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EVT 220 - Lecture Two

January 10, 2000

Fluid Mechanics
Properties of Fluids

Major Properties of Fluids


u
u
u
u
u
u
u

Specific Weight
Specific Gravity
Density
Pressure
Bulk Modulus
Viscosity
Viscosity Index

January 10, 2000

EVT 220

Specific Weight (
()
Defined: Weight per unit Volume
specific weight =

weight
volume

W
V
lbs

where = specific weight ( ft or m )


3

W = weight (lb or N)
3

V = volume (ft or m )
January 10, 2000

EVT 220

Ohio University-Chillicothe

EVT 220 - Lecture Two

January 10, 2000

Specific Weight of Water (water)


Traditional Units
water

at 39 F

Cube
(1 ft x 1 ft x 1 ft)

W 62.4 lb
=
=
= 62.4 ftlb3
V
ft 3

waterat 39 F = 0.0361inlb

SI Units
water

at 4 C

= 9810 mN3
Weight = 62.4 lbs
(if filled with water thats at 39 F)

January 10, 2000

EVT 220

Specific Gravity (S g)
Defined: Specific weight () of the fluid divided
by the specific weight of water (water ) at
4 C (39 F).
Sg =

water

at 4 C

Specific Gravity has no units it is dimensionless


This means that the specific gravity of a fluid should
have the same value regardless of the units used for
specific weight ().
January 10, 2000

EVT 220

Examples of Specific Gravity


u

Specific Weight of mercury (Hg) is


133 kN/m3, therefore
Sg =

Hg
water

at 4 C

133,000N m 3
= 13.6
9810 N m3

Specific Weight of mercury (Hg) is


846 lb/ft 3, therefore
Sg =

January 10, 2000

lb

Hg
water

at 39 F

846
62 .4

EVT 220

Ohio University-Chillicothe

ft
lb
ft

= 13.6
6

EVT 220 - Lecture Two

January 10, 2000

Specific Gravity of Water


What is the specific gravity of water at 4 C?
Sg =

H 2O
water

at 4 C

9810 N m3
=1
9810 N m3

Is the specific gravity of water always 1?

January 10, 2000

EVT 220

Density ()
Defined: mass per unit volume
mass
volume
or

density =

m
V

= density (slugs/ft3 or kg/m 3)


m = mass (slugs or kg)
V = volume (ft3 or m3)

where

January 10, 2000

EVT 220

Other Density Relationships


Using

W
V

W = mg

m
V

We get
V = V g

W = V

Sg =
January 10, 2000

waterat 4 C

m = V

g
=
gwaterat 4 C waterat 4 C
EVT 220

Ohio University-Chillicothe

EVT 220 - Lecture Two

January 10, 2000

Changes in Density of a Fluid


u

Density of a Liquid
Does not change significantly with changes in
pressure (P)
u Small changes in density with changes in
temperature (T)
u

Density of a Gas
Dependent on pressure and temperature
Ideal Gas Law

u
u

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EVT 220

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Density of Water vs Temperature

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Specific Weight and Density


(Liquids in Traditional Units at 68 F)
Specific Weight
(lb/ft3)

Density
(slugs/ft3)

Carbon Tetrachloride

99.1

3.08

Ethyl alcohol

49.2

1.53

Gasoline

42.2

1.31

Mercury

846

26.3

SAE 30 oil

55.5

1.72

Seawater

64.0

1.99

Water

62.4

1.94

Liquid

January 10, 2000

EVT 220

Ohio University-Chillicothe

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EVT 220 - Lecture Two

January 10, 2000

Specific Weight and Density


(Liquids in SI Units at 20 C)
Specific Weight
(N/m3)

Density
(kgs/m 3)

Carbon Tetrachloride

15,600

1,590

Ethyl alcohol

7,730

788

Gasoline

6,630

676

Mercury

133,000

13,600

Liquid

SAE 30 oil

8,720

889

Seawater

10,050

1,024

Water

9,970

998

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Specific Weight and Density


(Gases in Traditional Units at 68 F)
Gas

Specific Weight
(lb/ft3)

Air

0.0765

0.00238

Helium

0.0104

0.000323

Hydrogen

0.00525

0.000163

Methane

0.0415

0.00129

Nitrogen

0.0728

0.00226

Oxygen

0.0831

0.00258

January 10, 2000

Density
(slugs/ft3)

EVT 220

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Specific Weight and Density


(Gases in SI Units at 20 C)
Gas

Specific Weight
(N/m3)

