Bili giang·sA 10

NHI THLn: NEWTON

Cac bai toan tb hop n6i chung va nhi thirc Newton noi rieng I~ met trong cac du thanh cua cac d6 thi mon Toan trong cac kl thi tuyen sinh vao Dai hoc, Cao d~ng nhtrng nam g~n day tir 2002-2009.

Bai giang nay danh dS trlnh bay cac phuong phap giai cac bai toan lien quan d~n nhj tlurc Newton. C6 hai loai bai toan chinh duoc xet d~n iJ day:

- Cac bai toan lien quan d~n h~ s6 trong khai trien nhj thirc Newton. ~ Cac bai toan tinh tong co str dung d~n nh] thirc Newton.

§1. cAc BAI ToAN VE He: 56 TRONG KHAI TRIEN NHJ THUC NEWTON

Nlur da bi~t nh] tlurc Newton eo dang:

n

(a+br = IC~an-bbk .(1)

k=O

Trong do v~ phai cua (I) lit tong n+ I s6 hang, S6 C~an-bbk la s6 hang thir k+ I cua tong tty, (k = 0, I ,2, ... ,n). Cac bai toan thuoc chu d6 nay la mot dang toan hay g~P trong cac ki thi tuyen sinh vao cac tma~g Dai hoc, Ca? d~ng trong ~hiIng nam gan day. No thirong co dang sau: "Tim dieu kien de h~ so cua khai trien (I) thoa man mot di6u kien nao dfty".

Phuong phap giai cac bai toan nay thuong duoc ti~n hanh nlur sau:

- Vi~t khai trien Newton (I) voi a, b duoc chon tir d~u bai. Trong mot s6 tnrong hop co thS phai xac dinh s6 n tnroc (thuong n la nghiem cua m(>t phirong trinh co lien quan d~n s6 tb hop).

- Tir (I) Slr dung s6 hang thir k+ I: C~a n-bbk cua khai trien va yeu du d6 bai d~ thi~t I~p nen m(>t phuong trinh (rna fin cua no thuong la k).

- Tir nghiem tim duoc se cho ta k~t qua cfrn tim.

Trong qua trinh giai toan ta tlurong dung cac k~t qua d~c bi~t sau:

n

(1 )n "\' Ck k CO C' C2 2 Cn n

+X =L,.. nX = 11.+ nX+ nX + ... + nX'

k=O

n n kkk 0' 22 nnn

(I-x) = I(-I) CnX =Cn -Cnx+Cnx - ... +(-1) Cnx .

k=O

Dw b" I 'Co C' C2. Cn 2n

~e l~t lan, ta eo: n + n + n + ... + n = ;

C~ - C~ + C~ - ... + ( -1 r C:~ = 0 .

186

187

Cac dang todn ca ban:

Loai 1: Tim h~ s6 cua Xk trong mot khai trien nhj thirc Newton:

TIIi du l: (IJJ thi tuyin sinh IJ{li ltoc kh6i B - 2007)

Tim h~ s6 cua x 10 trong khai trien nhi thirc (2+x)" bi~t rang:

3ne~ -3n-Ie~ +3n-2e~ _3n-3e~ + ... +(-Jre~=2048.

Ghii

Ap dung cong tlurc khai trien nhj thue Newton:

11

z" =(3-1r = Ie~3k(-lr-k

k=O

=3ne~ -3n-Ie~ +3n-2e~ _3n-3e~ + ... +(-Jre~.

Vi th~, tir gia thiet ta eo: 2" = 2048 = 211 => n = 11.

Lai ap dung cong thirc khai trien nh] thirc Newton ta eo:

II

(2+x)11 = Ierl2kxll-k .(1)

k=O

Tir (J) suy ra h~ s6 cua xlO irng voi k= 1, va do la s6: cit i = 22. Nhdn xet:

Thi du tren la mot minh hoa dAy dll eho plurong phap giai rna chung ta dlt trinh bay trong phAn rna dAu.

TIIi dl,l 2:(DJ thi tuyin sinh D{li hpc klz6i A - 2006)

Tim h~ s6 cua s6 hang X26 trong khai trien nhi thtrc Newton ella

(~4 + x7 r

" I 2 n 20

Biet rang e2n+1 + e2n+1 + ... + e2n+1 = 2 - 1 .

