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978-0-521-19404-4 - The Barbarians of Ancient Europe: Realities and Interactions

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Abbasids, 364
Abraham, 13
Achaean League, 349
Achilles, 1314, 243, 333
Adonis, 330
Adrianople, 361
Adriatic, 247, 370
Aelian, 49
Aeneas, 349
Aeschylus, 45, 338
Aetolian League, 349
Agadir, 372
Agamemnon, 13, 19, 301
Agatharchides, 47, 52
Agathyllos, 42
Agesilaos, 21
agricultural elds, 219
Aius Loquens, 315
Alani, 362363
Alexander, 47, 348
historians, 47
Alexandrovo tomb, 145, 152, 261, 266
alphabet, 237
Alpine regions, 5, 248
of situla art, 247
Alps, 5, 23, 235, 268, 301
Alpunea, 325
Amazons, 1718, 20, 47, 120, 159, 353
amber, 44, 220, 241, 245, 247
routes, 247
Ambrosini, Laura, 329330, 332
anakalypsis, 316, 325
anasyrma, 260
Anaximander, 42

ancestors, 7, 21, 2425, 208, 364

cult of, 239, 243
female, 257
male and female, 248
anger, 142
animals, 22, 24, 49, 146, 284, 286, 292, 302
art style, 22, 24, 111, 120, 153
art style repertoire, 150
fantastic, 163, 248
gures in art, 165
friezes, 296
metaphor, 159
ornamentation (art style), 119
skins (clothing), 19, 23, 52
with tendrils, 302
wild, 49
anthropocentric art, 155
antiquarian approach, 1
Aplu, 327
Apollo, 146, 148, 242, 321323, 331
Apollonius of Rhodes, 42
appearance, 19
Apulian, 330331
Aquitani, 10
Archaeologia Britannica, 195
archaeologists, 191, 195, 211
archaeology, 3, 198, 370, 374
data, 72, 75, 79, 94
evidence, 3, 88, 200, 216
prehistoric, 1
sources, 374
archaic tradition, 95
Archilochus, 359
Ares, 134

381

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382

efh

Index

Argiskes, 148
aristocrats, 289
life of, 293
marriages, 260
society, 233, 288
tumuli, 77
Aristotle, 16, 4446, 48, 50, 52
Aritimi, 317
armed combat, 142
Armenians, 363364
identity, 363
armor
heavy, 297
local, 291
Armorica (modern Brittany), 206207
potters, 206
Arnoaldi situla, 290
Artemidorus of Ephesus, 51
Artemis, 134
artistic conventions, 288
Aryans, 9
Asian Scythians (Sacae), 109
Asiatic gures, 20
Assyria, 111
astrology, 50
Avin twins, 335
Atharvan, 335
Athena, 13
Athenaeus, 194
Athenians, 4, 7
diplomacy, 181
epheboi, 73
Athens, 9, 21, 322
Atlantic, 190, 195, 207208, 370
coast, 193
community, 200
fringe, 10, 191
Atlantic Europe, 198
Atlantic Europeans
languages, 196
Atlantis, 44
Attic
hydria, 322323
kylix, 322
lekythos, 295
Attis, 330
Auge and Heracles, 161
Augustus, 321
Austria, 364
auxiliaries, 225
Bachofens matriarchy, 12
Baicheni, 139, 147
Balkans, 360, 370
Baltic, 247, 370

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banquet, 261
barbarians, 1, 53, 352, 363
art style, 159
barbarian nations, 9
Christianized, 363
descendants, 6
dress, 20
geography, 6
heritage, 268
noble barbarians, 338
pants, trousers, breeches, 1920, 359
viticulture, 359
barbarism and civilization, 377
barbell-shaped objects, 255
bard (ancient), 301
basileus, 78
Basarabi culture, 300, 308
battle-axes, 287
Baudelaire, Charles, 375
Bavaria, 214
Bay of Naples, 371
beer, 23, 359
Belsk, 4, 124, 335
Belgae, 10
belief systems, 192
Bellerophon, 165
belt plaque from Vae, 290
Bendis, 134, 330
Benvenuti situla, 286, 295, 297, 305
Beos, 148
berries and fruits, 219
bias, 3, 9
Bible, 363
Bickerman, Elias, 234
bilingualism, 11
birds gure, 150
Black Sea, 360, 370
blessed isle, 49
Boardman, John, 5
boars, 137, 139
hunt, 168, 332
Boas, Franz, 8
Bohemia, 302
Bologna, 297
Bonfante, Larissa, 337, 349, 374
Book of the Scythians, 112
Boreas, 178
Borovo Treasure, 136, 138
Bosporan art, 335
boundaries, 217, 221
bowls, 96
boxers, 286
boxing matches, 289
Bran the Blessed, 337
Braudel, Ferdinand, 371

