DDD10001MajorResearchAssignmentPart1

ARTICLE PLAN
StudentName:PaulNguyen101093315

Option:1Modernism,modernisation&modernityinAustralia.
Title:ModernisationofAustralianArchitectureduringtheinterwarperiod.
KeyConcepts:

Generallayout.

Analysisofthetransitionofearlyvictorianarchitecture.

Totheearly1900s
Whattypeofarchitecturewasaround.
Australiasresponsetothepostworldwar&thegreatdepression
Whatthetimewaslikeandhowarchitecturereacted.

Thentothe1920s
Howthearchitecturalclmiatewaslike.
Whattypeofbuildingswerepoppingup
Wheredidthestylescomefrom.Whattypeofinflunences.
Whattypeofstyleswhereespeciallyprominent.

Thentothe1930s
Howarchtecturewas
Whattypeofbuildingswerepresent.
Thentowhatbecameafterthethe1930s
Whattypeofbuidlingsarose.
Whatbecameofthearchitectureinmelbourne.

DDD10001MajorResearchAssignmentPart1

Ideasforlayoutandpresentation:(primaryresourcesofinterest,scansoftextorimages/layoutexamplesetc)

Week5:Defintions.

ArtDecoontheotherhandwasfashionable,popularandwidelyunderstoodbythepublicalmosteverywhere.Modernereferstodesignthathadsomemodern
qualities,modernmaterials,alackofornament,butwaseithertooluxuriousandexpensivetofitwithModernisttheoriesormoderninmaterialsandfunction,but
retainingelementsofexpressivenessthatdidntconformtomodernistideas.

r.InturnAmericanproductiondesignersinthefilmindustryusedArtDecostyletocreateasenseofmodernluxurythatinturnspreadoutacrosstheworldto
influenceconsumergoodsandcommunicationsofallkinds.

ArtDecobecamethelanguageofcosmopolitanmodernityduringtheinterwarperiod.Cosmopolitanmetropolisesdevelopedlivelyconsumercultures,avibrant
nightlifeandasophisticatedfilmindustrywiththeassistanceofadvertisingandmagazines.ArtDecointroducedalanguageofmodernprogressand
consumption.Itpromotedideasofleisurethecinemaandfashionandthemodernwoman.

Australiandesignoftheinterwarperiodwasaffectedbytheseesawingeconomythatlurchedfromboomstobusts.BecauseAustraliahadasmallpopulation
(only6millionin1936),ahugeforeigndebtfromWorldWarIIandfewexportsapartfromfarmproducts,oureconomybecamedestabilised.AftertheWallStreet
crashof1929,AustraliafollowedtheUnitedStatesandmuchofthedevelopedworldintotheDepression.Intheboomtimesofthe1920sconfidenceledto
extravaganceandtheadoptionofArtDeco.Ontheotherhand,hardtimesledtotheacceptanceofmodernismandsobermodernedesign.InAustraliainthe
1930sweseemoreausteredesign.TheAustralianeconomywasbadlyhitbytheDepression.Thegovernmentwasslowtoactandputoffdevaluingthe
Australianpound.Workerswerelaidoffandunemploymentdroppedin1930andcontinuedfallinguntil193233whenitreached30%.Sincetherewereno
unemploymentbenefits,peoplereliedoncharityandthensmallgovernmenthandouts.Therewaswidespreadpoverty,homelessness,andmalnutrition.Above:
Australianmodernism,theGreatDepressionandsocialreform:HousingInvestigationandSlumAbolitionBoardphotographs.

ManyyoungAustralianarchitectstravelledtoBritainandEuropeandaftergraduatinginthe1920sand1930s.ManyofthemworkedforawhileinEnglandand
somewenttotheUnitedStatesforindustryexperience.AfterHitlerrosetopowerin1932,manyavoidedGermanyandexploredCzechoslovakia,Scandinavia
andtheNetherlands.OfthosewhowenttoEuropemanyvisitedtheNetherlandstoseetheworkofWillemDudok,inparticularhistownhallcomplexat
Hilversum.DudokwasntcloselyassociatedwithMondrian,vanDoesburg,VantongerlooandRietveldt(theartistsanddesignersassociatedwithDeStijl),buthe
exploredModernistideasandusefullyforMelbournearchitects,wasaccomplishedindesigningforbrickthecommonmaterialofthiscity.

Moderne
refers to a design that had some modern qualities, it might have used modern materials, it might have displayed a lack of ornament or decoration,
but it was either too luxurious and expensive to fit with modernist theories of social good, efficient production or it might have been modern in materials and
function, but retaining elements of expressiveness and historicism that didnt conform to modernist ideas.

