For each question, choose the one best answer.

1. Concerning the blood-gas barrier of the human lung:

A. The thinnest part of the blood-gas barrier has a thickness of about 3
m.
B. The total area of the blood-gas barrier is about 1 square meter.
C. About 10% of the area of the alveolar wall is occupied by capillaries.
D. If the pressure in the capillaries rises to unphysiologically high levels,
the blood-gas barrier can be damaged.
E. Oxygen crosses the blood-gas barrier by active transport.
2. When oxygen moves through the thin side of the blood-gas barrier
from the alveolar gas to the hemoglobin of the red blood cell, it traverses
the following layers in order:
P.11
cell membrane.
3. What is the PO2 (in mm Hg) of moist inspired gas of a climber on the
summit of Mt. Everest (assume barometric pressure is 247 mm Hg)?
A. 32
B. 42
C. 52
D. 62
E. 72
4. Concerning the airways of the human lung:
A. The volume of the conducting zone is about 50 ml.
B. The volume of the rest of the lung during resting conditions is about 5
liters.
C. A respiratory bronchiole can be distinguished from a terminal
bronchiole because the latter has alveoli in its walls.
D. On the average, there are about three branchings of the conducting
airways before the first alveoli appear in their walls.
E. In the alveolar ducts the predominant mode of gas flow is
diffusion rather than convection.
5. Concerning the blood vessels of the human lung:
A. The pulmonary veins form a branching pattern that matches that of
the airways.
B. The average diameter of the capillaries is about 50 m.
C. The bronchial circulation has about the same blood flow as the
pulmonary circulation.
D. On the average, blood spends about 0.75 second in the capillaries
under resting conditions.
E. The mean pressure in the pulmonary artery is about 100 mm Hg.
Ventilacija
QUESTIONS
For each question, choose the one best answer.
1. The only variable in the following list that cannot measured with a
simple spirometer and stopwatch is:
A. Tidal volume.
B. Functional residual capacity.
C. Vital capacity.
D. Total ventilation.
E. Respiratory frequency.
2. Concerning the pulmonary acinus:
A. Less than 90% oxygen uptake of the lung occurs in the acini.
B. Percentage change in volume of the acini during inspiration is less
than that of the whole lung.
C. Volume of the acini is less than 90% of the total volume of the lung at
FRC.
D. Each acinus is supplied by a terminal bronchiole.
E. The ventilation of the acini at the base of the upright human lung at
FRC is less than those at the apex.
3. In a measurement of FRC by helium dilution, the original and final
helium concentrations were 10% and 6%, and the spirometer volume
was kept at 5 liters. What was the volume of the FRC in liters?
A. 2.5
B. 3.0
C. 3.3
D. 3.8
E. 5.0

1. ta je tano kada je u pitanju respiratorna membrana?

A. Najtanji deo respiratorne membrane debo je oko 30 m.
B. Ukupna povrina respiratorne membrane je 10 m2.
C. Kapilari zauzimaju oko 10% povrine zida alveola.
D. Poveanje pritiska u kapilarima na visok ne fizioloki nivo
moe otetiti funkciju respiratorne membrane
E. Kiseonik prolazi respiratornu membranu aktivnim transportom.
2. Kada kiseonik prolazi kroz tanke slojeve respiratorne membrane
do hemoglobina u eritrocitima redosled prolaska je:
A. epitelna elija, surfaktant, intersticijum, endotelna elija,
plazma, membrana eritrocita.
B. surfaktant, epitelna elija, intersticijum, endotelna elija,
plazma, membrana eritrocita.
C. surfaktant, endotelna elija, intersticijum, epitelna elija,
plazma, membrana eritrocita.
D. epitelna elija, intersticijum, endotelna elija, plazma,
membrana eritrocita.
E. surfaktant, epitelna elija, intersticijum, endotelna elija,
membrana eritrocita.
3. Koliki je PO2 (u mm Hg) vlanog udahnutog vazduha planinara
koji se popeo na Mt. Everest (pretpostavljeni atmosferski pritisak je
247 mm Hg)?
A. 32
B. 42
C. 52
D. 62
E. 72
4. ta je tano kada su u pitanju vazduni putevi ljudskih plua?
A. Zapremina respiratornih puteva je 50 ml.
B. volumen ostatka plua u mirovanju je oko 5 litara.
C. respiratorni bronchiole moe se razlikovati od terminala
bronchiole jer je potonji alveola u njegove zidine.
D. U prosjeku, ima oko tri branchings od provoenja dinih puteva
prije prvog alveolu se pojavljuju u njihovim zidovima.
E. U alveolarni kanale dominantni nain protoka plina je
difuzija nego konvekcijom.
5. ta je tano kada je u pitanju pluna cirkulacija?
A. plune vene imaju obrazac razgranatosti koji odgovara granjanju
disajnih puteva.
B. Prosean promer kapilara je oko 50 m.
C. bronhijalna cirkulacija ima isti protok i protok krvi plune
cirkulacije.
D. U proseku krv u mirovanju proe kroz kapilare za 0,75
sekundi.
E. srednji pritisak u plunoj arteriji je oko 100 mm Hg.
Ventilacija
1. Jedina varijabla koja se ne moe meriti obinim spirometrom je:
A. Tidalni volumen.
B. Funkcionalni rezidualni kapacitet.
C. Vitalni kapacitet.
D. Frekvencu disanja.
E. Totalnu ventilaciju.
2. to se tie plune acinusa:
A. Manje od 90% kisika od plua javlja u acinusa.
B. Postotak promjene u volumenu tijekom acinusa inspiracija je
manje nego to cijela plua.
C. Volumen acinusa je manje od 90% od ukupnog volumena plua
kod FRC.
D. Svaka acinusa dobivate od terminala bronchiole.
E. ventilaciju acinusa na bazi uspravno ljudskih plua u FRC je
manje od onih na vrhu.
3. U mjerenju FRC od helija razrjeivanje, izvorne i konane helij
su koncentracije 10% i 6%, a volumen spirometar je zadran na 5
litara. Koji je bio volumen FRC u litrama?
A. 2,5
B. 3,0
C. 3,3