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Brendel, Otto, 7
Britain, 44, 49, 207, 374
Britanni, 46
Brittany, 50, 193, 207
bronze, 220, 222, 241
jug or schnabelkanne, 252
mirrors, 241
vessels, 222
Buddhist painting, 89
Bulgaria, 360, 373
Bulgarian folklore, 165
Burgundy, 372
burial, 14
accompanying, 87
common, 79
of kings retainers, 87
of kings (location), 92
Malomirovo-Zlatinitsa, 168
mounds, 75
mounds (dimensions of), 83
practices, 96, 222
richness, 83
ritual, 222
Scythian kings (burial grounds), 112
status of buried person, 83
after strangulation, 80
of a woman (wife or
concubine), 81
of women, 82
Callatiae, 24
Canaanites, 23
cannibals, 5, 16, 47
canopic urns, 257
Capestrano Warrior, 242, 266
Carthage, 14, 50
Carthaginians, 40, 49
caryatids from the tomb in
Sveshtari, 137
Casale Marittimo, 239
Cassirer, Ernst, 135
Castelgiorgio, 325
catacomb graves, 117
Cato the Elder, 351
cattle, 219, 224, 296
Caucasus, 94, 110111
cauldron from Gundestrup, 221
Celtiberi, 193, 196
Celticness, 208
Celts, 6, 910, 1213, 15, 1819, 45, 4849,
51, 156, 190, 245, 262, 301302, 314,
336338, 348, 353, 360, 370371
art, 6, 205, 305, 332, 371, 373
chieftains, 372
culture, 191

egh

383

design, 303
invasions, 353
Keltik (land of the Celts), 193
Kelts, 10
language, 11, 191, 200
material culture, 200
mercenaries, 359
migrations, 191, 283
as Other, 194
stereotype, 18
thymos, 350
warriors, 14
women, 18
centaurs, 174
Central Asia, 119
central motif, 160
cereals, 219
Certosa situla, 252, 286, 292, 295
chain mail, 223
earliest, 220
chairs, 288
Champion, Craige, 350
chariots, 251, 296
races, 289290
Chernozem, 165
Chertomlyk, 91, 114
children, importance, 120 (see also women
and children)
China, 24, 119
Chiron, 174
Chiusi, 10, 324
connection, 247
Christians, 361
chronology, 78, 205
of the myth in art, 164
Cicero, 315, 320, 358
Cimmerians, 110
circular argument, 191
cities on wheels, 124
citizenship, 21
city-like centers, 291
Civita at Tarquinia, 244
Classical, 314, 321
culture, 6
Greek civilization, 13
iconography, 238
tradition, 268
clothes, 19, 47, 52, 142, 219, 289
animal skins, 19, 23, 52
mantilla, 19
See also dress
communal activity, 115
competitions, 289
conceptual framework, 305
confederations of tribes, 226

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384

efh

Index

conspicuous consumption, 8, 21, 372.

See also luxury
Constantius, 362
consumer zone, 202
copper, 200
Corchiano, 329330
core-periphery models, 372
Corinth, 349
Corsini Chair, 253
craft production, 221
craftsmen, 241
traveling, 248
Crimea, 107, 129, 360, 364
Cristofani, Mauro, 328
crop rotation, 219
crossroads, 5
cruelty, 134
Ctesias, 44, 52
Cuchulainn, 13, 142
cult of the dead, 14
cultivation, 358
culture, 8
changes, 218
characteristics, 215
contacts, 249, 290
denition. See identity
geography, 213
interaction, 208
Cunliffe, Barry, 6, 360
curd-eaters. See milk, curd-eaters
curled-up wolf, 154
Cyclopes, 5, 16, 235, 349
Cyrus, 348
Czarina Catherine II, 107
Czech Republic, 222
Dacians, 370
Da-da-le-me, 157
Dadhyac, 335
Daedalus, 157
dairy products, 23, 358
Danube, 109, 214, 363364, 373
Darius, 24, 44, 113, 148
de Grummond, Nancy, 45
death riders, 3, 14, 9192, 116
horsemen, 81
decipherment, 133
Delacroix, 23, 375, 377, 378
Delphi, 193, 236
Democritus, 46
Denmark, 206
destruction by tomb robbers, 79, 82, 87
De Vries, Keith, 5
Dicaearchus, 45
diffusionist beliefs, 199

