\begin{align},\end{align}
\begin{aligned},\end{aligned}
\begin{gather},\end{gather}
\begin{gathered},\end{gathered}
\begin{aglinat}{3},\end{aglinat}
\begin{eqnarray},\end{eqnarray}
\begin{multline},\end{multline}
\begin{matrix}, \end{matrix}
\begin{cases},\end{cases}
A.4. S dng phng ting Nga v g vo nh th no trong LATEX?

0
0
10

20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Bng A.4: Ch ci Slav

Tr li. s dng c phng ting Nga ta nh ngha phng
bnh thng nh \font\tiengnga=wncyr9 sau s dng Horaxo
nh bnh thng. Bng A.4 l m phng Slav, c th ly xy
dng gi lnh ting Nga. Cch g ting Nga t bn phm ting
Anh
207
A.4. S dng Phng ting Nga trong PcTeX32

Vo
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
in ra
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
Vo
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
in ra
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Vo
\ia
\iu
\io
\ii
\jj
\bi
\bj
\ei
\ej
\li
\lj
\hh
\bb
\si
\ij
in ra

~

+
Vo
\IA
\IU
\IO
\II
\JJ
\BI
\BJ
\EI
\EJ
\LI
\LJ
\HH
\BB
\SI
\IJ
in ra

^
_

#

Bng A.5: G ch Slav theo bn phm ting Anh
Chng ti xy dng gi lnh ting Nga, khi dng ch gi

\usepackage{slavo}. Nhng phng sau c th s dng trong PCTEX32: Phng ting Nga c cc loi wncyr10, wncyb10, wncyi10,
wncysc10, wncyss10, mi loi u c cc c: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
208
wncyi10
wncyb10
wncysc10
wncyss10
Matematiqeski Institut
A.5. Phng ting Anh nguyn bn ca LATEX nh th no?

Tr li. Nhng tn phng sau y c tc dng khi ta nh
ngha chng v dng \font\namefont=cmr10 at 17.3pt,... Mi
loi phng c nhiu c khc nhau, di y ly ng lot c khng
dng phng to nh:
cmr10
cmr12
cmr17
cmbx10
cmbx12
cmsl10
cmsl12
cmbxsl10
cmbxti10
cmti10
cmti12
cmss10
cmssi10
cmssbx10
cmcsc10
cmtt10




A.6. Khi ci t PcTeX32 xong phi thc hin nhng g chy

c TEX, LATEX, AMSTEX?
Tr li. Khi ci t xong phi chy chng trnh khun dng
ln lt
Typeset Initex chn Plain cho TEX.
Typeset Initex chn LaTeX cho LATEX.
Typeset Initex chn AmSTex cho AMSTEX.
Sau nhn INITEX.
A.7. T ng a cc nh dng lp vn bn v cc lnh ca LATE209

X
Hnh A.1: Mn hnh Initex
A.7. T ng a cc nh dng lp vn bn v cc lnh ca LATEX

vo vn bn trong PcTeX32 lm nh th no?
Hnh A.2: PcTeX Helper

Tr li. Ly cc lnh trc tip ly t chng trnh PcTeX32 l:
Help PcTeX Helper cho ta bng trn, sau khi nhn nt cc
lnh s a vo ti v tr con tr.
A.8. Chuyn mt tp *.dvi sang *.ps trong PcTeX32 lm nh th

no?
Tr li. t li phng ting Vit v dng *.ps u chn
210
Hnh A.3: Default Settings
Settings Default Settings : Bng chung xut hin

Settings Default Settings advanced : Chn ch GDI
hoc PS, ch PS chng trnh View rt chm, nhng trong
ch PS th t tp *.dvi ta chn save as v ghi li nh tp *.ps.
Settings Default Settings change fonts & colors : Chn
thay i phng cho h son tho, mu cc lnh v ch thng.
Ngoi ra cn chn cch t mt s thng s khc nh trang
View ngang hoc ng,...
A.9. Lm ch s trong PcTeX32 nh th no?

Tr li. Khi son tho ta ci lnh lm ch s \index nh cc
chng trc, lm danh mc ch s trong PcTeX32 ta ch thc
hin:
- Dch tp ngun v xem trn mn hnh *.dvi.
A.10. Nhng tp *.tex trong mi trng Unix hoc Linux
211
- Chn: typeset Make Index.

- Dch li th ni dung ch s vo.
A.10. Nhng tp *.tex trong mi trng Unix hoc Linux c s

dng trong mi trng Windows c khng?
Tr li. Khi s dng TEX trong mi trng Unix hoc Linux
sau li s dng tp vn bn trong Windows th thy trong
vn bn khng ngt dng. L do v hai h iu hnh dng m
ngt dng khc nhau. Khi Unix ta c th ghi theo cch dng
c trong Windows. Nhng nhiu khi ta khng ghi ra nh vy,
khc phc vic ngt dng bng tay, chng ti son ra on m
bng ngn ng Pascal ngt dng t ng mt cch d dng. Ta
bin dch on m sau t tn l unix2dos.pas.
Program unix2dos;
use dos,crt;
var E,F:text;
x,y:char;
k1,k2,k:integer;
name1,name2:string[80];
nam,thang, I:INTEGER;
Begin
ClrScr;
window(1,1,80,25);
textbackground(5);textcolor(14);
Writeln(
Chuong trinh chuyen ma
);
Writeln(
Trong unix -> DOS
);
Writeln( Nguoi lap: Nguyen Huu Dien );
Writeln(*************************);
Writeln(Su dung
);
Writeln(Cho ten tep vao: co phan mo rong);
Writeln(Cho ten tep ra : co phan mo ron );
Writeln( **********oOo*********** );
writeln;
textbackground(0); textcolor(white);
212
i:=1;
readln(name1);
assign(F,name1);
{$I-}
reset(F);
{$I+}
if ioresult <>0 then
begin
Window(1,1,90,25);
);
gotoxy(13,23); Writeln((Ten tep sai khong?));
gotoxy(13,24); Write([Enter] thoat ra);
Readln;
halt;
end;
Write(Cho ten tep ra : );
readln(name2);
assign(E,name2);
rewrite(E);
x:= ;
i:=1;
While Not EOF(F) Do
Begin
Begin
y:=x;
Read(F,x);
case x of
chr(10):Begin
Writeln(E);
Write(Den dong so : [,i,]);
A.11. Tp macro ca cun sch ny
213
i:=i+1;
end;
else Write(E,x);
End;
END;
Readln(F);
Writeln(E);
End;
writeln;
Writeln(DA XONG ! -> Nhan phim bat ky);
Close(F);
Close(E);
y:=readkey;
end.
A.11. Tp macro ca cc tc gi dng son cun sch ny nh th

no?
Tr li. son cun sch ny chng ti phi dng cc lnh
sau y
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\documentclass[10pt,oneside,openany]{book}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra,amssymb,latexsym, amscd,amsthm}
\usepackage[mathscr]{eucal}
\usepackage{graphics,graphpap}
\usepackage{makeidx}
\usepackage{array,tabularx,longtable}%
\usepackage{multicol}
\usepackage{slavo}
\usepackage{indentfirst}
\usepackage{graphics}
214
\makeindex
\voffset=-0.5in
\hoffset=-0.5in
\textheight 16.2truecm
\textwidth 11.3truecm
\parskip 4pt
\abovedisplayskip=6pt plus 3pt minus 9pt
\abovedisplayshortskip=0pt plus 3pt minus 9pt
\belowdisplayskip=\abovedisplayskip
\belowdisplayshortskip=\abovedisplayshortskip
\DeclareTextAccent{\"}{OT1}{125}
\DeclareTextAccent{\}{OT1}{146}
\DeclareTextAccent{\~}{OT1}{152}
\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{OT1}{136}
\DeclareMathOperator{\tg}{tg}
\newtheorem{theorem}{\bf nh l}
\newtheorem{corollary}{\bf H qu}
\newtheorem{main}{\bf nh l c bn}
\newtheorem{lemma}{\bf B }
\newtheorem{proposition}{\bf Mnh }
\font\bfh=vhtimeb
\font\vnt=vntime
\font\hoa=webdings at 14pt
\font\tt=vnmemo at 9pt% at 11pt
\font\it=vncenti at 10pt
\font\it =vncenti at 10pt %
\font\chapf=vn3d scaled \magstep3 %
\font\chuong=vn3d scaled \magstep1
\font\secf=vhclare at 9pt
%%
\font\large=vnantiqb at 11pt %
\font\chml=vnantiqb scaled 1150
215
\font\vietdam=vnantiqb at 10pt
\renewcommand{\indexname}{\chapf Danh mc t kha}
\renewcommand{\chaptername}{\chuong Chng}
\renewcommand{\contentsname}{\chapf Mc lc}
\renewcommand{\bibname}{\chapf Ti liu tham kho}
\renewcommand{\listtablename}{\chapf Danh sch bng}
\renewcommand{\listfigurename}{\chapf Danh sch hnh}
\renewcommand{\figurename}{{\it Hnh}}
\renewcommand{\tablename}{{\it Bng}}
\newcommand{\textbf}[1]{\noindent {\vietdam #1}}
\newcommand\pip{\vrule height 4 true pt }
\newcommand{\dso}[1]{{\noindent\hbox{{\bf #1.}}}}
\newcommand{\daut}{$\backslash$\textvisiblespace{ }}
\newcommand{\chuy}{{\noindent\hoa\symbol{234}}}
\newcommand{\tin}{{\noindent\hoa\symbol{105}}}
\newcommand{\cngang}{\noindent$\gtrdot$
\dotfill\vspace{-6pt}}
\newcommand{\krong}[1]{\makebox[#1]{\rule{0.4pt}
{4pt}\hrulefill\rule{.4pt}{4pt}}}
\newcommand{\mychap}[1]{\chapter[\large #1]{
\bfseries\chapf #1}%
\markboth{{\LaTeX{} tra cuu va soan thao}}{
{ \it Chuong \thechapter. #1}}}
\newcommand{\mysec}[1]{\section[ #1]{
\hspace*{-0.3cm}{\bfseries\secf #1}}}
\newcommand{\mysubsec}[1]{\subsection[ #1]{
\hspace*{-0.2cm}\large #1}}%%
\newenvironment{eqxample}{%
\par\addvspace\smallskipamount
\noindent\begin{minipage}{.5\columnwidth}%
\def\producing{\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{.5\columnwidth}%
216
\hbox\bgroup\kern-.2pt\vrule width.2pt
\vbox\bgroup\parindent0pt\relax
\abovedisplayskip3pt \abovedisplayshortskip
\abovedisplayskip\belowdisplayskip0pt
\belowdisplayshortskip\belowdisplayskip
\noindent}
}{%
\par
\hrule height0pt width\hsize
\egroup %%%\vrule width.2pt\kern-.2pt
\egroup
\end{minipage}%
\par\addvspace\smallskipamount
}
\pagestyle{myheadings}
\setlength{\hfuzz}{2pt}
\begin{document}
\input{bia.tex}
\setcounter{page}{3}
\setlength{\baselineskip}{12truept}
\tableofcontents
\listoftables
\listoffigures
\input{noidau.tex}
\input{vnlatex0.tex}