5. If CO2 production remains constant and alveolar ventilation is

increased threefold, the alveolar PCO 2 after a steady state is reached will
be what percentage of its former value?
A. 25
B. 33
C. 50
D. 100
E. 300
6. In a measurement of physiologic dead space using Bohr's method, the
alveolar and mixed expired PCO 2 were 40 and 30 mm Hg, respectively.
What was the ratio of dead space to tidal volume?
A. 0.20
B. 0.25
C. 0.30
D. 0.35
E. 0.40
Difuzija
1. Using Fick's law of diffusion of gases through a tissue slice, if gas X
is 4 times as soluble and 4 times as dense as gas Y, what is the ratio of
the diffusion rates of X to Y?
A. 0.25
B. 0.5
C. 2
D. 4
E. 8
2. An exercising subject breathes a low concentration of CO in a steady
state. If the alveolar PCO is 0.5 mm Hg and the CO uptake is 30 ml
min-1, what is the diffusing capacity of the lung for CO in ml min -1
mm Hg-1?
A. 20
B. 30
C. 40
D. 50
E. 60
3. In a normal person, doubling the diffusing capacity of the lung would
be expected to:
A. Decrease arterial PCO2 during resting breathing.
B. Increase resting oxygen uptake when the subject breathes 10%
oxygen.
C. Increase the uptake of nitrous oxide during anesthesia.
D. Increase the arterial PO2 during resting breathing.
E. Increase maximal oxygen uptake at extreme altitude.
4. If a subject inhales several breaths of a gas mixture containing low
concentrations of carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide:
A. The partial pressures of carbon monoxide in alveolar gas and endcapillary blood will be virtually the same.
B. The partial pressures of nitrous oxide in alveolar gas and endcapillary blood will be very different.
C. Carbon monoxide is transferred into the blood along the whole
length of the capillary.
D. Little of the nitrous oxide will be taken up in the early part of the
capillary.
E. The uptake of nitrous oxide can be used to measure the diffusing
capacity of the lung.
5. Concerning the diffusing capacity of the lung:
A. It is best measured with carbon monoxide because this gas diffuses
very slowly across the blood-gas barrier.
B. Diffusion limitation of oxygen transfer during exercise is more likely
to occur at sea level than at high altitude.
C. Breathing oxygen reduces the measured diffusing capacity for
carbon monoxide compared with air breathing.
D. It is decreased by exercise.
E. It is increased in pulmonary fibrosis, which thickens the blood-gas
barrier.
6. The diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide is increased
by:
A. Emphysema, which causes loss of pulmonary capillaries.
B. Asbestosis, which causes thickening of the blood-gas barrier.
C. Pulmonary embolism, which cuts off the blood supply to part of the
lung.

D. 3,8
E. 5,0
5. Ako proizvodnja CO2 ostaje konstantna, a alveolarna ventilacija
se povea etvorostruko, koliki e biti procenat alveolarnog CO 2 u
odnosu na poetno stanje?
A. 25
B. 33
C. 50
D. 100
E. 250
6. U mjerenja fiziolokih mrtvi prostor koristei Bohr's metode,
alveolarni i mjeoviti istekao pCO2 su 40 i 30 mm Hg. Kakv je
odnos mrtvog prostora i tidalnog volumena?
A. 0,20
B. 0,25
C. 0,30
D. 0,35
E. 0,40
Difuzija
1. Koristei Fick zakon difuzije gasova kroz izolovano tkivo, ako je
gas X 4 puta rastvorljiviji, a 4 puta gui od Y, kakv je odnos stope
difuzije X u odnosu na Y?
A. 0,25
B. 0,5
C. 2
D. 4
E. 8
2. Vjebanje subjekt die niska koncentracija CO u stabilnom
stanju. Ako je alveolarni PVR je 0,5 mm Hg i CO unos je 30 ml
min-1, to je difuziju kapacitet plua za CO u ml min-1 a mm
Hg-1?
A. 20
B. 30
C. 40
D. 50
E. 60
3. Ako normalna osoba uudvostrui difuzijski kapacitet plua
oekuje se da e se:
A. Smanjenjiti arterijski PCO2 tokom disanja u miru.
B. Poveati preuzimanje kiseonika u mirovanju kada ta osoba die
10% kiseonik.
C. Poveati unos azot oksida tokom anestezije.
D. Poveanje arterijski PO2 tijekom disanja u miru.
E. Poveati maksimalno preuzimanje kiseonika na velikim
visinama.
4. Ako subjekt udahne nekoliko udaha vazduha koji sadri smjesu
niske koncentracije ugljinog monoksida i duikovog oksida:
A. djelomina pritiscima ugljinog monoksida u alveolarni plin i na
kraju-kapilarne krvi e biti gotovo isti.
B. djelomine pritisci na duikov oksid u alveolarni plin i na krajukapilarne krvi e biti vrlo razliite.
C. Ugljini monoksid je prebaen u krvi po cijeloj duini
kapilara.
D. Little u duikov oksid e se u ranom dijelu kapilara.
E. unos duikov oksid moe se koristiti za mjerenje difuziju
kapacitet plua.
5. S obzirom na difuziju kapacitet plua:
A. To je najbolje mjeriti s ugljinim monoksidom, jer taj plin
difundira vrlo sporo preko krvno-plin barijeru.
B. Difuzija ogranienje prijenos kisika tijekom vjebanja je vea
vjerojatnost da se dogodi na moru nego na visokoj nadmorskoj
visini.
C. disanje kisika smanjuje mjerena difuzija kapaciteta za
ugljini monoksid u usporedbi sa zrakom za disanje.
D. To je pala za vjebanje.
E. To je poveanje u plunom fibrozom, koja zadebljava krv-plin
barijeru.
6. The difuziju kapacitet plua za ugljini monoksid se uveava za:
A. emfizem, koja uzrokuje gubitak plunih kapilara.
B. Azbestoza, to uzrokuje zadebljanje krvnih plinova barijeru.
C. Pluna embolija, koji prekida dotok krvi u dio plua.

D. Exercise in a normal subject.

E. Severe anemia.
Protok i metabolizam
1. The ratio of total systemic vascular resistance to pulmonary vascular
resistance is about:
A. 2 : 1
B. 3 : 1
C. 5 : 1
D. 10 : 1
E. 20 : 1
2. Concerning the extra-alveolar vessels of the lung:
A. Tension in the surrounding alveolar walls tends to narrow them.
B. Their walls contain smooth muscle and elastic tissue.
C. They are exposed to alveolar pressure.
D. Their constriction in response to alveolar hypoxia mainly takes place
in the veins.
E. Their caliber is reduced by lung inflation.
3. A patient with pulmonary vascular disease has mean pulmonary
arterial and venous pressures of 55 and 5 mm Hg, respectively, while the
cardiac output is 3 liters per minute. What is his pulmonary vascular
resistance in mm Hg l-1 min?
A. 0.5
B. 1.7
C. 2.5
D. 5
4. The fall in pulmonary vascular resistance on exercise is caused by:
A. Decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure.
B. Decrease in pulmonary venous pressure.
C. Increase in alveolar pressure.
D. Distension of pulmonary capillaries.
E. Alveolar hypoxia.
5. In a measurement of cardiac output using the Fick principle, the O 2
concentrations of mixed venous and arterial blood are 16 and 20 ml
100 ml-1, respectively, and the O 2 consumption is 300 ml min -1. The
cardiac output in liters min-1 is:
A. 2.5
B. 5
C. 7.5
D. 10
E. 75
6. In zone 2 of the lung:
A. Alveolar pressure exceeds arterial pressure.
B. Venous pressure exceeds alveolar pressure.
C. Venous pressure exceeds arterial pressure.
D. Blood flow is determined by arterial pressure minus alveolar
pressure.
E. Blood flow is unaffected by arterial pressure.
7. Pulmonary vascular resistance is reduced by:
A. Removal of one lung.
B. Breathing a 10% oxygen mixture.
C. Exhaling from functional residual capacity to residual volume.
D. Acutely increasing pulmonary venous pressure.
E. Mechanically ventilating the lung with positive pressure.
8. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction:
A. Depends more on the PO2 of mixed venous blood than alveolar gas.
B. Is released in the transition from placental to air respiration.
C. Involves CO2 uptake in vascular smooth muscle.
D. Partly diverts blood flow from well-ventilated regions of diseased
lungs.
E. Is increased by inhaling low concentrations of nitric oxide.
9. If the pressures in the capillaries and interstitial space at the top of the
lung are 3 and 0 mm Hg, respectively, and the colloid osmotic pressures
of the blood and interstitial fluid are 25 and 5 mm Hg, respectively, what
is the net pressure in mm Hg moving fluid into the capillaries?
A. 17
B. 20
C. 23
D. 27
E. 33