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Dio of Prusa, 352

Diocles of Peparethus, 351
Diodorus of Sicily, 2021, 39, 46, 51,
146, 194, 336
Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
42, 47, 350
Dionysos, 134, 161, 316
Dionysiac symbolism, 136
disciplinary approaches, 211
Disloias, 156
distortions of reality, 73
distribution map, 285
divination, 245, 336
Dnieper, 92, 94, 108, 124
forest steppe, 94
dog-wolf, 142
Don Delta, 124
Don River, 109
dragon, 139
dress, 8, 18
barbarians, 20
barbarians (pants), 20
ceremonial, 249
Etruscans, 249
tted pants and shirts, 19
Phrygians (hats), 3, 20, 29, 331
ritual costume, 20
Thracians, 321
Thracians (mantles), 20
See also clothes
Druids, 9, 1314, 194, 213
dumbbells, 289, 296
Dumzil, Georges, 12
Drrnberg, 302
Each Labra, 337
earthen architecture, 115
east Alpine zone, 283
East Eurasian steppe region, 109
east of the Rhine, 221, 224
easy and decadent lives, 215
erotic scenes, 18
Egypt, 111
Egyptianizing faience, 236
Egyptians, 39, 41, 348
Elbe River, 222
elephants, 43, 52
elite
display, 207
system, 195
embalming, 92
embedded levels of meaning, 206
Empress of Russia, 3
English Channel, 207
Entremont, 336

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Ephorus, 44, 4647, 192

epoptes, 148
Eratosthenes, 39, 45, 49
Eridanos River, 40
Erytheia, 41
Esia, 317
Este, 286, 295
Ethiopia, 50
Ethiopians, 4546, 5153
ethnic
boundaries, 214
name, 213
ethnicity, 207, 283
ethnogenesis, 363
ethnography, 214
ethnonyms, 205
ethnopolitical groupings, 190
Ethurpa, Euturpa, 325
Etruria, 322, 329
Etrusca disciplina, 320
Etruscans, 45, 1011, 1314, 23, 39, 48, 268,
290, 302, 305, 314, 324, 328, 332, 336,
348, 371, 373
alphabet, 245
art, 331
beaked agons, 203
cities, 233
cities (international role of), 234
couples, 18
culture, 5
dress, 249
Etruscan/Italic connections, 302
gems, 319
inuence, 244, 261
language, 10
mirrors, 262, 316, 326, 331
princes, 245
sandals, 19
social structure, 245
throne, 295
women, 17
Euctemon, 44
Eudoxus of Cnidus, 38, 44
Euripides, 41, 338
Europe, 5, 23, 371
Euturpa, 325
evidence, 74
types of, 217
excavations, 336
exchange networks, 202
exploitation of metals, 199
external reality, 288
fabrics. See textiles
fantastic creatures, 286, 296

egh

385

farnah, 95
Faunus, 315
feast, 288
Fehling, Detlev, 72
fertility cult, 137
fertilizer, 219
feudal society, 245, 260
gural votive offerings from sanctuaries, 295
nd contexts, 293
rst, priestly function, 146
Fish-eaters, 47
Flamininus, 349
folk movements, 205
food and drink, 22
banquet, 261
beer, 23, 359
berries and fruits, 219
dairy products, 23, 358
mead and beer, 47
milk, 23, 49, 360
milk (drinkers), 359
milk, cheese and meat, 49, 52, 213
peas, lentils, and beans, 219
royal feast, 147
wine, 23, 359
foreign objects, 220
forest of oak, 49
forest steppe, 94
formulaic, 158
fortications, 126
foundation rites, 14, 244
Franois Tomb, 243
Franks, 364
French, 23
identity, 9
Frey, Otto-Herman, 6
frontal posture, 152
frontier region, 300
frontier zones, 218
Fuuns, 316
funerals, 17, 21, 52, 75, 118
construction, 83
equipment, 76, 83
gifts, 283, 293
laying out the body, 85
ritual (royal), 76
rituals, 129
traditions, 83
furnaces, 222
Futurist Manifesto, 24
Gadir (modern Cadiz), 192, 200, 371
Gallic invasions, 359
Garezou, Maria Xeni, 321
Garonne, 10

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386

efh

Index

Gaul, 23, 45, 213, 222, 268

Gauls, 10, 21, 315, 335
mercenaries, 23
Gazzetta, 316
Gelonos, 128
genealogy, 112
geographical location, 202, 235
geography, 192, 205
Germani, 52
Germanic
art, 226
runes, 245
sound shift, 216
Germans, 4, 9, 211, 227, 361, 370
cavalry troops, 222
chiefs, 335
identication, 217
name (Germans), 215
women, 18
Germany, 373
name (Deutschland), 9
Glauberg in Hesse, 302
Glauberg statue, 266
goddess, 137, 139, 147, 152, 301, 335
image, 174
mother goddesses, 13
gods, male, 139
gold, 8, 21, 42, 51, 76, 9596, 144,
152, 206, 335
bowls, 8081
gilding, 14
gilt silver rhytons, 168
helmet, 147
mask, 166
objects, 22
pectoral, 23
as a royal metal, 95
signicance, 96, 146
and silver artifacts, 118
and silver ornaments, 222
vessels, 24
Golden Fleece, 146
golden ram, 146
Golfe du Lion, 192, 371
Golyama Kosmatka tumulus, 175
Gordion, 359
Gorgons, 255
gorodishche, 128
Goths, 6, 18, 226, 360
Bible, 364
language, 360, 364
myth, 364
name (Goth), 360
graves
architecture, 117
grave goods, 117, 202, 222