Giai

Truce h~t xac dinh n tir gia thiet dlt eho nhu sau:

Theo tinh ehAt cua s6 t6 hop, ta eo:

e~n+1 = e~~+1 e~n+1 = e~~~J

en en+1

2n+1 = 2n+I'

T' d' , el e2 en e2n e2n-1 en+1 (I)

. IT 0 ta eo: 2n+1 + 2n+1 + ... + 2n+1 = 2n+1 + 2n+1 + ... + 2n+1

Tu( I) ta eo:

co (el e2 en) (e2n e211-1 en+l) e2n+1 211+1 + 2n+1 + 211+1 + ... +, 2n+1 + 2n+1 + 2n+1 + ... + 211+1 + 211+1

=2+2(e~n+1 +e~n+1 + ... +e~n+l) Vi v~ trai cua (2) bang 2, nen tir (2) va gia thiet ta eo: 22n+1 =2+2(220 _1)=221 <=> n~10.

(2)

(~3 + U r ' biet r~ng:

Theo cong thirc khai tri~n nhi thirc Newton ta co:

( I )10 10 10. k 10-k 10. .

7+x7 =(x-4 +x7) = ~C~0(x-4) (x7) = ~C~ox70-llk.

Ta co 70 - Ilk = 26 ~k = 4. V~y s6 hang chua x26ung voi k = 4. Tir do suy ra h~ s6 cua X26 la C~o = 210 .

Nhdn xet: MQt IAn nfra ta thAy cac buoc giai cua cac loai toan trong muc nay tuan theo phuong phap dii trinh bay trong phan me dAu.

Thi d{t 3 (DJ thi tuyill sinh D{li 1U1C kllai D - 2004)

Tim cac s6 hang khong chua x trong khai trien ( if;. + ~ r ' voi x ~ O.

Ghii

Taco: (~+ dx)' +~ +x ~l r = t,c~[J H x-~ r

7· k k-7 7 7k-21

= IC~x3+4 = IC~x 12--

k=O k=O

Xet plurong trinh 7k - 21 = 0 <=> k = 3.

V~y s6 hang khong chua x la so hang irng voi k = 3. Do la s6 C-i1 = 35.

Chit y: D~ thi tuyen sinh Cao dAng kh6i A, B - 2008 co dang tuong tu: Tim s6

hang khong clura x trong khai trien (2X + ~ ) 7 Dap s6: 6528.

TIIf d{l 4: (DJ thi D{li 1U1C kluii A - 2003)

Tim h~ s6 cua so hang clura x8 trong khai trien nhj thirc Newton

Tnroc h~t ta tim n tu h~ tlnrc:

(n+3)!

C~:~ -C~+3 = 7(n +3) <=> c~:1 +C::+3 -C~+3 = 7(n +3) <=> ( ) =7(n+3)

n+ I !2!

<=> (n + 2)(n + 3) = 14(n + 3) <=> (n+2)=14<=> n=12 (do n+3>0) Theo cong tlnrc khai tri~n nhj tlurc Newton ta co:

( I )12 [ ~)12 12. k( ~)12-k 12 . 60-11~

x3+U = x-3+x2 =~C~2(x-3) x2 =~C~2X 2

T· I . 1 60 - Ilk 8 k 4'

u p mang trinh . = => = .

2

188

189

V~y 56 hang chua x8 trong khai trien nrong irng voi k = 4, do do h~ 56 cua no la e~2 =495.

Nhdn xet: V6'i cac thi du 1,2,3, 4 viec tinh h~ 56 cua cac 56 hang chua Xk diroc tinh tnrc ti~p.

Trang cac thi du 5au day, viec tinh h~ 56 cua 56 hang Xk khong tinh duoc tnrc ti~p rna no phai qua buoc trung gian. Ta hay xet cac thi du do:

Thi d{l5: (Bi thi luyill sinl: D(li lu)c kllJi D - 2007)

Tim h~ 56 cua x5 trong khai trien cua bieutlurc: P = x( 1 - 2xl + x2 {I + 3xYO .

Ghli

Thea cong thirc khai trien nh] tlurc Newton, ta co:

5 k 2 10 k·

P = X:L e~ ( -2x) + x L ero (3x) . (I)

k=O k=O

Tir (I) 5Uy ra 56 hang clura x5 cua P lit:

xC~{-2xt +x2efo{3x)3= x5(16e~+27efo).

Vay h~ 56 cua x5 trong khai trien lit 16.5+27.120 = 3320. Thl d{l 6 (Di thl luyill sill" D(li hoc kltlji A - 2004)

Tim h~ 56 cua x8 trong khai triSn thanh da tlurc cua biSu thirc:

P=[I+x2{I-x)J.

