ANSWER SCHEME BIO PAPER 2 PAT F5 2016

SECTION A (60 MARKS)

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a) i) Chloroplast
ii) Carry out photosynthesis
b) i) - Plasma membrane.
- Thin and semi-permeable
ii) - semi permeable which allow certain molecules to pass through
- Depends on the size and polarity of the molecules
c) -Sugar solution is hypertonic to the cell sap of food cells.
- Water molecules diffuse out of the cell by osmosis cause the cell to lose water.
- Microorganisms cannot grow
d) i) Hypotonic solution
ii) Hypertonic solution
e) - The plant will become wilted
- The manure cause the soil to become hypertonic to the plant cell sap
- Water molecules will diffuse out of the plant cell by osmosis
- Cells lose water and become flaccid.
- No support for the plant.
a) i) Cell Y
ii) Synapsis and crossing over occur
b)

c)
MITOSIS
Mitosis occurs in all somatic cells
Mitosis produces new somatic cells
Pairing of homologous chromosomes does
not occur
Crossing over between non-sister
chromatids does not occur during
prophase

MEIOSIS
Meiosis occurs in reproductive organs
Meiosis produces gametes
Homologous chromosomes pair up
(synapsis) to form tetrads
Crossing over between non-sister
chromatids occurs during prophase 1

d) i) Increase cell number for growth/ increase plant length

ii) is used in tissue culture to produce many new plants at a very fast rate.
e) - Insect reproductive organ will produce haploid gametes during meiosis.
- During fertilization, the nucleus of the male gamete n fused with the nucleus of the
female gamete n
- to form a diploid zygote 2n.
a) Hydrolysis
Water molecules break the bond in sucrose and convert sucrose into glucose and
fructose
b) i) mouth
ii) small intestine
c) - When a short supply of glucose and glycogen occurs, the liver converts amino acids
into glucose
- Excess amino acid cannot be stored, so amino acids is broken down in the liver

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through process of deamination

- During deamination, urea is produced and transported to the kidney to be excreted
- Glucose in the liver is used for respiration
d) - The optimum pH is for the digestion of starch in duodenum in between 7 to 8
- low pH of orange juice cause acidic condition
- slow down the digestion of starch
e) i) Eat low carbohydrate meals
ii) To synthesize protein since insulin is a protein
iii) - Since insulin is a protein produce in the pancreas
- It can be digested by protease
a) i) Air/ Soil
ii) Primary consumer/ secondary consumer
b) Oil palm tree
Snails/ mouse
Fungi
c) oil palm tree --- mouse---snake---owl
d) i) Mouse population will increase
ii) Fewer predators preying on the mouse
e) 200 kJ
a) - The diameter of the arteriole is bigger than the blood capillary cause a high
hydrostatic pressure
- Hydrostatic pressure and thin blood vessel cause blood plasma to be filtered to the
spaces between the cell through filtration
- Process occur through facilitated diffusion
- Most of the blood plasma except for erythrocytes, leucocytes and plasma protein are
not filtered out
to the spaces between the cells.
- The fluid is name as the interstitial fluid
b) C6H1206 + 6O2 ---- 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2898kJ
c) - Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide which competes with oxygen molecules
to bind with haemoglobin.
- less oxygen is available for the respiring cells and runner will experience a shortness
of breath.
d) oedema/ swollen of foot
- the lymph fluid cannot be return back to the blood circulatory system
e) easy exposed to disease
- do not have the body defense mechanism because no antibodies
- body dont have the immunisation

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SECTION B (40 MARKS)

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a)
P1: The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the sunlight
P2: to breakdown the water molecules into hydrogen ions H+ and hydroxyl ions OHP3: OH- ions release electrons to become hydroxyl groups
P4: A few hydroxyl groups combine to form water and oxygen which are release into the
atmosphere
P5: H+ ions accept the electron and becomes hydrogen atom
P6: The process in which the water molecules is broken down to hydrogen and oxygen is
known as photolysis of water.
P7: Hydrogen atom from the photolysis of water is used in the reduction of carbon
dioxide
P8: To form the basic unit of glucose CH20
P9: Six units of CH2O combine to form one glucose molecule
P10: The glucose formed is changed into starch

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b)
P1: Palisade mesophyll cells are packed tightly together in upright arrangement near the
upper epidermis to receive maximum amount of light during photosynthesis.
P2: high density of chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis at optimum rate.
P3: Mesophyll cells are always covered by a thin film of water so that carbon dioxide can
dissolve in it.
P4: The irregular shape of spongy mesophyll cells increase the surface area for efficient
gaseous exchange.
P5; Also contain chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
P6: Loosely arranged and between each of them are air spaces that allow easy diffusion
of water and carbon dioxide.
P7: Guard cells which regulate the size of stomata.
P8; Stomata support photosynthesis by allowing CO2 to diffuse into the leaf and oxygen
to diffuse out.
P9: Vascular bundle contain xylem that transport water to the leaf for photosynthesis.
P10: Phloem that transport the product of photosynthesis away from the leaf.
c)
F: In temperate countries light intensity / temperature changes throughout the year.
P1: In winter , temperature is very low
P2: In autumn, the plants shed their leaves // Light intensity/ temperature is low
P3: Rate of photosynthesis is very low
P4: In spring and summer, the light intensity/temperature are optimum for
photosynthesis.
P5: So the rate of photosynthesis is maximum / highest.
P6: In the greenhouse, light intensity/concentration of carbon dioxide / temperature are
maintained at optimum level (for photosynthesis) throughout the year.
P7: So the rate of photosynthesis is maintained at maximum level throughout the year
(regardless of changes in light intensity or temperature).
P8: The plants are able to increase yields / increase the crops production throughout the
years.
d)
P1: To meet the demand of the growing population