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Greco-Scythians
art style, 112, 119
language, 124
Greece, 373
Greeks, 4, 11, 16, 21, 24, 283, 352353, 373
alphabet, 235
and Romans, 3
art, 320
barbaric, 338
beer, 359
colonies, 236
culture, 338
culture (mainland Greece), 245
geographers, 370
imagery, 238
literature, 1
logismos, 350
myths, 4, 235
prisoners, 243
texts, 363
traders, 127
vases, 239, 260
westward colonies, 348
Greenewalt, Crawford, 359
Gudme, 224
Gymnosophists, 53
gypsies, 124
Hadrian, 352
hair, 143, 194
Hall, Edith, 338
Hallstatt, 201, 297, 301, 305
period, 283, 295
prince, 264
Hancar, Franz, 113
harbors, 235
Harsefeld, 222
Hartog, Franois, 72
Haute-Garonne, 206
heads
chthonic, 320, 332
Orphic, 337
prophetic, 316, 320, 322, 326, 328329,
331333, 339
severed, 5, 14, 17, 134, 320322, 328,
331332, 335336, 338339
of society, 292
talking, 4, 333, 337
voice (Head as a Voice), 322, 332, 336
Hebrews, 13
texts, 359, 363
Hebrus River, 321
Hecataeus, 4142, 192, 370
heirloom, 295
Hellanicus of Lesbos, 349
Hellenes, 9

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Hellenism, 350
Hellenistic
army, 359
astrologers, 51
kings, 353
world, 352
helmets, 289
Helvetia, 9
Hera, 13
Heracleides of Pontus, 48
Heracles, 162
as a child, 145
Greek Heracles, 142
heraldic composition, 302
Hereford map, 16
Hermes, 139
hero, 139, 147, 152
king (hero-king), 140
victorious, 139
Herodotus, 3, 16, 20, 22, 24, 37, 39, 4142,
44, 4748, 71, 112, 121, 134, 147148,
176, 192, 233, 335336, 347, 370
text, 79
Hesiod, 4041, 45, 4748
Hesperia, 42
Heuneburg, 202, 373
hierarchical groups, 76
Hieronymus of Cardia, 349
Himilkon, 40, 44
Hippocratic corpus, 43
Airs, Waters, Places, 46
hippomolgoi galaktophagoi, 23. See also milk
Hirschlanden Warrior, 264
historians, 211
ancient, 233
historical
approach, 72
background, 196
reality, 72
sources, 72, 218, 374
Hjortspring, 220
Hochdorf, 202, 254
Homan, Michael, 359
Homer, 5, 14, 16, 23, 235, 301, 338, 347,
352, 359
Homeric
epics, 40
heroes, 22, 134
times, 7
hoplites, 297
shields, 291
Horace, 352
horses, 22, 140, 145, 333, 336337, 376
breeding, 110
burial, 82
burials, 77

egh

387

consecration, 91
cults, 337
gear, 111
graves, 87
heads, 335336
heads (severed), 134
offerings, 118
sacrice, 89
trappings, 178
well-treated, 296
human gure, 238, 268
human (male) stone sculptures, 115
human sacrice, 3, 89, 1316, 52, 81, 134,
243, 333, 336337
children, 14
divination from, 52
killing of servants and attendants, 117
kings retainers, 87
strangled youths, 81
strangling, 80
types of, 14
women, 82
women (wife or concubine), 81
Hungarian, 361
Huns, 363
hunting, 139, 219
Alpine bear, 298
and combat, 142
expeditions, 213
Hyperboreans, 46, 48, 53
hypolenion, 360
Iberia, 18, 51, 192, 207, 364, 371, 373
Iberians, 370371
iconography, 4, 6, 139, 370, 374
identity, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 227, 347,
363, 365
cultural, 8, 358, 365
ethnic, 8, 195
Greek and Roman, 347
Greek/barbarian dichotomy, 347
group, 218
national, 6, 363
new identities, 225
signs of, 226
ideological biases, 113
ideology of royalty, 95
Ilioneus, 338
Iliupersis, 169
Illyrians, 11, 371
immoral behavior, 17
imported Greek objects, 178
independent, 74
Indians, 12, 45
indigenous language, 197
Indo-Aryan, 75

