Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Henning Lenz1, Joachim Horn2, Thomas Runkler1, Markus Dinkel3, Thomas Schmidt3,
Albrecht Sieber4, Volkmar Mickal4
1
1. INTRODUCTION
Recycling of paper to provide pulp for papermaking
is performed in a continuous process including
different process steps. In the beginning recovered
paper is disintegrated to an aqueous suspension
typically within a pulper or a drum. Followed by
cleaning stages including sorters and centrifugal
units, coarse impurities (plastics, CDs...) are
removed from the pulp suspension. The next process
steps two-stage flotation, disperger, oxidative and
reductive bleaching - are aiming to remove the ink
particles from the fibers and to increase the
brightness of the pulp to be used for papermaking.
In the flotation process air and chemicals are
introduced to enable the removal of ink from the
fibers. In principle the ink particles are prepared to
stick to the air bubbles such that the rising bubbles
First Flotation
Disk filter
Pulp inflow
Input brigthness
Extruder 1
Chemicals
H2O2
NaOH
Extruder 2
Disperger
Peroxide
Bleach
Second
flotation
(3).
(4)
is guaranteed. The inequality takes the FIFObehavior of the bleaching tower into account, i.e. a
wood fiber in the tower cannot overtake a previously
delivered wood fiber.
When equation (3) is iterated using the limit value,
the fastest way to empty the tower is considered. The
time instant, when this process terminates
corresponds to the deadtime of the initial filling
mass. Here, the deadtime will be estimated using the
mass outflow M Out (k ) integrated for the deadtime.
Due to the sampling of the system, this mass is
~
determined for an integer deadtime T (k ) and by
solving the inequality:
~
Tk 1
~
Tk
i =1
i =1
(2),
M Out (k ) =
~
T (k )
o(k + i 1)
i =1
(6).
~
With the values M Bleach (k ) , M Out (k ) , o(k + Tk 1)
~
and T (k ) the continuous deadtime could be
determined by interpolation in the last time step.
M (k ) M Bleach (k )
~
T (k ) = T (k ) Out
~
o(k + Tk 1)
(7)
(9)
1
x = Bleach , u = o , A =
, B = and
0 1
0
i
x k +1 = A x k + B u k
P k +1 = A Pk A T + Q
y k = C x k
K k = P k CT [CP k CT + R ]1
x k = x k + K k [y M , k C x k ]
(8)
Pk = [I K k C] P k
1 kg2
0
C = [1 0] . Besides P0 = Q =
is
2
2
0 1 kg / min
used for the prediction. Matrix R is determined by
matching theoretical and empirical covariances
(Escamilla and Mort, 2001; Mehra, 1972). The
empirical covariance is determined using a window.
For R = 37000kg and for a window as long as the
considered time interval, the theoretical and the
empirical covariances match identically.
By the Kalman Filter the time series of the filling
mass has been smoothed, fast changes or even jumps
have been suppressed2. Even more significant are the
improvements for the estimation of the inflow. For
comparison purposes the inflow has been determined
by inverting equation (3). The imprecise
(11)
Brightness
Concentration 1
Concentration 2
Change of
Brightness Gain = 0.4
Time in min
B
Q 2301 (Na OH,H2 O 2 )
large
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
small
zero -2
20hig
h
me10
diu
m
low0 0 w
HO
lo
2
2
ed5ium
10
high
H
NaO
NaOH
High
Medium
Low
Low
Medium
H 2 O2
High