\input{tailieu.tex}
\printindex
\end{document}
217
PH LC B
T IN LNH TRONG LATEX

Lnh ca LATEX bt u bng \ sau l a) mt dy ch ci
hoc b) mt k t n khng l ch ci. i s cha trong [ ]
l tu chn, i s cha trong { } l bt buc. T in theo tng
ch lnh c vit m, cn c php c vit dng ch nh
my.
B.1. S m
LATEX c nhiu s m mc nh thng mang tn lnh hoc
tn mi trng. Bng sau y l cc s m khi dng cc lp vn
bn:
equation
footnote
figure
page
part
chapter
section
subsection
paragraph subparagraph subsubsection table
enumi
enumii
enumiii
enumiv
\ addtocounter, \addtocounter {counter}{value} tng counter
mt s n v ch ra value.
\ alph, \alph {counter} gi tr trong counter c in ra theo ch
ci. V d lnh \alph to ra ch ci nh, \Alph to ra ch
ci hoa.
\ arabic, \arabic {counter} gi tr trong counter c in ra theo
s rp, v d 1,2,....
\ fnsymbol, \fnsymbol {counter} gi tr trong counter c in ra
nhng k hiu p, ch c gi tr t 1 n 9.
\ newcounter, \newcounter {sodem}[counter] nh ngha s
m mi sodem. S m mi bt u bng 0, nu c tu
chn counter th gi tr ny c gn khi ng.
\ roman, \roman {counter} gi tr trong counter c in ra theo
s La M nh i, ii, ii, .... Nu \Roman in ra ch La M hoa.
B.2. Tham kho cho
219
\ stepcounter, \stepcounter {counter} thm mt vo counter v

t bin ny c gi tr mi.
\ setcounter, \setcounter {counter}{value} t gi tr ca bin
m counter bng value.
\ usecounter, \usecounter {counter} s dng i s th hai
trong mi trng list cho php lm s m trong mi lnh
\item ca list.
\ value, \value {counter} ch ra gi tr ca bin m counter.
B.2. Tham kho cho

Nhng phng trnh v ng thc sinh ra cc s ta c th tham
kho cho c.
\ label, \label {key} lnh cho key lm nhn v cc s sinh ra bi
cc mi trng c gn vo n: cc mi trng vn bn,
mi trng cc cng thc ton.
key l dy k t bt k c th l cc s v cc du. Ch ci
hoa v ch thng l hon ton khc nhau.
trnh to ra hai nhn ging nhau ngi ta thng dng
ch ci u ca mi trng, sau l du hai chm v n
dy k t c trng ring cho nhn. Theo thi quen ngi
ta dng cha cho nhn chng, sec cho on trong chng,
fig cho hnh, tab cho bng biu, eq cho phng trnh. V
d ch hnh \label{fig:nhdien}.
\ pageref, \pageref {key} in ra s trang ti v tr t lnh ny, s
key do lnh \label sinh ra.
\ ref, \ref {key} in ra s on, s phng trnh, ... ti v tr t
lnh ny, s key do lnh \label t cc mi trng
trn.
B.3. nh ngha
\ newcommand c nhng dng sau
220
Ph lc B. T in lnh trong LATEX

\newcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\newcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
cmd Tn lnh bt u bng \. Vi \newcommand, lnh khng
c c trc v khng bt u bng lnh \end;
Vi \renewcommand bt buc lnh trc phi c ri.
args L mt s nguyn t 1 n 9, ch ra s i s. Gi tr
mc nh l khng c i s.
default Nu thng s la chn ny c, ngha l lnh vi
i s u tin c chn.
definition y l ni dung ca lnh mi. Thng s c
thay vo v tr i s tng ng #n.
\ newenvironment c nhng dng sau

\newenvironment{name}[args]{begdef}{endef}
\newenvironment{name}[args][def]{begdef}{endef}
\renewenvironment{name}[args]{begdef}{endef}
name Tn ca mi trng. Vi lnh \newenvironment khng
th c mi trng tn ti trc v lnh \name cng
khng c c ri. Cn \renewenvironment nht
thit phi c mi trng ri.
args S nguyn t 1 n 9, ch ra s i s ca mi trng.
Mc nh l khng c i s no.
default Nu c phn ny th i s u tin l tu chn.
begdef Nhng vn bn thay vo phn \begin{name}. Cc
i s c thay ng #n.
enddef Tng t nh phn trn nhng khng cha mt
thng s no.
\ newtheorem nh ngha nh dng mi trng
\newtheorem{env-name}{caption}[within]
\newtheorem{env-name}[numbered-like]{caption}
B.4. Lp vn bn
221
env-name Tn ca mi trng, phi l dy ch ci, khng

c trng vi mi trng hoc s m c.
caption Vn bn in trc mi trng, bn phi l s. C
trng hp n gin ch l nh l ".
within Tn ca s m c, thng l n v ca mc.
C ngha l to ra s m ca nh l trong s m ca
chng ny.
numered-like Tn ca mi trng nh l c trc .
\ newfont, \newfont {cmd}{font-name} nh ngha lnh cmd chn
phng vi tn font-name.
B.4. Lp vn bn
LATEX bao hm nhng lp sau y: article, report, letter,
book, slides. Lnh gi lp vn bn ngay u vn bn
\documentclass[options]{class}
options l tu chn nhng mc sau:
10pt, 11pt, 12pt, mc nh: 10pt.
a4paper, a5paper, b4paper, letterpaper, legalpaper, executivepaper, mc nh: letter.
landscape, portrait, mc nh: portrait.
titlepage, notitlepage, trang vn bn mt trang ring.
leqno, reqno, mc nh: reqno.
fleqn, y cng thc sang bn tri, mc nh: trung tm.
openbib, dng dng ti liu tham kho m.
draft, final, nh du hoc khng nh du dng qu di, mc
nh: final.
oneside, twoside, chn in mt mt hoc hai, mc nh l mt tr
lp vn bn book.
openright, openany, khi u cc chng trang bn phi hoc cc
trang bt k, mc nhin l openright.
onecolumn, twocolumn, mt hoc hai ct trn trang, mc nh l
mt ct.
Nu chng ta dng nhiu tu chn phi cho du phy vo .
222
\ flushbottom Khai bo lm tt c cc trang c cng cao v

thm khong trng cui trang in cho .
\ onecolumn Khai bo bt u trang mi ch mt ct.
\ reggedbottom Khai bo di ca trang khng thm vo.
\ twocolumn, \twocolumn [text] bt u trang mi hai ct. Nu
text xut hin th n trong mt ct.
B.5. Mi trng
LATEX cung cp mt s mi trng khc nhau, mi trng bt
u v kt thc cng mt tn c dng
\begin{environmen-name}
...
\end{environmen-name}
array y l mi trng ton, c i s bt buc, thng c dng
\begin{array}{col1 col2 ... coln}
column1 & column 2 & ... &column n\\
...
\end{array}
Mi mt ct coln la chn mt ch ci nh dng hng: c
qui tm ct, l y sang tri ct, r y sang phi ct. Mi ct
cch ra bi du & v kt thc mt hng bng \\. Mi trng
ny ch dng trong mod ton, nn c th cho vo trong mi
trng equation.
center Mi trng cho php thnh lp mt on qui tm tt c cc
dng, mi dng kt thc bng lnh \\.
\begin{center}
dong1\\
dong2\\
...
\end{center}
B.5. Mi trng
223
\centering khai bo tng ng mi trng center. Thng

bo ny c th t trong mi trng quote hoc trong
parbox. Nhng ch hoc hnh c th qui tm trn trang bng
lnh ny u cc mi trng hnh, biu bng. Khc vi mi
trng center, lnh \centering khng lm mt on mi.
description Mi trng dng lm danh sch nhn.
\begin{description}
\item [label] phantu 1
\item [label] phantu 2
...
\end{decription}
Nhn label in m v y v pha tri.
enumerate Mi trng dng lm danh sch nh s. Mi trng
ny c th nm trong mi trng khc su n 4 ln.
\begin{enumerate}
\item phantu 1
\item phantu 2
...
\end{enumerate}
Mi phn t bt u bng lnh \item, phi c t nht mt
phn t. Cch nh s mi trng ny dng enumi, enumiv.
Ta c th thay i s ny bng lnh \theenumi,...
eqarray Mi trng trnh by dy phng trnh v bt phng
trnh. N rt ging vi mi trng array c ba ct, cui
hng c du \\ v mi ct cch ra bi &. S ca phng
trnh lun c nh vo tr trng hp ta dng lnh khng
nh s cng thc \nonumber. Lnh \lefteqn dng ct cng
thc qu di trn mt dng.
equation Mi trng t cng thc ton vo gia dng v nh
s cng thc pha phi.
224

\begin{equation}
math formula
\end{equation}
figure Mi trng khng phi l tp vn bn bnh thng m l

mt i tng c t vo , khng c ct i hnh.
\begin{figure}[placement]
lenh dua hinh vao
\caption{ten cua hinh}
\end{figure}
Ty chn placement lnh cho LATEX c gng hnh u,
c cc tu chn sau:
1. h t ti v tr cu lnh a vo.
2. t t ln u trang sau.
3. b t xung cui trang sau.
4. p t ti mt trang ring.
t tn cho hnh bng lnh \caption.
flushleft Mi trng cho php to mt on cc dng y v bn
tri, cui dng c lnh \\.
\begin{flushleft}
dong 1\\
dong 2\\
...
\end{flushleft}
\ raggedright Khai bo tng ng vi mi trng trn. Khai bo
ny c th trong quote v parbox. Khai bo ny khng phi
bt u on mi.
flushright Mi trng cho php to mt on cc dng y v bn
phi, cui dng c lnh \\.
\begin{flushright}
dong 1\\
dong 2\\
B.5. Mi trng
225
...
\end{flushright}
\ raggedleft Khai bo tng ng vi mi trng trn. Khai bo ny
c th trong quote v parbox. Khai bo ny khng phi bt
u on mi.
itemize Mi trng chm en cho danh sch. C th mi trng
ny lng vo nhau su n 4 ln. Mi phn t bt u bng
lnh \item. Mi trng ny dng itemi n itemiv nh
du, ta c th thay bng cch nh ngha li lnh \theitemi
\begin{itemize}
\item phantu 1
\item phantu 2
...
\end{itemize}
letter Mi trng to ra mt th mu.
list
Mi trng nh ngha mt mi trng khc thun tin

v chnh xc hn.
\begin{list}{label}{spacing}
\item phantu 1
\item phantu 2
...
\end{list}
Thng s label ch ra cch nh nhn nh th no nh
k t hoc k hiu, ... nhng khng cha lnh LATEX. Cn
spacing l h cc lnh iu chnh cc khong cch trong s
danh sch.
minipage Mi trng tng t nh \parbox.