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Index

Indo-Europeans, 9, 1113, 142, 314

deities, 139
languages, 216
mythology, 142
three ideological functions of the IndoEuropean dynast, 145
tripartite ideology, 152
Indo-Iranian languages, 110
Indra, 335
initiation, 20, 138, 142, 174, 242
degrees of, 151
female, 159
military, 154
inscriptions, 11, 146, 155, 158, 163, 174, 196,
215216, 241, 322324, 360
bilingual, 237
vessels, 148
insignia, 145
interactions, 1, 5, 194, 198, 201, 206207
gateway communities, 371
intricate networks, 374
social, 199
zone of contact, 371
interchanges, 371
between north and south, 244
interfaces, 370
intermediaries, 282, 305
international, 5, 11
interpretation, 34
interpretatio thracica, 163
interpreters, 161
invasion or migration, 207
invasionist hypotheses, 196, 198
investiture, 147
scenes, 145
Iphigeneia, 13
Iranians
ideology, 96
languages, 75
tradition, 161
Ireland, 207
Irish literature, 337
iron, 200, 219, 222
farming tools, 362
Iron Age, 4, 217, 373
communities, 371
cultures, 244
people, 234
Isaac, 13
Islamic rule, 364
Isocrates, 348
Issedone Sithe, 16
Italian culture, 12
Italy, 5, 23
ithyphallic, 265
Ivantchik, Askold, 3

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Jastorf, 217
Jews, 23
jockeys, 290
Julius Caesar, 10, 51, 193, 213, 216, 222, 335
Kabeiroi, 136, 138, 145, 148, 162
Theban Kabeiroon, 136
Kalliope, 321
Kandaon, 142
Kazanluk, 147
Keyser, Paul, 6, 349
king, 78
King James Bible, 363
Kleinklein, 298
kline, 288
Knauer, Elfriede, 337
Kolaios, 40
Konon, 321
Kotys I, 138139, 146, 148
kouros, 21, 238, 242, 264
kriobolion or ram sacrice, 146, 149
kykeon potion, 359
Kul Oba, 113, 335
kurgans, 14, 113115, 126
shape of, 114
La Tne, 202, 204207, 217, 301303, 373
motifs, 206
Lake Balaton, 361
language, 8, 11, 192, 200, 205, 216, 235, 237,
245, 283, 370
Lasa, 329, 331
Late Bronze Age, 199
Latin, 12, 16, 360
literature, 351
Latins, 5
Latinus, 315
Lattes, 266
laurel, 322
leather, 219, 247
leg in mouth motif, 286
legitimacy of the heirs, 260
lekanomanteia, 336
Lesbos, 321322
Letnitsa Treasure, 134, 143, 332333
Lhuyd, Edward, 195
life-style, 305
limb in mouth motif, 249
linen, 219
lingua franca, 11, 199200
linguistic, 374
categories, 218
linguists, 191, 195, 211
literacy, 235
literary
artifacts, 214

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texts, 336
work, 71
Livy, 23, 193194, 336
localization of the royal tombs, 96
Lombards, 364
Lucania, 320
Lucian, 112
Lucretius, 47
Lusitanians, 196
luxury, 8, 19, 21, 47, 52, 235, 239
goods, 246
prizes, 290
revelry, 48
Lydia, 359
Lydians, 5, 48
Lykourgos, 143
lyres, 322, 324
Macedonia, 112, 373
Macedonians, 348, 353, 360
Maenads, 136
Maennerbund, 142
Magdalenska Gora, 286
magic
apotropaic and magically protective
nudity, 265
apotropaic, protective magical powers, 242
gifts for the graves, 293
magical and therapeutic value, 247
signs, 245
Magyars, 362
Malavisch, 316
Manching, 336
manuscripts, 360
Marazov, Ivan, 4, 314, 332
mare-milkers, 46. See also milk
Marincola, John, 6
Marinetti, 24
Marne, 10, 206
Marne-Moselle region, 207
marriage, 5, 1718, 147, 257, 318, 332
Massalia (Marseilles), 23, 40, 192,
268, 374
massive hill fortresses (gorodishche), 124
material culture, 195, 205
McGovern, Paul, 359
mead and beer, 47
Medea, 20, 262
Media, 111
Mediterranean, 191192, 208, 374
cultures, 370
fringe, 195
world, 235
Medusa, 165, 175, 328, 332, 336
megalithic burial tradition, 199
Megalopolis, 349

egh

389

Melanippe, 170, 181

Mellink, Machteld, 359
Menrva, 13, 327328
Mesolithic period, 198
Mesopotamian, 41
metal artifacts, 119
metals, 225, 373
metalwork, 206207, 226
Mickey Mouse, 266
migration, 193, 200
military
forces, 252
pursuits, 213
scenes, 290
milk, 23, 49
and cheese and meat, 49, 52, 213
curd-eaters, 23, 46
drinkers, 23, 359
fermented, 360
Mimnermus, 40
mineral resources, 234
Minoans, 13
mirror
from Castelvetro, 260
of Herodotus, 97
mixed constitution, 350
mobile yurts, 122
modern nation states, 191
modest, 47
Modzelewski, Karol, 24
Modzolevskyi, Boris, 92
Moesia, 361
Molossians, 360
Momigliano, Arnaldo, 12
monarchy, 352
Mongolians, 122
monosandalos, 161
Montaigne, Michel de, 23
monumental
architecture, 238
stone statues, 242
morally virtuous, 214
Morocco, 372
mortuary rituals, 118
Moselle, 371, 373
Mosrob, 363
mourning, 17, 21
rituals, 89
self-mutilation as an expression, 88
Mozolevskiy, Boris. See
Modzolevskyi, Boris
Murlo, 239, 290
terracotta plaques, 257
Muses, 321, 324325, 331
musical instruments, 288, 298
musician, 241, 300