GhH Thea cong thirc khai trien Newton ta co:

8 k 8 .

P= LeH x2(I-x)] = Le~x2k{l-x)k.

k=O k=O

+ V6'i k = 5,6,7,8 thi x2k(l_x/ clura lily thira b~c thfip nhfit lit 2k:::: 10, v~y rnoi 56 hang cua no khong co 56 hang nao clura lily thua 8 cua x.

+ V6'i k = 0, 1,2 thi x2k(l_x)k chua luy thira b~c cao nhfit lit 3k ~ 6, v~y rnoi

56 hang cua no khong co 56 hang nao chira lily thira 8 cua x.

V~y chi xet khi k=3, k=4.

- V6'i k = 3, xet 56 hang e~x6 (1- x3) = e~x6 (1- 3x + 3x2 - x3).

S6 hang clura x8 6' day la 3e: x8 .

- V6'i k = 4 xet 56 hang: e~x8 (1- X4), S6 hang chua x8lit: e:x8 ,

V~y M 56 clura lily thira x8 trong khai triSn cua P la: 3e:C~ = 238. Tlti du 7:

Cho cta tlurc P(x) = (I + x) + 2(1 + xi + 3(1 + X)3 + ... + 20(1 + X)20. Tim h~ 56 cua 56 hang x 15 trong khai triSn thanh da thirc cua P(x).

Vi~t lai:

P (x) = [(I + x) + 2 (I + x)2 + .... + 14 (I + x t ]

+15(~ chx')+ 16(ta Cr6X' }.+20(~ clox' ). (I)

Tic do suy ra h~ s6 cua s61wng chua X151a

al5 = 15C:~ + 16C:~ + 17C:~ + 18C:~ + 19C:g + 20C~~ = 400995.

Loai 2: Tim h~ s6 Ion nhAt trong mot khai trien nhi thirc Newton:

Bai toan nay co dang sau: Trong mot khai trien thanh da thirc.

P(x) = ao+ ajx + a2x2+ ... + a.x"

(0- day slr dung cong thirc khai tri~n nhj tlnrc Newton). Hay tim h~ s6 lon nhAt trong cac h~ s6 aQ, a., ... , an

Phuong phap giai loai toan nay nhir sau:

- Xet b~t plurong trinh ak < ak+1 va nghiem cua no thuong co dang k < ko

do k nguyen nen k = 0, I, 2, ... ,ko-I.

- Ttl" do suy ra bAt phuong trinh ak ::::: ab I co nghiem dang k::::: ko. D~n day ta co hai kha nang:

+ N~u ak = ak+1 ¢::} k = ko.

Khi do ta co: aO<al<a2< ... <a, = ak +1 > a, +,> ... > an-I> an.

u 0 1\0 -

Luc nay co hai h~ s6 nhan gia tri 10'n nh~t la ak va ak +1

•• It (J

+ N~lI ak = ak+1 vo nghiem

Khi do ta co: ao<al<a2<'" ak _I < ak < ak +1 > ... >an•

(I (I 0

Luc nay co duy nhAt h~ s6 ako nhan gia trj 10'n nhftt.

TIIi du I (Di thi luyin sinh D{li live kllJi A - 2008)

Gia sir P(x) = (I + Zx)"> ao+ a.x + a2x2+ ... + anxllth6a man h~ thirc:

n

al a2 a 12

ao +-+-2 + ... +-=2 .

2 2 211

Tim M s6 Ion nhftt trong cac h~ s6 {a., a" a2, ... , an} Giiii

Theo cong tlurc khai trien Newton ta co:

n

P(x)=(1+2x)" = LC~i';xk =C~ +2C~lX+22C~x2 + ... +2nC~xn.

k=O

Tic do do P(x) = (I + Zx)" = a, + a.x + a2x? + ... + a.x", ta co:

ao =C~

a

a =2ncn=:>_n=cn

n n 2". n

Y' I ~. a) a, an CO C) C" c- 2n

It le. ao + - + -, + ... + - = n + n + n + ... + n = .

2 2· 2"

190

191

Do do tu ghi thi~t suy ra: 2n = 212 => n = 12.

