Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fluid Mechanics
Properties of Fluids
Specific Weight
Specific Gravity
Density
Pressure
Bulk Modulus
Viscosity
Viscosity Index
EVT 220
Specific Weight (
()
Defined: Weight per unit Volume
specific weight =
weight
volume
W
V
lbs
W = weight (lb or N)
3
V = volume (ft or m )
January 10, 2000
EVT 220
Ohio University-Chillicothe
at 39 F
Cube
(1 ft x 1 ft x 1 ft)
W 62.4 lb
=
=
= 62.4 ftlb3
V
ft 3
waterat 39 F = 0.0361inlb
SI Units
water
at 4 C
= 9810 mN3
Weight = 62.4 lbs
(if filled with water thats at 39 F)
EVT 220
Specific Gravity (S g)
Defined: Specific weight () of the fluid divided
by the specific weight of water (water ) at
4 C (39 F).
Sg =
water
at 4 C
EVT 220
Hg
water
at 4 C
133,000N m 3
= 13.6
9810 N m3
lb
Hg
water
at 39 F
846
62 .4
EVT 220
Ohio University-Chillicothe
ft
lb
ft
= 13.6
6
H 2O
water
at 4 C
9810 N m3
=1
9810 N m3
EVT 220
Density ()
Defined: mass per unit volume
mass
volume
or
density =
m
V
where
EVT 220
W
V
W = mg
m
V
We get
V = V g
W = V
Sg =
January 10, 2000
waterat 4 C
m = V
g
=
gwaterat 4 C waterat 4 C
EVT 220
Ohio University-Chillicothe
Density of a Liquid
Does not change significantly with changes in
pressure (P)
u Small changes in density with changes in
temperature (T)
u
Density of a Gas
Dependent on pressure and temperature
Ideal Gas Law
u
u
EVT 220
10
EVT 220
11
Density
(slugs/ft3)
Carbon Tetrachloride
99.1
3.08
Ethyl alcohol
49.2
1.53
Gasoline
42.2
1.31
Mercury
846
26.3
SAE 30 oil
55.5
1.72
Seawater
64.0
1.99
Water
62.4
1.94
Liquid
EVT 220
Ohio University-Chillicothe
12
Density
(kgs/m 3)
Carbon Tetrachloride
15,600
1,590
Ethyl alcohol
7,730
788
Gasoline
6,630
676
Mercury
133,000
13,600
Liquid
SAE 30 oil
8,720
889
Seawater
10,050
1,024
Water
9,970
998
EVT 220
13
Specific Weight
(lb/ft3)
Air
0.0765
0.00238
Helium
0.0104
0.000323
Hydrogen
0.00525
0.000163
Methane
0.0415
0.00129
Nitrogen
0.0728
0.00226
Oxygen
0.0831
0.00258
Density
(slugs/ft3)
EVT 220
14
Specific Weight
(N/m3)
Air
12.0
1.23
Helium
1.63
0.166
Hydrogen
0.822
0.0838
Methane
6.54
0.667
Nitrogen
11.4
1.16
Oxygen
13.0
1.33
EVT 220
Ohio University-Chillicothe
Density
(kg/m3 )
15
Example 2-1
u
EVT 220
16
EVT 220
17
at 20 C
water
at 20 C
water
at 4 C
998 kg m 3
1000 kg m 3
= 0.998
S g water at 20 C
= 998 = 811
S g air (at 20 C and 1EVTatm)
0.00123
220
Ohio University-Chillicothe
18
EVT 220
19
Pressure
Defined: The magnitude of a normal force per
unit area of the contacting surface
P=
where
F
A
20
Pressure Units
lb/in2 ~ psi
lb/ft 2 ~ psf
1 N/m2 = 1 Pascal = 1 Pa
EVT 220
Ohio University-Chillicothe
21
Direction of Pressure
u
Magnitude of pressure
within a body of fluid
is, in general, not of
constant value
Direction of air
pressure acts normal
(perpendicular - ) to
the contacting surface
Water
Dam
Air
January 10, 2000
EVT 220
22
Example 2-5
u
EVT 220
23
P=
F
3000lb
3000lb
=
=
= 38.2psi
A 4 (10 in.)2 78.5in 2
EVT 220
Ohio University-Chillicothe
24
Cylinder container
u
u
V = r2h
V = (0.833)2(2.5)
V = 5.45 ft3
EVT 220
25
Sg =
oil
water
at 39 F
EVT 220
lb
ft3
)(5.45ft )= 306.1lb
3
26
A force on 200 N is
exerted on the small
piston. Determine the
upward force on the
large piston.
Diameters
200 N
Oil
Small piston 25 mm
F=?
EVT 220
Ohio University-Chillicothe
27
P=
=
F
A
200 N
F=?
FL
AL
FL
200 N
=
0.000490m 2 0.176625m 2
Oil
Solve for FL
FL = 7200 N
January 10, 2000
EVT 220
Ohio University-Chillicothe
28
10