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390

efh

Index

mutilation, cutting off the ears, 8990

mutual interdependence, 373
mythological
imagery (lack of), 293
languages, 157
motivation, 158
surviving myths, 336
thinking, 136
Nages, 336
naked, 19, 21, 194, 289
pugilists, 296
names, 810, 360
narrative, 136
art, 238
natural resources, 371
Nazis, 364
Neanderthals, 13
Near East, 12, 22
Nearchus, 47
Nearly Other, 5
Negau, 216
Nero, 352
Nestor cup, 237
noble
enemy, 18
primitive, 51
savages, 194
nomadism, 121
mobile home, 123
nomads, 4, 22, 24, 50
cattle herders and horse breeders, 110
pastoral tribes, 19, 23
Scythians, 3, 121
non-funerary Etruscan site, 248
non-Indo-Europeans, 13, 314
languages, 10, 235
nonliterary society, 134
north-south connections, 266
Norway, 222
Novo Mesto situla, 286
nudity, 2021, 238, 325
male, 265
object groups, 145
Odin (Germanic), 142
Odrysae, 148
kingdom, 134
royal court, 138
ruler, Seuthes III, 174
Odysseus, 235, 237, 320
offerings to deities into bodies of
water, 221
Oiagros, 321
oikoumene, 38
oligarchic society, 296

in this web service Cambridge University Press

Olympia, 236, 253

oppida, 213, 336
oracle, 317, 321322, 324, 326327, 331
marriage, 331
organic materials, 241, 267
Orientalizing, 5, 297298
animals, 248
canopic ash urns, 239
culture, 297
monsters, 244, 248
period, 12, 234
origins, 10, 214, 234
Orpheus, 17, 134135, 139, 181, 313,
321324, 329332, 338, 377
death at the hands of Thracian
women, 170
Orphic doctrine, 332
Ossetic, 75
ritual, 91
ostentation. See conspicuous consumption;
luxury
Ostrusha tomb, 165
Other, 78, 17, 24, 53, 71, 97
invention of the, 74
Ottomans, 364
outsiders, 53
outstanding chief, 296
Ovid, 12, 321, 375, 377, 378
Ovid among the Scythians, 375
paintings from Central Asia, 89
Palatine Hill, 315
palisade, 221
Pallottino, Massimo, 234
Panagyurishte treasure, 144
pants and shirts, tted, 20
Paris, 330
Paris school, 73
passage-graves, 199
pasture tour, 122
pattern book, 286
peas, lentils, and beans, 219
P-Celtic, 196
Pelasgians, 48
Peloponnesian Wars, 178
Peneleos, 337
Pentheus, 338
Pergamon, 194
perizoma, 242, 296
Perseus, 328, 330
Persia, 19
Persians, 7, 21, 48, 347, 360, 364
culture, 163
Phaeacians, 5, 235, 349
phalanx tactic, 291
Pherse, 329

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philological and historical approaches, 74

philological approach, 72
Philomele, 133
Philostratos, 321
Phoenicians, 13, 234, 371
bowls, 236
craftsmen, 247
merchants, 373
writing tablets, 237
Phrygia, 359
Phrygians, 5
hats, 20, 329, 331
physical appearance, 8
physically robust, 214
Picenum, 297
pictorial
language, 301
texts, 133
Pietrera tomb, 242
Piggott, Stuart, 9
Pillars, 49
Pillars of Hercules (Straits of Gibraltar),
40, 4445, 192, 198
pilophoroi or pileati, 149
Pindar, 41, 46
pirates, 48
Pithekoussai, 234
place-name evidence, 196
plant in mouth motif, 286, 302
Plato, 17, 44, 46
Plikasnas, 248
plowman, 292
Plutarch, 352
Po Valley, 193, 283, 371
Poland, 25, 206, 222
policemen, 20
political
aims, 214
appropriation of the past, 39
insignia, 22, 144
organization, 4, 225
organization (supracommunity), 220
units, 219
Polybius, 45, 4850, 193, 349350
Polyphemus, 22
pompetoxuarios, 11
Pontic region, 111
north Pontic steppes, 94
Pontic-Caspian steppes, 109
Pope, 16
Porcuna in Andaluca, 374
Posidonius, 51, 194, 213
potters, 206
Poussin, Nicolas, 378
prehistoric Iron Age, 218
preliterate, 215