12 12

Xet khai trien: (1+2x) =Iet22kxk.

k=O

Tir do ak =e~22k (k=O, 1, ... ,12)

Xet bAt phuong trinh: a, < ak+l

k k k+1 k+1 12! 12! 1 2

¢::> e 2 < e 2 <:=:> < 2 <:=:> -- < 2--

12 12 (12-k)!k! (11-k)!(k+I)! 12-k k+l

<:=:> k+l<24-2k <:=:> k<2; <:=:> k=O, I, 2, ... ,7 (dok nguyen).

Tir do suy ra: a, > ak+1 <:=:> k> 23 <:=:> k = 8, 9, 10, 11. 3

Phuong trinh ak = ak+1 <:=:> k = 23 .

7

<:=:> vo nghiem do k nguyen.

Nhir the ta co: ao < a, < a2< ... < a- < as> as > alO> all> al2.

V~y max {a.; a.; ... ; ad= as=2se~2 =126720.

TIIi dlJ 2

Xet khai tri~n (3x+2)9 = ao + a.x + a2x2+ ... + a9x9. Tim h~ s6 Ion nhat trong cac

h~ s6 {ao; a.; .... as},

Ghii

9 9

Ta co: (3X + 2)9 = I e~ (3x)k 29-k = I 3k29-ke~xk .

·k=O k=O

V~y ak =3k29-ke; (k=O, 1,2, ... ,9).

Xet bAt phuong trinh: ak<ak+1

<:=:> 3k29-kek <3k+128-kek+1 <:=:> 2 9! <3 9!

9 9 k!(9-k)! (k+I)!(8-k)!

<:=:> _2_' < _3_ <:=:> k <5 <:=:> k = 0, 1,2,3,4 (do k nguyen).

9-k k+1

V~y a.> ak+1 <:=:> k>5<:=:> k = 6,7,8. M~t khac ak = ak+1 <:=:> k = 5.

Vi th~ ta co: ao < a, < a2 < a, < a, < as = a, > a7> as> a9·

Tir do: as = 116 = max{ao; a.; ... ;a9}= zc; = 252.

TIll du3

Xet khai tri~n (x+2t=ao +a.x+a.xt+ ... +a'lxn. Tim n d~ max{ao;al; ... an}=alO.

Giai

Tir gia thi~t aO<al< ... <a9<alO>all>aI2> ... >an.

{alo>a9 (I)

V~y ta co h~:

alo > all (2)

<=> 29 <n <32

<=> n = 30 hoac n = 31.

Loal 3: Cac bai toan tim M s6 va cac s6 hang trong khai tri~n nhj thirc Newton thoa man cac di~u kien eho tnroc:

TIll dl!l (Di thi Illyill sill" D(li "pc k"ai D - 2003)

V 6"i n la s6 nguyen dirong, goi a311-3 la h~ s6 cua X311-3 trong khai tri~n thanh da thirc cua (x2+2)"+ (x+2t. Tim n d~ co a311_3=26n.

Giai

Vi n nguyen dirong nen n 2: I ~ 3n-3 2: O.

Theo cong tlurc khai tri~n nhi thirc Newton ta co:

( ,2)n _ 0 1,2 2 4 n 2n

l s- x -Cn+Cnx +CnX + ... +CnX ,

(I)

Theo khai trien nhi thirc Newton, thi

n

(x+2t = IC~xk2n-k. k=O

n! 2n!

>----

(n-IO)! 10! (n-9)!9!

<=>

{I 2

->-<=> 10 n-9·

2n! n! 2 I

(n-IO)!IO!>(n-ll)!II! n-IO>11

(2 )2 _ 2nCO 2n-ICI, 2n-2C2 2 Cn n

+ X - n + nX + nX + ... + nX . (2)

I/N~un=1 ~3n-3=0.

Trong tnrong hop nay, ta eo: (X 2 + I r (x + 2 t = ( X 2 + I) ( x + 2) Tir do suy ra ao = 2. M~t khac 26n = 26 ~ a311-3 #26n.

Loai kha nang nay.

2/ N~u n = 2 (1~p luan nrong nr nlur tnrong hop I cling loai kha nang nay). 3/ N~u n 2: 3, tir (I) (2) suy ra:

a = Cn (23 Cn-3) + Cn-I (2Cn-1 ) 23 n! ') 2

3n-3 n nn n = + ~n .

(n -3)!3!

Theo bai ra ta eo phuong trinh:

4n(n-I)(n-2) 2

-~---'~--'- + 2n = 26n <=> n = 5 (do n 2: 3). 3

V~y n = 5 lit gia trj duy nh5t dn tim cua n.

