DIADEM PEARL R.

MANSAYON

LLB3

Classes of shares
Company Law Solutions provides an expert service advising on different classes of shares and the
procedures for creating them.
Most companies have only one class of shares, ordinary shares, but it is increasingly common for even very
small private companies to have different share classes. This may be done for various reasons, such as to be
able to vary the dividends paid to different shareholders, to create non-voting shares, shares for employees
or family members, etc. A company can have what classes of shares it like,s and can call any class of shares
by whatever name it chooses. Apart from ordinary shares, common types are preference shares, non-voting
shares, A shares, B shares, etc (sometimes called "alphabet shares"), shares with extra voting rights
(sometimes called "management shares"). The share class system is infinitely flexible. Different classes of
shares, and the rights attached to them, should be set out in the company's articles of association. The new
classes can then be allotted. Existing shares can be converted to different classes (conversion of shares).
The Company Law Solutions website provides further practical advice on these areas.

Introduction

Ordinary shares

Non-voting shares

Redeemable shares

Preference shares

Deferred ordinary shares

Management shares

Other classes of shares

Voting shares, dividend shares, capital shares

Deadlock articles

Changing class rights

Converting shares from one class to another

Introduction
(You may want to refer to 'Shares - an introduction' before reading this page.)
Any company can create different classes of shares by setting out those classes and the rights attached to
them in the company's articles. If a company has only one class of shares they will beordinary shares and
will carry equal rights.

Different classes of shares within a company can carry identical rights, but very often have different voting,
dividend and/or capital rights. This is done for different reasons. Sometimes it is to attract a particular
investor, e.g. by giving him or her preference shares. In other cases, shares are given to family members or
employees so that dividends may be paid to them, because it may be a more tax-efficient means of making
payments to them. In such cases, the owners of the company may want to restrict the rights attached to such
shares, e.g. by making them non-voting, and perhaps by making it possible to take the shares back if
circumstances change (perhaps by making them redeemable). In some companies, different classes of
shares with the same rights are issued to different people, and the articles provide that the directors may vary
the dividends between the different classes. Such shares rae often identified by a letter (so-called "alphabet
shares").
The following are descriptions of some typical classes of shares. There are no legal definitions of such
classes and shares with the same name (e.g. preference shares) will have different rights in different
companies.
Ordinary shares
Most companies have just ordinary shares. They carry one vote per share, are entitled to participate equally
in dividends and, if the company is wound up, share in the proceeds of the company's assets after all the
debts have been paid.
Some companies create different classes of ordinary shares, e.g. 'A' ordinary shares, 'B' ordinary shares, etc.
This is done to create some small difference between the different classes, e.g. to allow the directors to pay
different dividends to the holders of the different share classes, or to create deadlock articles, or to
distinguish between the shares so that different rules apply forshare transfers, etc. There can also be
ordinary shares in the same company that are of different nominal values, e.g. 1 ordinary shares and 10p
ordinary shares. If each share has one vote(regardless of its nominal value) the holder of the 10p shares will
get 10 votes for every 1 paid for them, while the holder of the 1 shares only gets one vote per 1.
Non-voting shares
Non-voting shares carry no rights to vote and usually no right to attend general meetings either. Such shares
are widely used to issue to employees so that some of their remuneration can be paid as dividends, which
can be more tax-efficient for the company and the employee. The same is also sometimes done for members
of the main shareholders' families. Preference shares are often non-voting.
Redeemable shares
These are shares issued on terms that the company will, or may, buy them back at some future date. The
date may be fixed (e.g. that the shares will be redeemed five years after they are issued) or at the directors'
discretion. The redemption price is often the same as the issue price, but need not be. This can be a way of
making a clear arrangement with an outside investor.
They may also be redeemable at any time at the company's option. This often done with non-voting shares
given to employees so that, if the employee leaves the company his shares can be taken back at their
nominal value. There are statutory restrictions on the redemption of shares. The main requirement, like a
buy-back, being that the company may only redeem the shares out of accumulated profits or the proceeds of
a fresh issue of shares (unless it makes a permissible capital. Preference shares are often redeemable
Preference shares