egh

391

preservation, 79
prestige goods, 202
primitive, 47, 53
designs, 300
prisoners, 296
of war, 14
Pritchett, William, 73
private property, 219
procession, 292
Prokne, 133
prophecy, 18, 245, 314315, 318, 322, 328,
332333, 336
Pseudo-Hippocrates, 112, 122
pseudo-historical clutter, 198
Ptolemy, 51
Punic Wars, 15
Purcell, Nicholas, 348
Putensen, 223
Pyrrhus, 349
Pytheas, 44, 46, 49, 193, 374
Q-Celtic, 196, 199
queen, 87
Quintus Fabius Pictor, 351
rabbinic prohibitions, 23
race, 11
Rasna, 10
raw materials, 202, 373
realistic motifs, 251
reality, 72
redistribution, 371
regional political center, 225
reliability, 72
religion, 235
practices, 213
rituals, 249
thought, 301
repetition symmetry, 159
repetitive rhythm, 152
Rhesos, 145
Rhine, 4, 213, 222
frontier, 218
Rhineland, 216
Rhodope Mountains, 147
Rhs, Sir John, 196
Rig Veda, 335
ritual, 14, 96, 313, 328, 338
costume, 20
dress, 19
function, 144
practices, 175
role of women, 257
sacricial, 14
Rogozen Treasure, 156, 159, 161, 165, 332
role of the artist, 156

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Index
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392

efh

Index

Rolle, Renate, 3
Roma (Rom, gypsies), 123
Romans, 1213, 24, 223, 348, 360361
aggression, 222
army, 213, 224225, 350
conquests, 50
culture, 351
early Roman period, 218, 221
funerals, 350
ideas and texts, 227
imports, 224
literature, 1
luxury goods, 222
oppression, 364
ornaments (late Roman), 226
Roman Empire, 351, 371
Roman Rhineland, 223
Rome, 48, 349
Roquepertuse, 336
Romania, 360
royal
choice, 4, 139
feast, 147
graves, 113
ideology, 132, 135, 138, 145, 148, 181
round, 79
round (Scythian), 3
round (Thracian), 3
symbols, 22
wedding, 147
royal round, 3, 147
runes, 216
inscriptions, 216
sacred element, 157
sacrices, 91, 292
Sgi, Kroly, 362
sarcophagi, 85
Sardinia, 242
Sauromatae, 17, 129, 361
scalps, 14, 335
Schnabelkanne, 267, 302
scholars, earlier generations of, 214
Schsselhelme, 295
Scylax, 44
Scythian Warriors and Amazons
exhibition, 128
Scythians,, 34, 9, 12, 14, 1618, 2223, 45,
47, 5051, 71, 73, 107, 245, 314, 335,
338, 360, 370, 376
art, 332, 335
environment, 161
Hellenized, 96
kings, 75, 127

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mythology, 112
rulers, 108
slaves, 20
territory, 109
tombs, 75
women, 17
Scythicos logos, 71
Scytho-Siberian type, 110
Seine, 10
Seljuks, 364
semantics
of color, 152
productivity, 136
semiology, 4
Semiramis, 20
Semitic, 12
alphabet, 11
Serbia, 360
Sergent, Bernard, 13
servants, male and female, 288
settlements, 219, 223
excavations, 113
shamanism, 149
sheep, 2223
Shefton, Brian, 372
Shetland Islands, 198
Sibyl of Tibur, 325
Sicily, 349
Sileni, 136
Silenus, 145, 315, 317318, 335
silver, 50, 222, 373
silver-gilt plaque from Letnitsa, 261
similar lifestyle, 283
simple, 46, 51, 53
life style, 24, 214
Sinti, 123
situla art, 5, 10, 238, 240, 249, 283, 301, 304
skull, 14
skull cups, 14, 335336
slaves, 16, 247, 372373
northern, 204
raiding, 204, 373
Slovenia, 297
social criteria, 138
Socialism, 25
society on the fringe of the ancient
world, 301
Socrates, 134
soma, 335
sophrosyne, 17
Sopron, 300
Southern Italy, 322, 332
Sovietization, 363
Spain, 19

