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Kenz Tange

Kenz Tange ( Tange Kenz, 4 September 1913 22 March 2005) was a Japanese architect,
and winner of the 1987 Pritzker Prize for architecture.
He was one of the most signicant architects of the
20th century, combining traditional Japanese styles with
modernism, and designed major buildings on ve continents. Tange was also an inuential patron of the
Metabolist movement. He said:It was, I believe, around
1959 or at the beginning of the sixties that I began to
think about what I was later to call structuralism", (cited
in Plan 2/1982, Amsterdam), a reference to the architectural movement known as Dutch Structuralism.

Nihon University's art department to dodge Japan's drafting of young men to its military and seldom attended
classes.* [1]
In 1935 Tange began the tertiary studies he desired
at University of Tokyo's architecture department. He
studied under Hideto Kishida and Shozo Uchida.* [1]
Although Tange was fascinated by the photographs of
Katsura villa that sat on Kishida's desk, his work was
inspired by Le Corbusier. His graduation project was a
seventeen-hectare (42-acre) development set in Tokyo's
Hibiya Park.* [2]

Inuenced from an early age by the Swiss modernist,


Le Corbusier, Tange gained international recognition in
1949 when he won the competition for the design of
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. He was a member of
CIAM (Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne)
in the 1950s. He did not join the group of younger CIAM
architects known as Team X, though his 1960 Tokyo Bay
plan was inuential for Team 10 in the 1960s, as well as
the group that became Metabolism.

2 Early career
After graduating from the university, Tange started to
work as an architect at the oce of Kunio Maekawa.
During his employment, he travelled to Manchuria, participating in an architectural design competition for a
bank, and toured Japanese-occupied Jehol on his return.
When the Second World War started, he left Maekawa
to rejoin the University of Tokyo as a postgraduate student. He developed an interest in urban design, and referencing only the resources available in the university library, he embarked on a study of Greek and Roman marketplaces.* [2] In 1942, Tange entered a competition for
the design of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Memorial Hall. He was awarded rst prize for a design
that would have been situated at the base of Mount Fuji;
the hall he conceived was a fusion of Shinto shrine architecture and the plaza on Capitoline Hill in Rome. The
design was not realised.* [3]

His university studies on urbanism put him in an ideal


position to handle redevelopment projects after the Second World War. His ideas were explored in designs for
Tokyo and Skopje. Tange's work inuenced a generation
of architects across the world.

Early life

Born on 4 September 1913 in Osaka, Japan, Tange


spent his early life in the Chinese cities of Hankow and
Shanghai; he and his family returned to Japan after learning of the death of one of his uncles. In contrast to the
green lawns and red bricks in their Shanghai abode, the
Tange family took up residence in a thatched roof farmhouse in Imabari on the island of Shikoku.* [1]

In 1946, Tange became an assistant professor at the university and opened Tange Laboratory. In 1963, he was
promoted to professor of the Department of Urban Engineering. His students included Sachio Otani, Kisho
Kurokawa, Arata Isozaki, Hajime Yatsuka and Fumihiko
Maki.* [4]

After nishing middle school, Tange moved to Hiroshima


in 1930 to attend high school. It was here that he rst encountered the works of Swiss modernist, Le Corbusier.
His discovery of the drawings of the Palace of the Soviets
in a foreign art journal convinced him to become an architect. Although he graduated from high school, Tange's
poor results in mathematics and physics meant that he
had to pass entrance exams to qualify for admission to
the prestigious universities. He spent two years doing so
and during that time, he read extensively about western
philosophy. Tange also enrolled in the lm division at

3 Post war reconstruction


Tange's interest in urban studies put him in a good position to handle post war reconstruction. In the summer
of 1946 he was invited by the War Damage Rehabilitation Board to put forward a proposal for certain war
damaged cities. He submitted plans for Hiroshima and
Maebashi.* [5] His design for an airport in Kanon, Hi1