192

tim h~ s6 cua s6 hang eo s6 mf cua a va b la bang nhau.

Ghii

Theo cong thirc khai trien nh] thirc Newton, ta eo:

(4i+~r +k~+bL-~r

21 (~_~)k( ~ _~)21-k 21 ~_21-k _~+21-k

= ~ C~I a3b 6 b-a 6 = ~ C~la3 6 b 6 2

Tir (I) suy ra xet h~ plurong trinh sau:

~_ k-21 =_~+ 21-k ~k= 12.

3 6 6 2

(1)

TIIi dfl2:

Tim cac s6 hang nguyen trong khai tri~n (Jj + ifit .

Theo cong thirc khai trien nh] tlurc Newton, ta co.,

(.J3 +<12)' +L2l r = t, Ci3i2';' (I)

{k:2

la nguyen ~ (9 - k):3 0~k~9

V ~y trong khai tri~n tren eo hai s6 hang nguyen do la:

Cg3°2J =8 va C~3J21 =4536.

k 9-k C~322-3-

~ k = 0 va k= 6.

Tllrdfl2:

Trong khai tri~n nhi thirc Newton:

(4i + ffr

5 5 V ~y h~ s6 cAn tim la: C~~ = 293930 (do la M s6 cua s6 hang chua a"2 b2 )

TId dfl, 3 , , , Tim so nguyen dirong be nhat n sao eho trong khai trien (1 + x)" eo hai h~ so

lien ti~p eo ti s6 la '2 . 5

n

Ta co: (1 + x)" = L C~xk => h~ s6eua hai s6 hang lien ti~p la: C~ ;C~+I .

k=O

193

Taco:

Ck 7

-"-=- ¢::>

Ck+1 IS

n

k+1 7 k+1

--=-¢::>7n=22k+15 ¢::> n=3k+2+--.

n-k IS 7

k+1

Don,kEZ => --:;:::t=>k=7t-1 =>n=22t-1 (I) . 7

. I

Do k::: 0 nen 7t-1 ::: 0 => t::: - (2) 7

Tir (I) va (2) do t nguyen nen n nhan gia tri be nhdt b~ng 21 khi t = I. V~y n = 21 la gia tri be nhdt cua n thoa man yeu du dfru bai,

§2. cAc BAI ToAN CHUNG MINH H~ THUC TO HOP, HoAc TINH TONG BANG cAcH su DVNG NHJ THUC NEWTON

f)~ co thS giai cac bai toan thuoc loai nay, ngiroi ta thirong gild no theo cac biroc sau:

II Truce h~t chon mot ham s6 thich hop voi dfru bai. Cac ham s6 nay thirong la nhin thdy ngay dang cua no (dua vao cac bieu thirc eho trong dfru bai).

21 Dung cac phep bien d6i dai s6, hoac k~t hop voi phep tinh dao ham, tich

phan d~ giai bai toan ban dfru. .

Loai 1: Cac bai to an k~t hop viec sir dung phep tinh dao ham va tich phan:

V6i loai bai t~p nay, sau khi chon duoc ham s6 f(x) thich hop ta ti~n hanh Idy dao ham (hoac tich phan) ham s6 da chon theo hai each:

- Ldy dao ham (hoac tich phan) tnrc tiep ham s6 da eho.

- LAy dao ham (hoac tich phan) sau khi da Slr dung khai trien nhj tlnrc Newton

ham s6 f(x) da chon (dl nhien a day f(x) co dang co th~ dung cong tlnrc khai trien nhi thirc Newton)

- V6'i phep lAy dao ham, ta lua chon mot gia trj phu hop cho x, rbi thay vao hai bieu tlurc va tinh dao ham. V6'i phep lAy tich phan thi chon hai e~n tieh ph an thieh hop, Cac gia tr] nay cling thirong thdy ngay tll' dfru bai.

TIIi d(l 1 (DJ thi luyi" sinh D(li h!lc kllt]i A - 2007) Cho n la s6 nguyenduong, chuug minh:

I 1 I 3 I 5 I 2n-1 2211 - I

-C2n +-C2n +-C2n +,,,+-C211 = .

2 4 6 2n 2n + 1

Ghii

( )211 CO CI C2 2 C3 3 C2n 2'11 (I)

Ta co: I + x = 2n + 211 X + 211 X + 2n x + ... + 2n x

(I )2n CO CI C2 2 C3 3 C211 2n (2)

- x = 211 - 2n x + 211 X - 2n x + ... + 2n x .