DDD10001MajorResearchAssignmentPart1

Moderne comprised different styles and looks, the most influential of which was Art Deco. Art Deco emerged as a design movement of considerable force in
1925 with the Exposition of Modern Decorative Arts in Paris - the intention of which was to establish French leadership in producing luxury goods (decorative
arts) and in matters of style, fashion and taste.
Art Deco was a decorative arts movement that began as a luxury craft-based style before spreading to the US and across the world as a popular mass-market
style, appearing in places as diverse as Shanghai and Melbourne. Art Deco was not avant-garde nor ideological; it was fashionable, popular and widely
understood by the public throughout the world. It was moderne rather than modernist, and concerned with style, look, individualism, commercialism and
conspicuous display/consumption. It was the language of mainstream popular fashion - cinemas, shops, graphics, jewellery, fashion and ornaments. Art Deco
became the language of film and media, fashion and consumerism and in this it encapsulates moderne. In stark contrast to modernism it was utopian,
historicist, eclectic, decorative, commercial.
fter World War I there was considerable excitement with the idea of modern progress - especially industrial - and the process of modernisation that was
changing the world, making it modern, urban and cosmopolitan. Some artists, writers, architects, designers and filmmakers were enthusiastic about the
changes and took an ideological avant-garde position to drive change. As modernists they were futuristic; arguing that design should express the spirit of the
era, and they embraced the idea of a utopian machine-age future and of design as instrumental in constructing it.
They sought new materials, new technology and new approaches to designing new kinds of commodities, spaces and communications.
They rejected the past, arguing that design should capture the spirit of the time - in this way they were anti-historicist.
Some of the avant-garde modernist design movements such as De Stijl in the Netherlands and the Bauhaus in Germany were little known by ordinary people at
the time. These movements were highly intellectual responses to modern times and to the rebuilding after World War I. European modernist designers
included Le Corbusier, Eileen Gray, Sonia Delaunay, the Bauhaus and De Stijl.

DDD10001MajorResearchAssignmentPart1

Paragraph
Mainidea/ideas
Heading
INTRODUCTION TheInterWarPeriodof1919to1939ofAustralia,

althoughattimesdarkwasanexcitingperiodfor
Australianarchitecture.Theperiodsawpivotalmoments
inAustralianhistorysuchastheFederation,Great
DepressionandWorldWarOne.Itisthroughthese
momentsthatAustraliacametoyearnforaprogressive
andpositiveoutlookonlife.Itwasthenthatmodernism
cameintohandandprovidedameanstoafreshstart.
Withthearrivaloftheindustrialagecamearushof
technologyandmaterials,andsothearchitectural
landscapebegantotransformonceagain.Modernism
wasseenasthenewsocalled"bigcity"wayoflifeandas
aresultbegantoshapetheformsofbuildingswithin
Melbourne.InfluencesfromEuropeandAmericabeganto
sailacrosstheseaswithinthemindsofbothAustralians
fromabroadandforeignarchitects.TheInterWarwasan
excitingtimethatallowedforthedevelopmentof
modernismwithinMelbourne.Withahopesofafresh
start,Australianarchitecturehadbeenwaitingforatime
withsuchopportunitiestogrow.

SuggestedExamples

SuggestedIllustrations/Images

n/a

n/a

Paragraph2:

TheTimeIt
Was

Thisparagraphprovidesthecontextofthetime.
TheGreatDepression.
TheFederation.
Inthewakeofthefederation,Australiawasthen
encouragedtofinditsownarchitecturalstyleandso
floraandFaunawerelargelyusedfordecoration.

DDD10001MajorResearchAssignmentPart1

Paragraph3:

1900sInitial
Architecture

Furthemorearchitectsattemptedtodesignincontext
totheclimate.
PostwarperiodandhowitaffectedtheAustralian
economy.
Beachhouse.
Edwardianhousesotherwiseknownasfederation
housesdrewinspirationfrombothVictorian&Queen
Annehouses.Terracottaroofshalftimberedgables,
casementwindowsandinterspersingofbrickand
stucco.
Thegenerallayoutofthehousewasverysimilarto
thatofvictorianhouses.Althoughornamentationwas
broadlyused,itwasnothingcomparedtoitsprevious
years.
QueenAnne.oneexample.
Neogothictypearchitecture.Oldartsbuilding.

UniversityofMelbourneOldArts
Building.Exampleofneogothic
Architecture.
Federation house in Cairns
,
Sam Hood (1872-1953),
Family with
car & Queenslander house
, 1920's.