PROJECTS

seum was dominated by adjoining utility buildings, which


were linked to it by high-level walkways. Tange rened
this concept to place the museum prominently at the centre, separate from the utility buildings (only one of which
was subsequently designed by him). In addition to architectural symbolism, he thought it important for the design
to centre around the building that houses the information
about the atomic explosion.* [11]

Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum showing axis with cenotaph


and A-bomb dome (1955)

The museum is constructed from bare reinforced concrete. The primary museum oor is lifted six metres
above the ground on huge piloti and is accessible via a
free-standing staircase. The rhythmical facade comprises
vertical elements that repeat outwards from the centre.
Like the exterior, the interior is nished with rough concrete; the idea was to keep the surfaces plain so that nothing could distract the visitor from the contents of the exhibits.* [12]

roshima was accepted and built, but a seaside park in


The Peace Plaza is the backdrop for the museum. The
Ujina was not.* [6]
plaza was designed to allow 50 thousand people to gather
The Hiroshima authorities took advice about the city's re- around the peace monument in the centre. Tange also
construction from foreign consultants, and in 1947 Tam designed the monument as an arch composed of two
Deling, an American park planner, suggested they build hyperbolic paraboloids, said to be based on traditional
a Peace Memorial and preserve buildings situated near Japanese ceremonial tombs from the Kofun Period.* [12]
ground zero, that point directly below the explosion of the
atomic bomb.* [7] In 1949 the authorities enacted the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Reconstruction Act, which gave
the city access to special grant aid, and in August 1949, 4.2 The Ise Shrine
an international competition was announced for the design of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park.* [8]
In 1953 Tange and the architectural journalist and critic
Tange was awarded rst prize for a design that proposed Noboru Kawazoe were invited to attend the reconstruca museum whose axis runs through the park, intersecting tion of the Ise Shrine. The shrine has been reconstructed
Peace Boulevard and the atomic bomb dome. The build- every 20 years and in 1953 it was the 59th iteration. Noring is raised on massive columns, which frame the view mally the reconstruction process was a very closed aair
along the structure's axis.* [9]
but this time the ceremony was opened to architects and
journalists to document the event. The ceremony coincided with the end of the American Occupation and it
seemed to symbolise a new start in Japanese architec4 Projects
ture. In 1965 when Tange and Kawazoe published the
book Ise: Prototype of Japanese Architecture, he likened
4.1 Peace Centre in Hiroshima
the building to a modernist structure: an honest expression of materials, a functional design and prefabricated
elements.* [13]

4.3 The Kagawa Prefectural Government


Hall
The Kagawa Prefectural Government Hall on the island
of Shikoku was completed in 1958. Its expressive conHiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, view along axis (1955)
struction could be likened to the Daibutsu style seen at
the Todai-ji in Nara.* [14] The columns on the elevation
Work on the Peace Centre commenced in 1950. In addi- bore only vertical loads so Tange was able to design them
tion to the axial nature of the design, the layout is similar to be thin, maximising the surfaces for glazing. Although
to Tange's early competition arrangement for the Greater the hall has been called one of his nest projects,* [15] it
East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Memorial Hall.* [10]
drew criticism at the time of its construction for relying
In the initial design the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Mu- too heavily on tradition.* [16]

4.6

Tokyo Olympic arenas

Kenz Tange's own house (1953)

4.4

Yoyogi National Gymnasium (1964)

Tange's own home

Tange's own home, designed in 1951 and completed in


1953, uses a similar skeleton structure raised o the
ground as the Hiroshima Peace Museum; however, it is
fused with a more traditional Japanese design that uses
timber and paper. The house is based on the traditional
Japanese module of the tatami mat, with the largest rooms
designed to have exibility so that they can be separated
into three smaller rooms by fusuma sliding doors.* [17]
The facade is designed with a rhythmic pattern; it comprises two types of facade designs (aand b) that
are ordered laterally in an a-b-a-a-b-a arrangement. The
house is topped with a two-tier roof. Kazuo Shinohara's
1954 house at Kugayama is remarkably similar in its
design, although it is built with steel and has a simpler
rhythm in its facade.* [18]

