ITD 256

Database Concepts

Lecture 02

Agenda

Database
DBMS
Database System
Recap HW1
Relations
Keys
Referential Integrity Constraint
Class Exercise
HW2
Quiz

Agenda

Database
DBMS
Database System
Recap HW1
Relations
Keys
Referential Integrity Constraint
Class Exercise
HW2
Quiz

Database System
2 main Database System Component
Database
DBMS

Database

1st Database System Component

Database
Self-describing collection of related tables
logically stored together to facilitate integration
and sharing
Self-describing Description of structure
contained within database itself
Related tables Interrelated data

Database
Database Contents

Agenda

Database
DBMS
Database System
Recap HW1
Relations
Keys
Referential Integrity Constraint
Class Exercise
HW2
Quiz

DBMS
2nd Database System Component

DBMS (Database Management System)

Computer Program or SOFTWARE to Create,
Process, & Administer the Database
Receive requests encoded in SQL and translate
those into actions on the Database
Examples are SQL Server, Oracle, Teradata,
mySQL, DB2, etc

DBMS
Functions of a DBMS

DBMS
Functions of a DBMS

Enforce rules
Data Types
Limited list or choices
Business driven rules
Referential Integrity Constraints
Rules to control data referenced by related values in
related tables

DBMS
Functions of a DBMS

Concurrency
Ensuring one users work does not interfere
with another users work

DBMS
Functions of a DBMS

Security
Authentication
Authorization
Encrypted Information
Audit Trail
Transaction Log

DBMS
Functions of a DBMS

Backup/Recovery
Ensure no loss of Data in event of errors
(hardware, software, natural, or human)
Backup strategies
Restore from multiple media & sites

DBMS
Functions of a DBMS

High Availability aka HA

High Availability solutions like clustering,
mirroring, replication, etc.
HA solutions aim for 99.999% system availability

Is HA interchangeable with Backup/Recovery?

DBMS

Enterprise-Class MS SQL Server 2012

DBMS

Enterprise-Class Oracle 11g

DBMS

MySQL 5.6

Agenda

Database
DBMS
Database System
Recap HW1
Relations
Keys
Referential Integrity Constraint
Class Exercise
HW2
Quiz

Database System

Personal Database System

Individual users
Include few tables

Database System

Enterprise-Class Database System

Enormous Databases supporting organizations
Hundreds of Databases, millions of records
Thousands of concurrent users

Agenda

Database
DBMS
Database System
Recap HW1
Relations
Keys
Referential Integrity Constraint
Class Exercise
HW2
Quiz

HW 1

1. Figure above shows a list that is used by a veterinary office. Give examples of three
modification problems that are likely to occur when using this list. (3pts)
2. Break the list in figure above into two tables, each with data for a single theme. Assume
that owners have a unique OwnerEmail and pets have unique PetName column. Indicate the
unique identifiers and linking column. (5pts)
3. Describe how the tables you created in Q2 solves the problems you identified in Q1. (3pts)
4. Why is it a bad idea to assume PetName as a unique identifier? (2pts)
5. What is the difference between data and information? (2pts)
6. How is relational model better than traditional file processing? (2pts)
7. Describe in your own words how relationships between single themed tables are
represented in a relational database. (2pts)
8. Define the term database. (2pts)
9. What is a DBMS? (2pts)
10. Define the term Data Anomaly and give an example. (2pts)

Agenda

Database
DBMS
Database System
Recap HW1
Relations
Keys
Referential Integrity Constraint
Class Exercise
HW2
Quiz

Relations
Relational model developed in 1970s by E.F. Codd
Referred tables as Relations hence the term RDBMS

Single theme in a table is referred as an entity

Relation is two-dimensional table consisting of rows &
columns
A schema is the organization of data as a conceptual
framework; how the database is constructed

Relations
Characteristics of a Relation

Relations
Are all relational characteristics satisfied?

Relations
What relational characteristics are violated?

Relations
What relational characteristics are violated?

Relations
What relational characteristics are violated?