Air

12.0

1.23

Helium

1.63

0.166

Hydrogen

0.822

0.0838

Methane

6.54

0.667

Nitrogen

11.4

1.16

Oxygen

13.0

1.33

January 10, 2000

EVT 220

Ohio University-Chillicothe

Density
(kg/m3 )

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EVT 220 - Lecture Two

January 10, 2000

Example 2-1
u

Air at 20 C (68 F) and standard


atmospheric pressure has a density of
1.23 kg/m3.
Find its specific gravity.
What is the ratio of the specific gravity of water
at 20 C over the specific gravity of air at 20 C
and standard atmospheric pressure?
u What is the significance of the ratio in the
previous question?
u
u

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Ex. 2-1 Find Specific Gravity

Sg air (at 20 C and 1 atm) =

air (at 20 C and 1 atm) 1.23 kg m3


=
= 0.00123
water at 4 C
1000 kg m 3

air at 20 C and 1 atm is from Figure 2.6 (p. 34)


water at 4 C is from p.32
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Ex. 2-1 Determine Ratio


First: Need to determine Sg water at 20 C
Sg water

at 20 C

water

at 20 C

water

at 4 C

998 kg m 3
1000 kg m 3

= 0.998

Second: Take answer from above and divide


by answer from previous question.

January 10, 2000

S g water at 20 C
= 998 = 811
S g air (at 20 C and 1EVTatm)
0.00123
220

Ohio University-Chillicothe

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EVT 220 - Lecture Two

January 10, 2000

Ex. 2-1 Significance of Ratio


u

For the same volume, water weighs about 811


times more than air at 20 C and 1 atm.
This is only valid at stated P and T, since air is
highly compressible (influenced by ideal gas
law: PV = nRT)

NOTE: Sg provides this same ratio information,


but always relative to water at 4 C (39 F)

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Pressure
Defined: The magnitude of a normal force per
unit area of the contacting surface
P=

where

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F
A

P = pressure (lb/in 2 or N/m2)


F = force (lb or N)
A = area (in 2 or m2)
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Pressure Units
lb/in2 ~ psi
lb/ft 2 ~ psf
1 N/m2 = 1 Pascal = 1 Pa

January 10, 2000

EVT 220

Ohio University-Chillicothe

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EVT 220 - Lecture Two

January 10, 2000

Direction of Pressure
u

Magnitude of pressure
within a body of fluid
is, in general, not of
constant value
Direction of air
pressure acts normal
(perpendicular - ) to
the contacting surface

Water

Dam

Air
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Example 2-5
u

For the fluid power lift


system shown, the
hydraulic piston has a
dia. of 10 in. How
much oil pressure (psi)
is required to lift a
3000 lb automobile?

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Example 2-5 Answer

P=

January 10, 2000

F
3000lb
3000lb
=
=
= 38.2psi
A 4 (10 in.)2 78.5in 2

EVT 220

Ohio University-Chillicothe

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EVT 220 - Lecture Two

January 10, 2000

More Problems Prob. 2-37


u

Cylinder container
u
u

Dia . = 20 in. (1.667 ft)


Height = 30 in. (2.5 ft)

Fill with oil having


specific gravity 0.90
How many pounds of
oil must be added?

V = r2h
V = (0.833)2(2.5)
V = 5.45 ft3

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Prob 2-37 Answer


Key information needed:
waterat 39 F = 62.4 ftlb
3

Sg =

oil
water

= 0.90 (stated in problem)

at 39 F

Solve for oil and since is in units of lb/ft 3


simply multiply by volume of container
oil = S g water = (0.90) (62.4 ftlb ) = 56.16 ftlb

Poundsof Oil = oil V = 56.16


January 10, 2000

EVT 220

lb
ft3

)(5.45ft )= 306.1lb
3

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Hydraulic Press Example


u

A force on 200 N is
exerted on the small
piston. Determine the
upward force on the
large piston.
Diameters

200 N

Oil

Small piston 25 mm

Large piston 150 mm

January 10, 2000

F=?

EVT 220

Ohio University-Chillicothe

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EVT 220 - Lecture Two

January 10, 2000

Hydraulic Press Answer


PS = PL
FS
AS

P=
=

F
A

200 N

F=?

FL
AL

FL
200 N
=
0.000490m 2 0.176625m 2

Oil

Solve for FL
FL = 7200 N
January 10, 2000

EVT 220

Ohio University-Chillicothe

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