EXPERIMENT-4

OBJECTIVETo verify the Law of Moments by using a Bell Crank Lever.

APPARATUSBell crank lever apparatus, slotted weights, spring balance and pointer.

THEORY-

A bell crank is a type of crank that changes motion through an angle. The name
comes from its first use, changing the vertical pull on a rope to a horizontal pull on
the striker of a bell, used for calling servants in upper class British households. The
fixed point of the lever about which it moves is known as the fulcrum.
The bell crank consists of an "L" shaped crank pivoted where the two arms of the L
meet. Moving rods (or ropes) are attached to the ends of the L arms. When one is
pulled, the L rotates around the pivot point, pulling on the other arm.

Changing the length of the arms changes the mechanical advantage of the system.
Many applications do not change the direction of motion, but instead to amplify a
force "in line", which a bell crank can do in a limited space. There is a tradeoff
between range of motion, linearity of motion, and size. The greater the angle
traversed by the crank, the more non-linear the motion becomes (the more the
motion ratio changes).
According to law of moments When an object is balanced (in equilibrium) the sum of the clockwise
moments is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments.

Applications
Aircraft
Bellcranks are often used in aircraft control systems to connect the pilot's controls
to the control surfaces. For example: on light aircraft, the rudder often has a
bellcrank whose pivot point is the rudder hinge. A cable connects the pilot's rudder
pedal to one side of the bellcrank. When the pilot pushes on the rudder pedal, the
rudder rotates on its hinge. The opposite rudder pedal is connected to the other end
of the bellcrank to rotate the rudder in the opposite direction.

Automotive

Bellcranks are also seen in automotive applications, as part of the linkage

connecting the throttle pedal to the carburetor, and connecting the brake pedal to
the master brake cylinder. In vehicle suspensions, bellcranks are used in pushrodstyle suspensions in automobiles or in the Christie suspension in tanks. Verticallymounted suspensions may not be feasible in some vehicle designs due to space,
aerodynamic, or other design constraints; bellcranks translate the vertical motion of
the wheel in to horizontal motion, allowing the suspension to be mounted
transversely or longitudinally within the vehicle.

Here in this experiment we have to check the moment of a force about the various
point on the lever and that moment must be equal to the spring force multiplied by
the fixed distance d. The distance d in this experiment is fixed and equal to seven
inch.
So we have to verify

Moment, M = W * D = s * d

Where W = force applied on lever

D = varying distance on lever
S = spring force

And d = fixed distance (7*2.54=17.78 mm)

PROCEDURE1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Engage the chain of spring balance with the lever.

Hang the weight on the end point marked on the lever.
Check the pointer to match with the mark made on the lever.
If the pointer does not match, adjust the weights to get the readings.
Note down the spring readings.
Change the position of weight to be hanged on the lever & repeat the above
steps.
7) Take at least six readings.

OBSERVATIONSS.no

Weight

Distance

Moment

W kg

D inches

M=WxD

Spring
force
S(kg)

Calculat
ed value
of S

%error
(S1S)/S1

S1=WD/
d

X 100

1.5

1.28

21.8

1.17

17.2

0.75

11

8.25

1.16

14.5

CALCULATIONSDistance from fulcrum (d) = 7 inch

Using Moment M = WD (Kg-inch)

Calculated Spring Force (S) =

W D
d

(N)

%Error =

S ' S
100
S'

RESULTFrom the values obtained above, its clear that the observed and calculated values
obtained for the value of spring force are nearly equal and within the permissible
experimental error limits.
Hence the Law of Moments has been verified

PRECAUTIONS1. There should minimal disturbance as long as the pointer is concerned.

2. Only one person must take all the readings, because eye-judgement for
matching the pointer with the mark on the lever will vary from individual
to individual.
3. Weights should not touch the table.
4. Add weights in the hanger gently.
5. The pointer should exactly coincide with the mark on the bell crank lever.
6. The optimum starching of spring should be kept in mind.
7. The apparatus should be kept on smooth and leveled surface.
8. Proper lubrication of the joints of two arms of the lever should be done so
as to reduce frictional force.
9. Zero error of spring should be properly noted.