D. Vjeba u normalan subjekt.

E. tekom anemijom.
Protok i metabolizam
1. Odnos ukupnog sistemskog vaskularnog otpora i otpora u
plunoj cirkulaciji je:
A. 2: 1
B. 3: 1
C. 5: 1
D. 10: 1
E. 20: 1
2. S obzirom na extra-alveolarni ile plua:
A. napetosti u okolnim alveolarnih zidova ima tendenciju da ih
uska.
B. svoje zidove sadre glatkih miia i elastinog tkiva.
C. Oni su izloeni alveolarni tlak.
D. Njihovo suenje odgovor na hipoksiju alveolarne uglavnom
odvija u ilama.
E. Njihov kalibar je smanjen za plua inflacije.
3. Bolesnika s plunom vaskularnom boleu mora znaiti plune
arterijske i venske pritisaka od 55 i 5 mm Hg, dok je srani output
je 3 litre u minuti. to je njegov pluni vaskularni otpor u mm Hg,
a l-1 min?
A. 0,5
B. 1,7
C. 2,5
D. 5
4. Pad plunog vaskularnog otpora tokom vebanja uzrokovan je:
A. Smanjenjem plunog arterijskog pritiska.
B. Smanjenjem plunog venskog pritiska.
C. Poveanjem alveolarnog pritiska.
D. Rastezanjem plunih kapilara.
E. Alveolarnom hipoksijom.
5. U mjerenje minutnog volumena srca pomou Fick principu, O2
koncentracija mijeane venske i arterijske krvi su 16 i 20 ml 100
ml-1, respektivno, a potronja O2 je 300 ml min-1. Srani output
u litrama a min-1 je:
A. 2,5
B. 5
C. 7,5
D. 10
E. 75
6. U zoni 2 od plua:
A. alveolarne pritisak je vei od arterijskog pritiska.
B. venski pritisak prelazi alveolarni pritisak.
C. venski pritisak prelazi arterijski pritisak.
D. protok krvi odreuje arterijski pritisak minus alveolarni
pritisak.
E. protok krvi je nepromijenjen od strane arterijskog pritiska.
7. Pluna vaskularni otpor e se smanjiti:
A. Uklanjanjem jednog plua.
B. Disanjem vazduha sa 10% kiseonika.
C. Disanjem od funkcionalnog rezidualnog kapaciteta do
rezidualnog volumena.
D. Akutnim poveanjem plunog venskog pritiska.
E. Mehanikom ventilacijom plua sa pozitivnim pritiskom.
8. Hipoksiko pluna vazokonstrikcija:
A. vie ovisi o PO2 mjeovite venske krvi nego alveolarni plin.
B. je puten u tranziciji iz placente u zrak disanje.
C. Ukljuuje CO2 dimnjak u vaskularnih glatkih miinih.
D. Djelomino odvlai protok krvi iz dobro prozraenom regije
bolesnih plua.
E. se poveava udisanjem niske koncentracije duinog oksida.
9. Ako pritisaka u kapilarima i unutarnja prostora na vrhu plua su
3 i 0 mm Hg, a koloidne osmotskog pritiska u krvi i unutarnja
tekuina su 25 i 5 mm Hg, odnosno, ono to je neto tlak u mm Hg
kree tekuine u kapilare?
A. 17
B. 20
C. 23

10. The metabolic functions of the lung include:

A. Converting angiotensin II to angiotensin I.
B. Producing bradykinin.
C. Secreting serotonin.
D. Removing leukotrienes.
E. Generating erythropoietin.
Ventilaciono perfuzioni odnosi
1. A climber reaches an altitude of 4,500 m (14,800 ft) where the
barometric pressure is 447 mm Hg. The PO2 of moist inspired gas (in mm
Hg) is:
A. 47
B. 63
C. 75
D. 84
E. 98
2. A man with normal lungs and an arterial P CO2 of 40 mm Hg takes an
overdose of barbiturate that halves his alveolar ventilation but does not
change his CO2 output. If his respiratory exchange ratio is 0.8, what will
be his arterial PO2 (in mm Hg), approximately?
A. 40
B. 50
C. 60
D. 70
E. 80
3. In the situation described in Question 2, how much does the inspired
O2 concentration (%) have to be raised to return the arterial P O2 to its
original level?
A. 7
B. 11
C. 15
D. 19
E. 23
4. A patient with normal lungs but a right-to-left shunt is found at
catheterization to have oxygen concentrations in his arterial and mixed
venous blood of 18 and 14 ml 100 ml -1, respectively. If the O2
concentration of the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries is
calculated to be 20 ml 100 ml -1, what is his shunt as a percentage of
his cardiac output?
A. 23
B. 33
C. 43
D. 53
E. 63
5. If a climber on the summit of Mt. Everest (barometric pressure 247
mm Hg) maintains an alveolar P O2 of 34 mm Hg and is in a steady state
(R 1), his alveolar PCO2 (in mm Hg) cannot be any higher than:
A. 5
B. 8
C. 10
D. 12
E. 15
6. A patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which
causes marked ventilation-perfusion inequality, has an arterial P O2 of 50
mm Hg and an arterial P CO2 of 40 mm Hg. The P CO2 is normal despite the
hypoxemia because:
A. Ventilation-perfusion inequality does not interfere with CO 2
elimination.
B. Much of the CO2 is carried as bicarbonate.
C. The formation of carbonic acid is accelerated by carbonic anhydrase.
D. CO2 diffuses much faster through tissue than O2.
E. The O2 and CO2 dissociation curves have different shapes.
7. The apex of the upright human lung compared with the base has:
A. A higher PO2.
B. A higher ventilation.
C. A lower pH in end-capillary blood.
D. A higher blood flow.
E. Smaller alveoli.
8. If the ventilation-perfusion ratio of a lung unit is decreased by partial
bronchial obstruction while the rest of the lung is unaltered, the affected
lung unit will show:

D. 27
E. 33
10. Metabolike funkcije plua ukljuuju:
A. Pretvaranje angiotenzin II u angiotenzin I.
B. Stvaranje bradikinin.
C. Luenje serotonina.
D. Uklanjanje leukotriena.
E. Stvaranje eritropoetina.
Ventilaciono perfuzioni odnosi
1. Penja dosee visinu od 4500 m (14800 ft) gdje je barometarski
tlak 447 mm Hg. The PO2 vlanih inspiriran plina (u mm Hg) je:
A. 47
B. 63
C. 75
D. 84
E. 98
2. ovjek sa normalnim pluima i arterijsku pCO2 od 40 mm Hg
uzima predoziranja barbituratima da polovica njegove alveolarne
ventilacije, ali ne mijenja svoje CO2 output. Ako je njegov dini
razmjena omjer je 0,8, to e biti njegov arterijski PO2 (u mm Hg),
otprilike?
A. 40
B. 50
C. 60
D. 70
E. 80
3. U situaciji opisanoj u 2. pitanje, koliko se nadahnuti O2
koncentraciji (%) moraju biti podignuta vratiti arterijski PO2 na
izvornu razinu?
A. 7
B. 11
C. 15
D. 19
E. 23
4. Pacijenta s normalnim pluima, ali s desna na lijevo skretnica
nalazi se na kateterizaciju da su koncentracije kisika u arterijskoj i
mjeoviti venske krvi od 18 i 14 ml 100 ml-1, respektivno. Ako je
koncentracija O2 u krvi naputanja plune kapilare je izraunati da
se 20 ml 100 ml-1, to je njegova skretnica kao postotak od
njegove minutnog volumena srca?
A. 23
B. 33
C. 43
D. 53
E. 63
5. Ako je penja na vrhu Mt. Everest (barometarski tlak 247 mm
Hg) odrava alveolarni PO2 od 34 mm Hg te je u stacionarnom
stanju (R 1), njegov alveolarni pCO2 (u mm Hg) ne moe
biti bilo vie od:
A. 5
B. 8
C. 10
D. 12
E. 15
6. Bolesnika s tekom kroninom opstruktivnom plunom bolesti,
to uzrokuje obiljeena ventilacije-perfuzije nejednakost, ima
arterijski PO2 od 50 mm Hg i arterijska pCO2 od 40 mm Hg. The
pCO2 je normalno unato hipoksemije zbog:
A. Ventilacija-perfuzije nejednakost ne ometa eliminaciju CO2.
B. Veina CO2 se odvija kao bikarbonata.
C. formiranje ugljine kiseline je ubrzana karboanhidraze.
D. CO 2 difuzijom kroz tkivo mnogo bre nego O2.
E. O2 i CO2 disocijacije krivulje imaju razliite oblike.
7. Vrhunac je uspravno ljudskih plua u odnosu na bazu:
A. vei PO2.
B. vie ventilaciju.
C. nii pH u krajem kapilarne krvi.
D. vei protok krvi.
E. Manji alveola.
8. Ako ventilacije-perfuzije omjer plua jedinica je smanjen za
djelomine bronhoopstrukcije, dok je ostatak plua je

A. Increased alveolar PO2.

B. Decreased alveolar PCO2.
C. No change in alveolar PN2.
D. Rise in pH of end-capillary blood.
E. Fall in oxygen uptake.
9. A patient with lung disease who is breathing air has an arterial P O2 and
PCO2 of 49 and 48 mm Hg, respectively, and a respiratory exchange ratio
of 0.8. The approximate alveolar-arterial difference for P O2 (in mm Hg)
is:
A. 10
B. 20
C. 30
D. 40
E. 50
Transport gasova
1. The presence of hemoglobin in normal arterial blood increases its
oxygen concentration approximately how many times?
A. 10
B. 30
C. 50
D. 70
E. 90
2. An increase in which of the following increases the O 2 affinity of
hemoglobin?
A. Temperature.
B. PCO2.
C. H+ concentration.
D. 2,3-DPG.
E. Carbon monoxide added to the blood.
3. A patient with carbon monoxide poisoning is treated with hyperbaric
oxygen that increases the arterial Po2 to 2,000 mm Hg. The amount of
oxygen dissolved in the arterial blood (in ml 100 ml -1) is:
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6
4. A patient with severe anemia has normal lungs. You would expect:
A. Low arterial PO2.
B. Low arterial O2 saturation.
C. Normal arterial O2 concentration.
D. Low oxygen concentration of mixed venous blood.
E. Normal tissue PO2.
5. In carbon monoxide poisoning, you would expect:
A. Reduced arterial PO2.
B. Normal oxygen concentration of arterial blood.
C. Reduced oxygen concentration of mixed venous blood.
D. O2 dissociation curve is shifted to the right.
E. Carbon monoxide has a distinct odor.
6. The laboratory reports the following arterial blood gas values in a
patient with severe lung disease who is breathing air: P O2 60 mm Hg,
PCO2 110 mm Hg, pH 7.20. You conclude:
A. Patient has a normal PO2.
B. Patient has a normal PCO2.
C. There is a respiratory alkalosis.
D. There is a partially compensated respiratory alkalosis.
E. The values for PO2 and PCO2 are internally inconsistent.
7. Most of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood is in the form of:
A. Dissolved.
B. Bicarbonate.
C. Attached to hemoglobin.
D. Carbamino compounds.
E. Carbonic acid.
8. A patient with chronic lung disease has arterial PO2 and PCO2 values of
50 and 60 mm Hg, respectively, and a pH of 7.35. How is his acid-base
status best described?
A. Normal.
B. Partially compensated respiratory alkalosis.
C. Partially compensated respiratory acidosis.
D. Metabolic acidosis.
E. Metabolic alkalosis.

nepromijenjen, oteena plua jedinica e se prikazati:

A. Poveanje alveolarnog PO2.
B. Smanjenje alveolarne pCO2.
C. Nema promjene u alveolarne PN2.
D. Porast pH krajnjih kapilarne krvi.
E. pad kisika.
9. Bolesnika s bolesti plua koja die zrak ima arterijski PO2 i
pCO2 od 49 i 48 mm Hg, a respiratorni razmjenu omjer 0,8.
Priblian alveolarni-arterijska razlika za PO2 (u mm Hg) je:
A. 10
B. 20
C. 30
D. 40
E. 50
TRANSPORT gasova
1. Prisutnost hemoglobina u arterijskoj krvi normalno poveava
koncentracija kisika u krvi za otprilike _____ puta.
A. 10
B. 30
C. 50
D. 70
E. 90
2. Porast u kojoj od sljedeih poveava O2 afinitet hemoglobina?
A. temperature.
B. PCO 2.
C. H + koncentracije.
D. 2,3-DPG.
E. Ugljini monoksid dodan u krvi.
3. Pacijent s trovanjem ugljinim monoksidom se lijei
hiperbarine kisika koji poveava arterijski PO2 do 2.000 mm Hg.
Koliina otopljenog kisika u arterijskoj krvi (u ml 100 ml-1) je:
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6
4. Pacijent s tekom anemijom ima normalnu funkciju plua i
oekuje se da ima:
A. Nizak arterijski PO2.
B. Nisku arterijsku saturaciju kiseonika.
C. Normalnu arterijsku koncentraciju kiseonika.
D. Nisku koncentracija kiseonika u meovitoj venskoj krvi.
E. normalan tkivni PO2.
5. U trovanja ugljinim monoksidom, to se i oekuje:
A. Smanjena arterijski PO2.
B. Normalna koncentracija kisika u arterijskoj krvi.
C. Smanjena koncentracija kisika mijeane venske krvi.
D. O2 disocijacije krivulja se pomie u desno.
E. Ugljini monoksid ima poseban miris.
6. U laboratorijskim izvjeima sljedee vrijednosti arterijskog
krvnog plina u bolesnika s tekom bolesti plua koja die zrak: PO2
60 mm Hg, pCO2 110 mm Hg, pH 7,20. Vi se zakljuiti:
A. Pacijent ima normalan PO2.
B. Pacijent ima normalan pCO2.
C. Tu je respiratorni alkaloza.
D. Tu je djelomino kompenzira dinih alkaloza.
E. vrijednosti PO2 i pCO2 su interno nedosljedne.
7. Veina ugljik dioksida se transportuje krvlju u:
A. Rastvorenom stanju.
B. Obliku bikarbonat.
C. Obliku karbamino hemoglobina.
D. Obliku ugljine kiseline.
E. Obliku gasnih mehuria.
8. Pacijent s hroninom bolesti plua ima arterijski PO2 i PCO2 od 50
i 60 mm Hg, a pH 7,35. Kakav je njegov acidobazni status?
A. Normalan.
B. Delomino kompenzovana respiratorna alkaloza.