\begin{minipage}[position]{width}
text
\end{minipage}
226

Tu chn position t v tr vn bn v bt buc phi c
chiu rng ca vn bn. Ta cng c th dng mi trng
to cc on khc. Trong mi trng ny ta c th dng
\footenote hoc \footnotetext t ch gii di mi
trng ny ch khng phi cui trang.
picture Mi trng cho php trong n c th dng cc lnh cha

vn bn, v ng thng, hnh trn, .... Nhng n v trong
thng s c tnh theo n v di c gn trong lnh
\unitlength.
\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
picture command
\end{picture}
Chiu rng ca hnh v l width, chiu cao l height, gc
tri pha di c ta thng s th 2.
\ circle, \circle [*]{diameter} lnh v hnh vi ng knh
cho. Tu chn * l v ng trn en c.
\ dashbox, \dashbox {dash-length}(width,height){...} lnh
v
hnh ch nht bao quanh mt i tng bit chiu
di, rng v cho nt gch.
\ frame, \frame {...} lnh lm khung hnh ch nht xung quanh
mt i tng v.
\ framebox, \framebox (width,height)[position]{...} lnh
ny
ging vi \makebox ch c khc l v khung hnh ch
nht xung quanh i tng v. C hai lnh iu khin l
nt v \fboxrule v khong cch t i tng n khung
v l \fboxsep.
\ line, \line (x slope, y slope){length} lnh v ng thng
c di length v theo hng slope=x/y.
\ linethickness, \linethickness {dimension} khai bo nt v
ng thng nm ngang v ng thng thng ng.
B.5. Mi trng
227
\ makebox, \makebox (width,height)[position]{...} lnh

trong mi trng picture lm hp c chiu di v rng
tham s nhn vi di n v \unitlength. Nhng tu
chn sau s x dch vn bn trong hp theo cc phng
hnh ch nht.
1. t a i tng ln cnh trn hnh ch nht.
2. b a i tng ln cnh di hnh ch nht.
3. l a i tng sang cnh tri hnh ch nht.
r. r a i tng sang cnh phi hnh ch nht.
\ multiput, \multiput (x coord, y coord)
(delta x, delta y){number of opies}{object}
lnh t i tng nhiu ln theo cc bc.
\ oval, \oval (width,height)[position] lnh to ra hnh oval
gm hnh ch nht v hai u l nhng hnh trn ghp li.
Tu chn cho ta chn mt phn ca oval:
- t ly na trn oval.
- b ly na di oval.
- r ly na bn phi oval.
- l ly na bn tri oval.
Ly cc gc oval bng cch kt hp cc k t trn.
\ put, \put (x coord, y coord){...} lnh t i tng v ti
a im c to .
\ shortstack, \shortstack [position]{...\\ ..\\ ..}
lnh to ra i tng xp chng ln nhau. C cc thng s
tu chn:
- r : chuyn i tng v bn phi ct xp chng.
- l : chuyn i tng v bn tri ct xp chng.
- c : chuyn i tng v tm ct xp chng.
\ vector, \vector (x slope, y slope){length} v ging ng
thng nhng x v y cn nm gia -4 v 4.
quotation Mi trng vn bn hai bn l b tht vo bng khong
tht u dng.
\begin{quotation}
228

text
\end{quotation}
quote Mi trng vn bn hai bn l b tht vo bng khong tht

u dng.
\begin{quote}
text
\end{quote}
tabbing Mi trng cung cp cch ging theo ct vn bn. N lm
vic theo cch t cc khong tabs. Nhng ct khong cch
thng c nh, bng theo ct c th ngt trang c khc
vi mi trng tabular.
\begin{tabbing}
text \= more text \= more text \=last text\\
second row \> \> more \\
...
\end{tabbing}
Nhng lnh sau y trong mi trng tabbing:
\ = t khong tabs dng ti v tr hin thi.
\ > Chuyn sang dng tabs sau.
\ < Lnh c th t g ra l tri ca bng. Ch dng
c dng u tin.
\+ Chuyn l tri sang mt tab tip sau, cc lnh sau
tc dng trn im tab pha phi mt tab.
\ Chuyn l tri sang mt tab tip sau, cc lnh sau
chuyn v pha tri mt tab.
\0 Chuyn tt c nhng g g vo trn dng v ct hin
thi.
\ y tt c vn bn st vo pha phi ca im tab.
\kill t im tab khng c vn bn km theo.
\pushtabs Ghi lu nhng v tr tab thit lp im tab
mi.
B.5. Mi trng
229
\pushtabs Phc hi v tr tab lu trc .

\a Trong mi trng tabbing nhng lnh \, \, \=
khng ci du m phi c dng \a, \a, \a=.
table L i tng khng phi vn bn bnh thng, n thng
c c ng chn v tr t nh u trang nhng khng
bao gi b chia ct nm hai trang. Cng thc chung l:
\begin{table}[placement]
boy of the table
\end{table}
Ty chn placement ch cho LATEX ni c th t bng ca ta.
C bn v tr m bng c th t c:
h : Ti v tr m dng lnh mi trng ny bt u.
t : u trang vn bn.
b : Cui trang vn bn.
p : Mt trang ring khng cha vn bn.
Mc nh ca lp report, article l [htp]. Bng lnh
\caption ta c th nh s bng v gn nhn cho bng.
tabular Mi trng gm nhiu dng v sp xp theo ct. Dng
tng qut nh sau:
\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
column 1& column 2 ... & column n\\
...
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
column 1& column 2 ... & column n\\
...
\end{tabular*}
Thng s bt buc v tu chn bao gm:
width Ch ra rng ca mi trng *.
230

pos Ch ra v tr theo chiu dc, mc nh l qui tm
t: xp ln hng u.
b : xp xung hng cui.
cols Ch ra nh dng ca ct, bao gm dy cc k t tng
ng vi cc ct.
l : y phn t v pha tri ct;
r : y phn t v pha phi ct;
c : y phn t qui tm;
| : ng thng ng ngn cc ct;
@{text} : Thm vo mi ct text.
p{wd} : To ct c rng bng wd. Trong ct
ny du \\ mt tc dng tr trng hp trong ct
dng cc mi trng sau: minipage, array, tabular
hoc \parbox. Cng nh trong vng xc nh ca
\centering, \raggedright, \raggedleft.
*{num}{cols} : to num ct ging cols, vi num l s
dng bt k.
\ cline, \cline {i - j} v ng ngang qua cc ct ch ra,

thng s bt buc t ct i n ct j.
\ hline V ng ngang xuyn qua cc ct, dng v ng ngang
u bng v cui bng.
\ multicolumn, \multicolumn {cols}{pos}{text} lnh dnh
chn vn bn xuyn cc ct, cols bt buc phi ch ra. Cn
pos l nh dng dng ta chn vo nh: c - qui tm vn bn;
l - y vn bn v tri, r - y v phi. Tu chn th ba l
thng s vn bn ta cho vo.
\ vline V ng thng ng mt hng, phi dng \hfill y
nt v vo gc.
thebibliography Mi trng to ra danh sch ti liu tham kho.
Lp article tiu l Reference cn lp report l Bibliography ".
\begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
\bibitem[label]{cite-key}
B.5. Mi trng
231
...
widest-label : di nhn in ra xp x vi rng ny.
\ bibitem, \bibitem [label]{cite-key} sinh ra label, nu khng
c nhn th sinh ra s theo s m enumi.
cite-key l dy k t bt k, s, k hiu nhng khng c
du phy. Tham kho cho ta dng \cite vi nhn ny.
\cite, \cite [text]{key-list} tham kho ti liu trong
key-list. Cn tu chn text l in thm vo trch dn.
V d: \cite[p.2]{knuth} s ra [Knuth, p.2].
\ notice, \notice {key-list} khng trch dn nhng c lit k
trong tp *.aux.
theorem Mi trng sinh ra
nghing
nh l x ch m, ni dung
\begin{theorem}[text]
theorem text
\end{theorem}
Thng s text cng in m.
titlepage Mi trng sinh ra trang u , trang khng nh s
v tiu chy.
\begin{titlepage}
text
\end{titlepage}
verbatim Mi trng to ra on vn bn gi nguyn nhng g ta
g vo k c cc lnh v phng ch kiu ch nh my.
\begin{verbatim}
text
\end{verbatim}
\ verb Lnh gi nguyn nhng g ta g vo k c cc lnh v phng
ch kiu ch nh my, nhng ch trn mt dng
232

\verb char text char
\verb*char text char
char y c th l ! hoc +. Dng * ch khc l n in ra
du trng thay bng . $x^2+4x$.
\ verse Mi trng th hin cc kh th.