Fig1:Queenslanderhouse.

Fig2:OldArts

Fig3Federationhouse.

DDD10001MajorResearchAssignmentPart1

Paragraph4:

Technologyand
Materialsofthe
time.

Paragraph5:

1920s

Steel
Concrete
Glass
Freeingthearchitectfrompreviousphysical
limitations.

Paragraph6

Capitolhouse&theatre
Discussionofthelackofdevelopmentduetothe
lossesofthefirstworldwar.
Capitolhouse&theatre
Lackofornamentation,exterior.
Breakthroughbuildingwithinteriorsthathavenot
beenartdecostyle.
Useoftechnologysteel&concrete.andlighting
coloredlighting
Bungalowhousesbegantopopuparrive.of
californianinfluencewiththearts&craftsmovement
ofthetime,wassimplehouse.Influencecamefrom
theinfluenceofAmericanlifestyle.Easytobuildas
thehouseswereverysimple.increaseduseof
verandahs&openhousestoexpresstherelaxed
style.singlestoreyandbasedonthehallway.
sweepingrooflines.andtheprovisionofsleepouts
forhotsummernights.

Europe&America
WillemDudoks
GropiusInfluence.
Australiansabroad.

Fig4.CapitolHouse.

DDD10001MajorResearchAssignmentPart1

Wheredidthe
influencescome
from?
Paragraph7
1930s

Migration

Modernistelementswerebeingadoptedduringthe
time.
Streamlinedcornices,steppedchimneys,steel
framedwindows.
PrinciplesofModernism.Highlighteachandanalyze
buildings
Functionalism
MentionofWillemDudoks

MercyHospital.
Functionalism

Manchesterunitybuilding
Theexteriorfacadeiscladin
biscuitcolouredterracottafaience.
Thefaienceisintricatelymoulded
toproduce
continuousnarrowcolumnsand
shaftsrisingupthefacade,
servingtoemphasisetheverticality Fig5.MacRobertsonHighSchool
ofthebuilding.
NeoGothicarchitecture
TheManchesterUnityBuildingis
aestheticallysignificantforitsintact
ArtDecointeriors.
Theintricateplasterpanelcornices
andceilings,
theuseofmarble,andtheinlaysto
theliftcarsand
slicedtimberveneersinthe
boardroomalldisplayahigh
Fig6.MercyHopsital
standardofartisticworkmanship
thatiswithoutparfora
buildingofthisperiod.

Macrobertsonhighschool.
Servedasanewhomeforthe
MelbourneGirls'HighSchool,
laternamedinthehonourofSir
Macpherson.

DDD10001MajorResearchAssignmentPart1

NormanSeabrookwhichtook
influencefrombritain..
recentworkabroad.Workedunder
dutcharchitect
WillemDudok.
Thebuildingservedasan
influencialintroductionof
modernism.representingthe
acceptanceofmodernism
alsoincludedwelldesigned
buildinglayoutwithsectioning

Theplanningoftheschoolwas
refinedintermsofits
conceptualclarity,itstraffic
efficiency,andtheskillful
zoningofthevariousactivities
withintheschool,
andestablishedanewstandardto
beemulatedinthemany
schoolsproducedinthefollowing
decades.

Significantinthesense,first
introductionsofcream
brickdestijlArchitectureofDutch
modernist
WilhemMarinus.
Flatroofed,creambrickDesign,
withsteelframes,
windowspaintedvermillionand
glazedbluesillbricksandits
compositionthatreliedon
arrangementsofinterlocking

Fig7.ManchesterUnity

DDD10001MajorResearchAssignmentPart1

Paragraph8
PostWar1950s

CONCLUSION

Whatoccurredaftertheinterwarperiod?

SummaryofChangesfromthe1900sstylehouses
Discussinghowthechangesoccurred.
Whattypeofchangesoccurred.
Howdidtheaustralianpublicrespond?

forminspiredbythedudocks
Hilversumtownhall
ofthelate1920s.

Example.WilsonHall.
Squarecuboidstructure,shows
influencesofmodernism.
Simplestructure.Utilizessteel
frameswithbrickinfills
Functionalism.
heatabsorbingglass.
danishDanisharchitectArne
Jacobsensinfluence.

Fig8.WilsonHall

DDD10001MajorResearchAssignmentPart1

ANNOTATEDBIBLIOGRAPHY
Articles(minimum2)
Johnson,P.(2012)
Nationallysignificant20thcenturyarchitectureSeabrookandFildes
.Availableat:
http://www.architecture.com.au/docs/defaultsource/vicnotablebuildings/macrobertsongirlshighschool.pdf?sfvrsn=0(Accessed:1May2016).

