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FEASIBILITY STUDY AND

PREPARATION OF DPR
FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Ashok Kumar
Chief Engineer
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
Govt. of India
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2. STAGES IN PROJECT PREPARATION


Pre-feasibility report
Possible locations
Nature of crossing
Traffic scenario

Feasibility report (FR)


Preliminary survey and data collection
Preliminary investigations of alternative sites
Rough cost assessment for various alternatives
Economic viability (IRR)
Special design requirements, if any
Model study, if required
Schedule of pre-construction activities
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Recommendations

Detailed project report (DPR)


Detailed surveys and investigations on the approved
site and alignment
Detailed design and drawings
Realistic cost estimate
Tender documents including Bill of Quantities and
specifications
Work programme
Quality assurance system
Maintenance Manual
Any other special requirements

3. DATA COLLECTION

Index map, site plan and contour survey plan


Topographical and catchment area map
Geological map
Traffic data including pedestrian traffic likely to use the bridge
Hydrological data
Longitudinal and cross-section of river
Catchment area characteristics - rainfall pattern and run-off
physical characteristics (slope, soil)
River/channel characteristics - river flow pattern i.e.
perennial/seasonal and river traffic, physical features
Flood data records and water levels i.e. HFL, OFL and LWL
High and low tide levels for tidal channels (HTL and LTL)
Requirement of navigational clearance both horizontal and
vertical

Subsoil data (IRC:78)


 Soil characteristics and erodibility of bed and bank
 Foundation investigation by boring to ascertain data on S.B.C. and
settlement
 Surface and sub-surface soil investigation for immediate approaches
Construction materials
 Sources and quality

Environmental data
 Quality of air, water and ground soil
 Impact of bridge on marine life and other environmental conditions
 Severity of environment w.r.t corrosion (severe/moderate)
 Wind and seismic data

Details of existing utility services and need for


relocation, if any
Data on the existing bridges upstream and down
stream
Length and span arrangement
Vertical clearance
Substructure and superstructure
Foundations and protection works
Special features, if any
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4. CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION


Generally dependent on road alignment up to say
200m length. Beyond 200m length, bridge setting
is to be decided first and road alignment will follow
the same.
Square or skew crossing with angle of skew
Defined banks and spread of water at HFL/HTL
Proximity of existing bridge
Requirement of bank protection
Alignment and length of approaches
Access to site
Aesthetic consideration
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5. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND


FIXING DESIGN PARAMETERS

Determination of HFL/LWL
Design discharge and velocity of flow
Linear waterway and span arrangement
Scour depth
Horizontal and vertical clearances and freeboard in
the approaches
Subsoil data in foundation
Floor protection works
Flyovers & Interchanges proper traffic circulation
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6. CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPAN


ARRANGEMENT
Piers to be preferably in line with the existing bridge
piers in case of proximity to avoid concentration of flow
and turbulence
Span length depends on type of founding strata
Cost of superstructure vis-a-vis foundation and
substructure
Time of construction
Design efforts and time required
Ease of construction
Availability of suitable contractors
Easy repairs and replaceability of superstructure
Riding quality
Aesthetics

7. TYPE OF SUPERSTRUCTURE
Simply supported, continuous or balanced cantilever for
conventional bridges
Cable stayed and suspension bridges for long spans
R.C.C. Solid slab for spans upto 10 metre
Voided R.C.C. slab for 10 to 20 metres span
Simply supported R.C.C. T-beam and slab for 10 to 25 metre
span
Simply supported precast/cast-in-situ P.S.C. girders and
R.C.C. deck slab for spans 25 to 40 metre
Simply supported P.S.C. box girders upto about 60 metre
Continuous P.S.C box girders or bow string girders upto 120
to 150 metre span built with cantilever segmental construction
method.
Continuous arch bridges in R.C.C./P.S.C.
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Steel girders with composite R.C.C. deck slab.

8. TYPE OF SUBSTRUCTURE
Solid wall type pier
Circular column type pier (specially
suitable for skew bridge)
Solid wall type abutment
Spill through column type abutment
Straight/splayed return walls
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9. TYPE OF FOUNDATION
Circular well
Dumbell/Double-D shape well
Pile foundation - bored piles
commonly used
Shallow isolated open foundation
Raft foundation
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10. DECK CONFIGURATION


Two lane bridges
Multi-lane bridge with median verge and divided
carriageway
Width between outer most faces of railing kerb to
be same as the formation width in the immediate
approaches
Footpath width minimum 1.50 m
Width of median verge should preferably be kept
same as in the immediate approach
Railing in combination with crash barrier for major
bridges, flyovers, R.O.Bs
Cross slope in deck and footpath
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11. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS


Wearing coat on bridge deck
Concrete wearing coat not recommended due
to problem of cracking and replacement
Bituminous concrete (usually 50mm thick)
over 10 to 15 mm thick mastic asphalt water
proofing layer
Mastic asphalt layer (25 mm thickness or
more) over 40 mm thick bituminous concrete
layer for heavy traffic condition.
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Expansion Joints - MOST Interim


Specifications & IRC: SP: 69 2005
Guidelines and Specifications
Copper strip with polysulphide filling for small
gaps
Slab seal joint
Strip seal joint (upto 70 to 80mm gap)
Modular joint for larger gaps
Compression seal
Asphaltic plug joint (suitable for rehabilitation
projects)
Finger type joints for large movement
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Bearings
Sliding plate bearings for spans around 15 metre
Metallic rocker and rocker-cum-roller bearings (IRC 83Part I)
Elastomeric bearings (IRC 83-Part 2)
POT cum PTFE bearings suitable for larger spans and
multi-directional rotation (IRC 83 Part 3)
Knuckle and pin bearings

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Utilities & Access for Inspection


No water pipe line should be in contact with the bridge
components
P&T and electric cables to be taken in duct supported by
brackets cantilevered from deck/footpath end
Maintenance platform around pier
Continuous cantilever walkway at soffit level on either
side of box girder

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12. DETAILED DESIGN AND DRAWINGS


General arrangement drawing (GAD)
Detailed design and drawings to be based on
relevant I.R.C./I.S. Codes
Review of design based on site conditions
during execution particularly for foundations
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13. TENDER DOCUMENTS

General and special conditions of contract

Technical specifications for various items


based on M.O.S.T. Specifications

Bill of Quantities (BOQ)

Final drawings

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14. SOME IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF


PROJECT PREPARATION FOR BRIDGES
Subsoil investigation - Importance of different soil
parameters in each location of bore holes for design
and construction of well & pile foundation - At least
one bore hole in each foundation location for major
bridges
Design of well foundation & pile foundation - load
tests
Conceptualization to implementation - Step by step
approach
Availability of land for storage of materials, labour
accommodation etc. for major projects
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Drainage, ventilation and lighting for sub-ways and


underpasses
Safety of adjoining structures and pedestrain
movement during construction of urban flyovers
etc.
Design life of bridges 50-100 years depending
upon traffic growth and intensity
Dynamic analysis and wind tunnel testing for cable
stayed or suspension bridges
Computer aided designs for speedy and accurate
analysis
Realistic construction programme
Special consideration for bridges in hilly areas 21

15. DURABILITY MEASURES IN


DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Use of not too slender sections


Increased cover to steel/cables
Control of cracking and crack width by good detailing
Reduction in number of expansion joints and use of leak
proof joints
Water proofing of deck
Anti-corrosive treatment to all steel reinforcement
Good dense concrete
Provision for future prestressing
Fatigue testing of anchorages
Fenders against barge impact on substructure
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16. NEW MATERIALS &


CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

High performance concrete (HPC)


Super-politicizes and retardars
Corrosion resistant steel
Low relaxation prestressing strands
High capacity strands and multi-strand pulling jack and
anchorages
HDPE sheathing and synthetic grout for cables
Precast pretensioned girders suitable for urban flyovers
Unbonded prestressing cables for girders
Large diameter (upto 2.5 m) bored cast-in-situ piles in
foundation
Incremental launching
Slip form shuttering
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17. CONCLUSION
A. FEASIBILITY REPORT
Preliminary survey and data collection
Selection of bridge site
Detailed survey and investigation and analysis of data and test results
Proposal of span arrangements
Decide type of superstructure, substructure and foundation
Select appropriate types of appurtenances
Finalise GAD
B. DETAILED PROJECT REPORT
Prepare detailed design and drawings incorporating durability measures
and review of design
Prepare tender documents including BOQ and technical specifications
Prepare quality assurance plan and maintenance manual
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DESIGN OF SUBSTRUCTURE &


FOUNDATIONOF BRIDGES

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Bridge Components
1) Superstructure
2) Substructure
3) Foundations
4) Appurtances
Superstructure and Substructure, No uncertainties
Foundation: Full of uncertainties: Variation to the
contract
Hence Planning, Investigation Analysis and Design
plays a major role in deciding type of foundation
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Study required for design of a Bridge

Hydraulic Analysis
Subsoil Investigation
Structural Analysis

Hydraulic Analysis: Sitting of Bridge


Fixing of Design discharge
Linear Water Way
Scour Depth
Depth of Foundation
Subsoil Investigation: Bearing capacities of founding level
Soil properties of embankment material
Soil properties of bed material
Structural Analysis: Stress in each component should be less than the permisseb value
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HYDRAULIC PARAMETRE

DESIGN DISCHARGE
BY EMPERICAL FORMULAE
By Area Velocity Method
By Unit Hydrograph Method
Emperical Formulae

DICKENSS FORMULA
Q=CM3/4
Where Q = the peak run-off in cu.m/sec. And M is the catchment area in
sq.km.
C = 11-14 where the annual rainfall is 60-120 cm;
= 14-19 in Madhya Pradesh
32 in Western Ghats.