C. Delomino kompenzovana respiratorna acidoza.

D. On je u metabolikoj acidozi.
E. On je u metabolikoj alkalozi.
9. The PO2 (in mm Hg) inside skeletal muscle cells during exercise is
closest to:
A. 3
B. 10
C. 20
D. 30
E. 40
10. A patient with chronic pulmonary disease undergoes emergency
surgery. Postoperatively the arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH are 50 mm Hg,
50 mm Hg, and 7.20, respectively. How would the acid-base status be
best described?
A. Mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis.
B. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis.
C. Fully compensated respiratory acidosis.
D. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis.
E. Fully compensated metabolic acidosis.
11. The laboratory provides the following report on arterial blood from a
patient: PCO2 32 mm Hg, pH 7.25, HCO-3 concentration 25 mmol [Q
with dot above] l-1. You conclude that there is:
A. Respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation.
B. Acute respiratory acidosis.
C. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation.
D. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation.
E. A laboratory error.
12. A patient with shortness of breath is breathing air at sea level, and an
arterial blood sample shows P O2 90 mm Hg, PCO2 32 mm Hg, pH 7.30.
Assuming that the respiratory exchange ratio is 0.8, these data indicate:
A. Primary respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation.
B. Normal alveolar-arterial PO2 difference.
C. Arterial O2 saturation less than 70%.
D. The sample was mistakenly taken from a vein.
E. Partially compensated metabolic acidosis.
Mehanizam disanja
1. Concerning contraction of the diaphragm:
A. The nerves that are responsible emerge from the spinal cord at the
level of the lower thorax.
B. It tends to flatten the diaphragm.
C. It reduces the lateral distance between the lower rib margins.
D. It causes the anterior abdominal wall to move in.
E. It raises intrapleural pressure.
2. Concerning the pressure-volume behavior of the lung:
A. Compliance decreases with age.
B. Filling an animal lung with saline decreases compliance.
C. Removing a lobe reduces total pulmonary compliance.
D. Absence of surfactant increases compliance.
E. In the upright lung at FRC, for a given change in intrapleural pressure,
the alveoli near the base of the lung expand less than those near the apex.
3. Two bubbles have the same surface tension, but bubble X has 3 times
the diameter of bubble Y. The ratio of the pressure in bubble X to that in
bubble Y is:
A. 0.3:1
B. 0.9:1
C. 1:1
D. 3:1
E. 9:1
4. Pulmonary surfactant is produced by:
A. Alveolar macrophages.
B. Goblet cells.
C. Leukocytes.
D. Type I alveolar cells.
E. Type II alveolar cells.
5. The basal regions of the upright human lung are normally better
ventilated than the upper regions because:
A. Airway resistance to the upper regions is higher than to the lower
regions.
B. There is less surfactant in the upper regions.
C. The blood flow to the lower regions is higher.

9. PO2 (mm Hg) u elijama skeletnih miia tokom vebanja je:

A. 3
B. 10
C. 20
D. 30
E. 40
10. Bolesnika s kroninom plunom bolesti prolazi hitna operacija.
Postoperativno arterijski PO2, pCO2 i pH su 50 mm Hg, 50 mm
Hg, i 7,20, respektivno. Kako bi se kiselo-bazni status najbolje
moe opisati?
A. Mjeoviti respiratorne i metabolike acidoze.
B. nekompenzirane respiratorne acidoze.
C. Potpuno nadoknaditi respiratorne acidoze.
D. nekompenzirane metabolike acidoze.
E. Potpuno nadoknaditi metabolike acidoze.
11. Laboratorij prua sljedee izvjee o arterijskoj krvi od
pacijenta: pCO2 32 mm Hg, pH 7,25, HCO-3 koncentracije 25
mmol [Q s dot iznad] l-1. Vi se zakljuiti da postoji:
A. disanje alkaloza uz metaboliku naknadu.
B. Akutni respiratorni acidoze.
C. metabolika acidoza s respiratornim naknadu.
D. Metabolika alkaloza sa respiratornim naknadu.
E. laboratorijske pogreke.
12. Pacijent s oteano disanje die zrak na razini mora, i arterijske
krvi uzorak pokazuje PO2 90 mm Hg, pCO2 32 mm Hg, pH 7,30.
Uz pretpostavku da dinog razmjena omjer 0,8, ovi podaci
pokazuju:
A. Primarna respiratorna alkaloza uz metaboliku naknadu.
B. Normalno alveolarni-arterijski PO2 razlika.
C. Arterijska O2 zasienje manje od 70%.
D. uzorak pogreno je preuzet iz vene.
E. Djelomino nadoknaditi metabolike acidoze.
Mehanizam disanja
1. ta je tano kada je u pitanju dijafragma?
A. Nerv koji inervie dijafragmu izlazi iz kimene modine na
nivou donjeg dela grudne duplje.
B. Ovaj mii kontrakcijom nastoji da izravna dijafragmu.
C. On podie intrapleural pritisak.
D. Uzrokuje pomeranje prednjeg trbunog zida.
E. Smanjuje intra abdominalni pritisak.
2. to se tie tlaka volumen ponaanje plua:
A. Komplijansa se smanjuje starenjem.
B. punjenje plua ivotinja s fiziolokom smanjuje komplijansu.
C. Uklanjanje renju smanjuje ukupni plunu komplijansu.
D. Nedostatak povrinski poveava komplijansu.
E. u uspravnom plua u FRC, za dane promjenu u intrapleural tlak,
alveola u blizini baze plua proiriti manje od onih u blizini apeksa.
3. Dva mjehurii imaju istu napetost povrine, ali mjehur X ima tri
puta vei od promjera mjehuri Y. Odnos pritiska u balonu X da u
balon Y je:
A. 0.3:1
B. 0.9:1
C. 01:01
D. 03:01
E. 09:01
4. Pluni surfaktant stvaraju:
A. Alveolarne makrofage.
B. Eritrociti.
C. Leukociti.
D. Tip I alveolarnih elija.

D. The lower regions have a small resting volume and a relatively

large increase in volume.
E. The PCO2 of the lower regions is relatively high.