4.5

Town Hall, Kurashiki

4.6 Tokyo Olympic arenas

The Yoyogi National Gymnasium is situated in an open


area in Yoyogi Park on an adjacent axis to the Meiji
Shrine. The gymnasium and swimming pool were designed by Tange for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, which
were the rst Olympics held in Asia. Tange began his
designs in 1961 and the plans were approved by the Ministry of Education in January 1963. The buildings were
placed to optimize space available for parking and to permit the smoothest transition of incoming and outgoing
people.* [21]
Inspired by the skyline of the Colosseum in Rome, the
roofs have a skin suspended from two masts. The buildings were inspired by Le Corbusier's Philips Pavilion
designed for Brussel's World Fair and the Ingalls Rink
Yale University's hockey stadium by Eero Saarinen (both
structures completed in 1958). The roof of the Philips
pavilion was created by complex hyperbolic paraboloid
surfaces stretched between cables. In both cases Tange
took Western ideas and adapted them to meet Japanese
requirements.* [22]

The fortress-like town hall in Kurashiki was designed in


1958 and completed in 1960. When it was constructed
it was situated on the edge of the old town centre connecting it with the newer areas of the town. Kurashiki
is better known as a tourist spot for its old Machiya style The gymnasium has a capacity of approximately 16,000
houses.* [19]
and the smaller building can accommodate up 5,300 deSet in an open square, the building sits on massive pending on the events that are taking place. At the time
columns that taper inwards as they rise. The elevation it was built, the gymnasium had the world's largest susconsists of horizontal planks (some of which are omit- pended roof span. Two reinforced concrete pillars supted to create windows) which overlap at the corners in a port a pre-stressed steel net onto which steel plates are atlog cabineect. The entrance is covered with a heavy tached. The bottom anchoring of this steel net is a heavy
projecting concrete canopy which leads to a monumen- concrete support system which forms a distinct curve on
tal entrance hall. The stair to this hall ascends in can- the interior and exterior of the building. In the interior,
tilevered straight ights to the left and right. The walls this structural anchor is used to support the grandstand
the
to this interior are bare shuttered concrete punctured by seats. The overall curvature of the roof helps protect
*
[21]
building
from
the
damaging
eects
of
strong
winds.
windows reminiscent of Le Corbusier's La Tourette. The
Council Chamber is a separate building whose raked roof Tange won a Pritzker Prize for the design; the citation
has seating on top of it to form an external performance described the gynasium as among the most beautiful
space.* [20]
buildings of the 20th century.* [23]

ARCHITECTURAL CIRCLE

ministration facilities. The zones were interconnected


with moving pathways.* [27]

5 Architectural circle
5.1 Congres International d'Architecture
Moderne
Faade of the Supreme Court Building, Islamabad

4.7

Supreme Court Building of Pakistan

The Supreme Court of Pakistan Building is the ocial


and principle workplace of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, located in 44000 Constitution Avenue Islamabad,
Pakistan.* [24] Completed in 1965, it is anked by the
Prime Minister's Secretariat to the south and President's
House and the Parliament Building to the north.
Designed by Tange, to a design brief prepared by the
Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, the complex was engineered and built by CDA Engineering and
Siemens Engineering.* [25]

4.8

Osaka Exposition 1970

Osaka Expo Festival Plaza (1970)

In 1965 the Bureau of International Expositions decided that Japan should host the 1970 Exposition. 3.3
square kilometres (1.3 sq mi) of land in the Senri Hills
near Osaka were put aside for its use. Tange and Uzo
Nishiyama were appointed as planners for the masterplan
by the Theme Committee. Tange assembled a group of
twelve architects to design the infrastructure and facilities
for the Expo.* [26]
At the centre of the Expo was the Festival Plaza. Tange
conceived that this plaza (with its oversailing space frame
roof) would connect the display spaces and create a setting for a festival. The plaza divided the site into a
northern zone for pavilions and a southern zone for ad-