Relations
Presenting Relation Structure
RELATION_NAME(Col01, Col02, , , LastColumn)
Table or relation name is all uppercase
Column names have first letter capitalized for each word
No blank spaces in Relation or Table names
Relationships are inherent within data, there are no explicit
linkage between tables

Relations
Presenting Relation Structure
EMPLOYEE table is represented as

EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Email, Phone)

Relations
Equivalent Sets of Terms

Agenda

Database
DBMS
Database System
Recap HW1
Relations
Keys
Referential Integrity Constraint
Class Exercise
HW2
Quiz

Keys

Key
One or more columns of a table that is used
to identify a row
A key can be
Unique
Nonunique

Keys
Unique Key
Query produces single row

Unique keys?

Keys
Nonunique Key
Query produces multiple rows

Nonunique keys?

Keys

Composite Keys

A key that contains two or more attributes to uniquely identify

any record
- OR Unique key is formed by combining two or more attributes

STUDENT (FirstName, LastName, City, State, Zip, Phone)

Assume none of the individual fields are unique
What are potential composite keys?

Keys
Candidate Keys

Keys that uniquely identify each row in a table

Can be single or composite
EMPLOYEE (EmployeeID, SSN, FirstName, LastName,
Department, WorkEmail, HomePhone, CellPhone, ManagerID)
What are potential candidate keys?

Keys
Primary Key
The candidate key that is chosen as the key that DBMS will use to
uniquely identify each row in a relation

Best practice states that PRIMARY keys are short, numeric, and
never change the value
If EmployeeID is chosen as the PRIMARY KEY:
EMPLOYEE (EmployeeID, SSN, FirstName, LastName, Department,
WorkEmail, HomePhone, CellPhone, ManagerID)

Keys
Surrogate Key

A column with a unique, DBMS-assigned identifier that has been added to a

table to be the primary key.

Unique values are assigned each time a row is created, like auto-number

Recall that ideal primary keys are short, numeric, & never changes

An example of when surrogate key may be the answer

PROPERTY(Street, City, State, ZIP, OwnerID)
PROPERTY(PropertyID, Street, City, State, ZIP, OwnerID)

Keys
Foreign Key
When an attribute in a table A is a Primary key in table B, then that
attribute in table A is called a Foreign key to table B.

EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName,

Department, Email, Phone)
DEPARTMENT (DepartmentName, BudgetCode, OfficeNumber,
DepartmentPhone)
Department in EMPLOYEE is a foreign key to DEPARTMENT

Keys
Foreign Key
Recall: Relationships are inherent within the data there
are no explicit linkages between tables.
Foreign Keys form relationship between related tables.

Agenda

Database
DBMS
Database System
Recap HW1
Relations
Keys
Referential Integrity Constraint
Class Exercise
HW2
Quiz

Referential Integrity Constraint

Referential Integrity Constraint
Every value of a foreign key must match a value of the referred
primary key

EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department)

DEPARTMENT (DepartmentName, BudgetCode, DepartmentPhone)
What is the Referential Integrity Statement?

Referential Integrity Constraint

Referential Integrity Constraint
EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department)
DEPARTMENT (DepartmentName, BudgetCode, DepartmentPhone)

Department in EMPLOYEE must exist in

DepartmentName in DEPARTMENT
Note: Foreign Key in CHILD must exist in Primary Key in PARENT

Agenda

Database
DBMS
Database System
Recap HW1
Relations
Keys
Referential Integrity Constraint
Class Exercise
HW2
Quiz

Exercise
A __________ is the organization of data as a conceptual
__________ of how the database is constructed.
When an attribute in a table A is a __________ key in table B, then
that attribute in table A is called a __________ key to table B.

In relational model __________ are inherent within the data so

there are no explicit linkages between tables.
__________ ensures that every value of a foreign key must match
a value of the referred primary key.

CUSTOMER

PRESCRIPTION
What are Primary keys? Need for Surrogate key?
Parent/Child tables, Foreign keys?
Referential Integrity Constraint statement?