6. Pulmonary surfactant:
A. Increases the surface tension of the alveolar lining liquid.
B. Is secreted by type I alveolar epithelial cells.
C. Is a protein.
D. Increases the work required to expand the lung.
E. Helps to prevent transudation of fluid from the capillaries into
the alveolar spaces.
7. Concerning normal expiration during resting conditions:
A. Expiration is generated by the expiratory muscles.
B. Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
C. Intrapleural pressure gradually falls (becomes more negative) during
the expiration.
D. Flow velocity of the gas (in cm sec -1) in the large airways
exceeds that in the terminal bronchioles.
E. Diaphragm moves down as expiration proceeds.
9. When a normal subject develops a spontaneous pneumothorax of his
right lung you would expect the following to occur:
A. Right lung expands.
B. Chest wall on the right expands.
C. Diaphragm moves down.
D. Mediastinum moves to the left.
E. Blood flow to the right lung is reduced.
10. According to Poiseuille's law, reducing the radius of an airway to
one-third will increase its resistance how many fold?
A. 1/3
B. 3
C. 9
D. 27
E. 81
11. Concerning airflow in the lung:
A. Flow is more likely to be turbulent in small airways than in the
trachea.
B. The lower the viscosity, the less likely is turbulence to occur.
C. In pure laminar flow, halving the radius of the airway increases its
resistance eight-fold.
D. For inspiration to occur, mouth pressure must be less than alveolar
pressure.
E. Airway resistance increases during scuba diving.
12. The most important factor limiting flow rate during most of a forced
expiration from total lung capacity is:
A. Rate of contraction of expiratory muscles.
B. Action of diaphragm.
C. Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle.
D. Elasticity of chest wall.
E. Compression of airways.
13. Which of the following factors increases the resistance of the
airways?
A. Increasing lung volume above FRC.
B. Increased sympathetic stimulation of airway smooth muscle.
C. Going to high altitude.
D. Inhaling cigarette smoke.
E. Breathing a mixture of 21% O2 and 79% helium (molecular weight 4).
14. A normal subject makes an inspiratory effort against a closed airway.
You would expect the following to occur:
A. Tension in the diaphragm decreases.
B. The internal intercostal muscles become active.
C. Intrapleural pressure increases (becomes less negative).
D. Alveolar pressure falls more than intrapleural pressure.
E. Pressure inside the pulmonary capillaries falls.

E. Tip II alveolarnih elija.

5. Bazalnog regija uspravno ljudskih plua su obino bolje
ventilirane od gornjeg regije, jer:
A. otpora dinih puteva do gornjeg regije je vea nego u nia
podruja.
B. Tu je manje tenzida u gornjem regijama.
C. protok krvi u nia podruja je vei.
D. nia podruja imaju malo odmara volumen i relativno veliki
porast volumena.
E. pCO2 u nia podruja je relativno visoka.
6. Pluni surfaktant:
A. Poveava povrinski napon tankog filma tenosti koja oblae
alveolu.
B. Stvaraju alvolarne elije tipa I.
C. Je protein.
D. Poveava neophodni rada koji je potreban da bi se plua
proirila.
E. Pomae u spreavanju transudacije tenosti kapilara u
alveole.
7. ta je tano kada je u pitanju ekspiracija u mirovanju?
A. Ekspiracija je rezultat kontrakcije ekspiratornih miia.
B. Alveolarni pritisak je manji od atmosferskog pritiska.
C. Intrapleuralni pritisak postepeno pada (postaje sve vie
negativan) tokom ekspiracije.
D. brzine protoka vazduha (u cm sec-1) u velikim disajnim
putevima prevazilazi one u terminalnim bronhiolama.
E. Dijafragma se pomie nadole tokom ekspiracije.
9. Kada normalan predmet razvija spontani pneumotoraks njegova
desnog plua koju bi oekivati da se dogodi sljedee:
A. Pravo plua iri.
B. stijenke prsnog koa proiruje na desnoj strani.
C. Dijafragma se pomie prema dolje.
D. medijastinuma kree na lijevoj strani.
E. dotok krvi u desnom plunom krilu se smanjuje.
10. Prema Poiseuille zakonu smanjenje radijus disajnih puteva za
jednu treinu poveva otpor za koliko puta?
A. 1 / 3
B. 3
C. 9
D. 27
E. 81
11. to se tie zraka u pluima:
A. Flow je vie vjerojatno da e biti turbulentno u malim disajnim
putevima nego u dunik.
B. smanjiti viskoznost, manje je vjerojatno da se dogodi je
turbulencija.
C. U istom laminarno strujanje, prepoloviti radijus od dinih
puteva poveava otpornost osam puta.
D. Za inspiraciju da se dogodi, usta pritisak mora biti manji od
alveolarnog tlaka.
E. otpora dinih puteva, poveava tijekom ronjenja.
12. Najvaniji faktor ograniavanja protoka tijekom veine
prisilnog isteka od totalni pluni kapacitet je:
A. stopa kontrakcije ekspiracijskog miia.
B. Akcija dijafragme.
C. suavanje bronhija glatkih miia.
D. Elastinost grudnog koa.
E. Kompresije dinih puteva.
13. Koji od sljedeih faktor poveava otpornost disajnih puteva?
A. Poveanje volumena plua iznad FRC.
B. Poveana simpatika stimulacija glatkih miia dinih putova.
C. Odlazak na visoke nadmorske visine.
D. Udisanje duhanskog dima.
E. Disanje mjeavinu od 21% O2 i 79% helij (molekulske mase 4).
14. Normalan predmet ini inspiratorni napora protiv zatvoren
dinih putova. Ti bi se oekivati sljedee dogoditi:

Kontrola disanja
1. Concerning the respiratory centers:
A. The normal rhythmic pattern of breathing originates from neurons in
the motor area of the cortex.
B. Inspiratory activity originates in the ventral respiratory group of cells
in the medulla.
C. Impulses from the pneumotaxic center can stimulate inspiratory
activity.
D. The cortex of the brain can override the function of the
respiratory centers.
E. The only output from the respiratory centers is via the phrenic nerves.
2. Concerning the central chemoreceptors:
A. They are located near the dorsal surface of the medulla.
B. They respond to both the PCO2 and the PO2 of the blood.
C. They are activated by changes in the pH of the surrounding
extracellular fluid.
D. For a given rise in P CO2 the pH of cerebrospinal fluid falls less than
that of blood.
E. The bicarbonate concentration of the CSF cannot affect their output.

3. Concerning the peripheral chemoreceptors:

A. They respond to changes in the arterial PO2 but not pH.
B. Under normoxic conditions the response to changes in P O2 is very
small.
C. The response to changes in PCO2 is slower than for central
chemoreceptors.
D. They are the most important receptors causing an increased
ventilation in response to a rise in PCO2.
E. They have a low blood flow per gram of tissue.
4. Concerning the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide:
A. It is increased if the alveolar PO2 is raised.
B. It depends only on the central chemoreceptors.
C. It is increased during sleep.
D. It is increased if the work of breathing is raised.
E. It is a major factor controlling the normal level of ventilation.
5. Concerning the ventilatory response to hypoxia:
A. It is the major stimulus to ventilation at high altitude.
B. It is primarily brought about by the central chemoreceptors.
C. It is reduced if the PCO2 is also raised.
D. It rarely stimulates ventilation in patients with chronic lung disease.
E. It is important in mild carbon monoxide poisoning.
6. The most important stimulus controlling the level of resting
ventilation is:
A. PO2 on peripheral chemoreceptors.
B. PCO2 on peripheral chemoreceptors.
C. pH on peripheral chemoreceptors.
D. pH of CSF on central chemoreceptors.
E. PO2 on central chemoreceptors.
7. Exercise is one of the most powerful stimulants to ventilation. It
primarily works by way of:
A. Low arterial PO2.
B. High arterial PCO2.
C. Low PO2 in mixed venous blood.
D. Low arterial pH.
E. None of the above.
8. Concerning the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex:
A. The impulses travel to the brain via the carotid sinus nerve.
B. It results in further inspiratory efforts if the lung is maintained
inflated.
C. It is seen in adults at small tidal volumes.
D. It may help to inflate the newborn lung.
E. Abolishing the reflex in many animals causes rapid, shallow
breathing.
RS pod stresom
1. Concerning exercise:
A. It can increase the oxygen consumption more than tenfold
compared with rest.
B. The measured respiratory exchange ratio cannot exceed 1.0.

A. napetost u dijafragme smanjuje.

B. unutarnje interkostalnog miii postaju aktivni.
C. Intrapleural tlak poveava (postaje manje negativna).
D. alveolarne tlak padne vie od intrapleural tlaka.
E. tlaka unutar pluni kapilare pada.
Certifikacijskog disanja
ta je tano kada je u pitanju respiratorni centar?
A. Normalna matrica ritma disanja potie iz neurona primarne
motorne kore.
B. inspiratorni aktivnost potie iz ventralnih grupa elija u
produenoj modini.
C. Impulsi iz pneumotaksinog centra moe stimulisati inspiratornu
aktivnost.
D. Korteks mozga moe privremeno nadjaati funkciju
respiratornog centra.
E. Jedini izlaz iz respiratornog centra ide preko freninog nerva.
2. ta je tano kada su u pitanju centralni hemoreceptori?
A. Oni se nalaze u blizini dorzalne povrine medule.
B. Oni reaguju na promene PCO2 i PO2 u krvi.
C. Oni se aktiviraju promenom pH okolne ekstracelularne
tenosti.
D. Za dati PCO2 pH cerebrospinalnog likvora pada manje nego u
krvi.
E. Bikarbonatna koncentracije likvora ne moe uticati na njihov
rad.
3. ta je tano kada su u pitanju periferni receptori?
A. Oni reagiraju na promjene u arterijskog PO2, ali ne i pH.
B. Pod normalnim uslovima odgovor na promenu PO2 je vrlo
mala.
C. Odgovor na promene PCO2 je sporiji nego kod centralnih
hemoreceptora.
D. Oni su najvanija receptora koji poveavaju ventilaciju kao
odgovor na porast PCO2.
E. Oni imaju nizak protok krvi po gramu tkiva.
4. ta je tano kada je u pitanju odgovor ventilacije na ugljen
dioksid?
A. On je povean ako alveolarni PO2 raste.
B. On zavisi samo od centralnih hemoreceptora.
C. On se poveava tokom sna.
D. On je povean ako je napor pri disanju vei.
E. To je glavni faktor kontrole za normaln nivo ventilacije.
5. to se tie ventilatornog odgovor na hipoksiju:
A. To je glavni poticaj za ventilaciju na visokoj nadmorskoj
visini.
B. To je prvenstveno uzrokovana sredinje chemoreceptors.
C. To je smanjen ako je pCO2 takoer je uskrsnuo.
D. Rijetko stimulira ventilacije u bolesnika s kroninom bolesti
plua.
E. Vano je u blagom trovanja ugljinim monoksidom.
6. Najvaniji stimulus u kontroli ventilacije tokom mirovanja je:
A. PO2 na perifernim hemoreceptorima.
B. PCO2 na perifernim hemoreceptorima.
C. pH na perifernim hemoreceptorima.
D. pH likvora na centralnim hemoreceptorima.
E. PO2 na centralnim hemoreceptorima.
7. Vebanj je jedan od najmonijih stimulanse za ventilaciju. To se
prvenstveno radi putem:
A. Niskpg arterijskog PO2.
B. Visokog arterijskog PCO2.
C. Niskog PO2 u meovioj venskoj krvi.
D. Niskog arterijskog pH.
E. Nijedan odgovor nije taan.
8. ta je tano kada je u pitanju Hering-Breuer inflacioni refleks?

C. Ventilation increases less than cardiac output.

D. At low levels of exercise blood lactate concentrations typically
rapidly increase.
E. The change in ventilation on exercise can be fully explained by the
fall in arterial pH.

2. Concerning acclimatization to high altitude:

A. Hyperventilation is of little value.
B. Polycythemia occurs rapidly.
C. There is a rightward shift of the O 2 dissociation curve at extreme
altitudes.
D. The number of capillaries per unit volume in skeletal muscle falls.
E. Changes in oxidative enzymes occur inside muscle cells.
3. If a small airway in a lung is blocked by mucus, the lung distal to this
may become atelectatic. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Atelectasis occurs faster if the person is breathing air rather than
oxygen.
B. The sum of the gas partial pressures in mixed venous blood is less
than in arterial blood during air breathing.
C. The blood flow to the atelectatic lung will rise.
D. The absorption of a spontaneous pneumothorax is explained by a
different mechanism.
E. The elastic properties of the lung strongly resist atelectasis.
4. If helium-oxygen mixtures rather than nitrogen-oxygen mixtures (with
the same oxygen concentration) are used for very deep diving:
A. Risk of decompression sickness is reduced.
B. Work of breathing is increased.
C. Airway resistance is increased.
D. Risk of O2 toxicity is reduced.
E. Risk of inert gas narcosis is increased.
5. If a seated astronaut makes the transition from 1G to 0G, which of the
following decreases?
A. Blood flow to the apex of the lung.
B. Ventilation to the apex of the lung.
C. Deposition of inhaled aerosol particles.
D. Thoracic blood volume.
E. PCO2 in the alveoli at the apex of the lung.
6. Which of the following increases by the largest percentage at maximal
exercise compared with rest?
A. Heart rate.
B. Alveolar ventilation.
C. PCO2 of mixed venous blood.
D. Cardiac output.
E. Tidal volume.
7. The transition from placental to pulmonary gas exchange is
accompanied by:
A. Reduced arterial PO2.
B. Rise of pulmonary vascular resistance.
C. Closure of the ductus arteriosus.
D. Increased blood flow through the foramen ovale.
E. Weak respiratory efforts.
Funkcionalni testovi plua
1. Concerning the 1-second forced expiratory volume:
A. The test can be used to assess the efficacy of bronchodilators.
B. It is unaffected by dynamic compression of the airways.
C. It is reduced in patients with pulmonary fibrosis but not chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease.
D. It is normal in patients with asthma.
E. The test is difficult to perform.
2. The following may reduce the FEV 1 in a patient with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease:
A. Hypertrophy of the diaphragm.
B. Administration of a bronchodilator drug.
C. Increased expiratory effort.