ThisarticleprovidesthearchitecturalhistoryoftheMacrobertsonshighschoolthatwasbuiltduringthe1930s.Itdescribeshowmodernismwasgradually
beingacceptedintosocietyandhowitwasfirstbuildingtodosuchthing.Inaddition,thearticlealsogivesinsighthowfunctionalismwasbeing
incorporatedintodesign,throughaspectssuchabuildinglayout.Zoningefficiencyandtrafficlayout.Mostimportantly,thearticlealsomentionsofthe
influenceoftheDutcharchitectWillemDudok.ThisisparticularlysignificantasitfurtherhintsathowAustraliacametobeinfluencedbymodernism.
Stephenson&Meldrum(2012)
Nationallysignificant20thcenturyarchitecture
.Availableat:
http://www.architecture.com.au/docs/defaultsource/vicnotablebuildings/mercyhospital(former).pdf?sfvrsn=0(Accessed:1May2016).

Thisarticleprovidesinformationonthe1930sMercyHospital.ItgivesusyetanotherinsightintohowAustraliawasinfluencedbymodernismfromEurope
andAmerica.ThearticledescribehowthearchitectArthurMacphersontravelledabroadandwasinspiredbythefunctionalismanddesignofforeign
hospitals.Thearticlediscusseshowthehospitalwasoneofthefirsthospitalstobedesignedundermodernistideals.Inaddition,italsodiscusseshowthe
modernistidealsweresuitedtotheprogrammaticnatureofhospitals.
Johnson,P.(2012a)
Nationallysignificant20thcenturyarchitecture
.Availableat:http://architecture.com.au/docs/defaultsource/vicnotablebuildings/vicsanitariumhf.pdf?sfvrsn=0
(Accessed:1May2016).

AgainthisarticleaddsfurthertothefactofWillemDudokinfluenceonAustralianArchitecture.ThearticlealsoillustratesAustraliawasinfluencedbythe
Europeanarchitectureofthetime.ThereisalsomentionoftheDeStijlMovementandWalterGropiusinfluenceonthestructure.Thisarticleprovidesa
directinsightintotheroleofmodernisminAustraliaduringthe1930s.
Books(minimum2)
Johnson,D.L.L.(1981)
Australianarchitecture190151:Sourcesofmodernism.
Australia:SydneyUniversityPress.
Maidment,J.(ed.)(1990)
AWonderfulLittleHouse
.Melbourne:UniversityofMelbourne.
Thistextprovidesaveryconciseintroductiontothesuburbanarchitecturethroughoutthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.Thebookprovidesadetaileddescriptionofeachphaseofaustralian
architecture,rangingfromtheearlyvictorianstylesofthe1900stothegrowingmodernismofthe1930sandthentotheaftermathofsecondworldwarinthe1950s.Inaddition,italso
providesseveralillustrationstoprovideexamplesofaustralianhomesduringthetime.Thebookisusefulasprovidesasolidgroundworkinordertodevelopanarticleonthetransformation

DDD10001MajorResearchAssignmentPart1

towardsmodernismduringthe1930s.Althoughthetextprovidesonlyaglimpseofhowsuburbanarchitecturewasbehavinginthe1930s,itisveryusefulforgainingabetterunderstanding
ofhowarchitecturewasevolvinginaustralia.
Stephen,A.,Goad,P.andMcNamara,A.(eds.)(2008)
Moderntimes:TheuntoldstoryofmodernisminAustralia
.IllustratedEditionedn.Sydney,N.S.W,Carlton,Vic.:MiegunyahPress.
Moderntimesisacollectionof25essaysandmorethan250imagesrelatedtomodernismduringtheperiodof1917to1967.Itencompassesthemanyartformsthatareinfluencedbythe
modernismofthatage.Themesincludearchitecture,art,photography,perceptionsofthebodyandfilm.Thebookiscentredaroundhowmodernisminfluencedthemanyfacetsof
australiansocietyandhowAustraliarespondedtothismovement.Inaddition,thebookalsoprovidescontextstowardstheperiodwithmentionsoftheGreatdepressionandpostWorldWar
oneAustralia.Iwouldfocusonthe"Cityliving"and"Culture"sectionsastheyprovideavaluableinsightintotheperceptionofmodernisminAustralia.

Miles,M.(2015)
Thelanguageoflightanddark:LightandplaceinAustralianphotography
.Canada:McGillQueensUniversityPress.
Edquist,H.(2008)
Pioneersofmodernism:TheartsandCraftsmovementinAustralia.
Australia:MelbourneUniversityPublishing.