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P2: by selective breeding and tissue culture

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a)
P1: wall of the blood vessel is broken/ damage/injured
P2: the connective tissue in the vessel wall is exposed to air
P3: platelets stick/ clump together (to the collagen fibers in the connective tissue.)
P4: (then aggregation of platelets) forms plug P5: the clumped platelet / damaged
cells /clotting factors in the plasma.
P6: produce thromboplastins /thrombokinase
P7: thromboplastins / thrombokinase in the presence of calcium ions and vitamin K
P8: convert prothrombin (inactive plasma protein) into thrombin (active plasma protein)
P9: thrombin convert /catalyses ( the conversion of soluble) fibrinogen to (insoluble)
fibrin
P10: fibrin (form a network that mesh over the wound) trapping red blood cells

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b)
P1: sealing the wound
P2: a blood clot prevent excess blood loss
P3: prevent bacteria/pathogen/microbe from entering the cell through wound
P4 : prevent infection of disease

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c) Similarities:
P1: Both have a closed circulation
P2: Both have a heart
P3: The heart pump blood throughout the circulatory system

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Differences:
P
Has single circulation
The heart is divided into two chambers
Septum is absent
Deoxygenated blood flows from the heart
to the gills
Oxygenated blood flows from the gills to
body cells

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Q
Has double circulation
The heart is divided into four chambers
Septum is present
Deoxygenated blood flows from the heart
to the lungs
Oxygenated blood flows from the lung to
the heart. Then the heart pump the blood
to the body cells

d)
P1: exchange of substances such as nutrients, waste products and respiratory gases
with the environment
P2: Occur through simple diffusion
P3: In plants, transport substances to all parts of plant
P4: Water for photosynthesis and cellular metabolism
P5: Mineral ions for healthy growth and development
P6: Organic food materials for cellular metabolism or storage
a) Human skin
P1: The outer layer is tough / impermeable to bacteria / viruses/pathogen
P2: the continual shedding of dead skin cells
P3 : makes it difficult for bacteria to grow on the skin
P4: sebaceous gland produced sebum /oil
P5 : (sebum produced) forms a protective layer over the skin
P6: The sweat secreted contains lysozyme / enzyme
P7: capable of breaking down (the cell walls of certain) bacteria
P8: Skin has slightly acidic at pH 5.5 / prevents bacterial growth.
Phagocytic cell
P9 : The cell performs phagocytosis

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P10: (When the cell encounters any pathogen) it engulfs the

pathogen
P11: The pathogen is drawn inside the cell (to form phagosome)
P12 : Lysosome released lysozyme to digest the pathogen
P13 : The cell releases the digested pathogen out of it

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Any 10
(At least 1P from P1-P8,
At least 1P from P9-P13)

P1: Individual P is given artificially acquired active immunity

P2: which is an injection of vaccine
P3: a preparation of weakened / dead / non-virulent forms of pathogen (that is not
harmful)
P4: The injected vaccine stimulates the lymphocytes
P5: to produce antibodies
P6: The first injection results in the production of a low concentration of antibodies / low
level of immunity
P7: Not enough to protect the person against the disease.
P8: The second injection increases the antibody production to a level of immunity
P9: so that he can be protected against the disease.
P10: The second injection is known as booster dose
a)
F: Biological control method can be used to control the mice population
P1: Involve the prey-predators relationship
P2: Use predators like owl to kill the mice
P3: causes a decrease in the population of mice
P4: Reduce the use of insecticide and do not pollute the oil palm plantation.
P5: Damage of oil palm fruits can be derived.
b)
P1: Excessive organic and inorganic fertilizers flow from the farm into the water.
P2: This cause an artificial nutrient enrichment of the pond.
P3: rapid growth of algae
P4: result in population explosion known as algal bloom cause the eutrophication
P5: prevent the penetration of light into the water.
P6: reduce rate of photosynthesis and further diminished the supply of oxygen
P7: large quantity of organic materials accumulates in the pond
P8: the organic material is decomposed by aerobic bacteria
P9: aerobic bacteria use up the oxygen faster that it can be replaced
P10: severe depletion of oxygen in the water and increase in biological oxygen demand
BOD
P11; kills aquatic plants and animals like fish
P12: the water quality decrease
c)
- A jungle emerges and turns into a tropical rainforest which form a climax community.
It is a balanced ecosystem which involves the interaction between the abiotic and
biotic factors
- Ensures conversation of biodiversity, preservation of flora, fauna and organism.
- Preventing the extinction of flora and fauna.
- Maintaining major sources of human food such as ulam, meat, honey and sources of
traditional medicinal herbs.
- Sustains the food webs in the ecosystem.
- Preventing disruption of the natural cycles of water/carbon and also balancing
photosynthesis and respiration.
- Provides natural water catchment areas.
- Preserves natural resources for recreational activities and eco- tourism.
- Reduces stress and promotes a healthy lifestyle.

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- A balanced ecosystem prevents the loss of plants which will cause a reduction in food
resources and food chains.
- It will also cause soil erosion and flash floods.
- And the extinction of some animal and plant species

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