\begin{verse}
text
\end{verse}
B.6. Ghi ch
Ghi ch cui trang c th sinh ra bng hai cch. Cch th
nht dng trc tip lnh \footenote. Cch th hai dng hai lnh
\footenotemark v \footenotetext.
\ footenote, \footenote [number]{text} lnh t vn bn text
xung cui trang v nh s ghi ch ny. Tu chn number
thay i nh s ghi ch. Khng dng c ghi ch trong
i s ca cc lnh mi trng.
\ footnotemark Lnh t s ghi ch cho vn bn. Lnh ny c
th dng c trong on mod khc vi lnh trn. Vn
bn ca ghi ch c cung cp bi lnh \footnotetext.
Lnh ny c th dng lp i lp li ghi ch nhiu ln nh
dng \footnotemark[\value{footnote}] sau ln th nht
p dng lnh \footnote.
\ footnotetext, \footnotetext [number]{text} t text xung
cui trang. Lnh ny c th t bt c u sau
\footnotemark. Ty chn number dng thay i s ghi ch
mc nh.
B.7. di
di l o khong cch. Rt nhiu lnh LATEX ly di
lm thng s.
B.8. Ngt dng v trang
233
\ newlength, \newlength {\gnat} lnh nh ngha tu chn nh

\gnat l lnh di c gi tr 0.
\ setlength, \setlength {\gnat}{length} lnh t gi tr cho lnh
di. {length} l biu thc c ngha di trong LATEX v
d nh: 1in, 15mm, 12pt.
\ addtolength, \addtolength {\gnat}{length} lnh tng lnh
di ln mt s ch ra length. N c th dng php tnh
m.
\ settodepth, \settodepth {\gnat}{length} t gi tr ca lnh
di bng su ca i s text.
\settoheight, \settoheight {\gnat}{length} t gi tr ca lnh
di bng cao ca i s text.
\ settowidth, \settowidth {\gnat}{length} t gi tr ca lnh
di bng rng ca i s text.
Ngoi ra cn nhng thng s di nh ngha sn trong
LATEX nh \width, \height, \depth, \totalheight.
B.8. Ngt dng v trang

LATEX c tp ngun v thc hin theo thng s xp dng v
trang. Nhiu khi ta phi t ngt theo mun ca ta.
\\[*][extra-space] Lnh lm dng mi. Tu chn extra-space
a khong trng dc vo dng ngay sau , cng c th
chng l o m. Lnh \\* cng ging nh lnh \\ nhng
thng bo vi LATEX dng tip sau khng phi bt u mt
dng mi.
\-
Lnh c th ngt t ti im nh du ny.
\ cleardoublepage Lnh kt thc trang hin hnh v trng

trang tip cho vic a hnh v bng vo. Trong trng hp
in hai mt th hai mt ca mt trang trng.
\ clearpage Kt thc trang hin thi dnh ch cho vic a hnh
v bng vo.
234
\ enlargethispage, \enlargethispage {size},

\enlargethispage*{size} lnh m rng chiu dc trang
\textheight. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} thm
mt dng vo cui.
\ hyphenation, \hyphenation {words} lnh thng bo nhng
im c th ngt c. words gm cc t nh du bng
\-.
\ linebreak, \linebreak [number] lnh ngt ngay dng hin thi
ti im t lnh. C th dng khng tu chn, nhng c
th dng mc khc nhau bng thng s t 1 n 4.
\linebreak cho php LATEX gin dng v l pha phi.
\ newline Lnh ngt dng, bn phi trng, ch dng c trong
mt on.
\ newpage Lnh kt thc trang hin thi.
\ nolinebreak, \nolinebreak [number] lnh cm ngt dng hin
thi ti im t lnh. Tu chn thng s t 1 n 4, s cng
ln i hi cng cao. Trng hp khng c thng s chuyn
sang i hi sau.
\ nopagebreak, \nopagebreak [number] tng t lnh trn
nhng i vi trang hin thi.
\ pagebreak, \pagebreak [number] lnh ngt trang ti im hin
thi. Thng s t 1 n 4, s cng cao i hi ngt cng
mnh.
B.9. Lm mt on
Mt on kt thc bng mt hoc nhiu dng trng. Nhng
dng trng trong cng thc ton, trong i s cc lnh cho mc
u khng bt u mt on.
\ indent Lnh tht u dng ca dng u tin mt on.
\ noindent Lnh khng tht u dng bt u mt on.
\ par Lnh tng ng vi mt dng trng.
B.10. Ghi ch bn l
235
B.10. Ghi ch bn l
\ marginpar, \marginpar [left]{right} lnh to ra ghi ch bn
l trang. Dng u tin ngang vi dng t lnh ny.
Khi ta ch ra tu chn right vn bn s t:
- Bn l phi cho vic in mt mt.
- Bn l mp ngoi nu in hai mt.
- Hai bn l nu in trang c hai ct.
\ reversemarginpar Lnh t l s ngc li nhng g c.
B.11. Cng thc ton

C ba mi trng t LATEX vo mod ton:
math Mi trng cng thc ton in ra trn mt dng vi vn bn.
displaymath mi trng cng thc ton in ra mt dng ring.
equation cng thc ton ring tng dng nhng t ng gn thm
s cng thc.
Nhng dng vit ngn gn:
$...$ thay v \begin{math} ... \end{math}
\[...\] thay v \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
$ ... $ thay v $ ... $.
LATEX cung cp hu nh tt c k hiu ton hc bng lnh,
nhng lnh ny u phi nm trong mi trng ton. V d nh
$\pi$ s ra .
Ch s trn v ch s di: a mt biu thc exp ln trn
hoc xung di ta dng lnh _{exp} xung di, ^{exp} ln
trn.
Khong trng trong mod ton: Trong mi trng ton tt c
khong trng u b b qua. Mun c khong trng thc s trong
cng thc ton ta phi a lnh vo, sau y l mt s lnh.
\;
Lnh khong trng nh hn bnh thng.
236
\:
Lnh khong trng trung bnh.
\,
Lnh khong trng nh.
\!
Lnh khong trng m.
\ quad Lnh khong trng ph thuc phng ch.

\ qquad Lnh rng gp i lnh \quad.
Mt s lnh khc:
\ cdots Lnh to ra du 3 chm trn trung tm dng.V d:
.
\ ddots Lnh to ra du 3 chm thnh ng cho. V d: . .
\frac, \frac {tuso}{mauso} lm phn s. V d:
1
2
\ ldots Lnh to ra du 3 chm chn dng. V d: . . .

\ overbrace, \overbrace {text} to ngoc trn text.
kln
z }| {
V d: x + + x
\ overline, \overline {text} to gch thng trn text. V d: x
\ sqrt, \sqrt [root]{arg} to du cn trn arg. V d: 3 x + y

\ underbrace, \underbrace {text} to ngoc di text.
V d: x
+ x}
| + {z
kln
\ underline, \underline {text} to gch thng di text. V d:

x
.
\ vdots Lnh to ra du 3 chm dng. V d: ..
B.12. Phong cch trang

Lnh \documentclass xc nh c, v tr u trang v phn ghi
ch. Phng thc trang l xc nh xem nhng phn c cn
thc hin khng.
\ maketitle Lnh lm u mt trang ring tr lp article ch
lm u trang. Nhng thng s l trang u (u trang)
nh sau:
B.12. Phong cch trang
237
\ author, \author {names} lnh khai bo tn cc tc gi. Nhiu tc

gi th tch ra bi lnh \\.
\ date, \date {text} lnh t ngy trong text. Nu khng c
thng s th ly ngy trong my.
\ thanks, \thanks {text} lnh a text xung dng ch thch.
\ title, \title {text} lnh to u bi, nhiu dng th ngt bng
lnh \\.
\ pagenumbering, \pagenumbering {num_style} ch ra phong
cch nh s trang. Kh nng num_style nh sau:
arabic : S kiu rp
roman : S kiu roman ch thng
Roman : S kiu Roman ch hoa
alph : S kiu ch ci nh
Alph : S kiu ch ci hoa.
\ pagestyles, \pagestyles {option} lnh bin i phong cch t
trang hin thi n cc trang cn li. C nhng s tu chn
sau:
plain : Ton b trang vn c.
empty : Phn tiu trng v khng c s trang.
headings : t tiu chy v xc nh phong cch tiu
.
myheadings : T lm ly tiu chy bng cc lnh
\markboth v \markright.
\ mark Lnh c hai dng:
\markboth{left head}{right head}
\markright{right head}
Hai lnh ny dng ph thuc vo vic in mt hoc hai mt.
\ thispagestyle, \thispagestyle {option} lnh ny ging ht
\pagestyle nhng ch tc dng trn trang hin thi.
238
B.13. Thnh phn vn bn

Lnh chia vn bn thnh nhng phn bao gm cc n v sau:
\part
\chapter (ch cho lp book v report)
\section
\section
\subsection
\sususection
\paragraph
\subparagraph
Tt c nhng lnh ny u c cng mt dng, v d
\chapter[optional]{title}
Ngoi nhim v lm tiu , thng s tu chn cn t vo hai
ni sau:
1. Bng mc lc.
2. Trn tiu chy u mi trang.
Mc nh l tu chn v thng s l nh nhau. Ta c th thay i
dng a vo mc lc hoc tiu chy thng qua optional.
\appendix Lnh thay i n v cch nh s ca tng phn.
B.14. Khong trng v hp

\ addvspace, \addvspace {length} lnh cng khong cch chiu
dc vo lnh di.
\ bigskip Lnh tng ng \vspace{bigskipamount}, y
bigskipamount xc nh theo lp.
\ dotfill Lnh to ra du chm in vo khong trng.
\ fbox, \fbox {text} lnh ging ht \mbox nhng lm khung
quanh vn bn.
\ framebox, \framebox [width][position]{length} lnh ging
ht nh makebox, nhng lm khung quanh hp. Nt v c
th chnh bng \foxrule v khong cch gia ch khung
chnh bng \foxsep.
B.14. Khong trng v hp
239
\ hfill Lnh y cc k t hai bn trn dng.