Tange's rst placing in the design competition for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park gained him recognition
from Kunio Maekawa. The elder architect invited Tange
to attend the Congres International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Founded in 1928 this organization of planners and architects had initially promoted architecture in
economic and social context, but at its fourth meeting in
1933 (under the direction of Le Corbusier) it debated the
notion of the Functional City. This led to a series
of proposals on urban planning known as "The Athens
Charter". By the 1951 CIAM meeting that was held in
Hoddesdon, England, to which Tange was invited, the
Athens Charter came under debate by younger members
of the group (including Tange) who found the Charter
too vague in relation to city expansion. The Athens
Charterpromoted the idea that a city gains character
from its continual changes over many years; this notion
was written before the advent of mass bombings and the
Second World War and therefore held little meaning for
Tange who had evidenced the destruction of Hiroshima.
The discussions at Hoddesdon sowed discontent within
CIAM that eventually contributed to its breakup after
their Dubrovnik meeting in 1956;* [28] the younger members of CIAM formed a splinter group known as Team
X, which Tange later joined. Tange presented various
designs to Team X in their meetings. At a 1959 meeting in Otterlo, Holland, one of his presentations included
an unrealised project by Kiyonori Kikutake; this project
became the basis of the Metabolist Movement.* [29]
When Tange travelled back to Japan from the 1951
CIAM meeting, he visited Le Corbusier's nearly complete Unit d'Habitation in Marseilles, France. He also
looked at the sketches for the new capital of Punjab at
Chandigarh, India.* [10]

5.2 Tokyo World Design Conference and


urban planning
Tange had left the Team X Otterlo conference early to
take up a tenure at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His experiences at the conference may have led
him to set his fth year students a project to design a 25thousand-person residential community to be erected in
Boston over the bay.* [30] The scheme comprised two giant A-frame structures that resembled Tange's competition entry for the World Health Organisation's headquarters on Lake Geneva. Both this scheme and the earlier

5.3

The Urbanists and Architects Team

5
ing machinery was on the ground oor, sealed studios
on the upper oors and oces on glass walled oors surrounded by balconies. The services, including stairs and
lifts, are housed in 16 reinforced concrete columns that
are of ve-metre (17 ft) diameter. Space was left between the cluster of functional space to allow for future
expansion, although these have been used for gardens and
terraces.* [37]

5.3 The Urbanists and Architects Team

Yamanashi Broadcasting and Press Centre (1966)

ones by Kikutake formed the basis of Tange's speech


to the Tokyo World Design Conference in 1960. In his
speech he used words such ascellandmetabolismin
relation to urban design. The Metabolist movement grew
out of discussions with other members of the conference.
Amongst them were Kisho Kurokawa, Junzo Sakakura,
Alison and Peter Smithson, Louis Kahn, Jean Prouv,
B. V. Doshi and Jacob Bakema. The conference ended
with Tange's presentation of the Boston plan and his own
scheme, The Tokyo Plan 1960.* [31]
Tange argued that the normal urban pattern of a radial
centripetal transportation system was a relic of the Middle Ages and would not handle the strain placed upon it
by the world's mega cities, which he qualied as those
with populations greater than 10 million.* [32] Rather
than building up a city from a civic centre, Tange's proposal was based on civic axis, developing the city in a linear fashion.* [33] Three levels of trac, graded according
to speed, would facilitate the movement of up to 2.5 million people along the axis, which would be divided into
vertebrae-like cyclical transportation elements. The sheer
size of the proposal meant that it would stretch out across
the water of Tokyo Bay.* [34] Tange's proposals at this
conference play a large part in establishing his reputation
as The West's favourite Japanese architect.* [35]
In 1965 Tange was asked by the United Nations to enter
a limited competition for the redevelopment of Skopje,
which was at that time a city of Socialist Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia. The town had been heavily destroyed by
an earthquake in 1963. Tange won 60% of the prize; the
other 40% was awarded to the Yugoslav team. Tange's
design furthered ideas put forward in the earlier Tokyo
Plan.* [36]