Websites(minimum2)
Australianarchitecture
(2016)Availableat:http://www.australia.gov.au/aboutaustralia/australianstory/austnarchitecture(Accessed:1May2016).

UsefuloverviewonthedifferentformsofarchitectureinthevaryingAustralianlandscape.ThesiteprovidesinformationonhowAustralianArchitects
respondedtotheFederationandhowanewAustralianlandscapeidentitywasformed.Fromtheruralsymbolismtothesuburban&citytransitionof
identity.Furthermore,italsoexploreshowhomesweremadeduringthefirsthalfofthe20thCentury.Thisarticleisparticularlyusefulasitprovidesinsight
homeswerebeginningtobebuiltintermsoffunctionhighlightingagrowingmodernistinfluenceontheaustralianlandscape.
Victoria,C.andContributors,C.C.(2014)
BuiltenvironmentcultureVictoria
.Availableat:http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/builtenvironment/(Accessed:1May2016).

ThissiteisespeciallyusefulasitprovidesabriefbutinformativeillustrationthemanystylesofArchitecturebeforetheInterwarperiod.Thegives
informationonarchitecturalstylessuchasQueenAnne,Federation,CaliforniaBungalowandEdwardianstyles.Thisisveryhelpfulasitsallowsustothe
trulyseethetransformationfromthistotheearly1920sarchitecturalstyles.
Thompson,J.(2015)
ArtdecoarchitecturestyleinAustralia
.Availableat:http://www.domain.com.au/advice/artdecoarchitecturestyleinaustralia/(Accessed:1May2016).

ThisarticletargetshowAustralianArchitecturewasinfluencedbytheArtDecostyleduringtheinterwarperiod.Thewebsitegivesadetaileddescriptionof
howAustraliaembracedtheArtDecostyle.Furthermore,thewebsitehighlightscharacteristicsofArtDecoandhowittransformedfromorganicformsto

DDD10001MajorResearchAssignmentPart1

moregeometricforms.Inparticular,thewebsitealsoincludesexamplesArtDecohomesthroughoutMelbourne&Sydney.Thiswebsiteisusefulasit
givesadetailedillustrationofArtDecowithinAustralia.
AustralianInstituteofArchitects(2016)
ArchitectureintheStateofVictoria.
Availableat:
http://architecture.com.au/events/stateterritory/victorianchapter/victorianarchitecture(Accessed:26April2016).
Australia,M.(2015)
Whatismodernism?modernistAustralia
.Availableat:http://modernistaustralia.com/what_is_modernism/(Accessed:26April2016).
VictoriaAlbertMuseumOnline(2013)
ModernismVictoriaandAlbertMuseum.
Availableat:http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/m/modernism/(Accessed:30
April2016).
Images(thatareincludedinsuggestedillustrations/imagestableabove,noannotationsnecessary,orderbyfig/imagenumber)
Fig
1&3
.Australianarchitecture
(2016)[IMAGE]Availableat:http://www.australia.gov.au/aboutaustralia/australianstory/austnarchitecture(Accessed:1May2016).
Fig2.OLDARTSUNIMELB
(2015)[IMAGE].Availableat:http://www.ifsabutler.org/images/stories/sig/programcities/ume/OldArtsQuadu.jpg(Accessed:1May2016).

Fig4Griffin,W.,KemterandPeck&Burley(2012)
Nationallysignificant20thcenturyarchitecture
.[IMAGE]Availableat:
http://architecture.com.au/docs/defaultsource/vicnotablebuildings/viccapitolhouse.pdf?sfvrsn=0(Accessed:1May2016).
Fig5Johnson,P.(2012)
Nationallysignificant20thcenturyarchitectureSeabrookandFildes
.[IMAGE]Availableat:
http://www.architecture.com.au/docs/defaultsource/vicnotablebuildings/macrobertsongirlshighschool.pdf?sfvrsn=0(Accessed:1May2016).
Fig6.
MERCYFORMERHOSPITAL
(1937)[IMAGE].Availableat:http://applications.doi.vic.gov.au/ImageFactoryWeb/getfile?path=20051007/H01954/1mercy_hospital_may01.jpg/vhr.jpg
(Accessed:1May2016).
Fig7.Dimech,A.M.(2016)
ManchesterUnity
[IMAGE]Availableat:http://www.adonline.id.au/buildings/manchesterunity/(Accessed:1May2016).
Fig8.
WILSONHALL
(2015)[IMAGE].Availableat:http://lostoncampus.com.au/img/poi/l/outsideofwilsonhall31743.jpg(Accessed:1May2016).