A. Impulsi putuju do mozga putem karotidnog sinusa nerva.

B. On rezultira u daljem inspiratornom naporu kako bi se plua
odrala prenaduvanim.
C. On se javlja kod odraslih sa malim tidalnim volumen.
D. On pomae da se naduvaju plua novoroeneta.
E. Prekidanje refleksa kod mnogih ivotinja uzrokuje brzo, plitko
disanje.
RS pod stresom
1. Tokom vebanja:
A. Potronja kisika moe da se povea deset puta vie nego u
miru.
B. mera odnosa respiratorne razmene n moe biti vea od 1,0.
C. Ventilacija se poveava manje od minutnog volumena srca.
D. sa malim optereenjem nivo laktata tipino se brzo podie.
E. promena ventilacije moe u potpunosti da se objasni padom
arterijskog pH.
2. to se tie prilagodbe na velikoj nadmorskoj visini:
A. hiperventilacije je od male vrijednosti.
B. policitemija dogaa brzo.
C. Tu je desno pomak krivulje disocijacije O2 na ekstremnim
visinama.
D. broj kapilara po jedinici volumena u skeletnim miiima pada.
E. Promjene u oksidativnih enzima javljaju unutar miinih
stanica.
3. Ako mali dinih putova u pluima je blokirana od strane sluz,
plua distalno ovaj svibanj postati atelectatic. Koja od sljedeih
izjava je istina?
A. atelektaza dogaa bre, ako je osoba die zrak nego kisika.
B. Zbroj plina parcijalnih pritisaka u mjeovitim venskoj krvi
je manje nego u arterijskoj krvi tijekom zrak za disanje.
C. dotok krvi u plua atelectatic e rasti.
D. apsorpcija spontani pneumotoraks objanjava razliitim
mehanizmom.
E. elastina svojstva plua snano oduprijeti atelektaza.
4. Ako su helij-mjeavina kisika nego duik-kisik mjeavine (s
istim koncentracija kisika) koja se koristi za vrlo duboka ronjenja:
A. Opasnost od dekompresijske bolesti je smanjena.
B. Rad disanja je poveana.
C. otpora dinih puteva je poveana.
D. Rizik od O2 toksinost je smanjena.
E. Opasnost od inertnog plina narkoza je poveana.
5. Ako sjedi astronaut ini prijelaz od 1G do 0g, koji od sljedeih
smanjuje?
A. protok krvi do tjemena plua.
B. Ventilacija na vrhu plua.
C. Deponovanje udahnuti aerosol estica.
D. torakalnu volumena krvi.
E. PCO 2 u alveoli na vrhu plua.
6. ta se procentualno najvie poveava tokom napornog vebanja
u odnosu na mirovanje?
A. Broj otkucaja srca.
B. Alveolarna ventilacija.
C. PCO2 meane venske krvi.
D. Srani minutni volumen.
E. Tidalni volumen.
7. Prijelaz iz placente plua plina razmjena je u pratnji:
A. Smanjena arterijski PO2.
B. Rise of plune vaskularnog otpora.
C. Zatvaranje ductus arteriosus.
D. poveanog protoka krvi kroz foramen ovale.
E. Slaba dinog napora.
Funkcionalni testovi plua
1. to se tie 1-drugi forsirani ekspiratorni volumen:
A. test moe se koristiti za ocjenu uinkovitosti
bronhodilatatora.
B. To je nepromijenjen od strane dinamike kompresije dinih
puteva.
C. To je smanjen u pacijenata s plunom fibrozom, ali ne i kronine

D. Loss of radial traction on the airways.

E. Increased elastic recoil of the lung.
3. Concerning the single-breath nitrogen test for uneven ventilation:
A. The slope of the alveolar plateau is reduced in chronic bronchitis
compared with normal.
B. The slope occurs because well-ventilated units empty later in
expiration than poorly ventilated units.
C. The last exhaled gas comes from the base of the lung.
D. A similar procedure can be used to measure the anatomic dead
space.
E. The test is very time consuming.
4. In the assessment of ventilation-perfusion inequality based on
measurements of PO2 and PCO2 in arterial blood and expired gas:
A. The ideal alveolar PO2 is calculated using the expired PCO2.
B. The alveolar PO2 is calculated from the alveolar gas equation.
C. [V with dot above]A/[Q with dot above] inequality reduces the
alveolar-arterial PO2 difference.
D. [V with dot above]A/[Q with dot above] inequality reduces the
physiologic shunt.
E. [V with dot above]A/[Q with dot above] inequality reduces the
physiologic dead space.
5. If a seated normal subject exhales to residual volume (RV):
A. The volume of gas remaining in the lung is more than half of the vital
capacity.
B. The PCO2 of the expired gas falls just before the end of expiration.
C. If the mouthpiece is closed at RV and the subject completely relaxes,
the pressure in the airways is greater than atmospheric pressure.
D. Intrapleural pressure exceeds alveolar pressure at RV.
E. All small airways in the lung are closed at RV.

opstruktivne plune bolesti.

D. To je normalno kod bolesnika s astmom.
E. test je teko izvesti.
2. Sljedei moe smanjiti FEV1 u bolesnika s kroninom
opstruktivnom plunom bolesti:
A. hipertrofija dijafragme.
B. Uprava bronhodilatator droga.
C. Poveana izdisajni napor.
D. Gubitak radijalne vue na dine puteve.
E. Poveana elastina trzanja na plua.
3. to se tie test jednog daha duika za neravne ventilacije:
A. padini alveolarnog platoa je smanjen u kronini bronhitis u
usporedbi s normalnim.
B. padina se dogaa zato to dobro prozraenom jedinice prazan
kasnije od isteka slabo prozraenim jedinica.
C. Zadnja izdahnutog plina dolazi iz baze plua.
D. slian postupak moe se koristiti za mjerenje anatomskih
Dead Space.
E. test je vrlo dugotrajan.
4. Pri ocjeni ventilacije-perfuzije nejednakosti na temelju mjerenja
PO2 i pCO2 u arterijskoj krvi, te je istekao plin:
A. idealna alveolarne PO2 se izraunava koritenjem istekao pCO2.
B. alveolarni PO2 se izraunava iz alveolarnog plina
jednadba.
C. [V s dot iznad] / [Q s dot iznad] nejednakosti smanjuje
alveolarni-arterijski PO2 razlika.
D. [V s dot iznad] / [Q s dot iznad] nejednakosti smanjuje fizioloki
ant.
E. [V s dot iznad] / [Q s dot iznad] nejednakosti smanjuje fizioloki
mrtvi prostor.
5. Ako sjedi normalno predmet izdahne na rezidualni volumen
(RV):
A. volumen plina ostaje u pluima je vie od polovice od vitalnog
kapaciteta.
B. pCO2 je istekao plina pada upravo prije kraja isteka.
C. Ako je usnik je zatvoren u RV i predmet potpuno opusti, tlak u
dinim putovima je vei od atmosferskog tlaka.
D. Intrapleural tlak vei od alveolarnog tlaka u RV.
E. Sve malih disajnih puteva u pluima su zatvoreni u RV.