Tange's inspiration for his design oce came from his


friend Walter Gropius who he had rst met at the CIAM
meeting in 1951. While lecturing at the Bauhaus, Gropius
had placed great importance on teaching architects, especially imparting on them the concept of working together as a team. The Urbanists and Architects Team was
founded in 1961 and became Kenz Tange Associates.
Tange promoted a very at hierarchy in the practice: partners were equal in importance and were encouraged to
participate in every project. Multiple options were developed simultaneously, and research on individual schemes
was encouraged.* [38]

6 Later career

Tokyo Metropolitan Government Oce, Shinjuku, Tokyo (1991)

During the 1970s and 1980s Tange expanded his portfolio to include buildings in over 20 countries around the
world. In 1985, at the behest of Jacques Chirac, the
mayor of Paris at that time, Tange proposed a master plan
for a plaza at Place d'Italie that would interconnect the
*
Tange further developed his ideas for expandable urban city along an east-west axis. [39]
forms in 1966 when he designed the Yamanashi Broad- For the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, which
casting and Press Centre in Kfu. It was designed for opened in 1991, Tange designed a large civic centre with
three media companies: a newspaper printing plant, a ra- a plaza dominated by two skyscrapers. These house the
dio station and a television studio. To allow for future administration oces whilst a smaller seven-storey buildexpansion Tange grouped the similar functions of three ing contains assembly facilities. In his design of a high
oces together in three zones. The newspaper print- tech version of Kofu Communications Centre, Tange

equipped all three buildings with state-of-the-art building management systems that monitored air quality, light
levels and security. The external skin of the building
makes dual references to both tradition and the modern condition. Tange incorporated vertical and horizontal
lines reminiscent of both timber boarding and the lines on
semiconductor boards.* [40]

AWARDS

of Arts, Kengo Kuma explained that, at the age of ten, he


was inspired to become an architect after seeing Tange's
Olympic arenas, which were constructed in 1964.* [46]

For Reyner Banham, Tange was a prime exemplar of


the use of Brutalist architecture. His use of Bton brut
concrete nishes in a raw and undecorated way combined with his civic projects such as the redevelopment
Tange continued to practice until three years before his of Tokyo Bay made him a great inuence on British ardeath in 2005. He disliked postmodernism in the 1980s chitects during the 1960s.* [41] Brutalist architecture has
and considered this style of architecture to be onlytran- been criticised for being soulless and for promoting the
sitional architectural expressions.* [41] His funeral was exclusive use of a material that is poor at withstanding
held in one of his works, the Tokyo Cathedral.* [42]
long exposures to natural weather.* [47]
He received the AIA Gold Medal in 1966.
Tadao Ando, one of Japan's greatest
living architects, likes to tell the story of the
stray dog, a stately akita, that wandered into
his studio in Osaka some 20 years age, and
decided to stay. First, I thought I would call
her Kenzo Tange; but then I realised I couldn't
kick Kenzo Tange around. So I called her Le
Corbusier instead.
Obituary in The Guardian* [41]

Tange's son Paul Noritaka Tange graduated from Harvard University in 1985 and went on to join Kenz Tange
Associates. He became the president of Kenzo Tange
Associates in 1997 before founding Tange Associates in
2002.* [48]

8 Awards
From the Japanese Wikipedia article

Legacy

8.1 Japan
Architectural Institute of Japan best picture award
(Ehime Prefectural Museum) (1954)
Architectural Institute of Japan Special Award (National Indoor Stadium) (1965)
Order of Culture (1980)
Architectural Institute of Japan Award (1986)
for contributions to the international development
and establishment of modern architecture in Japan.
Prince Takamatsu Memorial World Culture Prize in
the building sector category (1993)

St. Mary's Cathedral (Tokyo Cathedral), Tokyo (1964)

Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure


(1994)

Third rank in the order of precedence (2005;


The modular expansion of Tange's Metabolist visions
posthumous)
had some inuence on Archigram with their plug-in
*
mega structures. [43] The Metabolist movement gave
momentum to Kikutake's career. Although his Ma8.2 Others
rine City proposals (submitted by Tange at CIAM) were
not realised, his Miyakonojo City Hall (1966) was a
United States Institute of Architects, United States
more Metabolist example of Tange's own Nichinan Culof America (AIA) 1st Pan-Pacic Ocean Award
tural Centre (1962).* [44] Although the Osaka Expo had
(1958)
marked a decline in the Metabolist movement, it resulted
in a handing overof the reigns to a younger gener RIBA Gold Medal (1965)
ation of architects such as Kazuo Shinohara and Arata
U.S. AIA Gold Medal (1966)
Isozaki.* [45]
In an interview with Jeremy Melvin at the Royal Academy

Vatican Order of St. Gregory the Great (1970)

7
French Academy of Architecture Gold Medal
(1973)
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
(1976)

1986: Jordan University of Science and Technology,


Jordan

Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1979)

1986: University of Science and Technology Oran Mohamed-Boudiaf (AMZ Group), Algeria

U.S. Pritzker Prize (1987)

1987: American Medical Association Headquarters


Building, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Knight of the Legion of Honour of France (1996)

1986: OUB Centre, Singapore

List of selected projects


1955: Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Hiroshima
1957: (Former) Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Building, Yrakuch
1958: Kagawa Prefectural Government Building the
east oces, Takamatsu, Kagawa
1960: Kurashiki City Hall, Kurashiki, Okayama
1960: Rikkyo University Library, Ikebukuro,
Tokyo
1964: Yoyogi National Gymnasium for the 1964
Summer Olympics, Tokyo
1964: St. Mary's Cathedral (Tokyo Cathedral) (Roman Catholic), Tokyo
1966: Yamanashi Press and Broadcasting Centre,
Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
1966: Master plan for rebuilding of Skopje,
Macedonia, then part of Yugoslavia after the 1963
earthquake
1967: Shizuoka Press and Broadcasting Tower,
Ginza, Chuo, Tokyo
1967: Towers of Fiera district (Regional administration of Emilia-Romagna), Bologna, Italy
1970: master plan, massive centralSymbol Zone
, and other work for Expo '70, Suita, Osaka
1970: Librino New Town Project, Catania, Italy
1977: Sogetsu Kaikan, Aoyama, Tokyo

1990: Presidential Palace, Damascus, Syria (Initial


design, but subsequently resigned from project)
1991: Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building,
Shinjuku, Tokyo
1992: UOB Plaza, Singapore
1993: Phu My Hung Saigon South Master Plan, Ho
Chi Minh City, Vietnam
1996: Fuji Television Building, Odaiba, Tokyo
1998: University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
1998: WKC Centre For Health Development, Kobe,
Hygo
2000: Kagawa Prefectural Government Building the
main oces, Takamatsu, Kagawa
2000: Tokyo Dome Hotel
2003: The Linear Private Apartments, Singapore
2005: Hwa Chong Institution Boarding School, Singapore
Kagawa Prefectural Government Building the east
oces (1958)
Grand Prince Hotel Akasaka (1982)
OUB Centre in Singapore (1986)
American Medical Association Building in Chicago
(1990)

1979: Hanae Mori Building, Aoyama, Tokyo

UOB Plaza in Singapore (1992)

1982: Centro Direzionale, Naples

Fuji Television Building in Odaiba, Tokyo (1996)

1982: Central Area New Federal Capital City of


Nigeria, Nigeria
1986: Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Kagawa Prefectural Government Building main ofce (2000)


Shizuoka Press and Broadcasting Center 1967

10

11

Footnotes

[1] Stewart (1987), p. 170


[2] Stewart (1987), p. 171
[3] Reynolds (2001), p. 126
[4] Biography: Kenzo Tange, 1987 Laureate. The Pritzker
Architecture Prize. New York, United States: The Hyatt
Foundation. 1987. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2010.

REFERENCES

[31] Stewart (1987), pp. 179181


[32] Kulterman (1970), p. 119
[33] Kulterman (1970), p. 123
[34] Kulterman (1970), p. 128
[35] Stewart (1987), p. 182
[36] Kulterman (1970), p. 262
[37] Kulterman (1970), p. 246

[5] Yorifusa (2003), p. 29

[38] Kulterman (1970), p. 8

[6] Norioki (2003), p. 92

[39] Ayers (2004), p. 213

[7] Norioki (2003), p. 96

[40] Doordan (2002), p. 274

[8] Diedfendorf, Hein & Yorifusa (2003), p. 95

[41] Glancey, Jonathan (23 March 2005). Obituary: Kenzo


Tange. The Guardian (London, United Kingdom:
Guardian News and Media Limited). ISSN 0261-3077.
Retrieved 15 June 2010.

[9] Diedfendorf, Hein & Yorifusa (2003), p. 98


[10] Stewart (1987), p. 175
[11] Kulterman (1970), p. 17
[12] Kulterman (1970), p. 18
[13] Diedfendorf, Hein & Yorifusa (2003), p. 197
[14] Stewart (1987), p. 207
[15] Japan Architect (2005), p. 100
[16] Kulterman (1970), p. 56
[17] Kulterman (1970), p. 28
[18] Stewart (1987), p. 197
[19] Kulterman (1970), p. 92
[20] Banham (1978), p. 82
[21] Kulterman (1970), p. 204
[22] Stewart (1987), p. 218
[23] Announcement: Kenzo Tange, 1987 Laureate. The
Pritzker Architecture Prize. New York, United States: The
Hyatt Foundation. 18 March 1987. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
[24] Google.The address and location of the Supreme Court
of Pakistan. Google. Google map inc. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
[25] Govt. Pakistan. Supreme Court Building. Govt. Pakistan. Supreme Court of Pakistan press. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
[26] Kulterman (1970), p. 282
[27] Kulterman (1970), pp. 286294
[28] Stewart (1987), p. 173-176
[29] Stewart (1987), pp. 176177
[30] Stewart (1987), p. 177

[42] NBM Media. Retrieved 15 October 2010.


[43] Frampton (1990), p. 282
[44] Stewart (1987), p. 216
[45] Frampton (1990), p. 283
[46] Melvin, Jeremy; Kuma, Kengo (interviewee) (2004).
Kengo Kuma's craft. London, United Kingdom: Royal
Academy of Arts. Retrieved 16 June 2010. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
[47] Dalrymple, Theodore (Autumn 2009). The Architect
as Totalitarian. City Journal (New York, United States:
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research) 19 (4). ISSN
1060-8540. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
[48]International Luxury Lifestyle Forum. 2010. Retrieved
24 October 2010.

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MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-65962-7.
Doordan, Dennis P (2002) [2001]. Twentieth Century Architecture. London, United Kingdom: Calmann & King. ISBN 0-8109-0605-8.

9
Frampton, Kenneth (1990) [1980]. Modern Architecture a Critical History (Revised and enlarged ed.).
London, United Kingdom: Thames and Hudson.
ISBN 0-500-20201-X.
Kultermann, Udo (1970). Kenzo Tange. London,
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Reynolds, Jonathan McKean (2001). Maekawa Kunio and the Emergence of Japanese Modernist Architecture. London, United Kingdom: University of
California Press. ISBN 0-520-21495-1.
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Shinohara and Isozaki. New York, United States:
Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-2933-0.
Docomomo Japan: The 100 Selections. The
Japan Architect (Japan: The Japan Architect Company) (57). Spring 2005. ISSN 0448-8512.

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External links

Tange Associates ocial website

10

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13.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


Text

Kenz Tange Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Tange?oldid=702787972 Contributors: William Avery, DavidLevinson, Edward, Gabbe, Docu, Rl, Mxn, GNosis, WhisperToMe, KRS, Orourkek, Chris 73, DocWatson42, Gamaliel, Andycjp, Pethan, Fg2,
D6, Sicilarch, Ranma9617, Ivan Bajlo, MarkS, Bender235, Kouroineko, EurekaLott, Bendono, Nicke Lilltroll~enwiki, Giraedata, Rje,
Geomr, Calton, Evil Monkey, Ghirlandajo, Toyoda, Woohookitty, Mr Tan, Clemmy, Island, Eraser78, Lockley, Olessi, Ucucha, FlaBot,
Leslie Mateus, YurikBot, Jimp, The Obfuscator, DAJF, Nikkimaria, Little Savage, BorgQueen, LeonardoRob0t, DVD R W, SmackBot,
Khaosaming, Chris the speller, Colonies Chris, Squilibob, Cmyk, Urahara, Morio, Dogears, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Redeagle688, Joseph
Solis in Australia, Majora4, Realek, Joey80, Cydebot, Anklesocks, Guitardemon666, Synergy, Alaibot, Thijs!bot, TXiKi, Rasta Man06,
Modernist, Bakasuprman, Acroterion, Magioladitis, Bujatt, Aoisora77, CommonsDelinker, Shawn in Montreal, Aboutmovies, Naniwako,
Nwbeeson, AlnoktaBOT, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Pojanji, Luuva, Corrector of Spelling, SieBot, Lucasbfrbot, Ramange, OKBot,
Aumnamahashiva, Mbssbs, ClueBot, Jappalang, Alexbot, Sun Creator, Dank, Aaron north, MystBot, Addbot, Legobot, Middayexpress,
Luckas-bot, Yobot, DerechoReguerraz, Themfromspace, Leuk2, KamikazeBot, Rjanag, Materialscientist, Andarko, ArthurBot, LilHelpa,
Xqbot, TechBot, Srich32977, Ita140188, Suzukitaro, Hamamelis, FrescoBot, Candymensah, Mariam ellala, Kusurija, Docomomo, Elekhh,
LilyKitty, 777sms, Kenchikuben, Woogee, In ictu oculi, EmausBot, John of Reading, Wikipelli, ZroBot, H3llBot, Ktimage, ChuispastonBot, Ajstov, FAM1885, ClueBot NG, Helpful Pixie Bot, Dj-oj, BG19bot, Particularlystatic, PhnomPencil, Roger holms johnson, Kakidai,
YFdyh-bot, Distantcalm, Kitty1976, Franois Robere, Aleesha C, Kiruning, Aw1805, Monkbot, Ghibellin Fuggiasco, KasparBot and
Anonymous: 86

13.2

Images

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?


File:Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum_2009.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Hiroshima_
Peace_Memorial_Museum_2009.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wiiii
File:Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum_facade.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Hiroshima_
Peace_Memorial_Museum_facade.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors:
Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum_(front).jpg Original artist: Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum_(front).jpg: User:John feather
File:Osaka_Expo'70_Festival_Plaza.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Osaka_Expo%2770_
Festival_Plaza.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Festival Plaza Original artist: takato marui
File:St._Mary'{}s_Cathedral_Tokyo_2012.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/St._Mary%27s_
Cathedral_Tokyo_2012.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kakidai
File:Supreme_Court-Pakistan.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Supreme_Court-Pakistan.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Khalid Mahmood
File:Tange_House.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Tange_House.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: SHINKENTIKU Vol.30 JANUARY 1955 1955 1 Original artist: Unknown<a
href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https:
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wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government_Building_no1_Tocho_08_7_December_2003.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: photo taken by Morio Original artist: Morio
File:Yamanashi_Culture_Chamber.jpg Source:
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Chamber.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lover of Romance
File:Yoyogi_National_Gymnasium_2008.jpg Source:
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Gymnasium_2008.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: ickr: Yoyogi National Gymnasium Original artist: kanegen from Tokyo, Japan

13.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

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