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Spartans
women, 17
spatial code, 140
sporting events, 289
sports, 249
spurs, 222
stag hunting, 288
statuettes, 284
status
differences, 219, 224
symbol, 237
stereotypes, 74
Stevenson, Walter, 6
Strabo, 47, 5152, 194, 335, 337, 373
strategic location, 203
Strettweg wagon, 298, 301
structuralist view, 192
structures, 151
stylistic repertoire, 151
subhuman savage, 51
Suetonius, 335
sumptuary laws, 21, 239. See also luxury
Svetitsa tumulus, 166
Sweden, 364
symbol
body (symbolic), 145
national, 364
of kingship, 95
symmetry, 38, 43, 152
symplegmata, 258
symposium, 23, 146, 238, 268, 288
ware, 252
syncretism, 136
synthesis of the three functions, 146
Syriac liturgy, 363
system of signs, 136
Szilgyi, Janos G., 9
Tacitus, 1819, 213, 216, 335, 359
Tages, 319
Tarchon, 320
Targitaus, 22
Tarquin dynasty, 10
Tarquin of Rome,, 244
Tarquinia, 10, 14, 320
Tartars, 122
Tartessus, 40, 192
communities, 373
tattoos, 3, 92, 321
tebennas, 19
Teiresias, 320
Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 21
Teres, 134
textiles, 20, 219, 239

egh

393

Theodoric the Great, 362

Theophrastus, 45, 48
Theopompus, 46
theoretical issues, 217
Theseus and Ariadne, 259
third function, 145
Thiudimir, 362
Thompson, Stith, 321
Thrace, 321
state formation, 138
Thracians, 4, 7, 16, 132, 136, 245, 313314,
321322, 331, 335, 338, 348, 370
Ares, 142
art, 4, 14, 138, 261, 332
deities, 133
dress, 321
goddess Kotys (or Kotyto), 139
hero, 143
hero-horseman, 165
horseman, 4, 22, 142
King Tereus, 133
kingdoms, 373
Letnitsa plaques, 261
Lykourgos, 142
mantles, 20
metal work, 143, 162
mythology, 132
nonliterate, 138
plaques, 262
wine, 359
women, 17, 321
Thracian-Scythian cultural
koine, 164
throne, 141
throne-like chairs, 252
Thucydides, 20
Timaeus, 39, 45, 49, 349
tin, 44
Tinkers, 123
tintinnabulum, 240, 253, 297
Tolkien, JRR, 190
tomb robbers, 79, 82, 87
Tomyris, 20
tophets, 14
toponym, 146
torques, 206
Totenreiter, 116
Totenumfahrt, 121
traditions
local, 226
oral, 133
Tragliatella jug, 252, 258
Transdanubia, 206
translation, 363

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394

efh

Index

Transoxiana, 89
Transylvania, 206
tree of life, 160
triade, 120
trial or agon, 140
tribal groups, 215, 218
Trojan prisoners, 14, 243
Trophe des Alpes, 9
Troy, 353
truphe. See luxury
Turkish
genocide, 364
Turms, 320, 327328
Twelve Tables, 21
Tyrol, 293
Ukraine, 124, 335
Umaele, 325, 331
Umayyads, 363364
Umbrians, 283
uncorrupted, 47
Uni, 13
Urartu, 111
urban civilizations, 111
urban-like settlement patterns, 120
Urphe, 324, 329, 331
validity of sources, 113
values and attitudes, 222
Varna necropolis, 145
Vassil Bojkov Collection, 166
Vedas and the Avesta, 75
vegetal symbolism, 137
Venetic, 11
inscriptions, 295
Veneto, 11, 284
Veneto-Este style, 283, 294, 304
Verucchio, 241, 247, 253, 295
Verucchio Throne, 241, 258
Villanovan, 234
funerary canopic ash urns, 252
vineyard, 360
Virgil, 315
Vix, 202
Vix krater, 372
Volgum, 361362
Volterra, 10
votive offerings in watery contexts, 199
Vulci, 320
wagons
covered, 110
nomadism, 110
ornate, 221

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wagon-yurts, 122
warfare, organized, 220
Warrior of Capestrano, 239
warriors, 14
aristocracy, 205
function, 145
gear, 207
heavily equipped, 291
mounted, 110
themes in art, 142
valor, 134
women, 17
wealth, 145146
weapons, 21, 120, 222223
deposits, 225
nds, 220
weaving, 133, 240, 253
ladies spinning and
weaving, 240241, 300
Wells, Peter, 4
Welsh literature, 337
West Africa, 373
Western civilization, 268
western Mediterranean, 266
Wheeler, Stuart, 374
wine, 23, 47, 118, 136, 194, 268,
358, 360, 372
winged beings, 286
women, 21, 49, 288
Celts, 18
Etruscans, 17
female servants, 288
ritual role of, 257
role of, 8, 16, 257
Scythians, 17
social status, 120
Thracians, 17, 170, 321
warriors, 17
women and children, 47, 121122
wood, 245
wooden trackways, 220
wooden wagons, 107
working of, 219
wool
from the sheep, 219
and textiles, 247
workshops, 219, 222, 225
and furnaces for iron, bronze, silver and
lead, 222
local, 247
world tree, 137
writing, 72, 133
written
accounts, 216

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evidence, 8
law code, 350
sources, 133
texts (lack of), 4
Wul la, 363
Wycliff Bible, 363

egh

395

Xanthos, 333
Xenophon, 348, 351
Yubeljenoe, 335
Zalmoxis, 135

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