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Ryves Formula
Q = CM2/3 The formula was devised for
chennai.
Where Q is run-off in cu.m./sec., and
M is the catchment area in sq. km.
C= 6.8 for areas with in 25 km of the coast
8.5 for areas between 25 and 160 km of
the coast and10.0 for limited areas near
hills.
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Inglish Formula
Q = 125 M/M+10
Where Q= maximum flood discharge in
cu.m/sec.
M= the area of the catchment in
sq. km.
The formula was devised for Bombay
presidency.

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By Area Velocity Method


V=1/nR2/3 S1/2
Where V= the velocity in m per sec.,
R = Hydraulic mean depth= A/P
S = slope of the bed
n = the regosity coefficient

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Effective Linear Waterway


W = CQ
Where
W = Linear Waterway
Q = Design maximum discharge
C = 4.8

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Afflux
Afflux is the height by which the natural flood level of the
river rises at any point due to constriction and/or
obstruction which may be calculated as below
h = (V2/17.88 + 0.015) {(A/a)2 1}
Where
h = Afflux in meteres
V = average velocity of the water in the river prior to
constriction in m/sec.
A = Unobstructed sectional area of the river at proposed
site in sq.m.
a = Constricted area of the river at the bridge in sq.m.
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Vertical Clearance above HFL


Discharge in cumecs

Minimum vertical
Clearances in mm

Upto 0.3
Above 0.3 and upto 3
Above 3 and upto 30
Above 30 and upto
300
Above 300 and upto
3000
Above 3000

150
450
600
900
1200
1500

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Fixing of Deck Level


1) HFL + Afflux + clearance above HFL
+Depth of Super structure
Fixing of foundation level
From Hydraulic consideration Minimum
grip below Scour level = 1/3rd Maximum
Scour depth
From Bearing Capacity Point of view
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Mean Depth of Scour


dsm = 1.34{Db2/Ksf}1/3
Where

Db = The design discharge for


foundation per metre with at
effective linear waterway.
Ksf = Silt factor for a representative
sample of bed material obtained
upto the level of anticipated deepest
scour.
Ksf = 1.76(dm)1/2

Where d

m is

the mean diameter of bed material


Maximum Scour for pier = 2 dsm
Maximum Scour for abutment = 1.27 dsm
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Type of Foundations
Shallow Foundation(open foundation)
Deep Foundation(Piles,well etc)

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Type of Foundation
Shallow Foundation transfers the loads
and moments from Superstructure directly
to the foundation base, without any
passive relief from the soil.
Deep Foundation, the passive relief is
provided by the soil grip below the scour
level.

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Open Foundation
Suited where hard / rock strata is available
at shallow depth

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Open foundations can be adopted:


1) Best suited where rock is available closer to the bed level
span range 20m. Made continuous by deck continuity is
economical
2) Where scour is not appreciable. Good founding data
available is at 3m to 4m below ground level.
3) Code requires 2m minimum foundation depth below
scour level means scour shall not be more than 2m.
4) Alternatively bed can be protected.
5) Cellular open foundation suitable for rocky strata.

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Pile Foundations:
Traditionally adopted for flyover and creek bridges where no
scour was expected.
Why pile foundations were not adopted for river bridges
because:
1) Vulnerable against concentration of flow
2) At deep scour locations unsupported length turns out to be
high
3) Can be damaged by floating debris and rolling boulders

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TYPE OF PILE FOUNDATION

1) Precast driven piles


2) Precast bored piles
3) Cast in-situ driven piles
4) Cast in-situ bored piles
5) Steel Piles

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Classification of Piles:

1) Friction Piles
2) End Bearing Piles
3) Friction and End Bearing Piles

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Suitable Locations:
1) Span range not more than 50m
2) Scour between 10m and 15m
3) Discharge per m length low For river
bridges
4) For flyovers and creeks

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Well Foundations
1) Suitable for location where heavy scour occurs
2) Discharge per meter length is high
3) Velocity flow is high
4) Spans are more than 50m or 60,
5) If well foundations are adopted go for larger spans

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Sinking of Well Foundation


1) Sinking by grabbing
2) Using grabbing and Kent ledge
3) Blasting
4) Pneumatic Sinking
5) Jackdown Method

