VALUES LIST OF MILTON ROKEACH, 1973

Reference:TheNatureofHumanValues,M.Rokeach,1973

Thisclassificationsystemwasbasedontheresultofasurveyofthesocialpsychologist,
MiltonRokeachthatproposedalistincludingtwosetsofvalues,theterminalvaluesand
instrumentalones:TerminalValuesrefertodesirableendstatesofexistence;thegoalsthat
apersonwouldliketoachieveduringtheirlifetimeandmayvaryamongdifferentgroupsof
peopleindifferentcultures.InstrumentalValuesrefertopreferablemodesofbehavior.
Thesearepreferablemodesofbehavior,ormeansofachievingtheterminalvalues.

TerminalValues
AworldatPeace(freeofwarandconflict)
FamilySecurity(takingcareoflovedones)
Freedom(independence,freechoice)
Equality(brotherhood,equalopportunityforall)
Selfrespect(selfesteem)
Happiness(contentedness)
Wisdom(amatureunderstandingoflife
Nationalsecurity(protectionfromattack)
Salvation(saved,eternallife)
Truefriendship(closecompanionship)
Asenseofaccomplishment(alastingcontribution)
InnerHarmony(freedomfrominnerconflict)
Acomfortablelife(aprosperouslife)
Maturelove(sexualandspiritualintimacy)
Aworldofbeauty(beautyofnatureandthearts)
Pleasure(anenjoyableleisurelylife)
Socialrecognition(respect,admiration)
Anexcitinglife(astimulatingactivelife)

InstrumentalValues
Ambitious(Hardworking,aspiring)
Broadminded(Openminded)
Capable(Competent,effective)
Cheerful(Lighthearted,joyful)
Clean(Neat,tidy)
Courageous(Standingupforyourbeliefs)
Forgiving(Willingtopardonothers)
Helpful(Workingforthewelfareofothers)
Honest(Sincere,truthful)
Imaginative(Daring,creative)
Independent(Selfreliant,selfsufficient)
Intellectual(Intelligent,reflective)
Logical(Consistent,rational)
Loving(Affectionate,tender)
Obedient(Dutiful,respectful)
Polite(Courteous,wellmannered)
Responsible(Dependable,reliable)
Selfcontrolled(Restrained,selfdiscipline)

PartialListofValues&descriptorsHungerford(1994)
Reference:HungerfordH.,VolkT.,RamseyJ.,AprototypeEnvironmentalEducation
CurriculumfortheMiddleSchool(Revised)ENESCOUNEPIEEPEnvironmentalEducation
SeriesNo29,1994.

VALUEDESCRIPTORS
Thefollowingdescriptionsattempttonameanddefinespecificvaluesthatmightbeheldby
individuals.Thisisonlyapartiallist.Therearemanykindsofvalues.

Value
Description
Aesthetic:
theappreciationofform,composition,colororsoundthroughthe
senses.
Cultural:
pertainingtothecontinuation/preservationofhumanknowledge,
beliefs,values,art,customs,etc.
Ecological:
themaintenanceoftheintegrityofnaturallivingsystems.
Economic:
theuseandexchangeofmoneyandmaterials.
Educational:
concerningtheaccumulation,use,andcommunicationof
knowledge.
Egocentric:
pertainingtoafocusontheindividual;personalselfsatisfactionand
fulfillment.
Ethical/Moral:
pertainingtopresentandfutureresponsibilities,rightsandwrongs,
andethicalstandards.
Health:
themaintenanceofpositivehumanphysiologicalconditions.
Legal:
pertainingtolaws,rules,andregulations;themakingof,respectfor,
andenforcementoflaws.
Political:
theactivities,functions,andpoliciesofgovernmentsandtheir
agents.
Recreational
pertainingtoleisureactivities.
Religious:
theuseofbeliefsystemsbasedonfaith;dogma.
Scientific:
concerningthoseattributesassociatedwithempiricismand
empiricalresearch.
Social:
pertainingtosharedhumanempathy,feelings,andstatus;an
interactionofhumans.

Anewworldethicofsustainability
Reference: Adapted from IUCN, UNEP and WWF 1991, Caring for the Earth: A strategy for
Sustainable Living
Caring for the Earth called for a new world ethic of sustainability based upon two
interdependent sets of principles one related to our responsibility to care for nature (or
ecological sustainability) and another related to our responsibility to care for each other
(socialjustice),withfourprinciplesineachgroup:
Peopleandnature:ecologicalsustainability
Interdependence:Peopleareapartofnatureanddependutterlyonher.Weshouldrespect
nature at all times, for nature is life. To respect nature means to approach nature with
humility,careandcompassion;tobefrugalandefficientinresourceuse;tobeguidedbythe
best available knowledge, both traditional and scientific; and to help shape and support
publicpoliciesthatpromotesustainability.
Biodiversity:Everylifeformwarrantsrespectandpreservationindependentlyofitsworthto
people. We should preserve the complexity of ecosystems to ensure the survival of all
species,andthesafeguardingoftheirhabitats.
Living lightly on the earth: We should take responsibility for their impact on nature. We
should maintain ecological processes, the variety of life, renewable resources, and the
ecosystems that support them. We should use natural resources and the environment
carefullyandsustainably,andcooperatetorestoredegradedecosystems.
Interspecies equity: We should treat all creatures decently, and protect them from cruelty
andavoidablesuffering.
Peopleandpeople:socialjustice
Basic human needs: The needs of all individuals and societies should be met, within the
constraintsimposedbythebiosphere;andallshouldhaveequalopportunityforimproving
theirlot.
Intergenerationalequity:Eachgenerationshouldleavetothefutureaworldthatisatleast
as diverse and productive as the one it inherited. To this end, nonrenewable resources
shouldbeusedsparingly,renewableresourcesshouldbeusedsustainably,andwasteshould
beminimized.Thebenefitsofdevelopmentshouldnotbeconsumednowwhileleavingthe
coststothefuture.
Human rights: All persons should have the fundamental freedoms of conscience and
religion,expression,peacefulassembly,andassociation.
Participation:Allpersonsandcommunitiesshouldbeempoweredtoexerciseresponsibility
fortheirownlivesandforlifeonearth.Thuseveryonemusthavefullaccesstoeducation,
politicalenfranchisementandsustaininglivelihoods,andbeabletoparticipateeffectivelyin
thedecisionsthatmostaffectthem.