These will usually have a preferential right to a fixed amount of dividend, expressed as a percentage of the
nominal (par) value of the share, e.g. a 1, 7% preference share will carry a dividend of 7p each year. It is,
however, still a dividend and payable only out of profits. The dividend may be cumulative (i.e. if not paid one
year then accumulates to the next year) or non-cumulative. The presumption is that it is cumulative. The
dividend is usually restricted to a fixed amount, but alternatively the preference share may be participating, in
which case it participates in profits beyond the fixed dividend under some formula.
Preference share are often non-voting (or non-voting except when their dividend is in arrears). They are
sometimes redeemable.
They may be given a priority on return of capital on a winding up. Often they will not be entitled to share in
surplus capital (i.e. they only get their 1 back on each 1 share).
Deferred ordinary shares
Shares on which no dividend is paid until other classes of shares have received a minimum dividend.
Thereafter they will usually be fully participating.
Management shares
A class of shares carrying extra voting rights so as to retain control of the company in particular hands. This
may be done by conferring multiple votes to each share (e.g. ten votes each) or by having a smaller nominal
value for such shares so that there are more shares (and so more votes) per 1 invested. Such shares are
often used to allow the original owners of a company to retain control after additional shares have been
issued to outside investors.
Other classes
Any class of shares may be created. Sometimes different classes are set up for particular purposes, such as
the following arrangements:
Voting shares, dividend shares, capital shares
Sometimes three classes of shares are created with class 'A' having all the voting rights, class 'B' having all
the dividend rights and class 'C' having all the capital rights. It is then possible for the different shareholders
to have different percentages of the rights for these purposes. As a simple example, Shareholder 1 may have
40% of the voting rights ('A' shares), 50% of the dividend rights ('B' shares) and 60% of the capital rights ('C'
shares). Shareholder 2 then has 60% of the votes, 50% of the dividends and 40% of the capital.
Deadlock articles
In a company with two investors, A and B (perhaps a joint venture between two unrelated companies) the
company may have two classes of shares, A shares and B shares. The shares may carry the same rights but
are intended to protect both A and B in certain ways, e.g. the articles may provide for, say, two directors to be
nominated by the holders of the A shares and two by the holders of the B shares, etc.
Changing class rights
There is some statutory protection given to the holders of a class of shares against the rights on their shares
being altered. A minority class of shares, or a class of non-voting shares, would otherwise be vulnerable to
the rights on those shares being altered by the majority (e.g. by altering the articles by special resolution).
This is known as a variation of class rights. Full consideration of this complex area is outside the terms of this
database, but the following is a summary of the main statutory provisions:

CA 2006, sec630 provides that class rights may be varied only in accordance with the articles or if either:
(a) the holders of three-quarters in nominal value of the issued shares of that class consent in writing to the
variation; or
(b)a special resolution (75% majority) is passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of that class to
sanction the variation.
CA 2006, sec633: The holders of not less than 15% of the issued shares of the class (being persons who did
not consent to or vote in favour of the resolution for the variation), may apply to the court to have the variation
cancelled.
Converting shares from one class to another
There is no statutory procedure for converting shares from one class to another. It may be done with the
consent of all the shareholders affected. The safest course is to pass a resolution to which all the
shareholders consent because, in practice, changing the rights on one person's shares may well have an
effect, at least in practice on the rights of all the other shareholders. Such conversions are now relatively
commonplace. More practical advice on this area can be found on the Company Law Solutions website.
Caution
Care needs to be taken when creating different classes of shares and, indeed, in issuing shares generally.
There have been many examples over recent years where shares have been created in order to save tax
without taking proper advice as to the implications of issuing such shares to employees, family members, etc.
That is not to say that such schemes should be avoided, only that they should be put in place only with
proper advice. Company Law Solutions provides an expert service advising on different classes of shares
and the procedures for creating them. We do not give tax advice.