\ hrulefill Lnh k ng thng trong khong trng trn dng.
\ hspace, \hspace [*]{length} thm khong trng trn dng
bng length. Tu chn * lm cho lnh lc no cng thc
hin ng, nu khng trong trng hp u dng lnh
thm khong cch mt tc dng.
lrbox Lnh mi trng
begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}
y l dng mi trng ca lnh \sbox text s c lu
vo hp cmd, trc phi khai bo \newsavebox.
\ makebox, \makebox [width][position]{length} lnh to ra
hp cha vn bn. Ta c th thit k chiu rng hp
v t ti v tr nh trn trang. Vn bn trong hp c th
cn theo tu chn position:
c : qui tm; l : dt tri; r : dt phi; s : cn hai bn l.
\mbox, \mbox {text} to hp cha vn bn trn mt dng, khng
ngt dng v c th dng vn bn trong mi trng ton.
\ medskip Lnh tng ng vi \vspace{medskipamount} y
medskipamount xc nh theo lp.
\ newsavebox Lnh khai bo hp cmd, khng c trng vi tn
c.
\ parbox, \parbox [pos][height][in-pos]{width}{text} lnh
to ra mt hp cha nh mt on vn bn. N c hai thng
s bt buc:
- width: Chiu rng ca hp;
- text: Vn bn nm trong hp.
Mc nh vn bn t t pha trn u hp, nu khng ch
ra cao hp th l cao vn bn cha trong n. Nhng
dng trong hp c cn :
- t : Vn bn c t ln nh.
- c : Vn bn c t vo tm.
- b : Vn bn c t xung y.
- s : Vn bn c t ko cng theo chiu dc.
240
\ raisebox, \raisebox {dist.}[ext-above][ext-below]{text}

lnh dng t ln h xung khi vn bn.
\ rule, \rule [raise-height]{width}{thickness} lnh to ra k
ngang. Thng s c xc nh nh sau:
- raise-height chiu cao ng k c nng ln.
- width ch ra di ca ng k.
- thickness ch ra mnh ca ng k.
\ savebox, \savebox {cmd}[text], dng y hn
\savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text} lnh ny ging nh
\mbox v \makebox. Nhng kt qu l dng nhiu ln, lnh
phi c khai bo \newsavebox.
\ smallskip Lnh tng ng vi
\vspace{smallskipamount}, y smallskipamount xc
nh theo lp.
\ usebox, \usebox {cmd} in ra hp theo lnh cmd lu li trc
.
\ vfill Lnh y lm khong trng theo chiu dc, c tc dng trn
mt trang.
\ vspace, \vspace [*]{length} thm khong trng theo chiu
dc. Lnh c * cui thc hin lnh d bt c hon cnh
no.
B.15. Tp v chia tp trong LATEX

LATEX trong qu trnh x l sinh ra rt nhiu tp c cng tn
vi tp ban u *.tex, vi nhng phn m rng khc nhau. Lnh
\nofiles t u th LATEX ch sinh ra hai tp dvi v log. Sau y
l chc nng ca cc tp c ui nh sau:
aux Dng trung gian cho qu trnh lm tham kho cho ca bng
mc lc, danh sch hnh, danh sch bng. Ngoi tp chnh
*.aux, mi tp c a vo bng lnh \inclused cng c
mt tp ui aux. Tt c tp ny iu c c vo ln hai
ti thi im a lnh vo.
B.15. Tp v chia tp trong LATEX
241
bbl Tp sinh ra bi BibTeX dng lm thng tin cho cc tp aux v

ti liu tham kho.
dvi Tp kt qu ca LATEX di dng khng ph thuc vo my in.
glo Cha lnh \glossaryentry sinh ra bi lnh \glossary. Tp
c in ra bng lnh \makeglossary v khng to ra bng
\nofiles.
idx Cha lnh \indexentry sinh ra bi lnh \index. Tp c in
ra bng lnh \makeindex v khng to ra bng \nofiles.
ind Tp to ra bi chng trnh MakeIndex v in ra vn bn bng
lnh \printindex.
lof c vo bng lnh \listoffigures, c cp nht ni dung
bng \caption. Tp c in ra bng lnh \listoffigures
v khng to ra bng \nofiles.
log Cha ton b nhng thng bo m LATEX a ra mn hnh.
lot c vo bng lnh \listoftables, c cp nht ni dung
bng \caption. Tp c in ra bng lnh \listoftables v
khng to ra bng lnh \nofiles.
loc c vo bng lnh \listofcontents, c cp nht ni dung
bng \caption. Tp c in ra bng lnh \listofcontents
v khng to ra bng lnh \nofiles.
Nhng vn bn ln i hi chng ta phi chia ra nhiu tp,
nhng lnh sau y cho php a cc tp vo vi nhau:
\ include, \include {file} lnh a tp vo khng cn vit phn
m rng. Lnh c dng kt hp vi lnh \includeonly
lnh lp danh sch c vo.
\ includeonly, \includeonly {file_list} lnh kim sot nhng
tp cho php c vo bng lnh \include.
\ input Lnh c tp vo ti ni c lnh.
242
B.16. Mt ch
Mt ch c xc nh bng hai thng s l c v dng ch.
Dng ch: Hng lot to dng ch v d nh \textit{italics}.

Ta c th kt hp gia cc lnh nh \sffamily\bfseries
to ra ch m khng chn.
\textrm(\rmfamily) : Roman;
\textit(\itshape) : Nghing;
\emph : Nghing, nm gia \textit v \textrm;
\textmd(\mdseries) : m ln;
\textbf(\bfseries) : m ;
\textup(\upshape) : ng thng, i li vi xin;
\textsl(\slshape) : Xin;
\textsf(\sffamily) : Khng chn;
\textsc(\scshape) : Ch hoa nh;
\texttt(\ttfamily) : Ch nh my;
\textnormal(\normalfont) : ch theo phng ca vn bn
hin thi.
Trong mi trng ton c cc lnh sau:
\mathrm : Roman;
\mathbf : Ch m;
\mathsf : Khng chn;
\mathtt : nh my;
\mathit : Ch nghing;
\mathnormal : Dng phng vn bn hin thi;
\mathcal : Ch Caligraphic;
C phng: Nhng lnh c phng ca LATEX v cng vi mi trng
n nh sau: \begin{tiny} ... \end{tiny}.
\tiny,\scriptsize,\foonotesize,\small,
\normalsize,\large,\Large,\LARGE,\huge,\Huge.
B.17. Tn phng ch Vit nam theo ABC dng cho TEX
243
B.17. Tn phng ch Vit nam theo ABC dng

cho TEX
Nhng tn phng sau y c tc dng khi dng lnh, v d:
\font\tenfont=vhantiq at 12pt,... Tt c cc phng ny
MiKTEX u dng c.(Vi gi lnh mi hin ti vntext.sty
c th dng phng TCVN trong mi trng Unicode. V d.
a vo gi lnh \uspackage[TCVN]{vntext} trc gi lnh
\uspackage[utf8]{vietnam} sau ta nh ngha
\fontencoding{TCVN}\fontfamily{cmr}
\font\tenfont=vhantiq at 12pt
{\selectfont \tenfont Ung nc nh ngun})
RR
R
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1.
vhantiq
2.
vhantiqb
3.
vhantiqd
4.
vhantiqi
5.
vharab
6.
vharabb
7.
vharabbi
8.
vharabi
9.
vharia
10.
vhariab
11.
vhariabi
12.
vhariai
13.
vharial
14.
vharialb
15.
vhariali
16.
vharialn
17.
vharis
18.
vharisb
19.
vharisbi
20.
vharisi
21.
vhavan
22.
vhavanb
23.
vhavanbi
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vhavani
25.
vhbaha
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vhbahab
27.
vhbahabi
28.
vhbahai
29.
vhblac
30.
vhblacb
31.
vhblacbi
32.
vhblaci
33.
vhbodo
34.
vhbodob
35.
vhbodobi
36.
vhbodoi
37.
vhcent
38.
vhcentb
39.
vhcentbi
40.
vhcenti
41.
vhclar
42.
vhclarb
43.
vhclarbi
44.
vhclari
45.
vhcomm
46.
vhcommi
47.
vhcoop
48.
vhcoopb
49.
vhcoopbi
50.
vhcoopi
51.
vhcorvi
52.
vhcour
53.
vhcourb
54.
vhcourbi
55.
vhcouri
56.
vhexot
57.
vhexotb
58.
vhexotbi
59.
vhexoti
60.
vhfree
61.
vhfreeb
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R
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62.
vhfreebi
63.
vhfreei
64.
vhgoth
65.
vhgothb
66.
vhgothbi
67.
vhgothi
68.
vhhelv
69.
vhhelvb
70.
vhhelvbi
71.
vhhelvi
72.
vhkaol
73.
vhkaolb
74.
vhkaolbi
75.
vhkaoli
76.
vhlinc
77.
vhlincb
78.
vhlincbi
79.
vhlinci
80.
vhlinu
81.
vhlinub
82.
vhlinubi
83.
vhlinui
84.
vhmemo
85.
vhmemob
86.
vhmemobi
87.
vhmemoi
88.
vhmono
89.
vhmonob
90.
vhmonobi
91.
vhmonoi
92.
vhmust
93.
vhmustb
94.
vhmustbi
95.
vhmusti
96.
vhpark
97.
vhparkb
98.
vhparkbi
99.
vhparki
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RRR
RR
RRR
R
R
RR
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RR
R
RR
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RRR
R
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RR
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RR
vhpres
101.
vhpresb
102.
vhpresbi
103.
vhpresi
104.
vhrevu
105.
vhrevub
106.
vhrevubi
107.
vhrevui
108.
vhsouth
109.
vhsouthb
110.
vhsouthd
111.
vhsouthi
112.
vhtekn
113.
vhteknb
114.
vhteknbi
115.
vhtekni
116.
vhtifh
117.
vhtifhb
118.
vhtifhbi
119.
vhtifhi
120.
vhtime
121.
vhtimeb
122.
vhtimebi
123.
vhtimei
124.
vhuniv
125.
vhunivb
126.
vhunivbi
127.
vhunivi
128.
vhvogu
129.
vhvogub
130.
vhvogubi
131.
vhvogui
132.
vn3d
133.
vn3db
134.
vn3dbi
135.
vn3di
136.
vnantibi
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Cngngh thngtin
Cngngh thngtin
Cngnghthng tin
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R
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R
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R