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Analysis of Open Foundation


1) Design combination of actions has to be chosen
2) Load to be considerer for Design

Dead load
Live load
Snow load
Wind load
Water current
Longitudinal forces caused by tractive effort of vehicles or by braking
of
vehicles and/or those caused by restraint of movement of free bearings by
friction or deformation

Buoyancy

Earth Pressure including live load surcharge, if any

3) Live load for two lane bridge

Class A Double lane


70R - Wheel
70R Track
Footpath live load

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4) Earth Pressure

Active Earth Pressure


Passive Earth Pressure
- Rankines Theory
Ka= 1-sin /1-sin
Kp = 1/ka
- Coulombs Theroy
Ka = cos2 /[1+sin(+ )sin/cos]2
Kp = cos2 /[1-sin(+ )sin/cos?]2

5) Water Current Force


6) 100% of contact area to be ensured in case of soil and the bearing pressure and
settlements shall be within allowable limits.
80% of contact area to be ensured in case of rock under normal condition
67% of contact area to be ensured under seismic condition.
The bearing pressure on rock shall be within allowable limits.
7) Foundation has to be socketed in case of foundation resting on rock.

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Analysis of Well Foundation


1) The scour level and founding level shall be fixed,
based on, waterway discharge and soil
characteristics.
2) Sizing of well shall be carried. The wells can be
analysed either following IRC 45 in case of sandy
soils or using IRC 78 for all types of soil.
3) The forces and moments and foundation level
including the side resistance to be calculated after
accounting for Buoyancy, Tilt and Shift.

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4) a) The stability of the foundation against


overturning and sliding shall be ensured.
b) The contact area condition remains same as that of
open foundation
c) The base pressure and the settlement should be
within allowable limits
5) Passive resistance shall be ignored where the wells
are seated on rock. Hence, the well becomes
gravity well.

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Design of Foundation
A) Open Foundation
1) Depth of Open Foundation
a In Soil - the minimum depth of open foundation shall be upto stratum
Having safe bearing capacity but not less than 2.0m below the Scour level
or the protected bed level.
b In Rock In hard rock, with an ultimate crushing strength of 10 MPQ
0.6 m Minimum - All other cases 1.5m

2) Thickness of footing Thickness of footing shall


not be less than 300mm
3) Shall be designed for the moment at the face of
pier/abutment.
4) Permissible stress
Increased by 33% for case when wind force is considered
- Increased by 50% when seismic force is considered

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5) Area of tension Reinforcement should not be less than 0.15% of the


X=section area.
6) All faces of the footing shall be provided with a minimum steel Of 250
mm2/m in each direction.
7) Spacing of bars shall not be more than 300mm.
8) Base pressure should be less than allowable bearing capacities
9) Permissible
tension at base No tension is permitted under
any combinations of roads on
soil.
- In case of rock if tension is
found at base, the base area
should be reduced to a size where no
tension will occur and base
pressure is recalculated.
11) The shear shall be checked at effective distance away form to face of
pier.
12) The punching shear shall be checked around pier and pile at a
distance of d/2.
13) The crack width if required shall be checked.

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B) Pile Foundation
1) Shall be designed for minimum vertical load and
maximum moment which will decide the
reinforcement.
2) The maximum loaded pile with associated
moment shall also be checked for compressive
stress in concrete.
3) Minimum reinforcement shall be ensured.

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C) Well Foundation
1) Component of well foundation
a) Cutting Edge Steel cutting edge shall be strong
40 kg/m to facilitate Sinking of Well
b) Well Curb Should offer the minimum resistance
while sinking
- RCC Minimum M25 concret
- Minimum reinforcement 72 kg/cu-m.
- In case of blasting inner faces shall be protected
with steel plates with minimum thickness not less
than 10mm.
c) Bottom Plug Concrete shall have minimum
cement content of 330 kg/m3 & slump 150mm

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d Well SteiningThickness h= Kd*l^1/2


h - Minimum thickness
d - External Diameter of circular well
l- Depth of well in m below top of well
cap
k- a constant = 0.3

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4)Shift 150mm.
5)The zero shear section shall be arrived.
6)The bending moment at vertical load shall
be worked out.
7)Steining of the well foundation shall be
checked for combined axial load & Bending
movement.
8)Reinforcement may be provided accordingly.
9)For rock wells, the well steining section shall
be examined at top of the kerb.

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Failure of Bridges
Inadequate slope protection

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Inadequate bed protection

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Inadequate bed protection

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Inadequate opening size

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Inadequate opening size

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Inadequate
hydraulic
study

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Sliding of
girder over
bearing

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Sliding of
girder over
bearing

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Thank You
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