194

1 1 1 . 1

Tit (4) lai co: ff( x)dx = C~n fXdx +C~11 fx3dx + ... + C~ri-I fx2C-.1dx

o 0 0 0

_ 1 1 I 3 1 5 1 211-1

--C211 +-C2n +-C2n +",+-C211

2 4 6 2n

(6)

" (I + X)211 _. (I _ x)211

Xet ham s6: f(x) = (3)

2

Tit (1)(2)(3) suy ra: f(x) = C~nx + C~l1x3 + C~nx5 + ... + C~ri-lx2n-1 . (4) Tit (3) ta co:

1 1 (l+x)211_(I_x)2n I [(I+X)2n+1 (l_x)2n+ljl 22n 1

ff(x)dx=C~nJ dx=- + =---.(5)

o 0 2 2 2n + 1 2n + I 0 2n + 1

Tit (5) (6) => dpcm.

Thl du 2: (Di tit; tuyin sinh D(li It!lC klilii A - 2005j Tim s6 nguyen dirong n sao eho:

C~n+1 - 2.2C~n+1 + 3.22C~n+1 - 4.23C~n+1 + ... + (2n + 1)22n c~ri:l = 2005.

Gh'ii

Xet harn so: f(x)=(I+x)2n+l=> f'(x)=(2n+I)(1+xt. Theo cong thirc khai trien nhi tlnrc Newton, ta eo:

'2n+1

f() "Ck k -Co CI c2 2 C2n+1 2n+1

X = ~ 211+IX - 2n+l+ 2n+IX+ 2n+IX + ... + 2n+lx

k=O

=> f'( x) = C~n+1 + 2C~n+IX + 3C~I1+IX2 + ... + (2n + I)C~ri:lx2n . (2) D6ng thai thay x=-2 vao (I) va (2) ta co:

2n + 1 = C~n+1 - 2.2C;n+1 + 3.22 C;O+I - 4.23C;0+1 + ... + (2n + 1 ) 22nC;;:11 . (3) Tit gia thiet va (3) suy ra 2n+ 1 = 2005 ~ n = 1002.

Thl d(l 3: (Di thi tuyin sinlt D(li "!lC klilii B - 2003)

Cho n Iii s6 nguyen duong, Tfnh tong:

S = CO 22 - 1 c' 23 - 1 C2 20+1 - 1 Co

n+ 0+ n+"'+ o·

2 3 n+ 1

Gh'ii

(I)

Xet ham s6 f(x) = (J+xt. Ta co:

o 2n

1=- J (2n - t)( cos3t )dt = J (2n - t)( cos3t )dt.

2n 0

Theo cong thirc khai trien Newton, ta co:

f(x)=C~ +C~X+C;X2 + ... +C;xo

(I)

195

2 2 2 2 2

=> Jf(x)dx = C~ Jdx + C:1 JXdx + C~ Jx2dx + ... +C~ Jxndx

1 1 1 1 1

_ 0 22 -1 1 23 -1 2 2n+1 -1 n

-Cn +--Cn +--Cn + ... + Cn. (2)

2 3 n+l

Tir (1) (2) suy ra dpcm. TIIi d{l4

Cho n la s6 nguyen dirong. Chung minh r~ng

cgn -2chn +3C~n -4cL + ... +(2n + I)C~~ =0.

Giai

Xet ham s6 f(x) = x(1 + xt·

f'(x)=(I+x)2n +2nx(l+x)2n-1 (1) Theo c6ng tlurc khai tri~n nhi thirc Newton, ta co:

f'[x] (CO c' C2 2 C2n 211) CO c' 2 C2 3 C2n 2n+1

X =X 2n+ 2nX+ 2nX + ... + 2nX = 2nX+ 2nX + 2nX + ... + 2nX

=> f'( x) = cgn + 2xchn + 3x2C~11 + ... + (2n + I)C~:~ . (2)

D6ng thai thay x = -1 vao (1) va (2) suy ra

cgn -2chn +3C~I1-4C~n + ... +(2n+l)C~~ =0 => dpcm. ru d{l 5:

1 n

I/Tinh Jx2(I+x3) dx. o

21 Chung minh:

1 2n+1 -1 -co +-Cl +_C2 + ... + __ Cn =---

3 n 6 It 9 n 3n + 3 n 3n + 3

, Giai

II Ta co:

=> x2 (1 + x3 r = C~x2 + C:1X5 + C~x8 + C~xll + ... + C~x3n+2

1 1 1 1 1

=> Jx2 (I + s)" dx = C~ Jx2dx + C~ Jx5dx + C~ Jx8dx + ... + C~ JX311+2dx

o 0 0 0 0

101112 111

=-Cn +-Cn +-Cn + ... +--Cn. (2)

3 6 9 311 +3

196

197

ro (I) (2) 5uy ra dpcm. Nhdn xet:

Neu bai ra chi co phAn 21 thi ta phai nr chon ham 56: f(x) = x2( I + x3)". Nhung di~u nay co th~ hoi kho, vi v~y phAn II la 51! goi Y cho phAn 2/.

Loai 2: Cac bai toan 5lr dung k~t hop voi cac bien d6i dai 56 •

Thi til! 1: (IJi thi tuyin sin" D(li "'Ie kltiji D - 2008)

Tim n nguyen duong d~ co h~ thirc sau:

C~" + C~n + ... + C~~-I = 2048 .

Ghli

Xet ham 56 f(x) = (I +X)2n.

Ta co thea cong tlurc khai tri~n nh] tlurc Newton

f( ) co CI C2 2 C3 3 C2n-1 2n-1 C2n 2n

X = 2n+ 2nx+ 2nx + 2nx + ... + 2n X + 2nx .

Tu do ta co:

f(I)=22n =cgn +C~n +C~n +C~n + +C~~-I +C~~ (2)

f(-I)=O=Cgn -C~n +C~n -C~n + +C~~-I +C~~ (3)

Tnr tung v~ (I) cho (2) ta di d~n 2211 = 2 (C~11 + C~n + ... + C~~-I) (3)

Tir (3) va gia thiet 5Uy ra 22n-1 = 2048 == i 1 .

=> n = 6.

CM y: MQt d~ thi d~ han cung loai tren (DJ thi tuyen sinh Dai hoc kh6i D -- 2002) co dang:

Tim n d~ co h~ tlurc: C~ + 2C~ + 22C~ + ... + 2nC~ == 243.

Xet f(x) = (I +.x)" == C~ + C~x + C~x2 + C~xn

=> f(2) == 3n =C~ + 2C~ +22C~ + ... + 2nC~ == 243 = 25 => n = 5.

TIIi til! 2:

Khai tri~n (I + x + x2 + X3)5 thanh da thirc ao + a.x + a2x2 + ... + a15x15. Tinh ao+ al + a2+ ... + a15.

Ghii

D~t f(x) = (I + x + x2+ X3)5= ao+ alx + a2x2+ ... + al5xl5 => f(l) = ao+ a, + a2+ ... +aI5 = 45= 1024.

Till til! 3: (Di thi tuyin sill" Cao dt1l1g k"ai A, B - 2005) Chung minh rAng voi rnoi n nguyen dirong, ta co:

C~n =(C~)2 +(C~t + ... +(C::)2.

Giai

Xet f(x)=(1 + x]" ==C~ +C:lx+C~x2 + ... +C~xn.

Taco:

f2( ) (1 r" CO c' C2 2 (Cn n) C2n 2n ('1

x = +x = 2n + 2nx+ 2nx + ... + 2nx + ... + 2nx . )

M(tt khac f 2 ( x) = (1 + x)" (1 + x) n

=(C~ +C~x+C~x2 + ... +C~xn)(C~ +C~x+C~x2 + ... +c~xn). (2) H~ s6 cua x" a v~ phai cua (1) Iii C;n .

H~ s6 cua x" a v~ phai cua (2) (dira vao phep nhan hai da thirc) Iii:

COCn CI CI1-1 C2Cn-2 cn-ici cncO _ (CO)2 -I- (ci )2 (Cn)2

n n+ 11 n + n 11 + ... + n n+ n n- 11 • 11 + ... + n .

Tir do suy ra dpem.

Thl d(l4:

Chung minh rang trong khai tri~n (x + ~ r3 tong cac h~ s6 cua cac lily thira b~e nguyen duong cua x Iii s6 ehfnh phuong.

Giiii

Theo cong thirc khai trien Newton, ta co:

( 1 )23 ~ k k ( 1 )23-k ~ k 2k-23

X + - = L.. C23x - = L.. C23x .

x k=O x k=O

23

Xet b~t plurong trinh: 2k - 23>0 <=> k > - <=> k = 12, 13, ... , 23 (do k 2

nguyen dirong),

V~y cac lily thira b~c nguyen dirong cua x irng voi k = 12, 13, ... ,23. Do do t6ng cac h~ s6 lily thira b~c nguyen duong cua x Iii:

C~~ +C~~ + ... +C~~ (1) Ap dung cong thirc C~ = C~-k , ta co:

CO - C23·CI - C22. ·CII - cI2

23 - 23 ' 23 - 23 , ... , 23 - 23 .

Vi th~: C~3 + C~3 + C~3 + ... + C~~ = 2 ( C~~ + C~~ + ... + C~n (2)

Xet f(x) =(1 + x)23 = cg3 + C~3X + ... + C~~x23 => f(1) = 223

Tir do thay vao (2) ta co:

223 =2(cl~ +cU + ... +C?j) =>cl~ + ... +C?] =222 =(il)2 => dpcm.

198

199

BAI TJP TT/GIAI

Bid 1:

Tim s5 hang khong chira x trong khai !ri~n nhi thirc: ( x I/x + ~ ~ ~: r Ddp s6: 729.

Baj 2:

Bi~t rAng tong tAt ca cac h~ s6 cua khai tri~n nhj thirc (x2+ 1)" bang 1024. Tim

M s6 cua s6 hang clura Xl2 trong khai trien tren Daps6:210.

Baj 3:

GQi a., a2, ... ,all la h~ s6 trong khai trien

(x+I)10(x+2)=xll +al'xIO +a2x9 + ... +alOx+all' Tim h~ s6 cua a-,

Ditp s6: 672.

Bai 4:

Gia Slr (I +x+x ' + X3)5 co khai trien thanh da tlurc: ao + a.x + a2x2 + ... + a15x15.

Tinh ao--al + a2- a3 + ... -aI5·

Dap so: O.

Bal 5: Trong khai trien (.fj -~r4 co bao nhieu s6 hang la s6 nguyen? Ditp s6: 32.

Baj 6:

Tim h~ s6 cua x7 trong khai tri~n thanh da thirc cua (2-3xi", biet

C~n+1 + C~n+1 + ... + c~~:l = 1024.

D· : C7 2337

apso: - 10' • •

Baj 7:

Chung minh rang:

(I )99 ( 1 )100 ( 1 )198 ( 1 )199

100cfoo 2 -lOlcloo 2' + ... -199C?60 2 +200cl~~ 2 =0.

Huang dan: Ap dung khai trien nhi thirc Newton voi (X2+X)100. B(li 8: Tim so hang 16'n nhAt trong khai trien (1+0,2)1000.

Dap s6: C:~g05-166 .

Baj 9:

T6ng cac h~ s6 cua khai trien (~+ x3 rIa 1024. Tim h~ s6 cua x6 trong khai trien do.

Dap s6: 210.

Bai 13:

Bai 10:

Tim h~ s6 cua s6 hang chua x 7 trong khai trien ( x + ~) 15 Dap s6: 1365.

Bai 11:

Xet khai trien:

(Vi + ~ r = t,c: (Vi)' ( ~r

Bi~t r~ng ti s6 cua s6 hang thir 7 k~ tir s6 hang dfiu, voi s6 hang tlnr 7 tinh tir

dtroi len bang 6. Tim n.

Dap so: 9.

Bai 12:

Cho n lit s6 nguyen dirong, Chung minh

I I I 2 I n 2n+1 - I

I+-Cn +-Cn +",+--Cn =~--

2 3 n+1 n r l

I

Hutmg ddn: Tinh Jf(x) theo hai each 6' day f(x) = (I + x)". o

I

11 Tinh tich phan JX{I- x)" dx. o

, . I 0 I I I 2 I 3 (-I)" n I

21 Chung minh: -Cn --Cn +-Cn --Cn +",+--Cn =--.

2 4 6 8 2n + 2 2n + 2

Bai 14:

Cho n lit s6 nguyen duong. Chung minh

II C~ + 2C~ + 3C~ + ... + (n _I)C~-I + nC~ = n.2n~1 .

21 2.IC~ +3.2C~ + 4.3C~ + ... + n(n -I)C~ = n(n _1)2n-2.

Huang dan:

11 Tinh f'(x) theo hai each voi f(x) = (I + X)". 21 Tinh f"(x) theo hai each voi f(x) = (I + x)".

200