STUDENT

DORM

What are Primary keys? Need for Surrogate key?

Parent/Child tables, Foreign keys?
Referential Integrity Constraint statement?

EMPLOYEE

DEPARTMENT

What are Primary keys? Need for Surrogate key?

Parent/Child tables, Foreign keys?
Referential Integrity Constraint statement?

ATTORNEY_MEETING

CLIENT

What are Primary keys? Need for Surrogate key?

Parent/Child tables, Foreign keys?
Referential Integrity Constraint statement?

Agenda

Database
DBMS
Database System
Recap HW1
Relations
Keys
Referential Integrity Constraint
Class Exercise
HW2
Quiz

HW 2
1. Explain the difference between a primary key and a candidate key. (2pts)
2. What is a surrogate key and why would you use one? (2pt)
3. Explain the term foreign key. (2pt)
4. Define the term referential integrity constraint. (2pts)
5. Define the terms functional dependency and determinant. (2pts)
6. Define the term primary key in terms of functional dependencies. (2pts)
7. Draw Relations Equivalent set of terms for Table, Row, and Column. (2pts)
8. In your own words, describe the purpose of the normalization process. (2pts)

9. Apply the normalization process to figure above to develop a set of normalized

relations (assume PetName is unique in the relation above). Show the results of
each of the steps in the normalization process 1,2,3a,3b,3c,3d. (5pts)
10. Draw and populate the two normalized tables from Q9. (4pts)

Agenda

Database
DBMS
Database System
Recap HW1
Relations
Keys
Referential Integrity Constraint
Class Exercise
HW2
Quiz

Quiz Exercise
CLIENT schema fields
ClientFirst
ClientLast
ClientID
ClientEmail
AttorneyName
AttorneyEmail
AttorneyLocation
Assume a client is assigned an Attorney but attorney serves many clients
Draw the single themed solution

Identify the themes

Quiz Exercise
CLIENT schema fields
ClientFirst
ClientLast
ClientID
ClientEmail
AttorneyName
AttorneyEmail
AttorneyLocation
Assume a client is assigned an Attorney but attorney serves many clients

CLIENT
ATTORNEY
Identify the fields

Quiz Exercise
CLIENT schema fields
ClientFirst
ClientLast
ClientID
ClientEmail
AttorneyName
AttorneyEmail
AttorneyLocation
Assume a client is assigned an Attorney but attorney serves many clients

CLIENT (ClientFirst, ClientLast, ClientID, ClientEmail)

ATTORNEY (AttorneyName, AttorneyEmail, AttorneyLocation)
Identify the unique identifiers

Quiz Exercise
CLIENT schema fields
ClientFirst
ClientLast
ClientID
ClientEmail
AttorneyName
AttorneyEmail
AttorneyLocation
Assume a client is assigned an Attorney but attorney serves many clients

CLIENT (ClientFirst, ClientLast, ClientID, ClientEmail)

ATTORNEY (AttorneyName, AttorneyEmail, AttorneyLocation)
Identify the parent & child tables, add the linking field

Quiz Exercise
CLIENT schema fields
ClientFirst
ClientLast
ClientID
ClientEmail
AttorneyName
AttorneyEmail
AttorneyLocation
Assume a client is assigned an Attorney but attorney serves many clients

CLIENT (ClientFirst, ClientLast, ClientID, ClientEmail, AttorneyEmail)

ATTORNEY (AttorneyName, AttorneyEmail, AttorneyLocation)

Quiz Exercise
CLIENT (ClientFirst, ClientLast, ClientID, ClientEmail, AttorneyEmail)

ATTORNEY (AttorneyName, AttorneyEmail, AttorneyLocation)

Which table is the PARENT? CHILD?

Which table can benefit from Surrogate key?
Candidate Keys in CLIENT besides chosen primary key?
Candidate Keys in ATTORNEY besides chosen primary key?
Non-unique keys in CLIENT?
Non-unique keys in ATTORNEY?
Referential Integrity Constraint statement?