137.
vnantiq
138.
vnantiqb
139.
vnantiqi
140.
vnarab
141.
vnarabb
142.
vnarabbi
143.
vnarabi
144.
vnaria
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vnaria10
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vnaria12
147.
vnaria4
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vnaria8
149.
vnariab
150.
vnariabi
151.
vnariai
152.
vnarial
153.
vnarialb
154.
vnariali
155.
vnarialn
156.
vnarianb
157.
vnariani
158.
vnaris
159.
vnarisb
160.
vnarisbi
161.
vnarisi
162.
vnatime
163.
vnavan
164.
vnavanb
165.
vnavanbi
166.
vnavani
167.
vnbaha
168.
vnbahabi
169.
vnblac
170.
vnblacb
171.
vnblacbi
172.
vnblaci
173.
vnbodo
174.
vnbodob
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R
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175.
vnbodobi
176.
vnbodoi
177.
vnbtime
178.
vnclarbi
179.
vnclare
180.
vnclareb
181.
vnclarei
182.
vncomsi
183.
vncoop
184.
vncoopb
185.
vncoopbi
186.
vncoopi
187.
vncorsi
188.
vncorsib
189.
vncour
190.
vncourb
191.
vncourbi
192.
vncouri
193.
vnexot
194.
vnexotb
195.
vnexotbi
196.
vnexoti
197.
vnfree
198.
vnfreeb
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199.
vnfreebi
200.
vnfreei
201.
vngoth
202.
vngothb
203.
vngothbi
204.
vngothi
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205.
vnhelv
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206.
vnhelvb
207.
vnhelvbi
208.
vnhelvi
209.
vnkaol
210.
vnkaolb
211.
vnkaolbi
212.
vnkaoli
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Cng ngh thng tin

Cng ngh thng tin
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213.
vnlinc
214.
vnlincb
215.
vnlincbi
216.
vnlinci
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vnlinu
218.
vnlinub
219.
vnlinubi
220.
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228.
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vnlucibi
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230.
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234.
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235.
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236.
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237.
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238.
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239.
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240.
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242.
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243.
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244.
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245.
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246.
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248.
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249
250
251.
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vnstambi
252.
vnstami
253.
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254.
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255.
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256.
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vntifh
258.
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259.
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260.
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261.
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262.
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264.
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266.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Hu in, 1995. Preparation of a TeX-document
using Vietnamese TexT Editors, Master Thesis, Vrije Universsiteit Brussel.
[2] Nguyn Hu in, 1999. Hng dn v s dng Maple V.
NXB Thng k, H Ni.
[3] Trn Mnh Tun, 1992. H x l vn bn TEX. Vin Khoa hc
Vit Nam, H Ni.
[4] George Gr
atzer, 1995. Math into LATEX: An introduction to LATEX
A
and AMSLTEX. Birkh
auser, Boston.
[5] Leslie Lamport, 1994. LATEX: A Document Preparation System.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
[6] Donald E. Knuth, 1990. TEXbook. Computers and typesetting, Vol A, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
[7] Donald E. Knuth, 1986. METAFONT: The Program . Computers and typesetting, Vol D, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
[8] P.W. Abrahams, 1990. TEX for the impatient. Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Massachusetts.
[9] M. Goossens, F. Mittelback and A. Samarin, 1994. The LATEX
Companion. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
DANH MC T KHA
Symbols
\" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
$$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 236
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 233
-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
--- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
/(/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 236
\; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 235
\= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 71
\> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\ (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 71
\\* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
\\[ ]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
\] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 49
^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 49
~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 46
10pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
12pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
A
a4paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
a5paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
abstract(mi trng) . . . . . . 33
\abstractname . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\Acute(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
\acute() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\addcontentsline . . . . . . . . 159
\addtocontents . . . . . . . . . . . 159
\addtocounter . . . . . . 151, 218
\addtolength . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
\addvspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
\advancepageno(cm
dng)
204
\aleph() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
align(mi trng) . . . . . . . . 126
alignat(mi trng) . . . . . . 128
aligned(mi trng) . . . . . . 131
\allowdisplaybreaks . . . . . 139
alltt(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\Alph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 218
\alph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 218
\alpha() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\alsoname. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
\alsoseename . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\amalg(q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\AmS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
amsart(lp vn bn) . . . . 18, 37
amsmath(gi lnh) . . . . . . 18, 98
amsopn(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . 97
amssymb(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\angle() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
\appendixname . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\approx() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\approxeq(u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 218
\arccos(arccos) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Danh mc t kha
\arcsin(arcsin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\arctan(arctan) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\arg(arg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
array(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
array(mi trng). . .120, 136,
222
\arraystretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
article(lp vn bn) . . 17, 30,
33, 37, 221
\ast(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
\asymp(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
\author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
aux(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
B
\b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
b5paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
babel(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\backepsilon() . . . . . . . . . . 104
\backprime(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\backsim(v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\backsimeq(w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\backslash(\) . . . . . . . . . 46, 100
\Bar() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\bar() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\barwedge(Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\Bbbk(k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
bbl(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\becaus() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\begin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 43
\beta() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\beth(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
\between(G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\bf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\bfseries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
bfseries(mi trng) . . . . . . 86
\bibitem . . . . . . . . . . . . 164, 231
\bibnameT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\bigcap( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\bigcirc( )
S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\bigcup( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\Biggl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\biggl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\biggm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
\Biggr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\biggr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
253
\Bigl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
\bigl. . . . .J
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
\bigodot( N
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\bigotimes( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\Bigr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
\bigr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
\bigskip . .F
. . . . . . . . . . . 60, 238
\bigsqcup( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\bigstar(F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\bigtriangledown(5) . . . . . 101
\bigtriangleup(4)
. . . . . . . 101
U
\biguplus(
)
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . . 102
W
\bigvee( )V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\bigwedge( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\binom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\blacklozenge() . . . . . . . . . 100
\blacksquare(). . . . . . . . . .100
\blacktriangle(N) . . . . . . . 100
\blacktriangledown(H) . . . 100
\blacktrianglelef(J) . . . . 104
\blacktriangleright(I) . 104
bmatrix(mi trng) . . . . . . 135
\bmod(mod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\boldsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
book(lp vn bn).33, 37, 221
\bot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\bowtie(./) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\Box(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\boxdot( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\boxed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\boxminus() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\boxplus() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\boxtimes() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\Breve() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\breve() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\bullet() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\Bumpeq(m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\bumpeq(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
C
\c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\Cap(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\cap() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\caption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
cases(mi trng) . . . . . . . . 137
254
\ccname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
CD(mi trng) . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
\cdot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\cdot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\cdots( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 236
center(mi trng). . .83, 222
\centerdot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\centering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
centering(mi trng) . . . . . 87
\chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 238
chapter(s m) . . . . 149, 218
\chaptername . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\Check() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\check() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\chi(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
\circ() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\circeq($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179, 226
\circledast(~) . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\circledcirc(}). . . . . . . . . .101
\circleddash(). . . . . . . . . .101
\circledS(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\cite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 231
\cleardoublepage . . . . 57, 233
\clearpage . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 233
\cleartabs(cm dng) . . . . 204
\cline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 230
\clubsuit() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
cm(n v o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
comment(mi trng) . . . . . . . 51
\complement({) . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\cong(
=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\contentsline . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
\contentsname
. . . . . . . . . . . . 146
`
\coprod( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
c . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\copyright( )
\cos(cos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\cosh(cosh). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
\cot(cot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\coth(coth). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
\csc(csc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\culywedge(f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\Cup(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\cup() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\curlyeqprec(2). . . . . . . . . .104

\curlyeqsucc(3). . . . . . . . . .104
\curlyvee(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
D
\d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\dag() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\dag() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\dagger() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\daleth(k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
\dashbox . . . . . . . . . . . . 176, 226
\dashv(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
\datename. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
dcolumn(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . 38
\ddag(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
\ddag() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\ddagger() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\ddddot(....) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\dddot(...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\Ddot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\ddot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
.
\ddots( . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
\DeclareMathOperator . 18, 98
\def . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
\deg(deg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
delarray(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . 38
\Delta() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\delta(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
\depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
description(mi trng) . . 68,
69, 223
\det(det) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\dfrac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\diagdown() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\diagup() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\Diamond(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\diamond() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\diamondsuit(). . . . . . . . . .100
\digamma(z). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
\dim(dim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\displaybreak . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
displaymath(mi trng) . . 89,
235
\displaystyle . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\div() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Danh mc t kha
\divideontimes(>) . . . . . . . 101
document(mi trng) . . . . . . 16
\documentclass . . 17, 34, 221
\dosupereject(cm dng) 204
\Dot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\dot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
.
\doteq(=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\doteqdot(+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\dotfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 238
\dotplus(u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\dots(. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
\doublebarwedge([) . . . . . . 101
\Downarrow() . . . . . . . . 94, 106
\downarrow() . . . . . . . . . 94, 106
\downdownarrows() . . . . . . 106
\downharpoonleft() . . . . . . 106
\downharpoonright(). . . . .106
draft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
dvi(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
E
\ell(`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
em(n v o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
em(mi trng) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
\emph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\emph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
empty(phong cch) . . . 33, 237
\emptyset() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\enclname. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
\endinsert(cm dng) . . . . 204
\enlargethispage . . . . 57, 234
\ensuremath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
enumerate(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . 38
enumerate(mi trng) 67, 69,
223
enumi(s m) . . . . . . 149, 218
enumii(s m) . . . . . 149, 218
enumiii(s m) . . . . 149, 218
enumiv(s m) . . . . . 149, 218
\epsilon() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\eqalign(cm dng) . . . . . . 205
\eqalignno(cm dng) . . . . 205
eqarray(mi trng) 122, 223
255
\eqcirc(P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
eqnarray(mi trng) . . . . . 129
\eqref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
\eqslantgtr(1) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\eqslantless(0). . . . . . . . . .104
equation(mi trng) . . . . 131,
223, 235
equation(s m) . . . 149, 218
\equiv(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
\eta() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\eth() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
ex(n v o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
executivepaper . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\exists() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\exp(exp). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
exscale(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . 37
F
\fallingdotseq(;) . . . . . . . 104
\fbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172, 238
\fboxrule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
\fboxsep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
figure(mi trng) . . . . . . 224
figure(s m) . . . . . 149, 218
\figurename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
final. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
\Finv(`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\fivebf(cm dng) . . . . . . . 205
\fivei(cm dng) . . . . . . . . 205
\fiverm(cm dng) . . . . . . . 205
\fivesy(cm dng) . . . . . . . 205
flalign(mi trng) . . . . . . 127
\flat([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\flushbottom . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
flushleft(mi trng) . . . 224
flushright(mi trng) . . . 42,
224
\fnsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
\fnsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
\folio(cm dng) . . . . . . . . 204
\footenote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
\footline(cm dng) . . . . . 204
\footnote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
footnote(s m) . . . 149, 218
256
\footnotemark . . . . . . . . . . . 232
\footnotesize . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\footnotetext . . . . . . . . . . . 232
\footskip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\footstrut(cm dng) . . . . 204
\forall() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\frac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 236
\frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
\framebox . 63, 172, 175, 226,
238
\frenchspacing . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\frown(_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
ftnright(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . 38
G
\Game(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\Gamma() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\gamma() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
gather(mi trng) . . . . . . . 122
gathered(mi trng) . . . . . 131
\gcd(gcd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\genfrac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\geq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\geqslant(>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\gg(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
\ggg() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\gimel( ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
glo(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\gnapprox() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\gneq( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\gneqq( ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
\gnsim(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
graphics(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . 37
\graphpaper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
\Grave(`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\grave(`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\gtrapprox(') . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\gtrdot(m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\gtreqless(R) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\gtrless() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\gtrsim(&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\gvertneqq() . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

\hangafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\hangindent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\Hat() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\hat() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\hbar(~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\hdotsfor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
\headheight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
headings(phong cch) 33, 237
\headline(cm dng) . . . . . 204
\headpagename . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\headsep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\headtoname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\heartsuit() . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\hfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 239
\hfuzz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
hhline(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\hline . . . . . . . . . . 84, 121, 230
\hoffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\hom(hom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\hookleftarrow(-) . . . . . . 106
\hookrightarrow(,) . . . . . 106
\hrulefill . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 239
\hslash(}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\hspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 239
\Huge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
\huge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
\hyphenation . . . . . . . . 49, 234
I
\i . . . . . . . . .R. . . . .R. . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\idotsint( ) . . . . . . . . . . 92
idx(ui RRRR
tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\iiiint(
RRR ). . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
\iiint(
RR ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\iint( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Im(=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\imath() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\in() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
in(n v o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\include . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\includeonly . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
ind(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\indent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 234
H
\H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 indentfirst(gi lnh) . . . . . . 38
Danh mc t kha
\index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
\indexname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\inf(inf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\infty() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\injlim(inj lim) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\input
R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\int( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\intercal(|). . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
\intertext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
\iota() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\item. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
\itemindent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
itemize(mi trng) . . . 68, 69,
225
\itemsep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\itshape . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
itshape(mi trng) . . . . . . . 86
J
\j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\jmath() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\Join(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
K
\kappa() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\ker(ker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\kern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
\keywordsname . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\kill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
L
\label . . . . . . . . . 116, 162, 219
\labelsep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
\labelwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\Lambda() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\lambda() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\lange (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\LARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\Large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\LaTeX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\LaTeXe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
latexsym(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . 37
layout(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\lceil(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
257
\ldots(. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 236
\left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 121
\Leftarrow() . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\leftarrow() . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\leftarrowtail() . . . . . . 106
\leftharpoondown()) . . . . 106
\leftharpoonup(() . . . . . . . 106
\leftleftarrows(). . . . . .106
\leftmargin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\Leftrightarrow(). . . . . .106
\leftrightarrow(). . . . . .106
\leftrightarrows() . . . . 106
\leftrightsquigarrow(!)
106
\leftroot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\leftthreetimes(h) . . . . . . 101
legalpaper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\leq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\leqalignno(cm dng). . .205
leqno. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
\leqslant(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\lessapprox(/) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\lessdot(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\lesseqgtr(Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\lesseqqgtr(S) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\lessgtr() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\lesssim(.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
letter(lp vn bn) . . . 35, 37,
221
letter(mi trng) . . . . . . 225
\lfloor(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\lg(lg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\lhd() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\lim(lim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\liminf(lim inf) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 96
\limsup(lim sup) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176, 226
\linebreak . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 234
\linethickness . . . . . . . . . . 226
list(mi trng). . . .153, 225
\listfigurename. . . . . . . . . .146
\listoffigures . . . . . . . . . . . 161
\listoftable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
258
\listparindent . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\listtablename . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\ll(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
\llcorner(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Lleftarrow(W) . . . . . . . . . . 106
\lll() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\ln(ln) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\lnapprox() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\lneq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\lneqq(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
\lnsim(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
loc(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
lof(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\log(log) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
log(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\Longleftarrow(=) . . . . . 106
\longleftarrow() . . . . . 106
\Longleftrightarrow()
106
\longleftrightarrow()
106
\longmapsto(7) . . . . . . . . . 106
\Longrightarrow(=) . . . . 106
\longrightarrow() . . . . 106
longtable(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . 38
\looparrowleft(") . . . . . . . 106
\looparrowright(#). . . . . .106
lot(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\lozenge() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
lrbox(mi trng) . . . . . . . 239
\lrcorner(y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\ltimes(n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\lvertneqq( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
M
\makebox . . 62, 175, 226, 239
\makefootline(cm dng) 204
\makeheadline(cm dng) 204
makeidx(gi lnh) . . . . . 37, 166
\maketitle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
\mapsto(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\marginpar . . . . . . . . . . . 64, 235
\marginparplush . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\marginparsep . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\marginparwidth . . . . . . . 33, 65

\markboth . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 237
\markright . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 237
math(mi trng) . . . . . 89, 235
\mathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\mathbf . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 242
\mathbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
\mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 242
\mathfrak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
\mathit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 242
\mathnormal . . . . . . . . 113, 242
\mathrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
\mathrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 242
\mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
\mathsf . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 242
\mathstrut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
\mathtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 242
\mathversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
matrix(mi trng) . . . . . . . 134
\max(max) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
MaxMatrixCols . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
\mbox . . . . . . . . . 56, 62, 93, 239
\mdseries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
\measuredangle(]) . . . . . . . 100
\medskip . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 239
\medspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
\mho(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\mid(|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 103
\midinsert(cm dng) . . . . 204
\min(min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
minipage(mi trng) . . . . 148,
225
\mod( mod ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\models(|=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\mp() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\mspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
\mu() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
multicol(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . 38
\multicolumn . . . 84, 121, 230
\multimap(() . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\multiput . . . . . . . . . . . 181, 227
multline(mi trng) . . . . . 122
\multlinegap . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
myheadings(phong cch) . . . 33,
237
Danh mc t kha
N
\natural(\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\ncong(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
\ne(6=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nearrow(%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\NeedsTeXFormat . . . . . . . . . . . 19
\neg() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\negmedspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\negthickspace . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\negthinspace . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\newcommand . . . . . . . . 140, 219
\newcounter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
\newenvironment. . . . . . . . . .146
\newenvironment . . . . . . . . . 220
\newfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
\newlength. . . . . . . . . .152, 233
\newline . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 234
\newpage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 234
\newsavebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
\newtheorem . . . . . . . . . . 77, 220
\nexists(@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\ngeq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ngeqq(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
\ngeqslant() . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ngtr() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ni(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\nLeftarrow(:) . . . . . . . . . . 106
\nleftarrow(8) . . . . . . . . . . 106
\nLeftrightarrow(<) . . . . 106
\nleftrightarrow(=) . . . . 106
\nleq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nleqq(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
\nleqslant(
) . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nless(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
\nmid(-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\noindent . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 234
\nolimits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\nolinebreak . . . . . . . . 56, 234
\nonfrenchspacing . . . . . . . . 42
\nopagebreak . . . . . . . . 57, 234
\nopagenumbers(cm
dng)
204
\normalbottom(cm dng) 204
259
\normalfont . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\normalsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\notag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
\notesname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
\notin()
/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
notitlepage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\nparallel(). . . . . . . . . . . . .105
\nprec(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
\npreceq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nRightarrow(;) . . . . . . . . . 106
\nrightarrow(9) . . . . . . . . . 106
\nshortmid(.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nshortparallel(/) . . . . . . . 105
\nsim() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nsubseteq(*) . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nsubseteqq(") . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nsucc(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
\nsucceq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nsupseteq(+) . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ntriangleleft(6) . . . . . . . 105
\ntrianglelefteq(5) . . . . . 105
\ntriangleright(7) . . . . . . 105
\ntrianglerighteq(4) . . . . 105
\nu() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\numberline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
\numberwithin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\nVDash(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
\nVdash(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
\nvDash(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nvdash(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nwarrow(-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
O
\oddsidemargin . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\odot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\oldstyle(cm dng) . . . . . 205
\oldstylenums . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\Omega() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\omega() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\ominus( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\onecolumn . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 222
oneside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
onesite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
260
openany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
openright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\oplus(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
\oslash() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\otimes() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\oval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179, 227
\overbrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
\overfullrrule . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\overline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
\overset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
P
\P() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 100
page(s m). . . . . . . .149, 218
\pagebody(cm dng) . . . . . 204
\pagebreak . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 234
\pagecontents(cm dng) 204
\pageinsert(cm dng). . .204
\pagename. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
\pageno(cm dng) . . . . . . . 204
\pagenumbering . . . . . . . . . . 237
\pageref . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 219
\pagestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\pagestyles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
\paperwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\par . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 56, 234
paragraph(s m) . . 149, 218
\parallel(k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\parbox. . . . . . . . . . .63, 85, 239
\parsep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\part. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
part(s m). . . . . . . .149, 218
\partial() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\partname. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
pc(n v o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\perp() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\phantom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\Phi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\phi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\Pi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\pi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
picture(mi trng) 172, 226
\pitchfork(t) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
plain(phong cch) . . . 33, 237

\plainoutput(cm dng) . 204
\pm() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
pmatrix(mi trng) . . . . . . 135
\pmb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\pmod( (mod )) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\pod( ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\pounds() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\Pr(Pr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\prec() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\precapprox(w) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\preccurlyeq(4). . . . . . . . . .104
\preceq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\precnapprox(). . . . . . . . . .105
\precneqq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\precnsim() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\precsim(-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\preffacename . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\prime(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\printindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
proc(lp
Q vn bn) . . . . . . . . . . 37
\prod( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\projlim(proj lim) . . . . . . . . . . 97
\proofname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\propto() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\providecommand. . . . . . . . . .144
\psi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
psnfss(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
pt(n v o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\put. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175, 227
Q
\qedsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\qquad . . . . . . . . . . 59, 110, 236
\quad . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 110, 236
quotation(mi trng) . . . . 73,
227
quote(mi trng) . . . . 73, 228
R
\raggedleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
raggedleft(mi trng) . . . . 87
\raggedright . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
raggedright(mi trng). . .87
\raise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\raisebox . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 240
Danh mc t kha
\raisetag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
\range(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\rceil(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\Re(<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\ref. . . . . . . . . . . .116, 162, 219
\refname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\refstepcounter. . . . . . . . . .151
\reggedbottom . . . . . . . . . . . 222
\relax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
\renewcommand . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
report(lp vn bn) . . . 33, 37,
221
reqno. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
\rfloor(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\rhd() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\rho() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 121
\Rightarrow() . . . . . . . . . . 106
\rightarrow() . . . . . . . . . . 106
\rightarrowtail() . . . . . 106
\rightharpoondown(+) . . . 106
\rightharpoonup(*) . . . . . . 106
\rightleftarrows() . . . . 106
\rightleftharpoons(
) . . 106
\rightmargin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\rightrightarrows() . . . 106
\rightsquigarrow( ) . . . . 106
\rightthreetimes(i) . . . . . 101
\risingdotseq(:) . . . . . . . . 104
\rm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\rmfamily . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
rmfamily(mi trng) . . . . . . 86
\Roman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 218
\roman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 218
\Rrightarrow(V) . . . . . . . . . 106
\rtimes(o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 85, 240
S
\S() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 100
\savebox . . . . . . . . . . . . 175, 240
\sb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\sc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\scriptscriptstyle . . . . . . 115
\scriptsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\scriptstyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
261
\scshape . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
scshape(mi trng) . . . . . . . 86
\searrow(&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\sec(sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
section(s m) . . . . 149, 218
\setcounter . . . 134, 149, 219
\setlength . . . . . . 54, 152, 233
\setminus(\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\settabs(cm dng) . . . . . . 204
\settodepth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
\settoheight . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
\settowidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
\sevenbf(cm dng) . . . . . . 205
\seveni(cm dng) . . . . . . . 205
\sevensy(cm dng) . . . . . . 205
\sf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\sffamily . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
sffamily(mi trng) . . . . . . 86
\sharp(]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\shortmid(p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\shortparallel(q) . . . . . . . . 104
\shortstack . . . . . . . . 178, 227
\shoveleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
\shoveright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
showidx(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . 37
showkeys(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . 38
\sideset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
\Sigma() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\sigma() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\sim() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\simeq('). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
\sin(sin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\sinh(sinh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\sl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
slides(lp vn bn) . . . . . . 221
\slshape . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
slshape(mi trng) . . . . . . . 86
\small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\smallfrown(a) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\smallint( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
smallmatrix(mi trng) . 136
\smallsetminus(r) . . . . . . . 101
\smallskip . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 240
\smallsmile(`) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
262
\smash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
\smash(chnh cao dng) . . . 112
\smile(^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\spadesuit() . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\spbreve( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\spcheck( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\spdddot( ... ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\spddot( .. ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\spdot( . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
\sphat( b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\sphericalangle(^) . . . . . . 100
split(mi trng) . . . . . . . . 132
\sptilde( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\sqcap(u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\sqcup(t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\sqrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 236
\sqsubset(<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\sqsubseteq(v) . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\sqsupset(=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\square() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\stackrel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
\star(?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\stepcounter . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
\strechspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
\subequation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
\subjclassname . . . . . . . . . . . 146
subparagraph(s m) . . . 149,
218
\subsection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
subsection(s m).149, 218
\Subset(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\subset() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\subseteq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\subseteqq(j) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\subsetneq(() . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\subsetneqq($) . . . . . . . . . . . 105
subsubsection(s m) . . 149,
218
\succ() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\succapprox(v) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\succcurlyeq(<). . . . . . . . . .104
\succeq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

\succnapprox(). . . . . . . . . .105
\succneqq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\succnsim() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\succsim(%)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
P
\sum( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\sup(sup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\Supset(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\supset() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\supseteq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\supseteqq(k) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\supsetneq()) . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\supsetneqq(%)
. . . . . . . . . . . 105
\surd( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\swapnumbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\swarrow(.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
T
\t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\tabalign(cm dng) . . . . . 204
tabbing(mi trng) . 72, 228
table(mi trng) . . . . . . . 229
table(s m) . . . . . . . . . . . 218
\tablename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\tableofcontents . . . . . . . . 159
\tabs(cm dng). . . . . . . . . .204
\tabsdone(cm dng) . . . . . 204
\tabset(cm dng) . . . . . . . 204
tabular(mi trng) . 81, 229
tabularx(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . 38
\tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 122
\tan(tan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\tanh(tanh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\tau( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\tbinom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\teni(cm dng). . . . . . . . . .205
\TeX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\texnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 62, 94
\textbf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
\textbullet() . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\textcircled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\textheight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\textit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
Danh mc t kha
\textmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
\textnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
\textperiodcentered() . . . . 48
\textrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textsc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textsf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textsl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textstyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\texttt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textvisiblespace(). . . . . . .48
\textwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\tfrac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\thanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
thebibliography(mi trng)
164, 230
\thefootnote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
theorem(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . 38
theorem(mi trng) . . . . . 231
\theoremstyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\therefore() . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\theta(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
\thickapprox(). . . . . . . . . .104
\thicklines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
\thicksim() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\thickspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\thinlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
\thinspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\thispagestyle . . . . . . 33, 237
\Tilde() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\tilde() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\times(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
\times() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\tiny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
\title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
titlepage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
titlepage(mi trng) . . . 231
\to(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
\tocname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
tools(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\top(>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\topinsert(cm dng) . . . . 204
\topmargin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\topsep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\totalheight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
263
\triangle(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\triangledown(O). . . . . . . . .100
\triangleleft(/) . . . . . . . . . 101
\trianglelefteq(E) . . . . . . 104
\triangleq(,) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\triangleright(.) . . . . . . . . 101
\trianglerighteq(D) . . . . . 104
\tt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\ttfamily . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
ttfamily(mi trng) . . . . . . 86
\twocolumn . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 222
twocolumn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\twoheadleftarrow() . . . 106
\twoheadrightarrow() . . 106
twoside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
U
\u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\ulcorner(p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\underbrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
\underline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
\unitlength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
\unlhd(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
\unrhd(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
\Uparrow() . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 106
\uparrow() . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 106
\Updownarrow(m) . . . . . . 94, 106
\updownarrow(l) . . . . . . 94, 106
\upharpoonleft() . . . . . . . . 106
\upharpoonright() . . . . . . . 106
\uplus(]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\uproot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\upshape . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
upshape(mi trng) . . . . . . . 86
\Upsilon(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
\upsilon() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\upuparrows() . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\urcorner(q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\usebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181, 240
\usecounter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
\usepackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
V
\v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151, 219
\varDelta() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
264
\varepsilon() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varGamma( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varrho(%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varinjlim(lim) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
varioref(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . 38
\varkappa() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varLambda() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varliminf(lim) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\varlimsup(lim) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\varnothing() . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\varOmega() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varPhi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varphi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varPi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varpi($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varprojlim(lim) . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\varpropto() . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\varSigma() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varsigma() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varsubsetneq( ) . . . . . . . . 105
\varsubsetneqq(&) . . . . . . . 105
\varsupsetneq(!) . . . . . . . . 105
\varsupsetneqq(') . . . . . . . 105
\vartheta() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\vartriangle(M) . . . . . . . . . . 100
\vartriangleleft(C) . . . . . 104
\vartriangleright(B) . . . . 104
\varUpsilon( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varXi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\Vdash( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\vDash() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\vdash(`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
.
\vdots(..) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
\Vec(
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\vec(
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178, 227
\vee() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\veebar(Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\verb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
verb(mi trng) . . . . . . . . . 231
verbatim(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . 38
verbatim(mi trng) 74, 231
verse(mi trng) . . . . 74, 232
\Vert(k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

\vfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
\vfootnote(cm dng) . . . . 204
\vline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Vmatrix(mi trng) . . . . . . 135
vmatrix(mi trng) . . . . . . 135
\voffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\vphantom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
\vspace* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\vspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 240
\Vvdash() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
W
\wedge() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\widehat(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\widetilde(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\wp() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\wr(o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
X
\Xi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\xi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
xr(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
xspace(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Z
\zeta() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Danh mc t kha
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NGUYN HU IN NGUYN MINH TUN

NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI

Ngi nhn xt:

Bin tp v sa bn in: LAN HNG

Cc bc son tho LATEX

Hnh 1: Qu trnh son tho LATEX

la mt loi TEX s dng. Chng ti chn LATEX lm ni dung

Cch s dng cun sch ny

tin hnh theo cc bc:

Phng Gii tch s v Tnh ton Khoa hc, Vin Ton hc

DANH SCH CC HNH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DANH SCH CC BNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chng 1. Cu trc ca vn bn LATEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1. Cu trc chun ca vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3. Phn thn bi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4. Kiu cch trang vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.5. Nhng lp vn bn chun ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.6. Gi lnh km theo vi LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1. Nhng k t a t bn phm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3. Cu lnh ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4. K hiu khng c trn bn phm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5. Thay i c tnh phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6. Dng, on v trang vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.7. Khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1. Mi trng lit k danh sch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2. Mi trng khong tabbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3. Mi trng vn bn trch dn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4. Mi trng cu trc nh l theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.5. Mi trng bng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LATEX Tra cu v son tho

3.6. Dng iu v c ca mi trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chng 4. Mi trng ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1. Mi trng ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3. Vn bn trong mi trng ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.4. K hiu bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.8. Nhng k hiu ton khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.12. Du m v nh du trong ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.13. Nhng dng ngang co gin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.14. Lnh nhng khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.15. Xy dng k hiu mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.16. Khong trng dc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.17. Ch ci ton v k hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.18. nh nhn v nhm cc nhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.19. Phn s tng qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.20. ng khung cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chng 5. Cng thc nhiu dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1. Ging cng thc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2. Ngt dng cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3. Ngt nhng cng thc di. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.4. Ging theo ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.5. Ging cc mi trng ph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.6. iu chnh trong cc ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.7. Biu giao hon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.8. Ngt trang trong mi trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chng 6. K thut t to lnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.1. To nhng lnh mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.4. To lnh c bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.5. To mt mi trng danh sch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chng 7. To trch dn v tra cu thng tin . . . . . . . . . .

7.2. Ch s bng v hnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.1. Mi trng picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chng 9. Ting Vit trong LATEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.1. B lnh ci du ting Vit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .