DIGITAL CONTROL O F RECTIFIER FIRING ANGLES FOR THE ZERO

GRADIENT SYNCHROTRON (ZGS) RING MAGNET POWER S U P P L Y 5

M a r t i n J. Knott, Lloyd G. Lewis, and H e r b e r t H. Rabe
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, Illinois
Abstract
The h e a r t of the new control s y s t e m f o r the ZGS
ring m a g n e t power supply i s a counter that counts
f r o m 0 to 3 6 0 0 each voltage cycle of t h e m a i n g e n e r a t o r . T h i s provides an e l e c t r i c a l d e g r e e s c a l e that i s
synchronized with the g e n e r a t o r voltage wave by a
p h a s e - l o c k feedback loop. Digital g a t e s c o m p a r e the
number i n the counter with the d e s i r e d angle f o r f i r i n g
each of the 12 r e c t i f i e r phases. At eauality, a p u l s e
i s generated and applied to the control g r i d s of the
a p p r o p r i a t e m e r c u r y vapor r e c t i f i e r s . F a s t digital
a r i t h m e t i c adder c i r c u i t s upclate the d e s i r e d f i r i n g
angles f o r each of the 1 2 p h a s e s in r e s p o n s e t o c o m mands f r o m the ZGS p r o g r a m m e r and in r e s p o n s e t o .
feedback slgnals f r o m beam spill m o n i t o r s and f r o m B
pickup coils on the ring magnet. S e p a r a t e digital
a r i t h m e t i c a d d e r s and s e l e c t o r s provide individual adj u s t m e n t of each phase i n o r d e r to r e d u c e low f r e quency ripple. This s y s t e m has g r e a t l y reduced 5 0 - ,
l o o - , and 150-cycle ripple on the r i n g magnet field on
flattop and on p o r c h e s , h a s provided f a s t action to
p e r m i t s p i l l control when the RF a c c e l e r a t i n g cavity
is off, and h a s provided stable operation in full rectify
f o r the a c c e l e r a t i n g p a r t of the ZGS cycle.
Introduction
The new slow resonance e x t r a c t i o n s y s t e m f o r the
ZGS p r o v i d e s two simultaneous b e a m s that have no R F
s t r u c t u r e . The s y s t e m a c c o m p l i s h e s t h i s by turning
off the R F a c c e l e r a t i n g cavity e a r l y in flattop and then,
a f t e r the b e a m has debunched, by moving the b e a m t o
the v r = 2 / 3 extraction point with the ring magnet cont r o l s y s t e m . The r a t e of e x t r a c t i o n i s then controlled
through manipulation of the ring nlagnet field.
This magnetic s p i l l mode p l a c e s specific demands
on the c o n t r o l s y s t e m f o r the ring m a g n e t power supply. One of t h e s e demands i s t h a t the s y s t e m m u s t be
able to rapidly change the voltage applied t o the ring
m a g n e t . The required speed and a c c u r a c y a r e d e t e r mined by the amount of b e a m s t e e r i n g needed t o s t a r t
and m a i n t a i n the extraction a t a s e l e c t e d r a t e .
A second demand i s that the c o n t r o l s y s t e m f o r
the ring m a g n e t m i n i m i z e s the g e n e r a t i o n of low f r e quency ripple. This i s i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e the ripple
p r o d u c e s modulation of the e x t r a c t e d b e a m intensity.

An additional r e q u i r e m e n t i s that the r i n g magnet

c o n t r o l s y s t e m be capable of operating i n full r e c t i f y ;
that i s with n a t u r a l commutation f r o m p h a s e t o phase.
T h i s p r o v i d e s the m i n i m u m a c c e l e r a t i n g t i m e and the
d e s i r e d conditions f o r b e a m injection into the ZGS.
ZGS Ring Magnet
T h e ZGS ring magnet c i r c u i t contains eight m a g n e t s and eight power supplies connected in a s e r i e s
c i r c u i t with four-fold s y m m e t r y .
T h e r e s u l t i s the
*Work p e r f o r m e d u n d e r the a u s p i c e s of t h e U. S.
Atomic E n e r g y Commission.

equivalent of a 12-phase supply in e a c h quadrant of the

ring' magnet.
The r e c t i f i e r s in e a c h of t h e s e eight supplies a r e
m e r c u r y vapor tubes. The excitation a r c o p e r a t e s
continuously s o that f i r i n g control i s provided by two
g r i d s placed between the cathode a r c and the anode.
Each of the eight supplies i s provided with a l o w
p a s s LC f i l t e r . The f i l t e r h a s a rolloff of 40 d B / d e c ade and a c o r n e r frequency of about 40 Hz. The f i l t e r i s underdamped with a damping r a t i o of about 0 . 3 .
Ripple Amplitudes
Ripple amplitudes produced by the ZGS ring magnet power supply w e r e m e a s u r e d in two ways. The
f i r s t was t o u s e the f a s t gauss clock in the ZGS p r o g r a m m e r . The clock output was sent to a digital-toanalog (D-A) c o n v e r t e r and t o an oscilloscope. The
gauss p i c t u r e s f r o m the oscilloscope showed that most
of the ripple produced by the original analog control
s y s t e m was a t low f r e q u e n c i e s . Amplitudes a t
50
cycles ( g e n e r a t o r frequency) w e r e of the o r d e r of 1 o r
2 G. The 12th h a r m o n i c was not r e a d i l y observed on
this display.

The second method was to l o o k at the d c voltage

a c r o s s one p a i r of ring magnets. This was a m o r e
convenient signal f o r ripple studies since the r e l a t i v e
amplitudes of the s e v e r a l h a r m o n i c s w e r e m o r e favorable for m e a s u r e m e n t .
The relatively l a r g e low frequency ripple ( a t l e s s
than the 12th h a r m o n i c ) r e s u l t s f r o m a v a r i e t y of
c a u s e s . One c a u s e i s the i n c o r r e c t spacing of r e c t i f i e r firing p u l s e s . A second cause is the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the low p a s s f i l t e r which attenuates poorly at
the low frequencies. Additional c a u s e s include p o s s i ble e r r o r s in the number of turns on the polyphase
t r a n s f o r m e r windings, variations in the leakage inductance f r o m one phase winding t o a n o t h e r , l a c k of
s y m m e t r y in c i r c u i t r e s i s t a n c e s , and i m b a l a n c e s b e tween phases of the g e n e r a t o r voltage.
The effects of s o m e of t h e s e c a u s e s of low f r e quency ripple can b e cancelled on flattop by p r o p e r l y
r e t a r d i n g o r advancing the firing t i m e of one o r seve r a l of the 12- phase r e c t i f i e r s with r e s p e c t to t h e
o t h e r s . F r o m this, i t i s apparent that exactly uniform spacing of the f i r i n g pulses to the r e c t i f i e r s will
not produce m i n i m u m ripple.
F i r i n g Accuracy
The b i a s voltages to the unijunctions i n the o r i g i nal firing control s y s t e m w e r e r e a d j u s t e d to produce a
significant change i n t h e ripple a t the g e n e r a t o r f r e quency. T h e s e changes i n firing angles w e r e m e a s u r e d with the digital phase- angle m e t e r used f o r
routine monitoring of the ZGS r i n g magnet supply.
The data showed t h a t substantial reductions in the
low frequency ripple could b e obtained if the f i r i n g

511

angles of the 12-phase r e c t i f i e r s w e r e reproducible to

1 / 1 0 of an e l e c t r i c a l d e g r e e . This i s f a r beyond the
a c c u r a c y and stability of conventional analog r a m p
type control s y s t e m s . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , a digital cont r o l s y s t e m w a s designed and installed a t the ZGS.

voltage wave that a r e a s l a r g e a s 25% of the p e a k voltage. F o r t h i s r e a s o n , a z e r o c r o s s i n g type of r e f e r ence is not suitable even when the input wave i s
heavily f i l t e r e d . T h i s i s t r u e b e c a u s e the f i l t e r s that
w e r e t r i e d produced v a r i a b l e p h a s e shifts a n d l o r l a r g e
t r a n s i e n t s when entering flattop and i n v e r t . The
phase- lock loop shown in the u p p e r r i g h t p o r t i o n of
Fig. 1 was found to operate s a t i s f a c t o r i l y .

Rectifier Grid Drive

The control of firing angles to 0. 1' e l e c t r i c a l
c o r r e s p o n d s to controlling the t u r n - o n of a r e c t i f i e r
to about 5 ps. Any variation i n the t u r n - o n t i m e of a
single r e c t i f i e r m u s t be s m a l l e r than this if the cont r o l a c c u r a c y i s to be achieved. In a s i m i l a r way,
v a r i a t i o n i n the a v e r a g e t i m e d e l a y f r o m one r e c t i f i e r
to another m u s t b e s h o r t e r than 5 ps.

I n this loop, a d c t a c h o m e t e r voltage f r o m the

m a i n g e n e r a t o r and the output voltage f r o m the f i l t e r
a r e added i n an operational a m p l i f i e r . The r e s u l t a n t
voltage d r i v e s a voltage- to- frequency (v-f) c o n v e r t e r
that p r o d u c e s a sawtooth wave. This sawtooth d r i v e s
a b i n a r y t h a t divides the frequency by two and p r o duces a s q u a r e wave with *lO V output l e v e l s .

High voltage s w i t c h - t r a n s i s t o r s w e r e used to p r o vide the d r i v e t o the g r i d s of the r e c t i f i e r tubes. The

f i r i n g pulse f r o m the control c i r c u i t was coupled
through a well insulated pulse t r a n s f o r m e r t o a d r i v e
module that operated a t r e c t i f i e r cathode potential.
The l / 2 p s pulse was lengthened to 4 m s by a single
shot amplifier located a t cathode potential. This
lengthened pulse was applied to s w i t c h - t r a n s i s t o r s
that supplied the grid d r i v e signal.

It i s well known that the m a t h e m a t i c a l p r o d u c t of

two sine waves of the s a m e frequency but different
p h a s e s p r o d u c e s a d c component plus a second h a r monic component. The dc component depends on the
phase difference between the two sine waves.

In a s i m i l a r w a y , the product of a s q u a r e wave

and a d i s t o r t e d s i n e wave of the s a m e period p r o d u c e s
a dc component that i s a function of the p h a s e difference between the two waves. This f a c t i s utilized in
the loop in F i g . 1 by feeding t h e d i s t o r t e d s i n e wave
f r o m the g e n e r a t o r bus and the s q u a r e wave f r o m the
frequency divider to a transconductance type analog
m u l t i p l i e r . The output which contains dc and a c components is f e d to the low- pass f i l t e r to complete the
feedback loop.

The g r i d s w e r e switched t o t 3 0 0 V with r e s p e c t

t o the cathode with a r i s e t i m e of 6 0 0 ns. Under t h e s e
conditions, the tube t u r n - o n w a s about 1 ~s a t low
c u r r e n t s and a l s o at high c u r r e n t s when the tube was
f i r s t used. At high c u r r e n t s , the t i m e d e l a y and the
j i t t e r i n c r e a s e d during the f i r s t two minutes. At
e q u i l i b r i u m , the delay v a r i e d f r o m a m i n i m u m of
about 2 ps t o a m a x i m u m of about 5 ps. We believe
t h a t this i n c r e a s e in t u r n - o n delay is caused by outgassing of the e l e c t r o d e s under high c u r r e n t loads.
Turn-off of the r e c t i f i e r by r e m o v a l of t h e p o s i t i v e anode voltage left a p l a s m a i n the s p a c e between
the g r i d s and the cathode a r c . T h i s caused g r i d c u r r e n t s that l a s t e d long enough t o influence the next
turn- on. F o r this r e a s o n , a s w i t c h - t r a n s i s t o r w a s
used to c l a m p grid #1 to a negative b i a s when the tube
w a s off. This b i a s swept out the ions left in the i n t e r e l e c t r o d e s p a c e in about 1 / 2 m s .

T h i s loop would operate without the d c t a c h o m e t e r

input; but since the m a x i m u m loop gain i s finite, the
phase difference between the a c r e f e r e n c e and the
s q u a r e wave i n locked operation would v a r y with gene r a t o r speed. The d c t a c h o m e t e r input amplitude i s
adjusted s o that the d c output of the f i l t e r is n e a r l y
z e r o i n the locked condition. In t h i s way, the phase
difference between the a c r e f e r e n c e and the s q u a r e
wave i s made v e r y n e a r l y 90 and independent of gene r a t o r speed.
Main Counter Loop

Number S y s t e m and Logic

The MAIN COUNTER and i t s a s s o c i a t e d feedback

loop a r e shown i n the upper l e f t p a r t of Fig. 1. The
function of this counter i s to provide a d i g i t a l d e g r e e
s c a l e t h a t h a s 3 6 0 . 0' p e r g e n e r a t o r cycle and t h a t i s
p h a s e synchronized with the s q u a r e wave f r o m t h e
p h a s e - l o c k loop. Its operation i s d e s c r i b e d below.

The digital p a r t s of the c o n t r o l s y s t e m shown in

t h e block d i a g r a m of Fig. 1 u s e the b i n a r y n u m b e r
s y s t e m . This was chosen s i n c e t h e input f r o m the
ZGS p r o g r a m m e r i s i n o n e ' s complement f o r m and
b e c a u s e of convenience i n construction.
The DISPLAY s y s t e m u s e s L E D n u m e r i c display
e l e m e n t s d r i v e n by a b i n a r y coded d e c i m a l counter.
T h i s i s convenient f o r checkout by the m a i n t e n a n c e
personnel.
The digital logic u t i l i z e s 7400 s e r i e s TTL-MSI
i n t e g r a t e d c i r c u i t s . About 250 i n t e g r a t e d c i r c u i t
chips a r e mounted i n dual in- line p a c k a g e s and a r e
interconnected by w i r e - w r a p wiring. The propagation
d e l a y s f o r t h i s logic s e r i e s v a r y f r o m package t o
package b u t a r e of the o r d e r of a f e w t e n s of ns.
P h a s e Lock Loop
The g e n e r a t o r voltage wave v a r i e s i n frequency
d u r i n g the ZGS cycle and i s v e r y d i s t o r t e d . R e c t i f i e r
commutation produces notches i n the g e n e r a t o r

The d c t a c h o m e t e r voltage, shown i n t h e upper

left of Fig. 1, i s multiplied by a constant in the
SERVO CONTROL. The p r o d u c t is then applied to the
input of t h e v-f c o n v e r t e r . T h e gain constant is adjusted to give v e r y n e a r l y 160 counts p e r e l e c t r i c a l
d e g r e e of the g e n e r a t o r wave. In this way, the m a i n
c o u n t e r r e c e i v e s v e r y n e a r l y 16 x 3600 counts e a c h
g e n e r a t o r cycle, without the feedback l o o p ' s c o r r e c tion. This m a k e s the action of the feedback loop a l m o s t independent of g e n e r a t o r speed.
The m a i n c o u n t e r i s provided with g a t e s that
c l e a r the counter t o z e r o e a c h time the t o t a l count
r e a c h e s 16 x 3600. The g a t e s g e n e r a t e a ROLLOVER
p u l s e a t the s a m e t i m e that t h e counter i s c l e a r e d .
N o o t h e r input c l e a r s the c o u n t e r , thus a s s u r i n g
360. Oo p e r m a i n counter cycle.

5 12

The m a i n counter is synchronized with the p h a s e lock loop in the following way. The positive-going
edge of the s q u a r e wave f r o m the p h a s e - l o c k loop + 2
loads a r e g i s t e r with the n u m b e r f r o m the m a i n counte r . This number is then s u b t r a c t e d f r o m a r e f e r e n c e
n u m b e r , obtained by adding a BIAS to the n u m b e r contained in the RECTIFY D.S. digital switch. This diff e r e n c e i s the digital s e r v o - l o o p e r r o r s i g n a l and
r e p r e s e n t s the amount that the m a i n counter i s ahead
o r behind the r e f e r e n c e s q u a r e wave f r o m the phaselock loop. The difference i s loaded into a second r e g i s t e r that f e e d s a d-a c o n v e r t e r , thus furnishing a
voltage e r r o r signal.
This voltage e r r o r signal f e e d s a p r o p o r t i o n a l and
a n i n t e g r a l network in the s e r v o control. The effect
i s to speed up o r slow down the v-f c o n v e r t e r s o that
the number t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m the m a i n counter i s
equal to the r e f e r e n c e number.
F u l l Rectify Adjustment
The m a i n counter control loop contains a r e f e r ence number that m a y be changed to adjust the firing
pulse t i m e s f o r full rectify. At full rectify (000. O o
f r o m the p r o g r a m m e r ) , the RECTIFY D, S. i s changed
in 0. 1' i n c r e m e n t s until the firing p u l s e s a r e c o r r e c t ly timed. The digital p h a s e angle m e t e r i s used to
check this. At c o r r e c t adjustment, the RECTIFY D.S.
Small
plus the BIAS h a s a nominal value of 180. 0'.
v a r i a t i o n s a r e caused by the effects of noise on the
p h a s e - l o c k loop.
P r e s e t Counter
Under ideal conditions at f u l l r e c t i f y , r e c t i f i e r # I
t u r n s on when the number in the m a i n counter i s 30,
r e c t i f i e r #Z when the n u m b e r is 6 0 , e t c . , and r e c t i f i e r #12 when the number i s 360'.
At i n v e r t , e a c h
r e c t i f i e r turn- on i s delayed up to 1 5 5 O s o that s e v e r a l
of the r e c t i f i e r turn- on angles will o c c u r in the following cycle of the m a i n counter. The logic p r o b l e m s
a s s o c i a t e d with this situation a r e avoided by using the
P R E S E T COUNTER shown below the m a i n counter in
Fig. 1.
The p r e s e t counter counts by 0. l o s t e p s and has a
range of 819. lo. It i s not c l e a r e d to z e r o but i s p r e s e t t o the number in the m a i n counter a t a specific
t i m e e a c h cycle. The P R E S E T CONTROL logic o p e r a t e s s o t h a t in effect, the t i m e f o r the p r e s e t t i n g i s a f t e r r e c t i f i e r #12 h a s turned on and a l s o i s a f t e r the
r o l l o v e r of the m a i n counter. If r o l l o v e r h a s not O C c u r r e d b e f o r e t u r n - o n of r e c t i f i e r # 1 2 , the p r e s e t cont r o l in effect locks out the unwanted c o m p a r a t o r output
p u l s e s generated between the t i m e of r e c t i f i e r #12
t u r n - o n and the t i m e of r o l l o v e r .
The r a n g e of the p r e s e t counter and the method of
p r e s e t t i n g it r e q u i r e t h a t the "B" i nput to the c o m p a r a t o r has the following- ranges:
Rectifier #1 v a r i e s f r o m 15O to 200'
Rectifier # 2 v a r i e s f r o m 45' to 230
R e c t i f i e r # 3 v a r i e s f r o m 75' to 260
.

R e c t i f i e r #12 v a r i e s f r o m 345O to 530

Lag Register
In n o r m a l operation, the ZGS p r o g r a m m e r m a k e s
the m a j o r p a r t of the changes in r e c t i f i e r firing angles. This i s done through the p r o g r a m m e r input to
the SELECTOR a t the bottom of Fig. 1. The number
of d e g r e e s of firing delay i s put in the 0005 r e g i s t e r a t
any t i m e . The n u m b e r i s then t r a n s f e r r e d t o the
0005' r e g i s t e r under i n t e r n a l timing control.
The number in the LAG REGISTER is subtracted
f r o m the number in the 0005' r e g i s t e r . The difference
i s divided by 256 and the quotient added to the initial
value of the number in the lag r e g i s t e r . The l a g r e g i s t e r then approaches the number in the 0 0 0 5 ' r e g i s t e r
along a digitally generated "exponential. ' I The time
constant i s controlled by the RATE logic and i s s e l e c t ed f r o m the ZGS p r o g r a m m e r . The output "L" i s thus
made to change slowly enough to prevent a r c faults in
the r e c t i f i e r s and to prevent distortions in the ring
magnet field that would reduce the b e a m intensity.
Under fault conditions, the safety i n t e r l o c k s
switch the s e l e c t o r f r o m p r o g r a m m e r input to a steady
i n v e r t angle.
Maximum Invert Angle
The r e c t i f i e r a r c fault r a t e is dependent on the
amount of f i r i n g delay used. L e s s delay i s p e r m i s s i ble a t high magnet c u r r e n t s than a t low c u r r e n t s . The
control s y s t e m i s t h e r e f o r e provided with logic that
l i m i t s the firing delay.
The MAXIMUM INVERT adjustment digital switch
i s shown a t the lower left of F i g . 1. The hold button
on the r e g i s t e r p e r m i t s changes during operation of
the ring magnet. The digital switch angle i s added to
a fixed 108.8' t o get the total m a x i m u m angle.
The CURRENT COMPENSATION input at the lowe r left of Fig. 1 i s a voltage obtained f r o m a magnet
c u r r e n t t r a n s d u c t o r . This voltage i s fed t o a s a m p l e
and hold ( S / H ) and then to an a-d c o n v e r t e r . The numb e r in the associated r e g i s t e r i s proportional to m a g net c u r r e n t . The amplifier gain m a y be changed to
adjust the amount of compensation.
The c u r r e n t compensation angle i s subtracted
f r o m the m a x i m u m i n v e r t angle to give a limit "MI'
thzt v a r i e s with magnet c u r r e n t . This value "MI' and
the lag r e g i s t e r number "L" go t o a COMPARATOR
and SELECTOR that m a k e the number a t "GI' equal to
the s m a l l e r of t h e s e two inputs to the c o m p a r a t o r .
P h a s e Counter
The phase counter (+CNT), located i n the lower
r i g h t of Fig. 1 , controls the distribution of firing
p u l s e s t o the s e v e r a l r e c t i f i e r s and d e t e r m i n e s the angular i n c r e m e n t s between the r e c t i f i e r f i r i n g s . The
operation i s a s follows.
Consider the +CNT to be in the f i r s t of i t s 12
s t a t e s . The counter output and DECODE gates condition DRIVER # I t o t r a n s m i t the next c o m p a r a t o r pulse
to r e c t i f i e r # l . The counter output c a u s e s the 301NC
g e n e r a t o r output 'IC" to b e z e r o and connects D. S. 1
digital switch t o the E input t o the adder. The output
of this a d d e r c a n be adjusted between Oo and 30' by
adjusting D. S. 1.

513

If the p r o g r a m m e r input is Oo (full r e c t i f y ) and i f

the FEEDBACK i s not i n u s e ( F = 15'), the B input to
the c o m p a r a t o r m a y be f r o m 15' t o 45O depending on
the D.S. 1 setting.

indicated t h a t the delta and wye connected t r a n s f o r m e r s d i d not produce voltage waves that a r e 30 a p a r t .
It a p p e a r s t h a t the angles a r e about 28O.

As soon a s the number in the p r e s e t counter

equals o r exceeds the number B, a c o m p a r i s o n pulse
i s generated. This pulse i s t r a n s m i t t e d to r e c t i f i e r
#1 and c a u s e s the hCNT to advance to the second
state.
In this second s t a t e , D.S. 2 digital switch is connected by the s e l e c t o r to output E and d r i v e r #2 i s
conditioned. In t h i s c a s e , the 301NC g e n e r a t o r output h a s a value of 30.0'.

T h e feedback connection i s used with the B coil on

the ring magnet to control the slope of the m a g n e t f l a t top f o r e n e r g y l o s s extraction. In t h i s m o d e , inc r e a s e d ripple amplitudes a p p e a r on the r i n g magnet
voltage. T h e s e a r e at low f r e q u e n c i e s and a r e not r e producible f r o m cycle to cycle. It ? p p e a r s t h a t low
frequency noise i s picked up in the B s y s t e m . Even
s o , the ripple i s l e s s than with the old control s y s t e m .
The feedback input i s used during r e s o n a n t ext r a c t i o n to control the e x t r a c t i o n r a t e . 3 The signal i s
supplied f r o m b e a m monitoring d e v i c e s to m a g n e t i c a l ly p r o g r a m t h e b e a m position during extraction.

This p r o c e s s continues to f i r e each of the 12 r e c t i f i e r s in the p r o p e r sequence. The ACNT i s selfsynchronizing a t s t a r t u p of the s y s t e m b e c a u s e of the
equal t o o r g r e a t e r than action of the c o m p a r a t o r .

Acknowledgments
Many people have enthusiastically contributed t o
the digital f i r i n g control s y s t e m p r o j e c t . T h e i r e f f o r t s have m a d e the s y s t e m operational in a r e m a r k ably s h o r t t i m e .

Feedback
The digital control s y s t e m i s provided with a f a s t
channel that m a y be used in cpnjunction with other
c o n t r o l s y s t e m s such a s the B feedback c o n t r o l and
the e x t e r n a l b e a m intensity control.
The feedback s y s t e m , located a t the bottom of
Fig. 1, c o n s i s t s of a n input a m p l i f i e r , a S / H , an a-d
c o n v e r t e r , and a r e g i s t e r (REG). The input voltage
range i s - 2 0 to t 2 0 V. The a-d c o n v e r t e r h a s an output range of 0' to 30. Oo. When the feedback input i s
not in u s e . the REG i s held at 15. 0'.
Model
Dynamic checks of the digital control of the r e c t i f i e r f i r i n g angles a r e done through u s e of the MODEL.
T h i s m o d e l contains two s m a l l 6- phase t r a n s f o r m e r s
supplied f r o m the g e n e r a t o r bus. One t r a n s f o r m e r
h a s a delta p r i m a r y and the other a wye connected
p r i m a r y . The s e c o n d a r i e s connect t o 12 s m a l l photocoupled S C R ' s that a r e operated by the 12 d r i v e r s of
Fig. 1. The rectified voltage i s fed t o a n operational
a m p l i f i e r analog model of the ZGS p a s s i v e f i l t e r and
r i n g magnet s y s t e m . Magnet voltage, magnet c u r r e n t , and c u r r e n t through the f i l t e r inductor a r e
available. Model c u r r e n t and magnet voltage a r e
t r a n s m i t t e d to the power house display s y s t e m f o r the
o p e r a t o r s ' inspection.

We wish t o thank M r . Ray Kickert f o r h i s e f f o r t s ,

especially during the m e a s u r e m e n t s of the dynamic
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the m e r c u r y vapor r e c t i f i e r s and
during debugging and testing of the s y s t e m .
The ring magnet power group, under Mr. George
W e s t , did an outstanding job of constructing many of
t h e c i r c u i t modules and making the m a n y changes i n
the control and i n t e r l o c k c i r c u i t s . We w i s h to thank
P. B e r t u c c i , L. J o h n s , P. Roth, E. Kulovitz,
W. Welch, and the whole ring magnet power group.
References
1.

J. F. S e l l e r s , E. F. F r i s b y , W. F. P r a e g , and
A, T. V i s s e r , Ring Magnet P o w e r S y s t e m f o r the
Z e r o Gradient Synchrotron, 1965 P a r t i c l e Accele r a t o r Conference, Washington, D. C., M a r c h 10
to 12, 1965, I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s on Nuclear S c i ence, Volume NS-12, No. 3, p. 338 (1965)

2.

Lloyd G. Lewis and Anthony D. Valente, Argonne

National L a b o r a t o r y , PHASOR: A Control Computer Method f o r Displaying Amplitude and P h a s e
of Ripple Components in the Ring Magnet Voltage,
IXth International Conference on High E n e r g y
A c c e l e r a t o r s , Stanford, C a l i f o r n i a , May 2 to 7 ,
1974.

3.

Y . Cho, E. A. C r o s b i e , L. G. L e w i s , C. W.
P o t t s , and L. G. R a t n e r , Argonne National Labor a t o r y , Slow Resonance E x t r a c t i o n of Two S i m u l taneous B e a m s without R F S t r u c t u r e , IXth I n t e r national Conference on High Energy A c c e l e r a t o r s ,
Stanford, California, May 2 to 7 , 1974.

Discussion
The c o n t r o l s y s t e m h a s been i n routine u s e s i n c e
November 1973. Initial s t a r t u p w a s with a l l the digital s w i t c h e s , D.S. 1 - D.S. 12, s e t f o r equal i n t e r v a l s between r e c t i f i e r f i r i n g s . No p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m s with a r c b a c k s w e r e encountered.
Readjustments of the individual r e c t i f i e r angles
w e r e m a d e to m i n i m i z e ripple. This w a s done with
t h e aid of the control computer using the PHASOR 2
p r o g r a m . The amplitudes of t h e f i r s t , second, and
t h i r d h a r m o n i c s w e r e reduced t o values t h a t w e r e
about a f a c t o r of 20 s m a l l e r than with t h e old analog
r a m p control s y s t e m . T h i s was done without the feedb a c k input.
T h e amplitude of t h e sixth h a r m o n i c could be
m i n i m i z e d but r e m a i n e d l a r g e . The m i n i m u m w a s
f a i r l y b r o a d , and the v a l u e s of D.S. 1 - D.S. 12

5 14

D.C. TACH.

D. C.
D+A

REG.

LOAD

v-* f

SUB.
SERVO

TACH.

CONTROL

SUM

RECTIFY D.S.
160 COUNTS / DEG.
COUNTS / DEGREE
START
DISPLAY
CONTROL

II

'1

f256

SELM

ADD

1
I

COMP

CONTROL

ADD

++w
SUB.

RATE

LAG
1

TIMING

REG.
I

REG.

F
1I

I REG.

SUB,

ADD

k 1 5 O

0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0

30' INC.

0005'

SELECTOR

0005
MAX.

D.S.

INVERT
ADJUST
CURRENT
COMP.

SEL.

1 MAN,

FEED

PROGRAMMER

BACK

INVERT

FIG. 1 - D I G I T A L

FIRING

ANGLE

DECOD

12

INDIVIDUAL

SYSTEM

DRIVERS

ANGLE A D J U S T

CONTROL
515

- - - - - _ - D.S.

BLOCK

DIAGRAM

PHASOR: A CONTROL COMPUTER METHOD FOR DISPLAYING AMPLITUDE

AND PHASE OF R I P P L E COMPONENTS IN THE RING MAGNET VOLTAGE*:
Lloyd G. Lewis and Anthony D. Valente
Argonne National L a b o r a t o r y
Argonne, Illinois
Abstract
Deviations of 12- phase g e n e r a t o r - t r a n s f o r m e r rectifier systems f r o m ideal performance result in
the generation of ring m a g n e t ripple a t the fundamental and at low h a r m o n i c s of the g e n e r a t o r frequency.
Analysis and display of the amplitude and p h a s e of
e a c h of t h e s e h a r m o n i c components m a k e s it possible
f o r the s y s t e m s engineer to m i n i m i z e the ripple by r e adjusting the control system. The Z e r o G r a d i e n t Sync h r o t r o n (ZGS) control c o m p u t e r s a m p l e s both the f i l t e r e d voltage on the ring m a g n e t and a r e f e r e n c e voltage produced by a phase- lock loop connected to the
g e n e r a t o r bus. Data a r e t a k e n during a s e l e c t e d i n t e r val of the Z G S cycle and a r e then analyzed. Computer
d r i v e n graphic displays plot the r a w ripple data, a m plitude and p h a s e b a r g r a p h s f o r e a c h h a r m o n i c cornponent, r e c o n s t r u c t e d ripple data f o r checking, and
g r a p h s f o r comparing ripple components u n d e r differe n t operating conditions. N u m e r i c a l information i s
a l s o displayed. The PHASOR p r o g r a m c o r r e c t s the
p h a s e angles f o r the p h a s e shifts produced by the ZGS
p a s s i v e filter. T h e s e c o r r e c t e d angles indicate whlch
of the 12- phase firing angles should be r e t a r d e d o r aclvanced to reduce the ripple.
Introduction
P o w e r supplies for s y n c h r o t r o n ring m a g n e t s
usually c o n s i s t of phase - controlled r e c t i f i e r s o p e r a t e d
f r o m a n a c power line o r f r o m a c g e n e r a t o r s .
The
n u m b e r of a c p h a s e s i s often high to m i n i m i z e the r i p ple. The ripple o n the m a g n e t i s reduced even m o r e
i n s o m e s y s t e m s by i n s e r t i n g a low- pass f i l t e r b e tween the r e c t i f i e r s and the ring ;nagnet.
In a 12- phase s y s t e m with a l o w - p a s s filter, the
amplitude of the ripple component a t the fundamental
f r e q u e n c y of the power line m a y exceed the amplitude
of the 12th harmonic. This i s caused in p a r t by the
f i l t e r ' s attenuation being l a r g e r a t the higher frequency. Additional c a u s e s include e r r o r s i n the number. OE
t u r n s on the polyphase t r a n s f o r m e r windings, variation
i n the leakage inductance from one p h a s e winding to
another, l a c k of s y m m e t r y i n c i r c u i t r e s i s t a n c e s , and
i m b a l a n c e s between p h a s e s of the power line or generator.
The magnitude of the low frequency ripple c o m ponents m a y be reduced on flattop by p r o p e r l y r e t a r d ing o r advancing the firing t i m e of e a c h of the 1 2 p h a s e r e c t i f i e r s with r e s p e c t to the o t h e r s .
P r o p e r adjustment of the firing delays of cach of
the 1 2 p h a s e s i s e x t r e m e l y difficult by t r i a l and e r r o r
m e t h o d s and an optimum i s difficult to d e t e r m i n e by
eye. F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s , analytical methods a r e r e quired.
A swept frequency s p e c t r u m a n a l y z e r w a s used

::::Work p e r f o r m e d u n d e r the a u s p i c e s of the U. S.

Atomic E n e r g y Commission.

i n a n a t t e m p t to analyze the ripple during a 7 0 0 m s

flattop of the ZGS ring magnet. At the low ripple f r e quencies, 50- 600 Hz, the sweep r a t e f o r the r e q u i r e d
resolution w a s s o low that a n a n a l y s i s could n o t be p e r f o r m e d i n the length of the flattop, In addition, no
p h a s e angle i n f o r m a t i o n i s given b y such a n i n s t r u m e n t .
The ZGS control computer s y s t e m w a s u s e d i n
conjunction with the p r o g r a m PHASOR to analyze the
r i p p l e and display the r e s u l t s . The p r o g r a m i s of the
i n t e r a c t i v e type w h e r e the c o m p u t e r o p e r a t o r d i r e c t s
the logic flow a f t e r observing the r e s u l t s of e a c h s e c tion of the p r o g r a m .
Data Input
The r e f e r e n c e f o r a l l p h a s e angles w a s a s q u a r e
wave produced by a phase- lock loop that h a d one p h a s e
of the g e n e r a t o r voltage a s i t s input. This loop acted
a s a f i l t e r f o r the distortions i n the g e n e r a t o r voltage
wave and gave s h a r p indications of corresponding
points i n e a c h g e n e r a t o r voltage cycle. The loop w a s
adjusted s o t h a t the positive -going s q u a r e wave t r a n s i tions w e r e a t 90 on the g e n e r a t o r voltage s i n e wave
and w e r e independent of g e n e r a t o r voltage and f r e quency.
This s q u a r e wave, shown i n Fig. lA, w a s the i n p u t t o a n analog i n t e g r a t o r t h a t w a s voltage l i m i t e d a t
10 V. The w a v e f o r m f r o m t h i s i s shown i n Fig. 1B.
The r i s e and f a l l t i m e s w e r e adjusted to be slightly
l o n g e r than the control computer data sampling i n t p r Val. In this way, the computer w a s a s s u r e d of one
data point on the r l s e even through the c o m p u t e r w a s
not synchronized to the g e n e r a t o r .

The second input to the ZGS control c o m p u t e r

data station w a s a voltage cGntaiiiing the m a g n e t r i p p l r
rnformation. It w a s obtained by capacitively coupling
the voltage which w a s a c r o s s one quadrant of the ring
magnet to a n a m p l i f i e r with a high common mode r e jection. Z e n e r dlode networks e l i m i n a t e d m o s t of the
C ~ L component.
Data Taking
The manual keyboard a t the computer d r i v e n
scope w a s used to specify the point i n the ZGS cycle
l o r the s t a r t of data taking (e. g. 250 ms a f t e r the s t a r t
of flattop). The keyboard was then used to e n t e r the
niimber of data s a m p l e s of the ripple voltage that a r e
t o b e taken. The computer then g e n e r a t e s requisitions
fcr a l l of the data points. M e a s u r e m e n t s a r e m a d e a t
Z O O u s i n t e r v a l s and a l t e r n a t e between the r e f e r e n c e
wave: and the ripple wave.
When the o p e r a t o r pushes & e DISPLAY NEW
S E T key, a new s e t of data i s taken on the next Z G S
cycle. T h e s e data a r e then displayed on the scope
s c r e e n . F i g u r e 3 top plots the s a m p l e s taken o n the
r e l e r e n c e wave. The points that a r e c i r c l e d a r e on the
r i s i n g and falling s l o p e s of the r e f e r e n c e . Fig1n-e 3
b o t t o m plots the s a m p l e s taken on the r i p p l e wave.

516

s e a r c h e s the r e f e r e n c e wave data points, Fig. 3 top,

to locate all the positive-going edges. It counts the
n u m b e r of data points i n e a c h cycle and c a l c u l a t e s the
f r a c t i o n a l i n t e r v a l s a t the beginning and end of each
cycle. These f r a c t i o n a l i n t e r v a l s a r e calculated f r o m
the position of the c i r c l e d points, Fig. 3 top. The total n u m b e r of i n t e r v a l s i s then divided into 360 to get
the number of d e g r e e s p e r interval. Od f o r the f i r s t
data point i n each cycle and the frequency of each cycle a r e displayed on the scope screen. A value of Od
for e a c h data point i s then assigned.

Fig.

P h a s e Lock Loop Waveforms

The computer o p e r a t o r , by inspection of the

s c o p e display, d e t e r m i n e s that the amplitude r a n g e of
the data i s acceptable and that enough points a r e taken.
He m a y then p r o c e e d to analyze the d a t a by pushing
the ANALYZE button on the scope.
Analysis
A finite, p e r i o d i c function V(t) m a y be w r i t t e n a s

The computer u s e s the equations (4),(5), and

(8) to compute the amplitude and phase of the f i r s t 12
h a r m o n i c components. The s u m s , equations (4)and
(5), may be extended o v e r m o r e than one cycle i f the
o p e r a t o r s o specifies.
The p h a s e angles, x r of equation ( 7 ) , a r e then
c o r r e c t e d f o r the phase shifts produced by the ZGS
p a s s i v e filter, shown i n F i g . 2. The r e s u l t s give the
phase angle of e a c h frequency component a t the output
of the r e c t i f i e r .
Display Derived Ripple

n
where
n = O . 1, 2, 3 .

...

and w =

2lT

and the coefficients a r e given by

.7

(2)
L

B = Ti

JL+z

n=O,l,2..

..

Vtsb ntut d t

-2
w h e r e Bo = 0 and A. = twice the dc value of the signal.

If we make k m e a s u r e m e n t s during one p e r i o d

of the function V(t), we may approximate the i n t e g r a l s
( 2 ) and ( 3 ) by the following:
k

-._

vd c d ~(re,)

r = 0, 1, 2, 3

...

(4)

d=l

$1

Vc sln

(re,)

(5)

d=l

.
..

ThenV(t)=la tacarcuttam2wtt..
2 0
1
2
t b

or
V(t) =

where
cr =

1
a
2 0

sin w t t b2sh 2 o t + .

t c1 sln (cuttxl) + cz sin (ottx,) t

d-

with the r e s t r i c t i o n

The o p e r a t o r m a y push the DISPLAY DERIVED

R I P P L E button to check the computation.
In t h i s
mode, the c o m p u t e r u s e s the p h a s e s and amplitudes of
the ripple components d e r i v e d f r o m the data to calcul a t e V ( t ) a t each value of Bd.
The g r a p h i s shown i n
F i g . 3 center. The amplitudes and phase angles of
the components a r e given i n the table a t the bottom of
Fig. 3.
A m e a s u r e of the e r r o r i s given by a number
labelled FIT. This number i s found by taking the diff e r e n c e between e a c h m e a s u r e d ripple voltage and the
voltage calculated f r o m the p h a s e s and amplitudes of
the ripple. This difference i s divided by the m e a s u r e d
voltage a t each point and the r a t i o i s squared. The
number FIT i s one minus the mean of this ratio.

Graph P h a s o r Set
The o p e r a t o r m a y s e e the r e s u l t s of the h a r m o n i c a n a l y s i s by pushing a button labelled G R A P H
PHASOR SET. This activates a subroutine that cons t r u c t s the graphic display t h a t i s shown i n Fig. 4.
The top l i n e s on the r i g h t of Fig. 4 give the date
and time of day f o r s t a r t i n g to take the s e t of data.
The remaining l i n e s on the right give the point i n the
ZGS cycle a t which the data taking began. In t h i s c a s e
it w a s 400.0 m s a f t e r the s t a r t of block 16 (flattop).

(6)

. . (7)

(e)

15
. mH
IN

and x
-180 < xr

= arctan

2 200

(8)

PF

180'.

The first s t e p i n the a n a l y s i s i s to a s s i g n a n

angle Bd to e a c h of the data points. The c o m p u t e r

Fig. 2

5 17

1
$
T

7250
uF
I
I OHM

ZGS P a s s i v e F i l t e r

OUT

PHASOR

0
0

15 NOV. 1973
21:04:36

a
0

START AT 16 400.0
300 SAMPLES TAKEN

2 PERIOD ANALYSIS
HZ
1 ST THETA
I 50.15
4.82
2

ALPHA

SET

0
0
0

0
0

0
0

AMP.

PHASE
- .2
0
I .I
29.3
I .I
- I 11.7
.2 - I 12.0
. 3 -130. I
.I
-145.9
I .4 - 76.6
.I
- 82.1
.o 138.0

.o
.o
.o

.6

11.1
47.8

5.9

15.6

F i g 3.

dc
I
2
3
4
5

6
7
8

9
IO
II

12

50.10

2.28

RETAINED SET
PHASE
ALPHA SET

AMP.
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Display New Set and Derived Ripple

T h r e e hundred data s a m p l e s w e r e taken and two p e r i ods w e r e analyzed. The first p e r i o d had a frequency
of 50.15 Hz, while the second had 50.10 Hz. This diff e r e n c e i s caused by the slowing down of the g e n e r a t o r
during the ZGS cycle. The angle 8d for the f i r s t data
point i n e a c h cycle was 4.82O and 2 . 2 7 O .
The top g r a p h gives the r e c o n s t r u c t e d ripple
data that w a s calculated f r o m the amplitudes and
p h a s e s of the d e r i v e d ripple components. The F I T
n u m b e r is also given. This g r a p h i s included i n Fig.
4 , a s w e l l a s in F i g . 3, f o r identification p u r p o s e s and
b e c a u s e many people get a b e t t e r "feel" for the data
f r o m an analog type display.
The upper b a r g r a p h of Fig. 4 plots the dc component and the amplitudes of the f i r s t 1 2 h a r m o n i c s of
the g e n e r a t o r frequency. The v e r t i c a l s c a l e f o r this
plot is shown above and to the left of the b a r graph.
The s c a l e factor i n volts p e r inch i s changeable a t will
through the scope keyboard. T h e s e amplitudes a r e for
the f i l t e r e d voltage applied to the ring magnet.
The lower b a r g r a p h of Fig. 4 plots the phase
The r a n g e of
angles x for the f i r s t 12 h a r m o n i c s .
angles isrfixed a t t 180 to -180 i n a c c o r d a n c e with
the r e s t r i c t i o n on x r i n equation (8). T h e s e angles
have been c o r r e c t e d f o r the phase shifts produced by
the p a s s i v e f i l t e r of Fig. 2. They a r e , t h e r e f o r e , the
p h a s e angles of the h a r m o n i c components at the output
of the r e c t i f i e r s . T h i s i s done to make it p o s s i b l e to
d e t e r m i n e which r e c t i f i e r firing angles should be r e t a r d e d o r advanced to r e d u c e the amplitudes of the r i p p l e components.

The lower p a r t of F i g . 4 lists s e v e r a l s e t s of

n u m e r i c data. The column i n the center l i s t s dc and
p h a s e s 1- 12. The two columns to the left of c e n t e r
give the amplitudes in volts and the p h a s e angles i n
d e g r e e s f o r the 12 p h a s e s and the amplitude of the dc
component. T h e s e a r e the values u s e d to calculate
the d e r i v e d ripple plotted a t the top of Fig. 4.
The table of n u m b e r s a t the lower left r e c o r d s
the alpha angle settings f o r the 12 p h a s e s and i n addition, the full rectify setting. T h e s e a r e the settings
of the ZCS control s y s t e m that produced the ripple r e c o n s t r u c t e d a t the top of F i g . 4. The n u m b e r s a r e i n
octal code and r e p r e s e n t deviations f r o m the i d e a l unif o r m spacing of r e c t i f i e r firing angles. T h e s e n u m b e r s a r e r e c o r d e d i n the e x a c t f o r m a t i n which they
a p p e a r on the control p a n e l of the digital firing angle
control system.
T h e s e n u m b e r s a r e e n t e r e d through the u s e of
the ENTER/MODIFY ALPHA SET subroutine, and
can be u s e d by the o p e r a t o r when desired.
Retained Set
The o p e r a t o r may save a s e t of r e s u l t s , such a s
that p r e s e n t e d i n Fig. 4, by pushing the button labelled
RETAIN THIS PHASOR SET. This activates a subroutine that s t o r e s the information i n computer m e m o r y f o r c o m p a r i s o n with future data.
The o p e r a t o r m a y then analyze a new s e t of data
and call for GRAPH PHASOR SET. The r e s u l t i s the
g e n e r a t i o n of a display such as shown in Fig. 5 .

518

PHASOR

15 NOV. 1973
21 : 04 : 36
1.00

START A T 16 400.0
I

AMP. MAG.

300 SAMPLES TAKEN

2 PERIOD ANALYSIS
HZ
1 ST THETA
I 50.15
4.82

P. s.

-180
ALPHA

77

36

SET

77

37

76

36

76
36
472

36

77

74

36

AMP.
PHASE
0
- .2
29.3
I ,I
- I 11.7
I .I
- 2 - I 12.0
.3 - I 30.I
-145.9
.I
1.4 - 76.6
- 82.1
.I

.o
.o
.o
.o

.6

138.0
11.1

47.8
5.9
15.6

Fig. 4

AMP.

dc
I

50.10

2.28

RETAINED SET
PHASE
ALPHA SET

0
n

5
6
7
8
9

0
0
0
0
0

IO

0
0

I1

12

Graph PHASOR Set

The n u m e r i c i n f o r m a t i o n a t the top right of Fig.

5 i s s i m i l a r to that of F i g . 4 e x c e p t i t i s f o r the new
s e t of data. The d e r i v e d ripple c u r v e and the F I T
n u m b e r a r e aIso for the new s e t of data.
T h e b a r g r a p h f o r the amplitude now h a s two
l i n e s a t e a c h h a r m o n i c locstion. The left line i n e a c h
p a i r gives the amplitude of that h a r m o n i c component
i n the new s e t of data, while the right line i n e a c h p a i r
g i v e s the amplitude of that h a r m o n i c component i n the
r e t a i n e d set. In this way, the a m p l i t u d e s m a y be c o m p a r e d visually t o d e t e r m i n e the effect of the changes
i n the firing angles.
The b a r g r a p h f o r t h e p h a s e s a l s o h a s a p a i r of
l i n e s a t e a c h h a r m o n i c location. The left line i n e a c h
p a i r gives the p h a s e angle f o r that h a r m o n i c c o m p o n e n t i n the new s e t of data, while the right line gives
the p h a s e angle of that h a r m o n i c component in the r e tained set.
T h e n u m e r i c information, a t the b o t t o m of F i g . 5
on t h e r i g h t , gives the amplitude and p h a s e a n g l e s f o r
the r e t a i n e d s e t and i n addition the alpha s e t t h a t p r o duced t h e m , The n u m e r i c i n f o r m a t i o n , at the b o t t o m
on t h e l e f t , gives the amplitude and p h a s e a n g l e s f o r
the new s e t of data and the c o r r e s p o n d i n g alpha set.
output
The p r o g r a m PHASOR is a n i n t e r a c t i v e one s o
t h a t m o s t of the output i s through v i s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n of
t h e c o m p u t e r d r i v e n s c o p e display. S e v e r a l options i n
t h e i n t e r a c t i o n can p r o d u c e c o p i e s of t h e s c o p e display
on 8 % " x 11" photographic paper. T h e s e include:

COPY NEW S E T - - s i m i l a r to Fig. 3,

COPY L E F T SHIFTED - - t h a t p o r t i o n of F i g . 3
that w a s analyzed,
C O P Y DERIVED - - derived ripple,
AiL P H A S E T - - s i m i l a r to
COPY PHASOR ?
F i g . 4, 5.
The ' h a r d - c o p y " unit c a n produce a p r i n t in about ten
seconds. No line p r i n t e r output i s provided.
Calibration
The effects produced by changes i n r e c t i f i e r f i r ing angle w e r e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y investigated. F o r example, the firing angle of p h a s e n u m b e r 1 w a s a d vanced s e v e r a l e l e c t r i c a l d e g r e e s to p r o d u c e a l a r g e
ripple on flattop. PHASOR w a s t h e n u s e d to m e a s u r e
the amplitude and p h a s e of the h a r m o n i c components
of the ripple thus produced. This p r o c e d u r e w a s r e peated f o r s e v e r a l combinations of change s i n firing
angles of selected r e c t i f i e r s .
T h e calibration d a t a w e r e useful i n predicting
which of the 12 r e c t i f i e r groups should h a v e t h e i r firing angles a l t e r e d to r e d u c e a given o b s e r v e d ripple.
Discus sion
Analyses of ripple data w e r e m a d e f o r a v a r i e t y
of firing angle combinations during the calibration r u n s
and for m a n y a c t u a l o p e r a t i n g conditions while ripple
reduction a d j u s t m e n t s w e r e made. In all c a s e s , the
b a r g r a p h s s i m i l a r t o Figs. 4 and 5 showed v e r y s m a l l
o r no a m p l i t u d e s f o r the 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, IOth, and
1 l t h h a r m o n i c s . T h e p h a s e a n g l e s computed f o r t h e s e

5 19

...

PHASOR

15 NOV. 1973
23:25 : 16
START AT 16 600,O
500 SAMPLES TAKEN

AM

2 PERIOD ANALYSIS
HZ
1 ST THETA

I
P. s.

48.82

2 48.76

'

-180
ALPHA

SET

77

32

77

32

76

32

101

32

77

32

76

32

AMP.
-

-6
.3

.3

.2
.2

.o
.I
.o

.o
.o
.o

473

.o

,2
Fig. 5

PHASE

0
26.4
170.8
- 96.2

- 117.8
- 146.0
- 78.3
- 63.7

- 166.4

- 30.I
- 68.0

78.I
42.0

AMP.

dc

-. \ . o

2
3
4

6
7
8
9
10
I1

12

RETAINED SET
PHASE
ALPHA SET

0
.3 - 106.3
.I
43.I
. I - 153.2
.I - 158.2
. I - 73.6
2.0 - 77.1
-90.2
*I
I 38.3
.I
.o - 153.7
.o -131.3
.o - 136.6
.7 136.0

77

50

77

46

76

47

76

47

77

46

74

46

4#58
3.27

470

G r a p h PHASOR Set With Retained Set f o r Comparison

h a r m o n i c components v a r i e d widely f r o m one data s e t

to the next which l e a d s u s to the conslusion that t h e s e
h a r m o n i c components a r e l a r g e l y the r e s u l t of " noise"
o r i n a c c u r a c i e s i n the input data.
We w e r e not able to find a combination of r e c t i f i e r firing angles t h a t produced l a r g e or significant
a m o u n t s of 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, loth, and I l t h , h a r m o n i c s . We t h e r e f o r e have amplitude and p h a s e m e a a u r e m e n t s a t h a r m o n i c n u m b e r s l , 2 , 3, 4, 6, and 12
f o r a total of 1 2 m e a s u r e m e n t s .
The c o n t r o l s y s t e m h a s a d j u s t m e n t s for e a c h of
the 1 2 p h a s e s but only 11 of t h e s e a r e independent v a r i a b l e s a s f a r a s r i p p l e i s concerned. The 12th p h a s e
c o n t r o l and the "full rectify" c o n t r o l a d j u s t the slope
of the flattop. T h i s slope i s a d j u s t e d to z e r o b e f o r e
the ripple m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e made.
Some thought w a s given to w r i t i n g a p r o g r a m
t h a t would compute new firing angle s e t t i n g s f r o m the
r i p p l e component amplitudes and p h a s e angles. T h e r e
a p p e a r to be enough m e a s u r e m e n t s to p e r m i t the s o l v ing of a s e t o f 12 equations. No adequate a l g o r i t h m
f o r this w a s developed i n the v e r y l i m i t e d effort e x pended.
Inspection of t h e p r o b l e m i n d i c a t e s that the r i p p l e m a y be reduced one component a t a time. This i s
the p r o c e d u r e used.

A p e r f e c t r e c t i f i e r s y s t e m w i l l produce only the

12th h a r m o n i c , t h e r e f o r e this cannot be e l i m i n a t e d or
effectively reduced by adjusting firing angles. On the
o t h e r hand, the 6th h a r m o n i c can be i n c r e a s e d o r d e c r e a s e d in only one way. That i s , a l l even n u m b e r e d
p h a s e s should be advanced an equal amount and a l l qdd
n u m b e r e d p h a s e s r e t a r d e d by the s a m e amount. T h i s
method reduced the 6th h a r m o n i c amplitude to a m i n i m u m but would not make i t vanish. The data i n d i c a t e
that the phase shift between our delta and wye connected t r a n s f o r m e r s i s only 28' r a t h e r t h a n the t h e o r e t i c a l
30.

The f i r s t h a r m o n i c amplitude m a y be r e d u c e d by
changing a l l of the 12 angles. In t h i s case, the
changes a r e d i s t r i b u t e d sinusoidally with the p e a k of
the d i s t r i b u t i o n d e t e r m i n e d by the p h a s e angle of the
1 s t h a r m o n i c of the ripple. The 2nd h a r m o n i c m a y be
r e d u c e d by a s i m i l a r p r o c e d u r e except that the s i n u s oid f o r the d i s t r i b u t i o n i s the 2nd h a r m o n i c .
T h i s p r o g r a m w a s u s e d s u c c e s s f u l l y to r e d u c e
the flattop ripple a t the ZGS with the d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r
alpha angle changes d e t e r m i n e d manually. It i s hoped
that additional s u b r o u t i n e s can soon be added to p e r m i t the c o m p u t e r to calculate t h e alpha s e t t i n g s t h a t
will m i n i m i z e the ripple.

5 20

INITIAL EXPERIENCE WITH A MULTI-PROCESSOR CONTROL SYSTEM

K . B. M a l l a r y
S t a n f x d L i n e a r A c c e l e r a t x Center
Stanfzrd, C a l i f x n i a
There are n3w s e v e r a l new prsgrams t h a t (I) d i s p l a y t h e
s t a t u s af a l l 245 k l y s t r o n s an ane p a n e l , ( 2 ) d i s p l a y
s t a t u s 3f a system ( e . g . pers3nnel. p r a t e c t i m 3r
vacuum) a.nd saon, (3) d i s p l a y a l i s t af a c c e l e r a t x
f a u l t s i n arder a f p r i a r i t y . T h i s l a s t l i s t d i s p l a y s
c u r r e n t s t a t u s , r a t h e r t h a n changes, and i s t h u s independent 3f x c a s i a n a l missed t a s k s , ( 4 ) m u l t i p l e
s c r s l l s sa t h a t messages 3f d i f f e r e n t t y p e s c a n b e
d i r e c t e d t3 d i f f e r e n t d i s p l a y s .

The SJAC a c c e l e r a t x has ni3w been c a n t r a l l e d

thrciugh a system 3f t w 3 l i n k e d computers f a r a y e a r .
I n t h e f i r s t f m r m m t h s a f 1 9 4 n i n e a d d i t i a n a l CFU's
have been l i n k e d i n t 3 t h e system. F i g u r e 1 sh3ws t h e
p r e s e n t c m f i g u r a t i a n . It i s t i m e t o review t h e pmb-,
lems e n c a u n t e r e d i n c m p u t e r - c 3 n t r a l a f t h e a c c e l e r a t a r and t 3 d i s c u s s t h e i r s a l u t i m s - - i n s t a l l e d , pending
and praposed.

BA CKGRO IJND
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS

When SLAC was b u i l t , a n SDS-925 camputer was i n s t a l l e d i n t h e s w i t c h y a r d ' s d a t a assembly b u i l d i n g ,

I t s f u n c t i a n s were
now t h e Main C m t r 3 1 Center (MCC).
t 3 m3nitor i n t e r l x k s and t s c a n t r s l a few a f t h e
s w i t c h y a r d magnets. There was ni3 c m p u t e r a s s s c i a t e d
w i t h t h e a c c e l e r a t a r i t s e l f . Faur y e a r s l a t e r a PDP-9
was i n s t a l l e d i n t h e C e n t r h l C a n t r a l Roam ( C C R ) t a l o g
k l y s t r o n p e r f s m a n c e and t i 3 h e l p a u t o m a t i c a l l y s e l e c t
spare k l y s t r s n s t s replace f a i l u r e s . By making maximum use 3f e x i s t i n g r e l a y m u l t i p l e x e r s t h e PDP-9 was
csnnected t o nearly a l l a c c e l e r a t o r c m t r s l , analog
and sta1;o.s s i g n a l s w i t h i n six m n t h s . A s a r e s u l t ,
however, i.t v a s l i m i t e d t o e x e c u t i n g s n e c s n t r s l o r
ana.139 r e a d s u t a t a t i m e .

These s 3 f t w a r e changes have made t h e system mare

r e l i a b l e and have imprsved i t s 3 p e r a t i n n , b u t s o f t w a r e
a h n e c a u l d d 3 n a t h i n g a b a u t t h e m e - a t - 2 - t i m e ci3ntra1
and v e r y l i t t l e a b m t t h e slaw a n a l 2 g a c q u i s i t i 3 n . The
o r i g i n a l p r a p o s a l f a r imprsving ci3ntrals r e q u i r e d 30
s p e c i a l - p u r p o s e p r a c e s s o r s i n t h e g a l l e r y , w i t h circ u i t s t o s t o r e a cammand and t h e n d r i v e l x a l r e l a y s
while t h e PDP-9 t r a n s m i t t e d c m t r s l s i g n a l s t i 3 o t h w
s e e t a r s . These p r o c e s s a r s a t f i r s t were v e r y compiic a t e d ; b u t even when all 3f t h e t i m i n g and much af t h e
specia.1 l s g i c was d e l e t e d , t h e y c a s t as much a s
p u t t i n g a c m p u t e r i n t o e v e r y f m r t h sectsr, and
c r e a s e d t h e amsunt i3f w3rk t o be dane by the PDP-31
Since a n a n a l a g m u l t i p l e x system and a methsd t o r e s t r u c t u r e t h e a d d r e s s i n g 3f s m e of t h e c 3 n t r o l channels were a l s o d e s i r e d , t h e s p e c i a l - p u r p s s e p r 3 c e s s s r s
never 931; aff t h e drawing b s a z d . We bi3ught n i n e
PDP-8's instea.d.

G-

It w a s t h e n proposed f u n c t i o n a l l y t o move CCR t o

MCC by l i n k i n g t h e computers and u s i n g " t o u c h - p a n e l "
d i s p l a y s ( R e f s . 1,2), w i t h o u t p h y s i . c a l l y moving hardware.

The p a t t e r n g e n e r a t o r f o r d e f i n i n g m u l t i p l e -

b e a m s w a s t h e I.ast i.iit,erfac.-- t o b e completed, ear1.y in

1973.

O p e r a t i o n s from MCC s t a r t e d s h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r .

The f i r s t 3f the PDP-8's a r r i v e d a y e a r a g o . An

e x e c u t i v e program similar t2 t h e 3ne i n t,he PDP-9 and
925 had been w r i t t e n a.nd t e s t e d i n a. s i m u l a t o r i n t h e
IBM 360. A terminal.- emulator prsgram was w r i t t e n f3r
t h e PDP-6; it a s k d t h e 360's t e x t - e d i t s r , Cor a binary
" l i s t i n g " i3C t h c
c u t i w przgr'am, 13aded it i n t o c s r e ,
and we mi'e i n bu
e s s . By Aiigiist; t h e eight. gallery
pracessors had beel; :inked t; t h e nile i n CCR, in O c t 3 'ber t h e l i n k i n t 3 t h e PDP-3 i"/?s e s t a b l i s h e d , and we
were w a i t i n g p r i m a r i l y f s r f a b r i c a t i m and i n s t a l l a t i o n
of i n r e r f a . c e hardware i n the g a l l e r y .
(Yig. 2) Pragrams t3 csnti.:,]. -ihc rit'v hardware rind a program i n t h e
mr-5) t~ s t w c the- rm-8 pr:igr:irns ~ ; ni t s d i s k were c m p i e t c d t h i s w i n t e r . Curing thi:; c 3 n f e r e n c e we have i n l i e d remote r e s t a r t s w i t c h e s , as a p a c i f i e r t:) t h e
s p e r a t a r s wh3 know That any system c8n gs dawn acca-

I N I T I A L PERFOHMNCE

Frxn t h e a u t s e t , nearly a l l of t h e a c c e l e r a t s r
c 3 n t r o l and m - n i t J r i n g s i g n a l s r 3 u l d b e made a v a i l a b L e
a t 1 he t a u c h panel d i s p l a y units. G p e r a t o r s designed
t h c i r owl panel:, u s i h g a conver:i.t.nt sJf'tware "panel.
c o m p i l e r " . However., t h e system c:uld 3 n l y 3perate
c 3 n t r 3 l a t a time, just as was t h e c a s e a t a s i n g l e
c . , n t r - , l p a s i t i 2 n In C C R . It p r e s e n t e d a n a l a g s i g n a i s
?n.Ly when t h e .>perst:>r e x p l i c i -t l y asked f a r i hem by
r i a m e . I t r ?nly ii1Lar.m anniincia-t.:,r was a "s;c-.r.nll" of

a number o caiisequent
s a g e 3 f t e i i was r s l l e d
t,ratar r , e a l i z e d any-thing hsd happened.

sionally.
By t h e cnd 3.C t h i s c n n f e r e n c e , whcn the accel~erui n g starti-d up, we e x p e c t (.ight 3f t h e n i n t
t a be 1'ul:Ly : ) p e r u t i 3 n a l , and t3 huve 28 chun-;ntr:>l t o the a c c e l e r , a t > r i n s t e a d 3f t h e ?ne
we h i d b e f s r e . The n i n t h csmputer i s b e i n g used t 3
t e s t the a n a l 3 g m u l r i p l e x i n g hardware a s i t comes UT
,)f the s h p .
- x p f c t t s have a f J r m ,f anul:,g multi-Liig i n Sept.i:mber.

In ~)ui' ,~pt?i.;it i n g
Ref'. 3 ) e a c h s ta t i i s
c;kiaiig:t- and b u t ton- push cr
>lie
i l ~ r et a s k s . The
PDP-y can handle L L ~t 3 r~
5C :jr m J w tasks at a
tirnc; the $25 can s u p p o r t twice as m n y . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,
t h e r e a r e many 3ccssii3ns when m u l t i p l e changes c c e a t e
ne sy::tem t 3 m:inage v h i c h , a t
mped.

?a give a n

example, r i s t

SJ

DEVELOFMENTS FOR TIIE FTJTURE

t h e e n t i r e F;F system. T h i s causes same 8OC s t a t u s

es 113 a p p e a r a t t h e PDP-9 w i t h i n t i 7 3 zr t h r e e
d s . When too many status chani,.es x c u r , t h e PDP-3
r ? p , > r t i n g i r i d i v i d u a l changer a n d inst:u.d, with il
s~Lri~l~
task,
.:
sends ti t 2 L a l upd
3r scce1.erat:)r s t a t u s
t o t h e 325. S i m i l a r l y , most m
g e s a c r a s s the l i n k
can be a b o r t e d i f t h e r e a r e t s
riy t a s k s a l r e a d y i n
the? system.

Sincc t h e c smpii t cr

Lern .:s:;ent i n l l y replaces a

systeui, t h e r e has been cani v e i7.s bcick what we tiad bci',;r,e.
T h e a n i i u n c i a t o r pr:>bltirn wa:: t h e i i r s t t3 bo a i t a c k e d .

I suggesred a b w e t h a t we were r e s t r u c t u r i n g s u r
c s n t r s l a d d r e s s e s . The o r i g i n a l c a n t r o l a d d r e s s i n g
scheme rcquiced t h e 3perat:>r f i r s t t i s e l e c t a s e c t o r
and t h e n puch a b u t t n n f,r t h e d e s i r e d c:>ntr:ji s i g n a l .
When we i n s t a l l e d p u l s e d beam guidance, :i(:s u b d i v i d e d
i n d i v i d u a l c o n i r s l a d d r e s s e s f o r a d j u s t i n g up t o six
p r e s e t levels 3f i i d e v i c e . Fsr manual >peratii3ns,
pushing one b u t t - n a t a time, it made 113 d i f f e r e n c e t o
a n o p e r n t 3 r i,?ha-t i h e a d d r e s s i n g h i e r a r c h y might be i.n
the haidwaris.
B u t w e n:)r h:ave t h r t - e independent

"

.)[it

rxting pas i-

tisns i n the Main C:)ntrol Room, and a r c t a l k i n g about

521

a d d i n g a u t m a t i c c a n t r a l s t h a t might b e i n i t i a t e d by
t h e m m p u t e r . The S p e r a t a r naw s e l e c t s which beam he
wishes t a t u n e 3n h i s t m c h p a n e l ( s u b d e v i c e a d d r e s s ) .
Then he s e l e c t s what f u n c t i m he w i s h e s t 3 c m t r 3 1
( c o n t r A a d d r e s s , e . g . beam b a d i n g 3r v e r t i c a l s t e e r i n g ) . F i n a l l y he s e l e c t s t h e p a r t i c u l a r l a c a t i m ( s e c t x ) where he w i l l make h i s a d j u s t m e n t . Thus 3ur add r e s s i n g l o g i c has been t u r n e d c m p l e t e l y upside-d3wn.
I n p a r t i c u l a r , f a r i n s t a n c e , t h e c m t r a l s f3r beam c u r r e n t and spectrum s h a r p e n i n g 3f a l l beams s h a r e t h r e e
c m t r a l a d d r e s s e s a t t h e i n j e c t a r , which a r e a c c e s s e d
m l y by 3ne sf t h e new PDP-8 c h a n n e l s . Thus a p e r a t a r s
cauld s t i l l f i n d themselves i n t e r f e r i n g with each
3ther.

REFERENCES

We p l a n t s i n s t a l l s p e c i a l i n t e r f a c e s t a allsw
p a r a l l e l c a n t r d 3f s e l e c t e d m u l t i l e v e l d e v i c e s . The
f i r s t was s c h e d u l e d f x i n s t a l l a t i a n i n J u l y , b u t it
n3w a p p e a r s t h a t p a r a l l e l canti-31 f a r " phase c l z w r e "
( s p e c t r u m s h a r p e n i n g ) and f3r f i n e e n e r g y c m t r s l may
became a p e r a t i s n a l b e f x e t h e end a f May.

4.

1.

D. F r y b e r g e r and R . Johnson, "An I n n o v a t i o n i n

C o n t r o l Panels f o r Large Computer Systems,"
P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r Conference, Chicago, I l l i n o i s ,
March 1971.

2.

S. Howry 5 g . , "SLAC C o n t r o l Room C o n s o l i d a t i o n S o f t w a r e A s p e c t s , " P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r Conference,

Chicago, I l l i n o i s , March 1971.

3.

S. Howry, "An O p e r a t i n g System for P r o c e s s C o n t r o l , "

3rd ACM Symposium on Operating Systems P r i n c i p l e s ,
S t a n f o r d , October 1971.

K. B. Mallory, "Some E f f e c t s of (Now Having) Computer Control f o r t h e Stanford Linear Accelerator

C e n t e r , " P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r Conference,
San F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f o r n i a , March 1973.

When t h e a n a h g m u l t i p l e x i n g system c m e s i n t 3
a p e r a t i m , a new prablem w i l l a r i s e : t h e ammnt s f
l i n k t r a f f i c i s e x p e c t e d t 3 be a t b e s t d m b l e d , p e r haps t r e b l e d fram what it i s n3w. T w p~ s t e n t i a l s31ut i m s a r e b e i n g s t u d i e d -- a m a r e - e f f i c i e n t messages w i t c h i n g system f3r t h e PDP-8 i n CCR (which w i l l n s t
d3 much t 3 r e d u c e l i n k t r a f f i c frsm t h e PDP-9 t 3 t h e
925) 3r a new d a t a l i n k , f 3 r a n a l s g s i g n a l s m l y , d i r e c t f r m t h e pDp-8'~t > a n a u x i l i a r y p r s c e s s a r at t h e

925.
E v e n t u a l l y , we w i l l p r s b a b l y have t 3 r e p l a c e t h e
We a r e p r a p 3 s i n g t s
i n s t a l l new m i n i c m p u t e r s t a b u f f e r s e v e r a l 3f t h e 1/0
d e v i c e s naw cannected t o t h e 925, and l a t e r t 3 c s n n e c t
them t a a new majsr p r x e s s s r which can f i r s t s h a r e and
l a t e r , i f necessary, t a k e aver t h e t a s k s s f t h e v e t e r a n - t h e S r i g i n a l c m p u t e r i n s t a l l e d f3r c m t r - 3 1 3f t h e
BSY a t SLAC .

925, r e l i a b l e t h m g h it be naw.

LINK TO
IBM 360-70
COMPLEX
(SLAC
CENTRAL
COMPUTER

ACCELERATOR

Fig. 1
522

,W*#

LINK TO SDS925 I N MAIN CONTROL

DECTAPES

POP-3

LINK TO I B M 360/370 COMPLEX

CCR CONTROLS
CCR ANALOGS

KLYSTRON GALLERY

CONTROL TO
PULSED PHASE
CLOSURE,
GUN MOD A 6
GUN MOD B

CONTROL TO
PULSED ENERFY
VERNIER
KLYSTRON
MAINTENANCE
GROUP

Fig. 2

523

THE CPS IMPROVEMENTS 1965-1973

AN ASSESSMENT
THE CPS STAFF
CERN, Geneva, S w i t z e r l a n d

Summary
I n 1965, p l a n s were made t o i n c r e a s e t h e beam
i n t e n s i t y d e l i v e r e d by t h e CPS by a f a c t o r of t e n o r
more. The f i r s t s t a g e , i n v o l v i n g a new power s u p p l y f o r
t h e main magnet and more t h a n d o u b l i n g t h e c y c l e r e p e t i t i o n r a t e , was completed i n 1968. I n t h e second
s t a g e , which i s now e s s e n t i a l l y c o m p l e t e , t h e major
i t e m s was t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a n 800 MeV slow- cycling
b o o s t e r i n j e c t o r . Many o t h e r m o d i f i c a t i o n s were i n c l u ded. The L i n a c c u r r e n t had t o b e i n c r e a s e d by a n o r d e r
of magnitude t o s u p p l y t h e B o o s t e r , and t h e h i g h e r beam
i n t e n s i t i e s r e q u i r e d a more powerful RF a c c e l e r a t i n g
system. B e s i d e s t h e 800 MeV i n j e c t i o n e l e m e n t s , quadrup o l e l e n s e s were i n s t a l l e d t o a v o i d l o n g i t u d i n a l d i l u t i o n a t t r a n s i t i o n , and m u l t i p o l e s t o c o u n t e r a c t i n s t a b i l i t i e s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e chamber vacuum was improved
by a f a c t o r of t e n , s h i e l d i n g and r a d i a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e
i n c r e a s e d where n e c e s s a r y , and beam-equipment i n t e r a c t i o n r e d u c e d . Adequate i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n and c o n t r o l
f a c i l i t i e s had t o b e p r o v i d e d , and t h e e f f i c i e n c y of
f a s t and slow e x t r a c t i o n systems improved. P e r t u r b a t i o n s
due t o v a r i o u s c o l l e c t i v e phenomena had t o beovercome.
The performance o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e f i r s t p h y s i c s
runs i s reported.

'The programme was b a l a n c e d by a comparable expans i o n of e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a s and f a c i l i t i e s (West H a l l

w i t h t h e Omega s p e c t r o m e t e r and t h e Big European Bubble
Chamber (BEBC) and n e u t r i n o f a c i l i t y w i t h G a r g a m e l l e ) ,
which took p l a c e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y .

2 . Main Magnet Power Supply

The new power s u p p l y 6 was d e s i g n e d t o more t h a n
double t h e duty c y c l e .

10.8

The magnet v o l t a g e was i n c r e a s e d from 5 . 4 t o

which a p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l v e d t h e r i s e and f a l l t i m e s
of t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d . I n o r d e r t o a v o i d i n c r e a s i n g
t h e maximum v o l t a g e t o ground, l i m i t e d by t h e winding
i n s u l a t i o n , a second r e c t i f i e r s e t was i n s e r t e d i n t h e
m i d d l e of t h e magnet c i r c u i t , w i t h t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e s
of b o t h r e c t i f i e r s e t s symmetrical t o ground. Keeping
t h e same maximum c u r r e n t (6400 A) a s b e f o r e , t h e h i g h e r
magnet v o l t a g e i m p l i e s a h i g h e r peak power, namely
95 MVA i n p l a c e o f 46 MVA.

kV,

The i n c r e a s e i n d u t y c y c l e r a i s e s t h e a v e r a g e
power and t h e l o s s e s i n t h e magnet. Mean power r o s e
from 18 t o 46 MVA and power d i s s i p a t i o n i n t h e magnet
from 1 . 6 t o 3 MW. The magnet c o o l i n g system had t o b e
a d a p t e d t o t h e new c o n d i t i o n s .

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n
A f t e r a few y e a r s of o p e r a t i o n , t h e CPS had reached
a maximum i n t e n s i t y of 1 T p / p u l s e * a n d , i n view of spacec h a r g e e f f e c t s , a f u r t h e r f a c t o r of two seemed t h e mst
t h a t c o u l d be e x p e c t e d . The m o t o r - g e n e r a t o r s e t supplyi n g t h e main magnet l i m i t e d t h e d u t y c y c l e t o a t y p i c a l
v a l u e of 10% a t 19 GeV/c (200 ms f l a t - t o p w i t h a 2 s
r e p e t i t i o n time) and even l e s s a t h i g h e r e n e r g i e s (100
m s f l a t - t o p e v e r y 3 s a t 24 GeV/c). The e x p e r i m e n t a l
f a c i l i t i e s comprised two h a l l s , w i t h a t o t a l a r e a of
4000 m2, f e d by i n t e r n a l t a r g e t s and a s i n g l e f a s t
e x t r a c t i o n channel.

In 1964, a n improvement programme w a s launched with

t h e o b j e c t of i n c r e a s i n g t h e a v e r a g e a c c e l e r a t e d beam
i n t e n s i t y by a f a c t o r of 10 t o 15'. T h i s was t o b e
a c h i e v e d i n two s t a g e s :
i ) r a i s i n g t h e r e p e t i t i o n r a t e t o g a i n a f a c t o r of 2
o r 3 , depending on energy and f l a t - t o p l e n g t h , by
c o n s t r u c t i n g a new magnet power s u p p l y ;
i i ) r a i s i n g t h e i n j e c t i o n energy ( f a c t o r % 5 i n i n t e n s i t y p e r p u l s e ) . Two p o s s i b l e methods were i n v e s t i g a t e d i n d e t a i l ; a 200 MeV Linac' and a 600 MeV
twin slow c y c l i n g b o o s t e r s y n c h r o t r o n 3 , A comparat i v e s t u d y 4 showed t h a t a l t h o u g h b o t h schemes could
produce t h e r e q u i r e d i n t e n s i t y i n c r e a s e , t h e higher
s p a c e - c h a r g e l i m i t of t h e b o o s t e r a l l o w e d a g r e a t e r
p o t e n t i a l f o r f u t u r e development. F u r t h e r s t u d i e s
f i n a l l y l e d t o a n 800 MeV b o o s t e r w i t h 4 s u p e r posed r i n g s ' . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e new i n j e c t o r , t h i s
p a r t of t h e programme i n v o l v e d a number o f complementary improvements t o t h e 50 MeV L i n a c and t h e
main p r o t o n s y n c h r o t r o n , which a r e d e t a i l e d below.

Tp = 1
0
'

The new power s u p p l y has a more f l e x i b l e c o n t r o l

system, which p r o v i d e s a wider c h o i c e of magnet c y c l e s ,
i n c l u d i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of two " f l a t - t o p s " a t d i f f e r e n t e n e r g i e s . The d i s t r i b u t i o n of a c c e l e r a t e d p r o t o n s
between u s e r s i s t h e r e b y s i m p l i f i e d ; a common example
of s u c h a complex c y c l e i s : a c c e l e r a t i o n t o 26.3 GeV/c,
e j e c t i o n of 4 bunches t o I S R , d e c e l e r a t i o n t o 24 GeV/c,
t h e n slow e x t r a c t i o n s h a r e d w i t h an i n t e r n a l t a r g e t o v e r
a 400 ms b u r s t .
The r e d u c t i o n o b t a i n e d i n t h e r i p p l e v o l t a g e (20 V
peak t o peak i n s t e a d of 100) and t h e b e t t e r r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of t h e magnet f i e l d (4
a r e important fact o r s i n p r o d u c i n g a s a t i s f a c t o r y s l o w e x t r a c t e d beam.
R e l i a b i l i t y h a s proved t o b e v e r y good ( 2 h downtime p e r 1000 h o u r s of o p e r a t i o n i n 1 9 7 3 ) .
An i m p o r t a n t a d d i t i o n a l i m p l i c a t i o n was t h e need
t o i n c r e a s e t h e mean power and t h e r a t e of r i s e of t h e
a u x i l i a r y power s u p p l i e s . These m o d i f i c a t i o n s were
c a r r i e d o u t p r o g r e s s i v e l y , and s t i l l c o n t i n u e t o d a y , a s
each a u x i l i a r y sub- system p r o v e s t o b e a b o t t l e - n e c k
f o r a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e machine o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y and
h a s , i n i t s t u r n , t o be matched t o t h e main power s u p p l y
c a p a b i l i t y o r m o d i f i e d t o improve t h e c o n t r o l of beam
dynamics e f f e c t s .
3.

Linac

S i n c e t h e o r i g i n a l 50 MeV L i n a c had a l s o t o s e r v e
a s i n j e c t o r f o r t h e new B o o s t e r s y n c h r o t r o n , i t s p e r formance r e q u i r e d s u b s t a n t i a l improvement. T h i s i n v o l v e d
i n c r e a s i n g t h e p u l s e l e n g t h t o 100 u s , f o r m u l t i t u r n
i n j e c t i o n up t o 1 5 t u r n s ; more c u r r e n t (100 mA) w i t h i n
a s p e c i f i e d e m i t t a n c e and e n e r g y s p r e a d (30 TI mm mrad

protons (Teraproton).

524

and 2 150 keV); and a h i g h e r r e p e t i t i o n r a t e ( 2 s-)

so t h a t a l t e r n a t e p u l s e s could b e sent down a p a i r of

The beam c o n t r o l system h a s a l s o been r e p l a c e d t o

new beam measuring l i n e s . Besides i n c r e a s i n g t h e d u t y

c y c l e of s e v e r a l components ( i o n s o u r c e , p r e - a c c e l e r a t n ,
p u l s e d q u a d r u p o l e s , e t c . ) , a major problem was c a v i t y
beam l o a d i n g and i t s compensation. T h i s was t a c k l e d by
i n s t a l l i n g f o r e a c h of t h e t h r e e t a n k s an a d d i t i o n a l
RF a m p l i f i e r u s i n g more powerful t u b e s . However, t h e
beam l o a d i n g compensation i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o a d j u s t
w i t h a d e q u a t e s t a b i l i t y f o r l o n g p u l s e s a t peak i n t e n s i t y , and i t h a s been n e c e s s a r y t o l i m i t t h e beam t o
50 mA, to a c h i e v e s t a b l e o p e r a t i o n and r e p r o d u c i b l e
beam q u a l i t y .

4 . 800 MeV I n j e c t i o n System

meet t h e more s t r i n g e n t o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s ( a u t o matic phase programme, adapted pick- up s e n s i t i v i t y ,

beam-derived f r e q u e n c y programme, s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n w i t h
t h e B o o s t e r , s i n g l e bunch a c c e l e r a t i o n ) .

6 . Vacuum System
I t h a s long been known t h a t r e s i d u a l g a s c o u l d b e

a s o u r c e of beam i n s t a b i l i t i e s , and t h e r e f o r e s e t a
lower l i m i t on u l t i m a t e performance t h a n s i m p l e g a s
s c a t t e r i n g e f f e c t s would i n d i c a t e . Furthermore, t h e
p r o s p e c t of i n c r e a s e d r a d i a t i o n damage, and t h e r e f o r e
reduced r e l i a b i l i t y of vacuum s e a l s made of o r g a n i c
m a t e r i a l s , was a n a d d i t i o n a l r e a s o n f o r r e d e s i g n i n g t h e
vacuum s y s teml

A f t e r i n j e c t i o n a t 50 MeV from t h e L i n a c and accel e r a t i o n i n t h e B o o s t e r , t h e 800 M e V beam i s i n j e c t e d

i n t o t h e PS o v e r one t u r n , and t h e bunches a r e t r a p p e d
d i r e c t l y i n s y n c h r o n i z e d b u c k e t s . The i n j e c t i o n system
t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e a s s o c i a t e d beam o b s e r v a t i o n d e v i c e s
and low e n e r g y m a g n e t i c c o r r e c t i o n s i s d e s c r i b e d elsewhere 7 . An incoming beam w i t h i n t h e s p e c i f i e d charact e r i s tics is t r a p p e d w i t h b a r e l y d e t e c t a b l e l o s s e s .

5. A c c e l e r a t i n g System
The r e d u c t i o n of t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d r i s e t i m e a l s o
i m p l i e s a n i n c r e a s e of t h e energy g a i n p e r t u r n , and
i t w a s i n i t i a l l y i n t e n d e d t o a c h i e v e t h i s w i t h a s e t of
t h r e e a d d i t i o n a l narrow-band second- harmonic c a v i t i e s .
These would have been s w i t c h e d on 80 m s a f t e r i n j e c t i o n
when a r e m a i n i n g f r e q u e n c y swing of o n l y 10%was needed
t o r e a c h top e n e r g y . Although p r o t o t y p e u n i t s were developed and s u c c e s s f u l l y t e s t e d w i t h t h e beam, t h e proj e c t was dropped when, d u r i n g the second s t a g e of t h e
improvement programme, i t became c l e a r t h a t t h e whole
RF s y s t e m would have t o b e r e b u i l t .
An a d d i t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t w a s t h e d e s i r e t o b e
a b l e t o t r a p t h e 20 B o o s t e r bunches i n 10 of t h e PS
b u c k e t s a s a means of i n c r e a s i n g t h e I S R l u m i n o s i t y .
g
A f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i n g s e v e r a l a l t e r n a t i v e s , i t was dec i d e d t o b u i l d a new a c c e l e r a t i o n system c a p a b l e of
coping b o t h w i t h t h e f a s t e r r a t e of r i s e b r o u g h t a b o u t
by t h e new magnet power supply ( s e c t i o n 2) and t h e
h i g h e r beam i n t e n s i t y .
The new RF systemio comprises t e n u n i t s spaced
around t h e Ving. Each u n i t h a s two i d e n t i c a l f e r r i t e tuned c a v i t y r e s o n a t o r s , working o v e r t h e f r e q u e n c y
range 2 . 5
10 MHz, p r o v i d i n g a peak a c c e l e r a t i n g v o l t a g e of 2 x 10 kV. The a v a i l a b l e power o u t p u t i s 90 kW
p e r u n i t , which i s a d e q u a t e , under t h e w o r s t c o n d i t i o n s ,
f o r a n i n t e n s i t y of 1 . 5 Tp p e r PS b u c k e t . The p a i r of
r e s o n a t o r s i s connected i n p a r a l l e l , which s i m p l i f i e s
t u n i n g c u r r e n t c o n t r o l and a l l o w s a l a r g e r t o l e r a n c e
f o r t h e power t u b e o u t p u t c a p a c i t a n c e . The a c c e l e r a t i n g
gaps are s h o r t - c i r c u i t e d by vacuum r e l a y s a t t h e end
of t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n p h a s e of t h e c y c l e , so t h a t t h e y
show a low impedance t o t h e beam and re- bunching i s
avoided.

The 8 2 o i l d i f f u s i o n pump groups have been r e p l a c e d

by a b o u t 130 s p u t t e r - i o n pumps ( 2 0 0 o r 400 2.1s pumping
speed a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l o c a l l o a d ) and 14 turbomolecul a r pump groups ( 2 6 0 k / s ) f o r pumping down t o t h e lod5
T o r r r a n g e . A l l t h e r u b b e r s e a l s have been r e p l a c e d by
m e t a l l i c t y p e s , and new b e l l o w s - s e a l e d v a l v e s i n s t a l l e d .
The c o m p l e t i o n of t h i s p r o j e c t h a s reduced t h e mean
p r e s s u r e by a f a c t o r of t e n , namely from 2-3 lob6 T o r r
down t o 2-3 loe7 T o r r . Recent beam dynamics experiment&
have shown t h a t a t t h e i n t e n s i t y l e v e l of 2 Tp/p a
r e t u r n t o t h e o l d p r e s s u r e l e v e l immediately lowered t h e
i n t e n s i t y by 50%. I t should a l s o b e n o t e d t h a t , i n s p i t e
of t h e l o n g e r pump down time, t h e t i m e l o s t due t o
vacuum system f a u l t s h a s gone down from 20 h t o 10 h per
1000 h of o p e r a t i o n .

7 . E x t r a c t i o n Systems
E f f i c i e n t s h a r i n g of a c c e l e r a t e d p r o t o n s between
a n i n c r e a s i n g number of u s e r s demanded t h e development
of new e x t r a c t i o n systems and components. L i m i t a t i o n of
t h e i n t e n s i t y p e r m i s s i b l e on i n t e r n a l t a r g e t s , t o avoid
b o t h o v e r h e a t i n g of t h e t a r g e t head and r a d i a t i c n damage
t o a d j a c e n t components, p l a c e s a premium upon methods
of slow e x t r a c t i o n which can s i m u l t a n e o u s l y s h a r e t h e
beam w i t h o u t unduly i n c r e a s i n g l o s s e s . A r e s o n a n t extract i o n system of t h i s kind i s now i n o p e r a t i o n 1 3 . Gener a l l y , t h e u s e of h i g h e r i n t e n s i t i e s i m p l i e s t h e necess i t y f o r improvements i n e x t r a c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y .
T h i s problem h a s been t a c k l e d i n two ways; f i r s t l y ,
by t h e development of e x t r a c t i o n system components w i t h
w i d e r a p e r t u r e s f o r t h e same d e f l e c t i n g power; secondly,
by t h e u s e o f d e v i c e s ahead of t h e e x t r a c t o r magnet
which enhance t h e s e p a r a t i o n of t h e protons- to- be- ejected
w h i l s t p r o v i d i n g t h e minimum o b s t r u c t i o n i n t h e machine
a p e r t u r e ( s e p t a ) . B r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e s e components
follow

The power a m p l i f i e r i s a n e u t r a l i z e d 70 kW t e t r o d e ,
o p e r a t i n g w i t h grounded c a t h o d e i n c l a s s B . It i s
housed i n t h e c a v i t y compartment t o p r o v i d e i s o l a t i o n
between t h e v a r y i n g c a v i t y impedance and t h e f e e d cable,
and i s . b u i l t as a p l u g - i n assembly f o r r a p i d exchange;
t h e rest of t h e system i s i n t h e c e n t r e of t h e r i n g
where i t i s always a c c e s s i b l e . A l l sub- assemblies are
e a s i l y i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e and, a p a r t from t h e f i n a l s t a g e s ,
fully transistorized.

525

i ) A F u l l A p e r t u r e Kicker (FAK), t o r e p l a c e t h e plung i n g p a r t i a l a p e r t u r e d e v i c e s which could o n l y

h a n d l e beam of p r e - b o o s t e r dimensions.
c o n s i s t s of 9 f e r r i t e transmisThe new system
s i o n l i n e magnet modules of 15 Ohm c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
impedance. With a p u l s e v o l t a g e of 40 kV ( 8 0 kV
on t h e p u l s e g e n e r a t o r ) , t h e f l u x d e n s i t y i n t h e
53 mm gap i s 630 Gauss and t h e t o t a l k i c k s t r e n g t h
a t 26 GeV/c g i v e s a d i s p l a c e m e n t of 1 9 nun a t t h e
septum e x t r a c t o r magnet l o c a t i o n w i t h a 55 ns (10
t o 90%) r i s e t i m e . These p a r a m e t e r s have b e e n
chosen t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e e x p e c t e d l a r g e r t r a n s v e r s e e m i t t a n c e and t h e l o n g e r bunch
l e n g t h o f t h e h i g h i n t e n s i t y beam. The s y s t e m was
commissioned i n 1973 and h a s performed w e l l up t o

26 GeV/c ( n e a r l y 100% e f f i c i e n c y ) w i t h t h e m a x b
beam i n j e c t e d s o f a r (6 T p / p ) .

instabilities23.

i i ) E l e c t r o s t a t i c septum d e f l e c t o r as f i r s t s t a g e of
t h e slow e x t r a c t i o n beam c h a n n e l s .
This u n i t h a s a 0.1 mm molybdenum f o i l grounded
anode ( t h e septum) w i t h an anodized aluminium
c a t h o d e . F i e l d s t r e n g t h s of 100 t o 110 kV/cm are
c u r r e n t l y achieved o v e r a 10 t o 20 mm gap. No
a d v e r s e e f f e c t s are observed when t h e p r o t o n beam
h i t s t h e septum even a t 6 Tp/p, b u t i t i s necess a r y t o avoid g r a z i n g t h e cathode.
Among t h e major d i f f i c u l t i e s w a s t h e e f f e c t of
secondary i o n s , which had t o b e s c r e e n e d o f f t o
avoid e x c e s s i v e s p a r k i n g , and e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c coup l i n g of t h e septum w i t h t h e beam, which had t o
be damped t o avoid e x c i t i n g s t r o n g beam o s c i l l a tions.
The s u c c e s s f u l o p e r a t i o n of t h e e l e c t r o s t a t i c
septum was t h e main f a c t o r i n r e d u c i n g slow extraction losses t o 3 - 5 ~ ~ ~ .
i i i ) A s i n t e r m e d i a t e element i n t h e slow e x t r a c t i o n
c h a n n e l , a 1 . 5 mm t h i c k septum magnet17, c a p a b l e
of g i v i n g a 1 . 5 mrad d e f l e c t i o n (0.115 T a t 24
GeV/c), was b u i l t and i n s t a l l e d , and h a s been oper a t i n g r e l i a b l y f o r two y e a r s .
i v ) Large a p e r t u r e septum e x t r a c t o r magnets are b e i n g
developed t o accommodate t h e b i g g e r beams. A v e r t i c a l a p e r t u r e of 30 mm ( i n s t e a d of 15- 20 mm) i s
now n e c e s s a r y . For slow e x t r a c t i o n , t h e 10% d u t y
c y c l e i n i c i a l l y s p e c i f i e d had t o be r a i s e d t o 30%
t o match t h e c a p a b i l i t y of t h e new main magnet
power s u p p l y ( s e c t i o n 2 ) .
The 3Ox5Omm a p e r t u r e magnet f o r f a s t and slow
e x t r a c t i o n from a l o n g s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n h a s t h r e e
76 cm modules w i t h 6 and 9 mm s e p t a g i v i n g 30 mrad
d e f l e c t i o n (0.9 and 1 . 3 T a t 26 GeV/c); a l t h o u g h
performing e l e c t r i c a l l y and m a g n e t i c a l l y a s i n t e n ded, i t h a s s u f f e r e d from s e v e r a l mechanical f a i l u r e s (water/vacuum s e a l s
and h a s had t o b e
modified
Large a p e r t u r e magnets f o r f a s t e x t r a c t i o n from a
s h o r t s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n 1 9 (30 x 45 mm a p e r t u r e with
a 19 mrad d e f l e c t i o n a t 26 CeV/c g i v e n by 1.8 T)
a r e b e i n g b u i l t and w i l l be i n s t a l l e d t h i s y e a r .
Because of t h e i r v e r t i c a l dimensions, t h e s e new
models c a n no l o n g e r f i t between t h e upper and
lower main magnet c o i l s , and t h e r e f o r e have t o be
s i g n i f i c a n t l y s h o r t e r (105 i n s t e a d of 140 cm).

8. C o r r e c t i o n s f o r Beam Q u a l i t y P r e s e r v a t i o n
The low-energy c o r r e c t i o n s are d i s c u s s e d elsewhere 7 , as w e l l a s t h e y - t r a n s i t i o n jump system t o avert
l o n g i t u d i n a l blow-up when p a s s i n g through t r a n s i t i o n
energy.
A t e n e r g i e s above t r a n s i t i o n , two t y p e s of corr e c t i o n are used :
i ) programmed o c t u p o l e s i n c r e a s e t h e s p r e a d i n b e t a t r o n f r e q u e n c i e s i n o r d e r t o avoid t h e v e r t i c a l
head- tail i n s t a b i l i t y . This e f f e c t i s discussed
i n a n o t h e r p a p e r 2 1 . I t i s expected t o become s t r o n g e r w i t h i n c r e a s i n g i n t e n s i t y . More powerful and
more compact l e n s e s ( t o f i t i n t o t h e r e s t r i c t e d
s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s p a c e ) have been b u i l t 2 2 .

I n a d d i t i o n i t is intended to i n s t a l l p u l s e d sextup o l e s i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e , i n o r d e r t o program chromat i c i t y and t h u s r e d u c e t h e growth rate of t h e h e a d - t a i l

i n s t a b i l i t y . The use of p u l s e d q u a d r u p o l e s t o c o r r e c t
t h e b e t a t r o n t u n e dynamically d u r i n g a c c e l e r a t i o n i s
a l s o planned.
E x t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h i n t o t h e couplimg c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f v a r i o u s machine components which might i n t e r a c t w i t h
t h e beam i s b e i n g conducted24.
9 . Instrumentation

Lnr. C o n t r o l s

The CPS i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n h a s been a key element i n

u n d e r s t a n d i n g beam behaviour and i n o b t a i n i n g r a t h e r
r a p i d l y t h e performance summarized i n s e c t i o n 11 below.
The main t e c h n i q u e s used i n t h e PS r i n g and f o r e x t r a c t i o n systems have been reviewed elsewhere2. The spec i a l d e v i c e s developed f o r t h e i n j e c t i o n of t h e Booster
beam are d e s c r i b e d i n r e f . 7 .
I n p a r a l l e l w i t h t h e improvements t o t h e major
components of t h e CPS, a c o n t r o l system c e n t e r e d around
a n I B M 1800 h a s been b u i l t up. T h i s computer system
s e r v e s t h e Booster and many sub- systems of t h e L i n a c
and PS. Computer d r i v e n c o n s o l e s w i t h i n t e r a c t i v e cont r o l are used by t h e o p e r a t i n g s t a f f i n t h e Main Cont r o l Room26.

A multi- computer system i s b e i n g b u i l t around sever a l intercommunicating PDP-11/4527, t o f a c i l i t a t e oper a t i o n under t h e even more demanding f u t u r e c o n d i t i o n s .
10. R a d i a t i o n Problems and Beam Dumping
Although t h e p r o p o r t i o n of a c c e l e r a t e d p r o t o n s
wasted h a s been s t e a d i l y reduced by i n c r e a s i n g e f f i ciency i n t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n , the increase i n intens i t y h a s n e v e r t h e l e s s c r e a t e d problems b e c a u s e of r a d i a t i o n damage; t h e h i g h e r l e v e l s of induced a c t i v i t y rend e r i n s i t u maintenance more d i f f i c u l t .
Most of t h e o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s n e a r t h e beam have
been r e p l a c e d by m e t a l , ceramic o r oxide- coated compon e n t s , d e s i g n e d f o r f a s t e r s e r v i c i n g and q u i c k e r
exchange. The major s o u r c e of concern was t h e main PS
magnet28. S e v e r a l u n i t s have a l r e a d y had t o b e r e p l a c e d , t h e weak p o i n t s b e i n g t h e a d h e s i v e h o l d i n g t h e
l a m i n a t i o n s t o g e t h e r and t h e p o l e f a c e windings. The
magnet h l o c k e c a n b e m e c h a n i c a l l y clamped, b u t t h e
p o l e f a c e windings w i l l have t o be r e p l a c e d by a new
v e r s i o n . An e v a l u a t i o n of t h e s i t u a t i o n i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l areas of t h e CPS w i t h r e g a r d t o induced
a c t i v i t y and r a d i a t i o n damage h a s a l s o been made.
The r o o f s h i e l d i n g above t a r g e t s was r e i n f o r c e d ,
and t h e e a r t h s h i e l d i n g o v e r t h e remainder o f t h e r i n g
i n c r e a s e d t o t h e s t r u c t u r a l l o a d l i m i t . An e v a l u a t i o n
of t h e e f f e c t s of v a r i o u s modes of o p e r a t i o n on s i t e
r a d i a t i o n h a s been made, and t h i s i s one of t h e c r i t e r i a used i n e s t a b l i s h i n g long- term programmes. There
i s a c o n t i n u e d e f f o r t t o keep down u n n e c e s s a r y l o s s e s .
I n t h e o p e r a t i o n of a n a c c e l e r a t o r s u c h as t h e CPS,
a c e r t a i n amount of beam dumping i s i n e v i t a b l e . T h i s
o c c u r s , f o r example, d u r i n g beam s t u d i e s , o r when one
p a r t of a complex d i s t r i b u t i o n c y c l e h a s t o be tempor a r i l y suppressed.

ii) t h e RF v o l t a g e i s c a r e f u l l y programmed t o p r o v i d e
The CPS l a t t i c e makes i t v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o d e s i g n

enough Landau damping t o s u p p r e s s l o n g i t u d i n a l

526

an e f f i c i e n t g e n e r a l p u r p o s e f a s t dumping system, capab l e of a b s o r b i n g t h e t o t a l e x p e c t e d i n t e n s i t y (10 Tp/p)

f o r s e v e r a l h o u r s , as h a s been done f o r newer machines
such as t h e I S R , NAL o r t h e SPS.

References

1. -Germain, P . , C o n t r i b u t i o n t o CERN/SPC/189, " S t u d i e s

i n p r o g r e s s on p o s s i b l e improvements t o t h e PS and
i t s e x p e r i m e n t a l equipment", October 1964.
S t a n d l e y , P.H., "The CPS improvement programme",
P r o c . of 5 t h I n t . Conf. on High Energy A c c e l . ,
F r a s c a t i , 1965, p p . 80-85.

The p o l i c y 3 o i s t h e r e f o r e t o u s e t h e e x t e r n a l beam
c h a n n e l s a s o f t e n as p o s s i b l e f o r t h i s p u r p o s e , and t o
p r o v i d e a dump i n each of them. N e v e r t h e l e s s , i n t e r n a l
dumping c a n n o t a l t o g e t h e r b e a v o i d e d . I n t e r n a l dump
t a r g e t s , c a p a b l e of l o c a l i z i n g t h e l o s s e s i n a l i m i t e d
r e g i o n of t h e machine and of w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e t h e r m a l
s t r e s s e s caused by t h e h i g h e r i n t e n s i t y are b e i n g
d e s i g n e d , and t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of a f a s t dumping k i c k e r
i s being investigated.

2.

Taylor, C . S . ,

3.

Hardt W., "Slow c y c l i n g i n j e c t i o n method f o r i n t e n s i t y improvement of t h e CPS (TART Scheme)", P r o c .

of 5 t h I n t . Conf. on High Energy A c c e l . , F r a s c a t i ,
1965, p p . 1.51-153.

4.

B a r b a l a t 0 ( e d i t o r ) , "Comparison between two poss i b l e CPS i n j e c t o r s " , CERN i n t e r n a l r e p o r t

DIR/TM/14, 1966, and CERNfSPS-227, 1966.

p r i v a t e communication.

11, Performance
The peak i n t e n s i t y reached so f a r , as a r e s u l t of
t h e improvement programme, i s o v e r 6 T p / p u l s e a t 26
G e V / c . A much more i m p o r t a n t outcome i s t h a t t h e PS
h a s been o p e r a t i n g s t a b l y f o r r e g u l a r scheduled h i g h
energy p h y s i c s r u n s , a t 26 GeV/c w i t h 5 t o 6 Tp/p a t
a 2 s r e p e t i t i o n t i m e . The beam w a s e x t r a c t e d by t h e
f u l l - a p e r t u r e k i c k e r system w i t h l o s s e s b a r e l y above
t h e t h r e s h o l d l e v e l of t h e beam l o s s m o n i t o r i n g system.

5 . - M P S S t a f f , "The second s t a g e CPS improvement study",

CERN i n t e r n a l r e p o r t MPS/Tnt. DL/B 67-19.
- B o v e t C . , Reich K . H . , "The CERN p r o t o n s y n c h r o t r o n
B o o s t e r " , P r o c . of 6 t h I n t . Conf. on High Energy
A c c e l . . Cambridge, 1967, pp. 315-319.
- PSB S t a f f , "The CERN P S B o o s t e r , Design e x p e c t a t i o n s c o n f r o n t e d w i t h r e a l i t y , t-o y e a r s a f t e r
s t a r t - u p " , P r o c . of t h i s Conference.

A l o n g i t u d i n a l e m i t t a n c e of 9 mrad* ( i n u n i t s of
RF r a d i a n s x Ap/moc) w a s m a i n t a i n e d a t 6 Tpfp from
t r a p p i n g a t 800 MeV up t o t r a n s f e r t o t h e I S R a t 26
GeV/c, thanks t o t h e y - t r a n s i t i o n jump system. With t h e
o c t u p o l e c o r r e c t i o n s and t h e programming of t h e RF v o l tage along t h e c y c l e , a l l t h e harmful i n s t a b i l i t i e s can
be k e p t under c o n t r o l .

6.

Bayard O . , "La n o u v e l l e a l i m e n t a t i o n d e l ' a i m a n t du

s y n c h r o t r o n 2 p r o t o n s du CERN", CERN 71-10 ( P a r t 1)
and 71- 20 ( P a r t 2 ) , 1971.

7.

D . Boussard e t a l , " I n j e c t i o n and t r a p p i n g of t h e

beam a t 800 MeV i n t h e CERN PS", P r o c . of t h i s
Conference.

8.

F i s c h e r H . , "Proposed a c c e l e r a t i n g u n i t s f o r doub l i n g t h e r i s e of t h e magnetic f i e l d a t 80 m s a f t e r

i n j e c t i o n " CERN i n t e r n a l r e p o r t MPS/RF/64-13.

There are no measurable i n j e c t i o n l o s s e s when t h e

PSB beam i s reduced t o t h e s p e c i f i e d e m i t t a n c e (EV =
1 2 ~i mm mrad; EH = 33 il mm mrad a t t h e CPS e n t r a n c e ) , i . e .
d u r i n g machine s t u d i e s , b u t when i t i s n o t c o l l i m a t e d ,
i n j e c t i o n l o s s e s of about 10%have been o b s e r v e d .

9.

P i r k l W . , " Price e s t i m a t e s f o r 12 d i f f e r e n t vers i o n s of a new CPS a c c e l e r a t i n g system" , CERN

i n t e r n a l r e p o r t MPS/RF 67-4.

It i s n o t planned t o u s e h i g h i n t e n s i t y beam f o r
" c o u n t e r p h y s i c s " experiments u n t i i t h e East experiment a l a r e a i s r e - a r r a n g e d i n 197531 b u t slow e x t r a c t i o n h a s b e e n t e s t e d , and, a l t h o u g h not. o p t i m i z e d ,
showed l o s s e s of o n l y 7 t o 10%.

11. Riboni P .

The PS beam i s a t p r e s e n t d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r some

20'000 m2 of e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a s , and t o t h e ISR. L a t e r ,
t h e machine w i l l a l s o a c t a s i n j e c t o r f o r t h e 400 GeV
SPS under c o n s t r u c t i o n nearby.

1 3 . K u b i s c h t a W . , "M u l t i p l e t a r g e t e x t r a c t i o n s h a r i n g
scheme a t t h e CPS", P r o c . of 8 t h I n t . Conf. on
High Energy A c c e l . , CERN, Geneva, 1971, p p . 110-112.

T h e r e i s s t i l l some t r a n s v e r s e mismatch and d i l u t i o n d u r i n g t h e f i r s t phase of a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o t h e

( n o t y e t q u i t e optimum) matching of t h e Booster-PS
t r a n s f e r l i n e , t o d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e beam from t h e
f o u r PSB r i n g s , and t o t h e p r e s e n t somewhat l i m i t e d
f l e x i b i l i t y of t h e low f i e l d c o r r e c t i o n s .

T y p i c a l c y c l e s i n c u r r e n t u s e have a 2 . 5 s repet i t i o n t i m e , w i t h f a s t e x t r a c t i o n a t 26 C e V / c f o r t h e
I S R and b u b b l e chambers, followed by a 500 m s f l a t - t o p
a t 24 GeVfc f o r c o u n t e r e x p e r i m e n t s .

10. P i r k l W . ,

p r i v a t e communication.

'IPS vacuum system improvement", CERN

i n t e r n a l n o t e MPS/ML/ N o t e 69-3.

1 2 . MEhl D . , '%Effect of vacuum p r e s s u r e on beam i n s t a b i l i t i e s " , CERN i n t e r n a l n o t e MPS/DL/Note 72-34.

14. F i a n d e r D . C . , "A d e s i g n p r o p o s a l f o r a f u l l apert u r e k i c k e r system f o r t h e CPS", CERN i n t e r n a l

n o t e MPS/SR/Note 71-3.

15. Bleeker J e t a l . , "Development of a n e l e c t r o s t a t i c

septum a t CERN", P r o c . of 5 t h I n t . Symp. on D i s c h a r g e s and E l e c t r i c a l I n s u l a t i o n i n Vacuum,
Poznan, 1972.

1 r a d = 15.6 eVs f o r t h e CPS.

16. K u b i s c h t a W . ,

p r i v a t e communication.

17. B l o e s s D . , " S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e t h i n septum magnet

f o r slow e j e c t i o n 16". CERN i n t e r n a l n o t e
MPSfSRfNote 70-3.

527

18.

Keyser R.L., "The development of l a r g e a p e r t u r e

septum magnets f o r slow e j e c t i o n " , CERN i n t e r n a l
r e p o r t MPS/SI/Int. MAE 72-5.

25.

A g o r i t s a s A. e t a l , ' T e c h n i q u e s f o r measuring beam

p a r a m e t e r s " , P r o c . of 2nd USSR N a t i o n a l Conf. on
P a r t . A c c e l . , Moscow, 1970.

19.

B e r t o l o t t o R . , " P r o p o s i t i o n pour l a c o n s t r u c t i o n
de nouveaux aimants B septum pour l ' l j e c t i o n r a p i de" , CERN i n t e r n a l n o t e MPSfSRINote 72- 4.

26.

C a r p e n t e r B., "Experiments w i t h i n t e r a c t i v e cont r o l s o f t w a r e a t t h e CERN PS", Proc. of I E E Conf.

on Software f o r C o n t r o l , Warwick, England, 1973.

20.

H a r d t W . , "Gamma-transition-jump scheme of t h e
CPS", P r o c . of t h i s Conference

27.

Madsen J . H . B . ,
"The expansion of t h e PS c o n t r o l
system" , CERN i n t e r n a l n o t e MPS/CO/Note 72-42.

21. -Gareyte J , S a c h e r e r F , " Head- tail t y p e i n s t a b i l i t i e s i n t h e CERN PS and Booster" , P r o c . of

t h i s Conference.
-Sacherer F . , " Transverse bunched beam i n s t a b i l i t i e s - Thaory", P r o c . of t h i s Conference.
-Mghl D . , S c h h a u e r H . , "Landau damping by nonl i n e a r space- charge f o r c e s and o c t u p o l e s " , P r o c .
of t h i s Conference.

28.

Gouiran R . , "La r a d i o a c t i v i t s de l ' a i m a n t du CPS

e t son i n f l u e n c e s u r l a maintenance de l ' a n n e a u S t a t i s t i q u e s e t p r l v i s i o n s " , CERN i n t e r n a l r e p o r t
CERN/MPS/SR 73-5.

29.

Coet P . , "The work i n h i g h l y r a d i o a c t i v e e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a s of t h e PS", CERN i n t e r n a l r e p o r t

CERN/MPS/MU-EPf 72- 2.

22.

Gyr M . , " S t u d i e s on t h e PS o c t u p o l e s " , CERN i n t e r n a l n o t e MPS/SR/Note 71-16/Corr.

30.

S t e i n b a c h Ch., "Beam dumping, t h e s i t u a t i o n i n

J a n u a r y 1974", CERN i n t e r n a l n o t e MPS/OP/Note
74-4.

23.

Boussard D . , Gareyte J . , "Damping of t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l i n s t a b i l i t i e s i n t h e CERN PS", P r o c . of

8 t h I n t . Conf. on High Energy A c c e l . , CERB, 1 9 7 1 ,
pp. 317-320.

31.

Hoffmann L., " E a s t h a l l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n p r o j e c t " ,

CERN i n t e r n a l n o t e MPS/MU/Note EPf73-12IRev.

24. -M6hl D . , "Equipment r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t r a n s v e r s e

beam i n s t a b i l i t y i n t h e PS", CERN i n t e r n a l n o t e
MPS/DL/Note 74-6.
- F a l t e n s H , U m s t i t t e r H.H., " L o n g i t u d i n a l c o u p l i n g s
impedances a t i n s u l a t e d PS vacuum chamber f l a n g e s " ,
CERN i n t e r n a l n o t e MPS/LIN/Note 74-5.

5 28

AND H- BEAMS AT LAMPF*

SIMULTANEOUS STEERING OF H'

by

K. R. C r a n d a l l and W. E . J u l e

U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a

Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c L a b o r a t o r y
L o s Alamos, New Mexico

s t e e r i n g f i e l d s t o t h e ends of t h e doublet.
c a l l e d " d i s p l a c e d d o u b l e t s t e e r i n g " (DDS)

Summary

Based o n a n a l y s i s and computer s i m u l a t i o n s , i t h a s

become a p p a r e n t t h a t two k i n d s of d o u b l e t s t e e r i n g a r e
n e c e s s a r y f o r l i n e a r a c c e l e r a t i o n of H+ and H' beams
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . The r e s p e c t i v e a d v a n t a g e s of s t e e r i n g
by e l e c t r i c a l l y " t i l t i n g " and " d i s p l a c i n g " a system of
d o u b l e t s a r e d e s c r i b e d . S i n g l e d i p o l e s t e e r i n g f o r simultaneous beams and t h e e f f e c t of t h e e a r t h ' s magnetic
f i e l d on o p p o s i t e l y charged beams i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d .
F i n a l l y , t h e implementation of this k i n d of s t e e r i n g a t
LAMPF is d i s c u s s e d .
Theory
Conventional s t e e r i n g superposes a d i p o l e f i e l d t o
c o u n t e r a c t a n y mechanical misalignment of a q u a d r u p o l e .
I f o n e i s d e a l i n g w i t h a s i n g l e q u a d r u p o l e , t h i s steeri n g f i e l d c a n b e a p p l i e d i n a manner which e l e c t r i c a l l y
moves t h e m a g n e t i c c e n t e r of t h e q u a d r u p o l e from i t s
mechanical c e n t e r t o t h e c o r r e c t d e s i g n p o s i t i o n . I n
F i g . 1 a r e shown f o r c e v e r s u s d i s p l a c e m e n t diagrams f o r
f o c u s s i n g and d e f o c u s s i n g quads. A p a r t i c l e d i s p l a c e d
a d i s t a n c e , x , from t h e quad c e n t e r would f e e l a f o r c e ,
f,, a s d e f i n e d by t h e s o l i d l i n e . A s t e e r i n g f i e l d
superposed on t h e quad f i e l d s i m p l y t r a n s l a t e s t h e
s o l i d l i n e t o t h e dashed l i n e , and moves t h e magnetic
c e n t e r o f t h e quad t o p o i n t B . T h i s t y p e of d i s p l a c e ment works f o r beams of o p p o s i t e c h a r g e , s i n c e , w h i l e
a q u a d r u p o l e changes from f o c u s s i n g (F) t o d e f o c u s s i n g
(D) when t h e s i g n of t h e beam changes, t h e s t e e r i n g
f i e l d a l s o r e v e r s e s d i r e c t i o n , The s i t u a t i o n becomes
more complicated when one c o n s i d e r s two q u a d r u p o l e s
p o s i t i o n e d c l o s e t o g e t h e r which a c t as a d o u b l e t . I n
t h e s t a n d a r d approach, a series s t e e r i n g c o i l i s wound
on t h e two q u a d r u p o l e s and t h e same s t e e r i n g f i e l d is
a p p l i e d t o b o t h magnets. From t h e above argument on
how t o e l e c t r i c a l l y d i s p l a c e a q u a d r u p o l e ' s m a g n e t i c
c e n t e r , one might conclude t h a t equal f i e l d s applied i n
t h i s way would e l e c t r i c a l l y d i s p l a c e t h e d o u b l e t ( b o t h
magnets a r e housed i n t h e same c a s e ) . F i g . 2 shows
t h a t t h i s t y p e of s t e e r i n g does n o t produce t h e d e s i r e d
effect

D i p o l e s t e e r i n g f i e l d s a p p l i e d i n t h i s way w i l l
e l e c t r i c a l l y "tilt" the doublet, not displace i t . This
kind of s t e e r i n g , which w e w i l l c a l l " t i l t e d d o u b l e t
s t e e r i n g ' ' ( T D S ) , works w e l l f o r a s i n g l e beam, b u t
F i g . 2 shows t h a t o p p o s i t e l y charged beams f e e l e q u a l
and o p p o s i t e f o r c e s i n t r a v e r s i n g a t i l t e d d o u b l e t ; one
beam would b e s t e e r e d o n t o t h e machine a x i s w h i l e t h e
o s c i l l a t i o n a m p l i t u d e of t h e o t h e r beam i s i n c r e a s e d .
T h i s d i f f i c u l t y c a n b e overcome i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
manner. Consider o n l y t h e h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e f o r s i m p l i c i t y and c o n s i d e r a d o u b l e t which i s FD f o r a p o s i t i v e l y
charged beam. The f o r c e diagrams f o r t h i s arrangement
a r e shown i n F i g . 3. I t i s e v i d e n t t h a t a n e l e c t r i c a l
d i s p l a c e m e n t of t h e d o u b l e t from A t o B r e q u i r e s t h a t
e q u a l and o p p o s i t e f o r c e s b e a p p l i e d t o t h e q u a d r u p o l e s .
Wecan a c c o m p l i s h t h i s by a p p l y i n g e q u a l and o p p o s i t e

*Work performed under t h e a u s p i c e s of t h e U. S. Atomic

Energy Commission.

This is

Now c o n s i d e r t h e f o r c e diagrams ( F i g . 4 ) f o r a
n e g a t i v e l y charged beam. The f i r s t q u a d r u p o l e i s now
D and t h e second q u a d r u p o l e is F and t h e s t e e r i n g f i e l d s
r e v e r s e t h e i r s i g n s . So w e s e e t h a t DDS e l e c t r i c a l l y
c o r r e c t s f o r m i s a l i g n m e n t s of t h e d o u b l e t f o r n e g a t i v e l y
a s w e l l as p o s i t i v e l y charged beams. Hence t h e most
v e r s a t i l e s t e e r i n g c o i l c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s one which a l lows independent d i p o l e f i e l d s t o b e superposed i n b o t b
p l a n e s o n e a c h q u a d r u p o l e . I f economics, o r o t h e r cons i d e r a t i o n s d i c t a t e l e s s v e r s a t i l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of
s t e e r i n g magnets, o r t h e a s s o c i a t e d p o s i t i o n s e n s i n g equipment, a n a l y t i c t e c h n i q u e s are e f f e c t i v e i n d e t e r mining t h e b e s t s t e e r i n g s t r a t e g y .

Practice
A t LAMPF t h e r e a r e 134 q u a d r u p o l e s i n t h e Alvarez
l i n a c and 103 d o u b l e t s i n t h e side- coupled s t r u c t u r e .
S i n c e i t would r e q u i r e two power s u p p l i e s p e r quadrup o l e f o r e l e c t r i c a l alignment, i t is reasonable t o inv e s t i g a t e s t e e r i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n s which minimize t r a n s v e r s e o s c i l l a t i o n s f o r a small number of s t e e r i n g posit i o n s . Hence, t h e f i r s t g o a l d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n is t o
a t t a i n t h e b e s t d o u b l e t alignment p o s s i b l e . The doubl e t s i n t h e side- coupled s t r u c t u r e are a l i g n e d t o 2
.007" and 2 .4mr. Numerical s i m u l a t i o n s show t h a t a
.OlO" d i s p l a c e m e n t h a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same e f f e c t as
a 0.25mr d o u b l e t a x i s t i l t . The a l i g n m e n t s i n t h e s i d e coupled l i n a c a r e comparable t o t h e s e , and hence i t i s
n e c e s s a r y t o have a combination of TDS and DDS.

In t h e side- coupled s t r u c t u r e , one d o u b l e t p e r module i s wired t o p r o v i d e a combination of TDS and DDS.

However, each d o u b l e t h a s s t e e r i n g i n only one p l a n e .
Based on n u m e r i c a l s i m u l a t i o n s , which a l s o c o n s i d e r t h e
number and l o c a t i o n of p o s i t i o n m o n i t o r s , i t h a s been
found t h a t s t e e r i n g i n o n e p l a n e i n two s u c e s s i v e modu l e s and t h e n i n t h e o t h e r p l a n e f o r t h e n e x t two modules ( i . e . , t h e p a t t e r n i s HHVV and t h e n r e p e a t s ) i s an
e f f e c t i v e conf i g u r a t i o n .
The e f f e c t of t h e e a r t h ' s magnetic f i e l d h a s a l s o
been c o n s i d e r e d . I t i s shown i n r e f e r e n c e 1 t h a t t h e
e a r t h ' s f i e l d d i s p l a c e s t h e e q u i l i b r i u m o r b i t . Experimental r e s u l t s imply t h a t t h i s d i s p l a c e m e n t is 0.15 cm
i n t h e side- coupled s t r u c t u r e . The e q u i l i b r i u m o r b i t
is d i s p l a c e d e q u a l l y and o p p o s i t e l y f o r o p p o s i t e l y
charged beams, hence t o minimize t r a n s v e r s e o s c i l l a t i o n s ,
i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o s t e e r so t h a t t h e beams are p o s i t i o n ed a t t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e e q u i l i b r i u m o r b i t s r a t h e r t h a n a t
t h e d e s i g n c e n t e r of t h e l i n a c .

In t h e Alvarez l i n a c , t h e r e i s n o t enough p o s i t i o n
information t o e s t a b l i s h t h a t an off asis equilibrium
o r b i t e x i s t s . However, i t i s expected t h a t t h e e f f e c t
of t h e e a r t h ' s f i e l d would b e small b e c a u s e of t h e s t e e l
i n t h e t a n k w a l l which i s n o t p r e s e n t i n t h e s i d e coupled l i n a c .
I f one wishes t o do e f f e c t i v e s t e e r i n g , t h e p o s i t i o n
i n f o r m a t i o n should n o t b e s e p a r a t e d from t h e s t e e r i n g

529

magnet by too many i n t e r v e n i n g q u a d r u p o l e s . I f t h e r e

a r e many m i s a l i g n e d q u a d r u p o l e s b e f o r e t h e p o s i t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n , t h e n t h e p o s i t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n is n o t v e r y
u s e f u l . The b e s t c o n f i g u r a t i o n seems t o b e t o have
p o s i t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n i n two s u c c e s s i v e c e l l s a f t e r t h e
s t e e r i n g magnet.
Acknowledgement
-

fx

fx

I would l i k e t o t h a n k Don Swenson f o r s u g g e s t i n g

t h e u s e of t h e f o r c e d i a g r a m s .

References

1. D. A. Swenson and K. R. C r a n d a l l , Los Alamos

S c i e n t i f i c L a b o r a t o r y , P r i v a t e Communication,
J u l y , 1968.
2.

\
\

D. A. Swenson, Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c L a b o r a t o r y ,

P r i v a t e Communication, August 1968.

F quad,H+

D quad, H-

FIG. I

fX

fx

fX

F quad, H t

D quad,H+

D quad,H-

fx

F quad,H-

FIG. 2

fx

F q u o d , H+

D quad,

H+

fx

fx

D quad, H-

F quad, HFIG. 4

FIG. 3
53 0

F US I ON R EA CTI ONS IN COLLIDING BEAMS"

John P . Blewett
Brookhaven N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y
Upton, N . Y . 11973
where E i s t h e f u s i o n e n e r g y l i b e r a t e d per c o l l i s i o n .

Abstract

For 100-keV d e u t e r o n s bombarding t r i t o n s a t r e s t

t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n u h a s a maximum v a l u e o f about
5 x IO-**
The f u s i o n energy l i b e r a t e d p e r c o l l i s i o n i s 1 7 MeV o r 2 . 7 x 10-12 j o u l e s . We assume t h a t
t h e v e l o c i t i e s of d e u t e r o n s and t r i t o n s correspond t o a
r e l a t i v e e n e r g y of about 100 keV, whence VD - v T = ~X 1 0 6
m / s e c . We assume f u r t h e r t h a t t h e d e n s i t i e s of t h e two
beams a r e e q u a l S O t h a t p~ = p~ = p o .
With t h e s e a s sumptions we f i n d t h a t t h e f u s i o n power i s

Two c o l l i d i n g beam c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d
i n which f u s i o n r e a c t i o n s c a n t a k e p l a c e between
d e u t e r o n s and t r i t o n s . The f i r s t i s a l i n e a r system
i n which t h e i o n beams t r a v e l i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n
and a r e focused by a c o l l i n e a r e l e c t r o n beam. I n t h e
second c o n f i g u r a t i o n t h e i o n s t r a v e l i n a s p i r a l p a t h
i n a s t r o n g magnetic f i e l d and a r e focused by e l e c t r o n s t r a v e l l i n g a l o n g t h e l i n e s of f o r c e of t h e magg n e t i c f i e l d . The f i r s t system y i e l d s v e r y l i t t l e
power b u t t h e second a p p e a r s t o m e r i t f u r t h e r a t t e n t ion.
1.

d.

1.46 x

lo5

p:

w a t t s per c u b i c meter.

(3)

I f , f o r example, t h e system i s t o y i e l d a f u s i o n power

of 1 megawatt per c u b i c m e t e r , t h e c h a r g e d e n s i t y r e q u i r e d i s 2 . 6 coulombs p e r c u b i c m e t e r , o r about
1.5 x l O I 3 ions per cubic centimeter.

Introductlon

S t u d e n t s of c o n t r o l l e d thermonuclear r e a c t i o n s
tend t o d i v i d e f e a s i b i l i t y e x p e r i m e n t s u s i n g e l e c t r o magnetic containment i n t o " ordered" and " e q u i l i b r i u m "
s y s t e m s . The l a t t e r c a t e g o r y i n c l u d e s v i r t u a l l y a l l
of t h e m a g n e t i c a l l y c o n t a i n e d plasma systems w i t h
which we a r e f a m i l i a r . The former c a t e g o r y , t o which
I propose t o a d d r e s s m y s e l f , i s g e n e r a l l y regarded
with d i s f a v o r ; i t i s expected t o reduce i t s e l f s p e e d i l y
t o a n e q u i l i b r i u m system by s p a c e - c h a r g e f o r c e s and
by coulomb s c a t t e r i n g . F u r t h e r m o r e , i t u s u a l l y i n c l u d e s a d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e amount of s t o r e d energy
which, a f t e r t h e o r d e r i n t h e s y s t e m i s l o s t , cannot
be r e c o v e r e d .

2.

L i n e a r C o l l i d i n g Beams

The f i r s t example w e p r e s e n t w i l l be l i n e a r
c o l l i d i n g beams. The r e s u l t s t o b e p r e s e n t e d w i l l be
so absurd t h a t t h e example w i l l have v a l u e o n l y a s a n
i n d i c a t i o n of problems t o be s o l v e d .
Suppose t h a t two c o l l i n e a r beams of d e u t e r o n s and
t r i t o n s a r e brought i n t o c o l l i s i o n , each having a v e l o c i t y of 1 . 5 x l o 6 m/sec. Going somewhat beyond t h e
s t a t e of t h e a r t , we assume t h a t b o t h a r e 1000-ampere
beams and t h a t b o t h have c r o s s s e c t i o n s of 1000 s q u a r e
c e n t i m e t e r s . This l e a d s t o a charge d e n s i t y of
6 . 7 x 10-3 coulombs p e r c u b i c meter and h e n c e , t o a
f u s i o n y i e l d [from Eq. ( 3 ) ] of 6.5 w a t t s per c u b i c
m e t e r , o r o f 0 . 6 5 w a t t s per meter of d i s t a n c e a l o n g t h e
c o l l i d i n g beams. T h i s seems a d e p r e s s i n g l y s m a l l y i e l d ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y when w e r e a l i z e t h a t almost 60 MW have gone
i n t o producing t h e two c o l l i d i n g beams.

I n t h i s paper I s h a l l p r e s e n t two o r d e r e d systems.

To t h e f i r s t a l l t h e above o b j e c t i o n s a p p l y . The
second seems t o be l e s s o b j e c t i o n a b l e , and I p r e s e n t
i t h e r e w i t h i n t h e hope t h a t some one w i l l c o n s i d e r i t
further.
Many f u s i o n r e a c t i o n s a r e p o s s i b l e c a n d i d a t e s
f o r u s e i n p r o d u c t i o n o f power. The f a v o r i t e , on which
I s h a l l concentrate, is:

To improve t h e s i t u a t i o n we make two changes:

Deuteron f t r i t o n
c( p a r t i c l e + n e u t r o n +
1 7 MeV. T h i s r e a c t i o n goes a t a r e l a t i v e l y low temp e r a t u r e ; t h e r e a c t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n h a s a maximum of
about 5 b a r n s a t about 100-keV energy f o r a d e u t e r o n
bombarding a t r i t o n a t r e s t . Most of t h e e n e r g y
produced - about 14 MeV - accompanies t h e n e u t r o n .
4

a ) W e w i l l make t h e two beams t r a v e l i n t h e same

d i r e c t i o n a t much h i g h e r e n e r g y .
b) The beams will b e focused by an e l e c t r o n beam
travelling i n the opposite direction.

F i r s t , w e review b r i e f l y t h e a r i t h m e t i c of f u s i o n
r e a c t i o n s i n c o l l i d i n g beams. We c o n s i d e r c o l l i d i n g
beams of d e u t e r o n s w i t h d e n s i t y p D t r a v e l l i n g a t
v e l o c i t y VD and t r i t o n s w i t h d e n s i t y p T t r a v e l l i n g a t
v e l o c i t y VT.
D e n s i t i e s a r e i n coulomb p e r c u b i c m e t e r ;
v e l o c i t i e s a r e i n meters p e r second.

By t h e s e means t h e beam w i l l be c o n c e n t r a t e d i n a
s m a l l c r o s s s e c t i o n and t h e power l e v e l w i l l be i n c r e a s e d t o more i n t e r e s t i n g l e v e l s .

I n one c u b i c meter of t h e t r i t o n beam t h e r e a r e

6 x l o l a PT i o n s . These p r e s e n t t o t h e d e u t e r o n beam
a c r o s s s e c t i o n of 6 x 1018 p T o , where u i s t h e f u s i o n
c r o s s s e c t i o n . The r a t e of a r r i v a l of d e u t e r o n s i n t h e
t r i t o n s y s t e m i s 6 x 1018 PD(VD- VT) per second. Hence
t h e number o f c o l l i s i o n s p e r second per c u b i c meter i s

p p a(vD

T D

These two r e q u i r e m e n t s s e t v e l o c i t i e s of 1 . 6 X107

and 1 . 3 x 107 m/sec f o r d e u t e r o n s and t r i t o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y ; b o t h w i l l have an e n e r g y of about 2 MeV.
Space c h a r g e and c u r r e n t f i e l d s produce a r e p u l s i v e
r a d i a l f o r c e i n t h e i o n beam of

and t h e f u s i o n energy l i b e r a t e d i s

36 x

It w i l l be r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e d e u t e r i u m and t r i t i u m
i o n s d i f f e r i n v e l o c i t y by 3 x l o 6 m/sec a s noted i n
t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n . Also t h e i o n s w i l l be r e q u i r e d t o
have t h e same energy s o t h a t b o t h beams can come from
t h e same i o n s o u r c e and s o t h a t t h e u n r e a c t e d i o n s i n
b o t h beams c a n be r e t a r d e d by t h e same f i e l d t o r e g a i n
t h e i r k i n e t i c energy.

v ) E watts p e r c u b i c m e t e r ,
T
(2)

I
n

Work performed under t h e a u s p i c e s of t h e U . S . Atomic

Energy Commission.

531

Er

vBe = 2 L r ( 1

2
2
f3 ) / ( c O p c r O ) v o l t s / m

(4)

v =o

V=-2 MV

Q=

v=O

+
2
M
V
/ I / / / // /

PIERCE ELECTRODE

L i n e a r c o l l i d i n g beam system.
t h e s y s t e m b e f o r e t h e y have time t o t a k e p a r t i n a
fusion reaction.

I i s t o t a l c u r r e n t (2000 amperes),
pc i s i o n v e l o c i t y ( a b o u t 1 . 5 x 1 0 ' )
eo i s t h e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t of f r e e s p a c e
(1.1 x 10-10 F/m)
ro i s t h e r a d i u s of t h e beam.

Approximately t h i s f o r c e i s
Er

vB

V = - 2 MV

PIERCE ELECTRODE
SYSTEM
ELECTR 0 N
BEAM

ION BEAM
F i g . 1.

where

--

ION
SOURCE

D-T

V=+2MV

= 1200 I r / r

volts/m

(5)

I f a r e l a t i v i s t i c e l e c t r o n beam of I, amperes i s
now i n t r o d u c e d , c o l l i n e a r w i t h t h e i o n beam b u t t r a v e l l i n g i n the opposite d i r e c t i o n , i t w i l l contribute a
f o c u s i n g f o r c e of

The s y s t e m t o be proposed i n c l u d e s c o i n c i d e n t
d e u t e r o n and t r i t o n beams of t h e same momentum c i r c u l a t i n g i n approximately c i r c u l a r paths i n a r a t h e r high
magnetic f i e l d , f o c u s e d by a c y l i n d r i c a l beam of elect r o n s t r a v e l l i n g a l o n g t h e l i n e s o f f o r c e of t h e f i e l d .
F i g u r e 2 i s a c r o s s - s e c t i o n s k e t c h of t h e geometry.
T o s a t i s f y t h e r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y c r i t e r i o n and t o
have t h e same momentum t h e d e u t e r o n e n e r g y must b e
845 keV; t h e t r i t o n e n e r g y w i l l be 564 keV. The deut e r o n v e l o c i t y w i l l b e 9 x lo6 m/sec; t h e t r i t o n v e l o c
I n a f i e l d of 6 t e s l a , t h e
i t y w i l l b e 6 x lo6 m/sec.
r a d i u s of c u r v a t u r e of t h e s e beams w i l l be 3.0 cm.

where Pec i s t h e e l e c t r o n v e l o c i t y (assumed approxi m a t e l y e q u a l t o c ) . The i n t e r n a l f o r c e s i n a r e l a t i v i s t i c beam a p p r o x i m a t e l y c a n c e l e a c h o t h e r and t h e

e l e c t r o n beam w i l l e x p e r i e n c e a f o c u s i n g f o r c e due t o
t h e i o n beam of a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s t r e n g t h g i v e n by
Eq. ( 5 ) .
I f t h e inward f o r c e s on i o n s and e l e c t r o n s
a r e set equal, t h e e l e c t r o n c u r r e n t required proves t o
b e about 80,000 amperes.

B
J
-

Under t h e f o r c e s j u s t d i s c u s s e d , b o t h beams w i l l
c o l l a p s e t o a s m a l l d i a m e t e r d e t e r m i n e d by t h e o r i g i n a l v a l u e s of t h e i r e m i t t a n c e s . I f w e assume
( o p t i m i s t i c a l l y ) an e m i t t a n c e of 1 0 0 ~cm.mrad f o r t h e
i o n beam, t h e f i n a l beam r a d i u s p r o v e s t o b e 1 . 4 nun.
The c h a r g e d e n s i t y i n e a c h i o n beam i s about
11 coulombs/m3 and t h e f u s i o n power i s now 17 MW/m3.
But t h e beam h a s become s o s m a l l t h a t t h e a c t u a l
power g e n e r a t e d p e r meter of beam i s b a r e l y o v e r
100 w a t t s .

i
i
i
i

I n F i g . 1 we p r e s e n t a c o n f i g u r a t i o n of e l e c t r o d e s
f o r t h e l i n e a r c o l l i d i n g beam system. T h i s a r r a n g e ment makes p o s s i b l e t h e g e n e r a t i o n of 2-MeV beams of
i o n s and e l e c t r o n s and t h e d e c e l e r a t i o n of b o t h beams
f o r r e c o v e r y of t h e e n e r g y s t o r e d . One c a n s a f e l y
c o n c l u d e from t h e p a r a m e t e r s j u s t p r e s e n t e d t h a t such
a system w i l l never be b u i l t .

3.

CATHODE
( V = -v, 1

ANODE (V.0)
PARAX I A L
ELECTRON BEAM
AND AZIMUTHALLY
CIR CULATl NG
ION BEAMS

Proposed C o n f i g u r a t i o n

PLATE AT
CATHODE
POTENTIAL

What e v i d e n t l y i s r e q u i r e d t o make a c o l l i d i n g
beam s y s t e m v i a b l e i s a method f o r s t o r i n g t h e i o n
beams u n t i l t h e y i n t e r a c t . I t h i s can b e done t h e
i n p u t i o n c u r r e n t s become q u i t e r e a s o n a b l e . For an
o u t p u t of 1 MW of f u s i o n power a l l t h a t i s r e q u i r e d i s
a n i n p u t o f 60
e a c h of d e u t e r o n s and t r i t o n s .

Fig. 2 .

W
e n o t e f u r t h e r t h a t a prime r e q u i r e m e n t of t h e
system i s t h a t i t include s t r o n g r e s t o r i n g f o r c e s
which w i l l p r e v e n t coulomb s c a t t e r e d i o n s from l e a v i n g

C r o s s s e c t i o n through c y l i n d r i c a l c o l l i d i n g
beam system.

4.

Dynamics of t h e E l e c t r o n Beam

We c o n s i d e r f i r s t t h e b e h a v i o r o f t h e e l e c t r o n

53 2

The motion of i n d i v i d u a l e l e c t r o n s i s d e s c r i b e d by
t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s of motion:

beam i n t h e absence of t h e i o n beams. The p o t e n t i a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e beam must s a t i s f y P o i s s o n ' s
equation

mt.'

(7)

m r i 2 = eE

er6Bz

(10)

-r1

How t h e space- charge f o r c e s d i s t r i b u t e themselves depends on two f a c t o r s :

F i r s t i s t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s . I f , f o r example,
w e choose t o c o n c e n t r a t e t h e s p a c e - c h a r g e f o r c e s i n t h e
z - d i r e c t i o n we u s e t h e c o n t i n u i t y of s a c e - c h a r g e cond i t i o n and a r r i v e a t t h e c l a s s i c a l z 4 f 5 p o t e n t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . I n t h e p r e s e n t c a s e , however, we choose t o
e l i m i n a t e o r a t l e a s t minimize z - v a r i a t i o n s of potent i a l due t o s p a c e - c h a r g e f i e l d s ; w e c a n accomplish
t h i s by i n t r o d u c i n g e l e c t r o d e s which h o l d t h e o u t e r and
i n n e r b o u n d a r i e s of t h e beam a t z e r o p o t e n t i a l ( s e e
F i g . 2 ) . Now t h e primary p o t e n t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i s
r a d i a l and we c a n f o r g e t t h e second t e r m on t h e l e f t hand s i d e of Eq. ( 7 ) .
The second f a c t o r t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i s t h e dependence of e l e c t r o n energy on t h e p o t e n t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n .
I f t h e e l e c t r o n s t r a v e l without d e v i a t i o n along t h e
l i n e s of f o r c e of t h e magnetic f i e l d , t h e h i g h r e t a r d i n g s p a c e - c h a r g e f i e l d i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e beam
w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e d e n s i t y of t h e s p a c e c h a r g e i n t h a t
r e g i o n and t h i s f a c t w i l l need t o be t a k e n i n t o aca c c o u n t i n t h e s o l u t i o n of P o i s s o n ' s e q u a t i o n . T h i s
problem w e s h a l l b y p a s s , and s t i l l hope t o o b t a i n
s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s , by assuming t h a t t h e e l e c t r o n
s o u r c e h a s i n f i n i t e s i m a l r a d i a l e x t e n t b u t t h a t , due
t o i t s f i n i t e emittance, a l l electrons a r e c i r c u l a t i n g
about t h e l i n e s of f o r c e of t h e magnetic f i e l d . The
e l e c t r o n o r b i t s w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d f u r t h e r l a t e r i n
t h i s s e c t i o n . T h i s assumption w i l l permit u s t o a s sume a c h a r g e d e n s i t y independent o f r a d i u s and w i l l
s i m p l i f y t h e s o l u t i o n of P o i s s o n ' s equation. This
s o l u t i o n , w i t h t h e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t i t must v a n i s h
a t t h e i n n e r r a d i u s ( r l ) and t h e o u t e r r a d i u s ( r 2 ) of
t h e beam, i s r a t h e r e a s i l y o b t a i n e d .
It is:

J2evc/m

Here

2npr

1 2( 2 6 +

Er = [from (9)

h2)

(13)

B, = c o n s t a n t ( 6 T f o r t h e example t o be
considered )

vc

= c a t h o d e p o t e n t i a l ( g r e a t e r t h a n 165 kV

i n t h e example g i v e n ) .
The p l u s o r minus s i g n i n Eq. (12) depends on whether
t h e e l e c t r o n i s on a primary o r r e f l e c t e d p a t h .
From (11)

2m

where ro i s t h e r a d i u s , somewhere n e a r t h e middle of

t h e e l e c t r o n s h e e t , where 6 = 0 . If
we w r i t e
r = r o ( l + 6) e t c . , Eq. ( 1 4 ) becomes

S u b s t i t u t i n g (15)

in

(10) w e o b t a i n

2 2
e B r

Pnpr e
=-

b(1

6)

(16)

Keeping o n l y f i r s t o r d e r terms (16) becomes

A f i r s t integration gives

I f we assume t h a t t h e r a d i a l e x t e n t of t h e e l e c t r o n
beam i s s m a l l we c a n s i m p l i f y t h e e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e
p o t e n t i a l by s e t t i n g

ro(l

6)

rl = r o ( l -

r 2 = r o ( l + b2)

Here r i s a r a d i u s l y i n g n e a r t h e middle o f t h e beam,

t o b e 3 e f i n e d more p r e c i s e l y l a t e r . With t h e s e a s sumptions, n e g l e c t i n g h i g h e r o r d e r s of t h e 6 ' s , Eq. (5)
becomes:

Em

6(6 1 - 62 )

integration constant.

(18)

I f 6 = 0 f o r 6 = 6 t h e n t h e i n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t has
2
the value

and

(9)
The maximum v a l u e of V, t o t h i s o r d e r of a p p r o x i m a t i o n ,
w i l l b e f o r 6 = ( r j 2 - 61)/.? ( 1 0 ) .
For example we assume a n e l e c t r o n l a y e r 1 mm
t h i c k e x t e n d i n g from r1 = 2.Y5 cm t o r 2 = 3 . 0 5 cm. For
r e a s o n s t o be p r e s e n t e d l a t e r w e choose a v a l u e o f p of
1 1 . 7 coulombs per c u b i c meter t h a t l e a d s t o f u s i o n
t h e value
y i e l d s of 20 MW/m3; s u b s t i t u t i n g f o r
1.11 x 10-10 F/m w e f i n d t h a t t h e maximum v a l u e of t h e
p o t e n t i a l i s 165,000 v o l t s . E v i d e n t l y t h e primary
e n e r g y of t h e e l e c t r o n beam m u s t b e a l i t t l e above t h i s ,

The o t h e r v a l u e f o r which

= 0 must b e given by

Evidently s i n g u l a r i t i e s w i l l appear i n t h i s r e l a t i o n ,
and t h e e l e c t r o n s h e e t w i l l become u n s t a b l e i f
( 4 W / d * ( m / e B ; ) approaches u n i t y . For t h e example we

533

have assumed (Bz = 6 T , p = 1 1 . 7 coulombs/m3), t h i s

d i m e n s i o n l e s s q u a n t i t y h a s t h e v a l u e 0 . 2 1 and t h e v a l u e
o f 6 g i v e n by (19) i s 0 . 2 6 61 - . 1 . 2 6 62. I f 61
62,
t h e o t h e r v a l u e of ?jf o r which 6 = 0 i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y
61-

For t h o s e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e no':ation of plasma

p h y s i c s , t h e q u a n t i t y ( 4 n p / )(m/eBz) c a n be r e c o g n i z e d
a s a n a n a l o g of t h e p l a s m a @ f u n c t i o n which i s a measu r e of t h e r a t i o of plasma p r e s s u r e t o magnetic p r e s s u r e . I n a plasma @ must be k e p t below u n i t y .
5. Dynamics of t h e Deuteron and T r i t o n Beams

6.

Ion I n j e c t i o n

Deuterons and t r i t o n s a r e t o b e i n j e c t e d i n such a

fashion t h a t they w i l l continue t o c i r c u l a t e i n the
magnetic f i e l d and w i l l b e u n a b l e t o e s c a p e . During
i n j e c t i o n t h e y w i l l be g i v e n a s l i t t l e a x i a l momentum
as p o s s i b l e . Escape of i o n s a t t h e e n d s of t h e d e v i c e s
w i l l be p r e v e n t e d by a l o c a l i n c r e a s e i n m a g n e t i c f i e l d
The l o c a l i n c r e a s e i n a x i a l f i e l d w i l l b e accompanied
by i n t r o d u c t i o n of a r a d i a l f i e l d component which w i l l
s e r v e t o r e v e r s e t h e p a r a x i a l v e l o c i t y of t h e i o n beam.
F i e l d bumps of t h i s t y p e w i l l be i n c l u d e d a t b o t h e n d s
of t h e d e v i c e a s i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 2 .

We assume, i n i t i a l l y , t h a t a small number of

d e u t e r o n s and t r i t o n s a r e i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e s p a c e charge f i e l d calculated in t h e preceding section f o r
t h e e l e c t r o n s h e e t . These i o n s a r e t o move i n a f l a t
s p i r a l with negligible velocity i n the z- direction.
The method of i n j e c t i o n i n t o t h i s o r b i t w i l l b e
d e s c r i b e d i n t h e next s e c t i o n .
Motion of t h e i o n s w i l l be governed by
m.v

where mi fs t h e i o n mass,
v i is t h e i o n v e l o c i t y , g i v e n by mivi = - Bzero,
Er i s g i v e n by (13) above.
I n t h e c o o r d i n a t e s of t h e p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n (20)
becomes

yj\

..,._..
...
....

I NFLECTOR

CLOUD
whence

whose s o l u t i o n i s

D l AND :T
BEAM

INJECTED
D:

AND TZ

ION B E A M
F i g . 3 . I n j e c t i o n f o r c y l i n d r i c a l c o l l i d i n g beam
system.

6 and cp a r e d e t e r m i n e d by i n i t i a l
conditions.

We n o t e t h a t , s i n c e p r e p r e s e n t s t h e d e n s i t y of a n
e l e c t r o n s p a c e c h a r g e , t h e two terms i n w2 b o t h have
t h e same s i g n . For d e u t e r o n s

S e v e r a l methods of i n j e c t i o n w i l l o c c u r t o t h e
r e a d e r . One p o s s i b l e method i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 3 .
T h i s method u t i l i z e s m o l e c u l a r i o n s which p a s s through
an i n f l e c t o r t o b e d e f l e c t e d onto an o r b i t t h a t i n t e r 9
w = (8.33 x
+ 6.33 x
= 7.96 x 10
s e c t s t h e e l e c t r o n c l o u d . Something o f t h e o r d e r of
10% of t h e m o l e c u l a r beam should be s t r i p p e d b y e l e c t r o n
The wavelength of t h i s " b e t a t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n " i s 0 . 7 1 mm c o l l i s i o n s t o become atomic i o n s which t h e n w i l l s w i t c h
( f o r d e u t e r o n s ) . For t r i t o n s , w = 6.50 x lo9 and t h e
t o o r b i t s through t h e e l e c t r o n cloud (we assume a
b e t a t r o n wavelength i s 0.87 m. T h i s v e r y s h o r t wave
s t r i p p i n g c r o s s s e c t i o n of t h e o r d e r of 10-16 cm2). The
o s c i l l a t i o n has i t s f r e q u e n c y d e t e r m i n e d a l m o s t comremainder of t h e m o l e c u l a r i o n s w i l l c o n t i n u e on c i r c u l a r
p l e t e l y by t h e d e n s i t y of t h e e l e c t r o n i c s p a c e c h a r g e .
o r b i t s and r e t u r n t o t h e i n f l e c t o r . To p r e v e n t t h e i r
l o s s by a second d e f l e c t i o n , t h e y w i l l make t h e i r f i r s t
The v e r y s t r o n g r e s t o r i n g f o r c e provided by t h e
e n t r y i n t o t h e i n f l e c t o r w i t h a s m a l l component of
e l e c t r o n c l o u d should be e f f e c t i v e i n r e s t o r i n g t o
p a r a x i a l v e l o c i t y . The i n f l e c t o r i s t o have a f i n i t e
t h e i r o r b i t s , i o n s t h a t have undergone coulomb s c a t a x i a l e x t e n t and t h e p a r a x i a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e i o n s w i l l
t e r i n g e i t h e r by o t h e r i o n s o r by e l e c t r o n s . T h i s
b e such as t o a l l o w t h e beam t o m i s s t h e i n f l e c t o r on
t o p i c i s n o t analyzed i n t h i s r e p o r t b u t must b e g i v e n
t h e second and l a t e r r e v o l u t i o n s . Thus t h e m o l e c u l a r
a t t e n t i o n i n f u t u r e s t u d i e s of t h i s d e v i c e .
beam w i l l r e - e n t e r t h e e l e c t r o n c l o u d s e v e r a l times

534

I f , now, t h e e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y i s doubled and t h e

i o n d e n s i t y i s r a i s e d t o t h e l e v e l of t h e o r i g i n a l
e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y , t h e n e t d e n s i t y and t h e e l e c t r i c
f i e l d p a t t e r n w i l l be unchanged. Only t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n
of B, w i l l b e a f f e c t e d by t h e c i r c u l a t i n g i o n c u r r e n t .
For t h e d e n s i t i e s q u o t e d , B, w i l l d r o p by about 0 . 1 T
through t h e t h i c k n e s s . T h i s d r o p i s t o o s m a l l t o
a f f e c t p e r c e p t i b l y t h e e l e c t r o n o r i o n motions.

u n t i l v i r t u a l l y a l l of t h e beam has been reduced t o

atomic i o n s . T h i s scheme h a s t h e v i r t u e of a l l o w i n g
c o n t i n u o u s i n j e c t i o n . Pulsed i n j e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s may,
however, prove t o be s i m p l e r and l e s s demanding of
e x t r a magnetic f i e l d volume.
Another p o s s i b l e i n j e c t i o n method would i n v o l v e
i n j e c t i o n of n e u t r a l atoms produced b y a c c e l e r a t i o n
and s t r i p p i n g of n e g a t i v e i o n s . These t e c h n i q u e s a r e
w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d f o r use i n i n j e c t i o n i n t o t h e AGS.
The n e u t r a l atom beam would b e i n j e c t e d t a n g e n t t o t h e
e l e c t r o n cloud where a f r a c t i o n of t h e o r d e r of 10%
would be i o n i z e d and proceed on t h e d e s i r e d c i r c u l a r
orbits.

The procedure t o i n c r e a s e d e n s i t y would be t o

r a i s e t h e i n j e c t e d i o n c u r r e n t s . The p o t e n t i a l maximum
i n t h e e l e c t r o n s h e e t would t h e n drop and t h e e l e c t r o n
c u r r e n t s u p p l y would a u t o m a t i c a l l y add e l e c t r o n s t o
r e s t o r e t h e maximum v a l u e o f t h e p o t e n t i a l .

The procedure f o r i n i t i a l l y combining t h e d e u t e r o n

and t r i t o n beams i n t o a s i n g l e beam i n v o l v e s e l e c t r o s t a t i c d e f l e c t i o n . The two beams, h a v i n g t h e same
momenta b u t d i f f e r e n t e n e r g i e s can be combined by d e f l e c t i o n i n an e l e c t r o s t a t i c f i e l d .

When t h e i o n d e n s i t y h a s reached 1 1 . 7 coulombs/m3,

t h e f u s i o n r e a c t i o n s w i l l y i e l d 3600 w a t t s of f u s i o n
power p e r meter l e n g t h of t h e system. The d e u t e r o n
and t r i t o n s u p p l i e s a r e r e q u i r e d t o p r o v i d e o n l y about
200 @ e a c h t o m a i n t a i n t h i s y i e l d .

7 . Procedure w i t h High D e n s i t y Lon Beams

It would a p p e a r t h a t t h e procedure of pushing i o n

c u r r e n t and e l e c t r o n c u r r e n t up, m a i n t a i n i n g a c o n s t a n t
d i f f e r e n c e between t h e i r charge d e n s i t i e s , can be cont i n u e d i n d e f i n i t e l y t o y i e l d h i g h e r and h i g h e r l e v e l s
of f u s i o n power. No d o u b t , however, i n s t a b i l i t i e s w i l l
put a s t o p t o t h i s . The p o i n t a t which t h i s happens
w i l l be d i f f i c u l t t o p r e d i c t t h e o r e t i c a l l y and might
more e a s i l y be determined e x p e r i m e n t a l l y .

The p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n s d e a l t w i t h t h e motion of
i o n beams of low i n t e n s i t y i n a dense s h e e t of e l e c t r o n s . I t h a s been shown t h a t , t o t h e f i r s t o r d e r ,
t h e motion of both e l e c t r o n s and i o n s i s s t a b l e .
There a r e l a r g e r e s t o r i n g f o r c e s on t h e i o n s which can
s e r v e t o c o u n t e r a c t t h e u n d e s i r a b l e e f f e c t s of coulomb
scattering.

DISC USSIO N
i s essentially a n e l e c t r o s t a t i c containment system and that
one of the products of the reaction would be a helium ion
and will the helium ions do the same poisoning of the r e a c tion as they d o in TOKOMAC r e a c t o r s ? I don't think I can
give a v e r y good a n s w e r to that, except to say that the
helium ions have about 4 MeV of energy which should b e
enough to kick t h e m out of this region.

Your a t o m s are held in the device

V. Kelvin Neil (LLL):
e l e c t r o s t a t i c a l l y r a t h e r than magnetically?
Blewett:

Yes.

And e a c h one of t h e s e r e a c t i o n s which

V. Kelvin Neil:
y o u ' r e trying to g e t produces the h e l i u m ?
Blewett: Yes.

V. Kelvin Neil: And the helium is also then e l e c t r o s t a t i c a l l y

h e l d ? I ' m trying to g e t to one of the p r o b l e m s in TOKOMAC
w h e r e the helium is contained and, in effect, quenches the
reaction.
Blewett ( r e s t a t i n g the questionk:

Leon Katz (University of Saskatchewan): Is this being proposed as a s o u r c e of energy o r as a s o u r c e of n e u t r o n s f o r

breeders?
Blewett: T h e s e are sort of interchangeable, a r e n ' t t h e y ? I
should say that it is being proposed only as a n experiment.
-4rie Van Steenbergen (BNL): C h a r g e exchange injection of
a c c e l e r a t o r s i s not an established f a c t .

T h e containment s y s t e m

535

WILL NEGATIVE HYDROGEN I O N SOURCES SOON REPLACE PROTON SOURCES

I N HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATORS?"
Th. S l u y t e r s and K. P r e l e c
Brookhaven N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y
Upton, New York

Although c h a r g e exchange i n j e c t i o n i n t o c i r c u l a r
a c c e l e r a t o r s and s t o r a g e r i n g s h a s been proposed q u i t e
some t i m e ago, t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s a t t r a c t i v e method h a s n o t been widespread because o f low i n t e n s i t i e s
o f n e g a t i v e hydrogen beams a v a i l a b l e u n t i l r e c e n t l y .
For s y n c h r o t r o n s and s t o r a g e r i n g s m u l t i t u r n i n j e c t i o n
o f p r o t o n s v i a s t r i p p i n g of n e g a t i v e i o n s o f f e r s a
b e t t e r and s i m p l e r a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e p r e s e n t i n j e c t i o n schemes by i n c r e a s i n g t h e phase s p a c e d e n s i t y of
t h e c o a s t i n g beam. For c y c l o t r o n s i n j e c t i o n o f prot o n s v i a s t r i p p i n g of r e l a t i v e l y h i g h e n e r g y n e u t r a l
p a r t i c l e s ( o b t a i n e d by p a r t i a l s t r i p p i n g o f n e g a t i v e
i o n s ) may a l l e v i a t e t h e s p a c e c h a r g e problem d u r i n g t h e
e a r l y p a r t of a c c e l e r a t i o n . However, beam i n t e n s i t i e s
o f n e g a t i v e hydrogen i o n s o b t a i n e d by d i r e c t e x t r a c t i o n
from s t a n d a r d s o u r c e s such a s duoplasmatrons and Penni n g s o u r c e s were seldom h i g h e r t h a n s e v e r a l m i l l i a m p e r e s , which was n o t s u f f i c i e n t f o r most o f p r e s e n t c i r c u l a r a c c e l e r a t o r s . I n d i r e c t method o f producing negat i v e i o n beams v i a c h a r g e exchange o f p r o t o n s , a l t h o u g h
a t t h a t t i m e promising w i t h respect t o t h e i n t e n s i t y ,
had a d i s a d v a n t a g e of y i e l d i n g beams of a t o o low qual i t y and r e q u i r i n g a t o o complex m e c h a n i c a l s t r u c t u r e .
During t h e l a s t y e a r o r so s e v e r a l p a p e r s and rep o r t s a p p e a r e d d e s c r i b i n g two new a p p r o a c h e s t o t h e
p r o d u c t i o n o f n e g a t i v e hydrogen beams e x t r a c t e d d i r e c t l y from a plasma. One o f them was t h e hollow d i s c h a r g e
duoplasmatron,' '4 '6 developed from a s t a n d a r d s o u r c e by
p l a c i n g a r o d a l o n g t h e main a x i s and r e a c h i n g i n t o t h e
anode d i s c h a r g e r e g i o n . A 100 k s p u l s e d beam of 6 mA
was o b t a i n e d w i t h a normalized e m i t t a n c e l e s s t h a n 0 . 1
cm-mad. An accompanying e l e c t r o n c u r r e n t o f 0.5 A, a
r e l a t i v e l y low i o n c u r r e n t d e n s i t y of 0.1 A/cm2 and a
h i g h a r c c u r r e n t of 100 A were f e a t u r e s s t i l l t o b e
improved.

A s i g n i f i c a n t improvement was a c h i e v e d by i n j e c t i n g cesium t h r o u g h t h e hollow c e n t e r t u b e . The beam

i n t e n s i t y i n c r e a s e d t o 18 mA and t h e e m i t t a n c e remaine d about t h e same.
Two models o f a magnetron s o u r c e were a l s o b u i l t
a t BNL. While t h e f i r s t of them a l r e a d y showed a beh a v i o r s i m i l a r t o t h e o r i g i n a l s o u r c e , t h e r e were seve r a l weak p o i n t s i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and a new improved
model was d e s i g n e d . By u s i n g a narrow e x t r a c t i o n s l i t
(0.5 mm x 10 mm) and w i t h hydrogen a s t h e o p e r a t i n g g a s ,
e x t r a c t e d 1- c u r r e n t s reached 17 mA, w i t h normalized
e m i t t a n c e s i n two d i r e c t i o n s o f 0.44 and 0.60 cm-mrad
a t a n e x t r a c t i o n v o l t a g e of 8 kV. A d r a m a t i c change
was observed a f t e r cesium was i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e s o u r c e .
The e x t r a c t e d c u r r e n t of n e g a t i v e hydrogen i o n s i n c r e a s e d t o 100 mA, which c o r r e s p o n d s t o a c u r r e n t dens i t y of 2 . 0 A/cm2. The normalized e m i t t a n c e measured
i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e e x t r a c t i o n s l i t was 1.2 cm-mrad.
The new developments i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n of n e g a t i v e
i o n beams from s o u r c e s u s i n g t h e d i r e c t e x t r a c t i o n
method have made t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n more a t t r a c t i v e i n
s e v e r a l f i e l d s . C u r r e n t d e n s i t i e s and phase s p a c e
a r e a s a r e becoming comparable t o t h o s e of s t a n d a r d prot o n s o u r c e s p r e s e n t l y used i n p r e a c c e l e r a t o r s . Achievement o f such c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s seems t o e l i m i n a t e one of
t h e main o b j e c t i o n s t o t h e c h a r g e exchange i n j e c t i o n
into circular accelerators.
Acknowledgments
The a s s i s t a n c e of many AGS s t a f f members i s g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e d , e s p e c i a l l y V . Buchanan, R. L a r s o n and
L. Repeta i n t h e d e s i g n of t h e s o u r c e s , power s u p p l i e s
and d i a g n o s t i c s and R. C l i p p e r t o n and E . McKenna f o r
t h e t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e and every- day o p e r a t i o n o f t h e
ion source laboratory.

The second approach was t h e u s e o f t h e r a c e t r a c k

magnetron ' '* Even when o p e r a t e d w i t h hydrogen g a s
o n l y , t h e s o u r c e y i e l d e d c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r H- c u r r e n t s t h a n a duoplasmatron. From a n e x t r a c t i o n s l i t o f
1 mm x 10 mm, p u l s e d H c u r r e n t s ranged up t o 75 mA,
which c o r r e s p o n d s t o a c u r r e n t d e n s i t y of 0.75 A/cm2.
Even h i g h e r d e n s i t i e s were o b t a i n e d when cesium was i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e s o u r c e . The maximum r e p o r t e d 3 c u r r e n t
d e n s i t y was 3.7 A/cm2. These h i g h c u r r e n t d e n s i t i e s
have been e x p l a i n e d by a n e f f i c i e n t p r o d u c t i o n of negat i v e i o n s a t t h e c a t h o d e s u r f a c e , e s p e c i a l l y when cove r e d by a l a y e r of cesium, and by d e c r e a s i n g t h e d i s t a n c e n e g a t i v e i o n s have t o t r a v e l between t h e c a t h o d e
and t h e e x t r a c t i o n s l i t .

References

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

P r o t o t y p e s o f b o t h s o u r c e s have been b u i l t a t BNL.

With t h e hollow d i s c h a r g e duoplasmatron and hydrogen a s
t h e o p e r a t i n g g a s up t o 8 mA o f H c u r r e n t was o b t a i n e d ,
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a n i o n c u r r e n t d e n s i t y o f 0.25 A / c m 2 .
The n o r m a l i z e d e m i t t a n c e w a s 0 . 3 cm-mrad and t h e p u l s e
length 1 ms.

*Work

performed under t h e a u s p i c e s o f t h e U.S.

Energy Commission.

Atomic

536

V.P. Golubev, G.A. N a l i v a i k o , and S.G. T s e p a k i n ,

P r o c . P r o t o n L i n e a r Accel. Conf. (Los Alamos R e p o r t No. $4-5115, 1972), p. 356.
1 u . I . B e l chenko, G . I . Dimov, and V.G. Dudnikov,
N o v o s i b i r s k Report No. 66-72, 1972 ( i n R u s s i a n ) .
1 u . I . Bel'chenko, G . I . Dimov, V.G. Dudnikov, and
A.A. Ivanov, N o v o s i b i r s k Report No. 81- 72, 1972
( i n Russian).
K. P r e l e c and Th. S l u y t e r s , Rev. S c i . I n s t r u m . 44,
1451 (1973).
Th. S l u y t e r s and K. P r e l e c , Nucl. I n s t r u m . Methods
113, 299 (1973).

ISABELLE DESIGN STUDY OF INTERSECTING STORAGE ACCELERATORS*

H. Hahn
Brookhaven N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y
Upton, New York

Summary. The p r e s e n t s t a t u s of t h e ISABELLE des i g n s t u d y f o r 200 x 200 GeV p r o t o n I n t e r s e c t i n g S t o r a g e A c c e l e r a t o r s a t Brookhaven i s p r e s e n t e d .

The most
prominent f e a t u r e s of t h i s machine a r e t h e h i g h c e n t e r of-mass e n e r y o f a t l e a s t 400 GeV, t h e h i g h l u m i n o s i t y
of up t o 1033 cm-2sec-l, t h e f l e x i b i l i t y of t h e experi m e n t a l i n s e r t i o n s , and t h e u s e o f s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magn e t s f o r bending and f o c u s i n g of t h e beams. A g e n e r a l
d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and t h e main
p a r a m e t e r s is g i v e n . The p o s s i b i l i t y o f f u t u r e o p t i o n s ,
i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e a d d i t i o n of a 15-GeV e l e c t r o n r i n g ,
i s discussed.

I.

The advantage o f u s i n g c o l l i d i n g beams t o overcome

the r e l a t i v i s t i c l i m i t a t i o n i n achieving the highest
center- of- mass e n e r g i e s r a t h e r t h a n beams from convent i o n a l a c c e l e r a t o r s s t r i k i n g s t a t i o n a r y t a r g e t s had
been r e c o g n i z e d e a r l y i n a c c e l e r a t o r h i s t o r y by
Wider0e.l
The o r i g i n a l work a t MURA on t h e s t a c k i n g of
many p u l s e s 2 i n e a c h beam was fundamental f o r t h e
achievement of a d e q u a t e l u m i n o s i t y , and l e d d i r e c t l y t o
t h e d e s i g n o f t h e CERN ISR3 which i s a t p r e s e n t t h e
o n l y p r o t o n - p r o t o n c o l l i d i n g beam d e v i c e .

B a s i c Design Choices

Center- of- Mass Energy

The c h o i c e of t h e ISA d e s i g n e n e r g y i s l e s s obvious

t h a n t h a t of t h e Bevatron, which was conceived t o produce a n t i p r o t o n s . C u r r e n t t h e o r e t i c a l i d e a s g i v e some
i n d i c a t i o n a s t o t h e minimum e n e r g y d e s i r a b l e f o r t h e
n e x t machine.
S i m p l i f y i n g g r e a t l y , one may s t a t e t h a t
t h e r e a r e two e n e r g y s c a l e s which a new machine s h o u l d
r e a c h o r exceed.17 The f i r s t i s s e t by t h e e n e r g y f o r
which t h e s t r e n g t h of weak i n t e r a c t i o n s e q u a l s t h a t o f
electromagnetic interactions.
T h e o r i e s which would
u n i f y t h e Fermi t h e o r y of weak i n t e r a c t i o n s and quantum
e l e c t r o d y n a m i c s have been proposed and p o s t u l a t e t h e
e x i s t e n c e of i n t e r m e d i a t e v e c t o r bosons (W), w i t h r e s t
masses above 37 GeV. S t o r a g e r i n g s w i t h 100 x 100 GeV
would be a d e q u a t e t o produce t h e s e p a r t i c l e s .
In fact,
t h e f a i l u r e t o o b s e r v e W- production a t c e n t e r - o f - m a s s
e n e r g i e s l a r g e r t h a n 100 GeV would c a u s e d i f f i c u l t y f o r
t h e o r i e s of t h i s c l a s s . Another e n e r g y s c a l e i s g i v e n
by t h e u n i t a r i t y l i m i t which f o r l e p t o n - l e p t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s i s a b o u t 300 GeV, b u t f o r hadron i n t e r a c t i o n s
may be n e a r 600 GeV. It i s c l e a r , t h a t w i t h t h e weak,
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c and s t r o n g i n t e r a c t i o n s b e g i n n i n g t o
have t h e same e f f e c t i v e s t r e n g t h a t ISA e n e r g i e s , subs t a n t i a l new p h y s i c s can be e x p e c t e d t o a p p e a r b e f o r e
reaching the u n i t a r i t y l i m i t .

The c o n s t r u c t i o n of s t o r a g e r i n g s a t the Brookhaven AGS had been c o n s i d e r e d p r e v i o u s l y i n r e s onse t o

t h e recommendations made by t h e Ramsey panel.4.g
A
summer s t u d y was h e l d a t Brookhaven i n 1963 t o d i s c u s s
t h e r e l a t i v e merits of a c c e l e r a t o r s and s t o r a g e r i n g s .6
It w a s concluded t h a t s t o r a g e r i n g s a t AGS e n e r g i e s
would be f e a s i b l e , and a f i r t p a r a m e t e r l i s t f o r c o l l i d i n g beams was worked out.
A t t h e same t i m e i t w a s
p o i n t e d o u t by J o n e s 7 t h a t s t o r a g e r i n g s o f two o r t h r e e
times t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e of t h e AGS c o u l d b e u s e d t o acc e l e r a t e t h e s t a c k e d p r o t o n s t o h i g h e r e n e r g i e s from 70
However, f i n a l l y a d e c i s i o n w a s made n o t
t o 100 GeV.
t o c o n s t r u c t s t o r a g e r i n g s , because i t w a s thought t h a t
they l a c k e d t h e v e r s a t i l i t y of a s i n g l e p r o t o n a c c e l e r a t o r o f the same e q u i v a l e n t e n e r g y .

The i d e a of b u i l d i n g s t o r a g e r i n g s a t Brookhaven
w a s r e v i v e d i n 1970 by Blewett8and t h i s t i m e i t was
g r e e t e d w i t h e n t h u s i a s m . It s o o n r e c e i v e d t h e endorsement of the F i t c h committee which recommended t h a t BNL
a p p l y i t s p i o n e e r i n g development work i n superconducti n g magnets t o b u i l d two p r o t o n i n t e r s e c t i n g s t o r a g e
a c c e l e r a t i n g r i n g s t o o p e r a t e i n t h e neighborhood o f
200 GeV.9
A s t u d y group w a s s e t u under M i l l s which
i s s u e d a p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n s t u d y 1 6 ( t h e Gray Book)
i n 1972. The ISABELLE d e s i g n h a s undergone a number of
metamor h o s e s as documented i n a s e r i e s of p u b l i c a tions.lg-15
However, t h e s t u d y h a s now advanced t o a
p o i n t where a r e v i s e d v e r s i o n of t h e Gray Book i s
b e i n g e d i t e d . 1 6 A c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o p o s a l w i l l b e subm i t t e d t o t h e AEC i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e . I f funded i n
FY 1976 t h e ISA c o u l d b e o p e r a t i o n a l i n 1 9 8 1 p r o v i d i n g
an e x c i t i n g f a c i l i t y f o r p a r t i c l e physics research.

Another approach t o choose the d e s i g n e n e r g y would

be t o l o o k a t t h e h i s t o r i c a l p r o g r e s s of t h e a c c e l e r a t o r
f i e l d . The t r a d i t i o n a l s t e p i n c e n t e r - o f - m a s s e n e r g y
h a s been a f a c t o r of 4 (AGS t o NAL) t o 8 (CERN PS t o
ISR). T h i s would i n d i c a t e a d e s i r e d e n e r g y r a n g e from
The d e s i g n e n e r g y
a b o u t 100 X 100 GeV t o 250 X 250 GeV.
o f 200 GeV would t h u s a p p e a r t o be j u s t i f i e d from most
p o i n t s of view.

The LSA d e s i g n i n c o r p o r a t e s a series of i n n o v a t i o n s

which w i l l make i t t h e f r o n t i e r of h i g h e n e r g y p h y s i c s
and a c c e l e r a t o r technology.
I t s most prominent f e a t u r e s
are t h e h i g h center- of- mass e n e r g o f 400 G e V , t h e h i g h
l u m i n o s i t y of up t o 1033 cm-2sec-1, the f l e x i b i l i t y o f
Atomic

11.

The u s e f u l n e s s of t h e machine under c o n s i d e r a t i o n

depends on many f a c t o r s . One o f t h e s e , t h e c e n t e r - o f mass e n e r g y ( u s u a l l y d e s i g n a t e d by J s ) , is t h e s i n g l e
most i m p o r t a n t p a r a m e t e r i n p a r t i c l e p h y s i c s . The 400
GcV center- of- mass e n e r g y o f t h e ISA i s e q u i v a l e n t t o
t h a t of a c o n v e n t i o n a l a c c e l e r a t o r of 86 TeV. In t h e
U.S., t h e NAL a c c e l e r a t o r , a t 400 GeV, p r o v i d e s a center- of- mass e n e r g y o f 28 GeV.
The h i g h e s t c e n t e r - o f mass e n e r g i e s p r e s e n t l y a v a i l a b l e i s a t t h e CERN ISR
w i t h a n e n e r g y o f 6 1 GeV. T h i s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o a 2
TeV a c c e l e r a t o r . The ISA w i l l a l l o w a l m o s t a n o r d e r of
magnitude i n c r e a s e i n center- of- mass e n e r g y .

Introduction

Performed under the a u s p i c e s o f the U.S.

Ener.gy Commission.

t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l i n s e r t i o n s , and t h e u
o f s u p e r c nd u c t i n g magnets f o r bending and f o c u s i n g of t h e beam.
This p a p e r d e s c r i b e s t h e p r e s e n t s t a t u s of the ISABELLE
d e s i g n s t u d y , e x p l a i n s t h e b a s i c d e s i g n c h o i c e s which
had t o be t a k e n , g i v e s a q u a l i t a t i v e d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e
machine components and t h e f i n a l p a r a m e t e r l i s t , and
c o n c l u d e s w i t h a n o u t l o o k on p o s s i b l e f u t u r e a d d i t i o n s
t o the b a s i c proton- proton rings.

Luminosity

A d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r as i m p o r t a n t as t h e e n e r g y i s t h e
l u m i n o s i t y o f s t o r a g e r i n g s . The l u m i n o s i t y i s d e t e r mined by p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e machine s u c h as t h e c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t , beam e m i t t a n c e , geometry o f t h e beam
c r o s s i n g r e g i o n , t o l e r a b l e beam-beam t u n e s h i f t , e t c .
The d e s i g n l u m i n o s i t y of t h e ISA has been f i x e d a t

5 37

1 0 3 3 cm-2sec-1 p e r i n t e r a c t i o n r e g i o n .

S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g Magnets

The ISA l u m i n o s i t y i s e x p e c t e d t o b e more t h a n two

o r d e r s o f magnitude above t h e v a l u e s c u r r e n t l y a c h i e v e d
a t t h e CERN p r o t o n s t o r a g e r i n g s . This h i g h v a l u e c a n
be o b t a i n e d by e x p l o i t i n g l o w - b e t a i n s e r t i o n s , head- on
( o r s m a l l a n g l e ) c o l l i s i o n s of the p r o t o n s and, esp e c i a l l y , t h e s m a l l e m i t t a n c e and h i g h p h a s e s p a c e
d e n s i t y of t h e AGS a t Brookhaven. An i n f o r m a t i v e exp r e s s i o n f o r t h e optimum l u m i n o s i t y o f p r o t o n s t o r a g e
r i n g s h a s been d e r i v e d by K e i l , l 8

The u s e of s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnets h a s a s i g n i f i c a n t impact on t h e e x p e c t e d performance o f t h e ISA.

The s t u d y of performance l i m i t a t i o n s due t o c o l l e c t i v e
e f f e c t s i n d i c a t e s t h a t most l i m i t a t i o n s become worse f o r
a machine w i t h a l a r g e r a d i u s and small vacuum chamber
d i m e n s i o n s . S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnets a r e b e n e f i c i a l o n
b o t h accounts:

= 34 y ( T - -

L
opt

e cr

aVmax
E

4.

)%

inv
P
which i s o b t a i n e d by a d j u s t i n g t h e a m p l i t u d e f u n c t i o n
a t the c r o s s i n g p o i n t t o the v a l u e

i) O p e r a t i o n a t f i e l d s o f 40 kG, as assumed i n t h e
ISA d e s i g n , r e d u c e s t h e machine r a d i u s by a f a c t o r of
two when compared t o a c o n v e n t i o n a l machine o f e q u a l
maximum e n e r g y . S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g 40 kG magnets u s i n g
commercially a v a i l a b l e NbTi composite w i r e s h a v e been
b u i l t and o p e r a t e d a t Brookhaven, r e l i a b l y and economically.21,22
i i ) O p e r a t i o n of l a r g e - g a p c o n v e n t i o n a l magnets i s proh i b i t i v e i n terms o f t h e e l e c t r i c power consumption.
Economically d e s i g n e d c o n v e n t i o n a l magnets l i m i t the
l u m i n o s i t y of s t o r a g e a c c e l e r a t o r s , 0 t h rwise comparable
t o the ISA, t o v a l u e s of a b o u t 1032 cm-sec-
which i s
an o r d e r o r magnitude below t h e p r e s e n t d e s i g n v a l u e . 2 3

Here I i s t h e c u r r e n t s t a c k e d i n one r i n g , e i n v = @ Y E
i s t h e i n v a r i a n t t r a n s v e r s e e m i t t a n c e which i s assumed
e q u a l i n t h e h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l p l a n e s , 4. i s t h e
u n s h i e l d e d f r e e s p a c e between m a g n e t s around the c o l l i s i o n r e g i o n , Avmz i s t h e l i n e a r t u n e s h i f t due t o t h e
s p a c e - c h a r g e f o r c e s o f t h e beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n s , e
i s the e l e c t r o n i c charge, c i s the v e l o c i t y of l i g h t
a n d , rp i s t h e c l a s s i c a l p r o t o n r a d i u s .
The l u m i n o s i t y depends s t r o n g l y on t h e c u r r e n t
which c a n be s t o r e d a n d , i n t h e case o f t h e ISA, a c c e l e r a t e d . An e s t i m a t e of t h e more s e r i o u s c u r r e n t l i m i t a t i o n s due t o t h e beam i n d u c e d g a s p r e s s u r e r i s e l g
and t h e t r a n s v e r s e r e s i s t i v e w a l l i n s t a b i l i t y (CERNs
b r i c k w a l l e f f e c t z 0 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t 1 0 A is a r e a l i s t i c
f i g u r e f o r t h e ISA. The beam-beam t u n e s h i f t t o l e r a b l e
i n proton storage rings i s not firmly established, but
5 X
is a
t h e r e seems t o be agreement t h a t Avma
conservative l i m i t .
The p r e s e n t d e s i g n p r o v i d e s a f r e e
s p a c e between magnets o f 4, = 40 m; t h i s v a l u e c o u l d
e a s i l y be h a l v e d a t a l a t e r t i m e i f h i g h e r l u m i n o s i t i e s
s h o u l d be d e s i r e d . h e optimum l u m i n o s i t y depends
d i r e c t l y on t h e e m i t t a n c e a c h i e v a b l e ; t h e AGS, w i t h an
Einv 2 12.5 r(
m s r a d , i s i d e a l l y s u i t e d as a n i n The optimum lumij e c t o r f o r a proton storage ring.
n o s i t y i n t h e ISA i s o b t a i n e d w i t h Popt = 0.7 rn and
r e a c h e s t h e l e v e l o f Lopt = 3 x 1 0 3 3 cm2sec-l, a v a l u e
which i s c o m f o r t a b l y above t h e d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t .

Experimental I n s e r t i o n s
The a n t i c i p a t e d e x p e r i m e n t s a t t h e ISA d i f f e r i n
t h e i r s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s as t o l u m i n o s i t y , t o l e r a b l e
momentum s p r e a d , s h a p e and s i z e o f t h e c r o s s i n g r e g i o n ,
r a d i a t i o n background, e t c . A number of e x p e r i m e n t s
have been c o n c e p t u a l l y d e s i g n e d and t h e c o n s t r a i n t s on
the e x p e r i m e n t a l i n s e r t i o n s h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d .
It
w a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t o n l y t h e s m a l l - a n g l e s c a t t e r i n g exp e r i m e n t r e q u i r e s an u n u s u a l s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n c o n f i g u r a t i o n t o provide the d e s i r a b l e angular r e s o l u t i o n of
25 p r a d o r b e t t e r . Most e x p e r i m e n t s s t u d i e d c a n be
performed a d e q u a t e l y i n a g e n e r a l - p u r p o s e e x p e r i m e n t a l
i n s e r t i o n w i t h a t o t a l o f 40 m o f f r e e s p a c e a r o u n d t h e
c r o s s i n g p o i n t and a d j u s t a b l e o p t i c a l p a r a m e t e r s . To
p r e s e r v e complete f o u r - f o l d symmetry d u r i n g commissioni n g o f t h e m a c h i n e , a11 f o u r e x p e r i m e n t a l i n s e r t i o n s
w i l l be made i d e n t i c a l . A f t e r h a v i n g g a i n e d e x p e r i e n c e
w i t h the o p e r a t i o n o f t h e ISA, i t w i l l be p o s s i b l e t o
introduce o t h e r experimental i n s e r t i o n s , a l s o f u l l y
matched b u t i n a l l l i k e l i h o o d no l o n g e r i d e n t i c a l ,
which are b e t t e r s u i t e d t o e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h s p e c i a l
requirements.
This concept provides considerable flexi b i l i t y i n the l a y o u t of the e x p e r i m e n t s , a p p r o a c h i n g
t h a t of a c o n v e n t i o n a l a c c e l e r a t o r .

The u s e o f s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnets o b v i o u s l y nec e s s i t a t e s t h e g e n e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e o f a lowt e m p e r a t u r e e n v i r o n m e n t , 4.5 K i n t h e c a s e o f NbTi conductors.

The need f o r a dewar, r e f r i g e r a t o r and l i q u i d
h e l i u m d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m p r e s e n t s a n economic burden
which must b e compensated f o r by s a v i n g s i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t due t o t h e smaller t u n n e l s i z e , vacuum equipment, and o t h e r f i e l d - d e p e n d e n t items, b u t a l s o by
s a v i n g s due t o reduced o p e r a t i n g c o s t owing t o l o w e r
e l e c t r i c power consumption. A comparison o f t h e ISA
w i t h t h e l o w - l u m i n o s i t y c o n v e n t i o n a l magnet ISA d e s c r i b e d
i n Ref. 23 shows t h a t t h e i n i t i a l c a p i t a l e x p e n d i t u r e s
would be a t most 10% Less f o r t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l magnet
ISA. The a n n u a l e l e c t r i c power consumption, on the
o t h e r hand, i s c l e a r l y i n f a v o r o f t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g
machine: 35 GWh v s 90 GWhfyear. A t t h e r a t e o f 2.8cf
kwh p r e d i c t e d f o r December 1974 t h i s r e p r e s e n t s a n
a n n u a l s a v i n g s o f a b o u t $1.5 M i n o p e r a t i n g f u n d s .
Performance and economical c o n s i d e r a t i o n s p o i n t
towards t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g s o l u t i o n . I n a r r i v i n g a t
a d e c i s i o n , t h e a d v a n t a g e s must be b a l a n c e d a g a i n s t t h e
r i s k i n h e r e n t i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a new t e c h n o l o g y .
S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnet t e c h n o l o g y h a s advanced t o a
p o i n t t h a t t h e performance o f m a g n e t s , i . e . t h e i r p e a k
f i e l d , f i e l d q u a l i t y , and random e r r o r s due t o f a b r i c a t i o n t o l e r a n c e s , can be p r e d i c t e d w i t h a n accuracy equal
t o t h a t f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l magnets. Q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g
t h e b e h a v i o r of s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnets i n r a d i a t i o n
e n v i r o n m e n t s have been proven manageable b a s e d on t h e
e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d from t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e 8 O bend i n
t h e h i g h - i n t e n s i t y p r o t o n beam t o t h e N o r t h Area o f t h e
AGS.22 R e f r i g e r a t i o n s y s t e m s o f t h e c a p a c i t y r e q u i r e d
have d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e i r r e l i a b i l i t y i n commercial u s e .
It i s o u r judgment t h a t t h e t e c h n i c a l know-how f o r t h e
e x e c u t i o n o f t h i s p r o j e c t i s a t hand.
F u r t h e r advances i n t h i s f i e l d c o n c e i v a b l y i n time
f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e ISA are a n t i c i p a t e d from t h e
development o f new m a t e r i a l s of t h e A15 t y p e s u c h as
NbgSn o r Va3Ga which would b r i n g 60 kG magnets i n t o
r e a c h . These would b e t r a n s l a t e d i n t o a n i n c r e a s e of
t h e e n e r g y o f a b o u t 300 GeV and a f u r t h e r r e d u c t i o n o f
t h e e l e c t r i c power consumption w i t h o u t e s s e n t i a l l y changing t h e f i n a n c i a l scope of the p r o j e c t ,

111. G e n e r a l D e s c r i p t i o n
Ring S t r u c t u r e

The g e o m e t r i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e s t o r a g e a c c e l e r a t o r i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h a t of a c i r c l e expanded by f o u r ,

538

symmetrically located experimental s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s ,

i n which t h e beams are brought t o g e t h e r i n a h o r i z o n t a l
s m a l l - a n g l e o r c o l l i n e a r c o l l i s i o n r e g i o n ( F i g . 1). The
t o t a l c i r c u m f e r e n c e o f t h e r i n g s i s 2690 m c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o e x a c t l y 3- 1/3 t i m e s t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e o f t h e AGS.
Shown i n F i g . 1 are t h e f o u r e x p e r i m e n t a l h a l l s t o be
c o n s t r u c t e d from t h e s t a r t around t h e f o u r c o l l i s i o n
p o i n t s . The ISA c o n s i s t s of two i n t e r s e c t i n g magnet
r i n g s l o c a t e d one above t h e o t h e r i n a common t u n n e l ,
The AGS
t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n o f which i s shown i n F i g . 2.
w i l l be used as t h e s o u r c e of 28.5 GeV p r o t o n s which
w i l l be e j e c t e d i n t o t h e beam l i n e now f e e d i n g t h e North
Area and the 7 f t bubble chamber, and which would be extended t o t h e proposed l o c a t i o n of t h e ISA. The a r e a
n o r t h of t h e AGS i s r e a s o n a b l y l e v e l and t h e Brookhaven
s i t e p r o v i d e s ample space f o r f u t u r e expansion.

i n t e n s i t y ) which i s a p r e r e q u i s i t e t o a c h i e v i n g the
h i g h e s t l u m i n o s i t i e s . The i n t e n s i t y i n the ISA i s t h e n
simply b u i l t up by a l a r g e r number of AGS p u l s e s .

The s e p a r a t e d f u n c t i o n l a t t i c e s t r u c t u r e i n i t i a l l y
w i l l have complete f o u r - f o l d symmetry. The r e g u l a r
p a r t o f t h e r i n g c o n t a i n s 48 normal c e l l s . The regul a r c e l l s t r u c t u r e i s broken i n t o o c t a n t s by adding
f o u r 250 m l o n g (200 m s t r a i g h t ) e x p e r i m e n t a l i n s e r t i o n s and f o u r 110 m long(50 m s t r a i g h t ) s e r v i c e i n s e r t i o n s w i t h t h e l a t t e r s a t i s f y i n g t h e machine r e q u i r e ments of i n j e c t i o n , f a s t p r o t e c t i v e e j e c t i o n , r f s y s t e m ,
e t c . The v e r t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n of t h e beams w i l l be 46
cm a l l o w i n g a common dewar f o r t h e magnets of t h e upper
and lower r i n g s . The elements of a t y p i c a l h a l f c e l l
are shown i n F i g . 3 . On t h e o t h e r hand, b o t h r i n g s a r e
e l e c t r i c a l l y and m a g n e t i c a l l y s e p a r a t e d t o p e r m i t exp e r i m e n t s w i t h unequal e n e r g i e s and t o accommodate t h e
antiproton option.

The beam t r a n s p o r t equipment from t h e AGS t o t h e

ISA i s more economical i f c o n v e n t i o n a l magnets are used
s i n c e i t o n l y needs t o be e n e r g i z e d d u r i n g t h e s t a c k i n g
p r o c e s s . The ISA s t a c k i n g r f system o p e r a t e s on t h e
same frequency as t h e AGS (4.45 M H z ) and i s d e s i g n e d
f o r a peak v o l t a g e of 1 2 kV. To p r e v e n t s e l f - b u n c h i n g
and d i l u t i o n of t h e s t a c k e d p r o t o n s , t h e impedance s e e n
by t h e beam must be k e p t below 100 R, which i s achieved
by an a p p r o p r i a t e feedback ~ y s t e m . * ~ T h A
e GS p u l s e , w i t h
i t s i n t e n s i t y reduced t o 2.3 x 1 O I 2 p r o t o n s i n 10 bunche s , i s c a p t u r e d d i r e c t l y by t h e s t a c k i n g s y s t e m , dec e l e r a t e d , s l o w l y debunched and d e p o s i t e d i n t o t h e unbunched s t a c k . The AGS p u l s e f i l l s o n l y a f r a c t i o n (t)
of t h e ISA c i r c u m f e r e n c e ; d i l u t i o n of t h e s t a c k i s p r e v e n t e d by d e s i g n i n g a s t a c k i n g r f s y s t e m w i t h s u p p r e s s e d
buckets.
The d e s i g n c u r r e n t o f 1 0 A ( o r 5.6 x 1014 prot o n s ) w i l l be r e a c h e d i n about one hour by r e p e a t i n g
t h i s c y c l e 250 t i m e s o r more. Assuming a t o t a l l o n g i t u d i n a l phase s p a c e d i l u t i o n o f 2 (which a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e CERN-ISR e x p e r i e n c e i s n o t u n r e a l i s t i c ) t h e momentum s p r e a d of t h e s t a c k e d beam w i l l be Ap/p = 0.7%, and
i t s dimensions 2.0 x 0.8 cm i n h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l
d i r e c t i o n r e s p e c t i v e l y . E s t i m a t e s show t h a t t h e d e s i g n
c u r r e n t of 1 0 A does n o t exceed t h e l i m i t s s e t by coh e r e n t t r a n s v e r s e i n s t a b i l i t i e ~ ? and
~ t h e beam induced
p r e s s u r e r i s e , 2 6 i f a p p r o p r i a t e p r e c a u t i o n s are t a k e n .

The normal c e l l u s e s a s i m p l e FODO sequence w i t h

two 4.25 m l o n g ( i r o n f a c e - t o - a c e ) d i p o l e s and one
1 . 3 m l o n g ( i r o n f a c e - t o - f a c e ) quadrupole p e r h a l f c e l l .
The t o t a l l e n g t h o f a normal c e l l i s 25.40 m l e a v i n g a
d i s t a n c e between magnets o f a b o u t 1 m. The maximum amp l i t u d e f u n c t i o n , h o r i z o n t a l l y and v e r t i c a l l y , i s Bmax=
43 m and t h e maximum h o r i z o n t a l momentum d i s p e r s i o n i s
Xp = 1 . 7 m i n t h e normal c e l l .
The s e r v i c e i n s e r t i o n s a r e f u l l y matched t o t h e
r e g u l a r l a t t i c e and e x h i b i t z e r o d i s p e r s i o n i n t h e cent e r w h i l e keeping t h e amplitude f u n c t i o n a t low v a l u e s ,
Bvmax 2 110 m ( F i g . 4 ) .

ii) No m o d i f i c a t i o n s o r a d d i t i o n s t o the AGS are r e q u i r e d . P r i o r t o e j e c t i o n t h e t o t a l r f peak v o l t a g e i n

t h e AGS w i l l be reduced from 400 kV t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y
36 kV i n o r d e r t o match t h e AGS bunch shape t o t h e bucke t of t h e ISA s t a c k i n g system. E x i s t i n g equipment f o r
f a s t e j e c t i o n of t h e beam t o t h e North Area would be
r e t a i n e d f o r t h e beam t r a n s f e r t o t h e ISA.

iii) A p e r t u r e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r i n j e c t i o n purposes a r e
w e l l matched t o t h e a v a i l a b l e vacuum chamber a p e r t u r e
of 8 cm which h a s been determined by vacuum c o n s i d e r a tions.

A c c e l e r a t i o n System

Conflicting design requirements p r o h i b i t t h e use of

a u n i q u e i n s e r t i o n f o r a l l e x p e r i m e n t s and a number o f
f u l l y - m a t c h e d e x p e r i m e n t a l i n s e r t i o n s have been worked
o u t i n d e t a i l : A g e n e r a l purpose modest- beta i n s e r t i o n ,
a high luminosity low-beta i n s e r t i o n , a small- angle
e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g i n s e r t i o n , and a m u l t i p u r p o s e spect r o m e t e r i n s e r t i o n where t h e beams i n t e r a c t w i t h i n a
b e n d i n g magnet. I n i t i a l l y , d u r i n g t h e commissioning o f
t h e ISA, f o u r g e n e r a l purpose modest- beta i n s e r t i o n s
( f $ = 6 m) w i l l b e i n s t a l l e d t o keep
t o safe valu e s , s a y below 300 m. L u m i n o s i t i e s o f 5 x 1032 cm-2secl
a t e a c h c r o s s i n g p o i n t s h o u l d be a c h i e v a b l e . I n t h i s
i n s e r t i o n t h e c r o s s i n g a n g l e i s a d j u s t a b l e from 0 t o 6
mrad by means o f h o r i z o n t a l s t e e r i n g magnets. To a c h i e v e
t h e d e s i g n l u m i n o s i t i e s a l o w - b e t a i n s e r t i o n (B, = 2.2
m, Xp = 0 m) w i l l be r e q u i r e d imposing h i g h e r Bmax and
l a r g e r c h r o m a t i c i t y (Fig. 5 ) . F u r t h e r improvements i n
l u m i n o s i t y r e s u l t i n g from a n even l o w e r b e t a ( t h e theor e t i c a l optimum i s 3f; = 0.7 m) and s h o r t e r f r e e spycC
between magnets, down t o 20 m , a r e c o n c e i v a b l e .

emax

Beam T r a n s f e r
A number o f schemes f o r t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e AGS beam
The method o f
e n e r g y s t a c k i n g now used a t t h e CERN ISR h a s been adopte d i n view of i t s numerous a d v a n t a g e s :

a t 28.5 GeV t o t h e ISA have been s t u d i e d .

i) O p e r a t i o n o f t h e AGS can be o p t i m i z e d f o r h i g h e s t
t r a n s v e r s e phase- space d e n s i t y ( i n s t e a d o f h i g h e s t

539

I n o r d e r t o a c c e l e r a t e t h e s t a c k e d beam i t w i l l be
rebunched by an r f system o p e r a t i n g a t t h e second harmonic, f = 223 kHz. A d i a b a t i c rebunching can be done,
i n p r i n c i p l e , w i t h o u t phase- space d i l u t i o n o r l o s s of
p a r t i c l e s b u t t h e 700 0
. impedance o f t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n
r f system n e c e s s i t a t e s a rebunching i n the r e l a t i v e l y
s h o r t time o f about 100 msec and some d e g r a d a t i o n of
t h e beam must be e x p e c t e d ( n o t e t h a t t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g
gaps are s h o r t e d d u r i n g t h e s t a c k i n g p r o c e d u r e ) .
The
peak r f v o l t a g e , which i s determined by t h e momentum
s p r e a d o f t h e s t a c k e d beam t o be 40 kV, i s p r o v i d e d by
The e n e r g y g a i n p e r t u r n
four f e r r i t e loaded c a v i t i e s .
o f 12.5 keV d u r i n g t h e 2 minute a c c e l e r a t i o n c y c l e i s
w e l l w i t h i n t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e r f system. No i n s u m o m t a b l e d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h a c c e l e r a t i n g t h e beam o f
10 P are e x p e c t e d : The c h o i c e of t h e 2nd harmonic
s h c u l d make t h e beam e s s e n t i a l l y s t a b l e a g a i n s t l o n g i c u d i n a l bunched beam i n s t a b i l i t i e s ; 2 7 e s t i m a t e s o f t h e
transverse resistive w a l l i n s t a b i l i t y indicate that the
bunched beam w i l l remain s t a b l e i f t h e unbunched beam
w a s s t a b l e ; d i f f u s i o n from a r e p e a t e d c r o s s i n g o f t h e
5 t h o r d e r resonance d u r i n g t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n c y c l e was
n u m e r i c a l l y computed and found t o be i n c o n s e q u e n t i a l ,
3 r d o r 4 t h o r d e r r e s o n a n c e s , however, must be avoided
a t a l l times even when t h e momentum s p r e a d (and t u n e
s p r e a d ) is i n c r e a s e d t o about 2% as a r e s u l t of t h e
bunching.28 A f t e r t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n c y c l e , t h e r f i s
s w i t c h e d o f f , t h e c a v i t i e s are s h o r t e d a g a i n , and t h e
beam i s allowed t o debunch r e t a i n i n g the 0.3% momentum
s p r e a d of the bunched beam.

S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g Magnet and Dewar System

A program t o d e v e l o p s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnets f o r
u s e i n accelerators and beam t r a n s p o r t l i n e s has been
g o i n g on a t Brookhaven f o r t e n y e a r s and has l e d t o the
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f d i p o l e models which s a t i s f y m o s t o f t h e
i m p o r t a n t d e s i g n c r i t e r i a o f the ISA magnets. The exp e r i e n c e g a i n e d from the t w o i d e n t i c a l 1 m l o n g ISA
modelsz1 and the t w o 1.8 m l o n g d i p o l e s f o r the soc a l l e d 8 0 bendz2 u s e d i n the e x t r a c t e d p r i m a r y p r o t o n
beam l i n e t o the AGS n e u t r i n o area w i l l be d e s c r i b e d
e l s e w h e r e i n t h i s p a p e r . As w i l l be s u b s t a n t i a t e d
t h e r e , the r e s u l t s have p r o v i d e d c o n c l u s i v e i n f o r m a t i o n
c o n c e r n i n g the q u e s t i o n o f s t a b i l i t y , m a g n e t i c f i e l d
p r e c i s i o n (i.e. systematic e r r o r s ) , r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y
(i.e. random e r r o r s ) , r e l i a b i l i t y , and b e h a v i o r i n a
r a d i a t i o n environment.
S t a b i l i t y o f the magnets, w i t h t h e a b s e n c e o f
quenching ( t r a n s i t i o n t o t h e normal s t a t e ) o r t r a i n i n g
e f f e c t s ( h i g h e r f i e l d s c a n be r e a c h e d o n l y a f t e r r e p e a t e d q u e n c h i n g ) , is e s s e n t i a l i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f
s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnets t o a c c e l e r a t o r s . The Brookhav e n magnets have shown a r e m a r k a b l e d e g r e e o f s t a b i l i t y
a n d , i n f a c t , o p e r a t i o n i n the r e s i s t i v e r e g i o n above
the s h o r t sam l e c r i t i c a l c u r r e n t ( d e f i n e d by a resist i v i t y o f 10-p2 n-cm), h a s been p o s s i b l e .
S y s t e m a t i c d e v i a t i o n s from f i e l d u n i f o r m i t y (act u a l l y t h e d i p o l e s w i l l need a s e x t u p o l e term f o r a d j u s t m e n t of t h e c h r o m a t i c i t y ) must be a v o i d e d a t a l l
f i e l d l e v e l s e n c o u n t e r e d d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n ( 6 t o 40 kG).
One r e q u i r e s r o u g h l y t h a t t h e p r e s c r i b e d f i e l d shape
of t h e magnets i s a c c u r a t e t o w i t h i n a few p a r t s i n lo5
o v e r t h e e n t i r e a p e r t u r e of t h e vacuum chamber (8 cm
d i a m e t e r r e p r e s e n t i n g 67% of t h e magnet c o i l a p e r t u r e ) .
S y s t e m a t i c e r r o r s which a r e t h e same from magnet t o magn e t , may be i n t r o d u c e d by t h e c o n d u c t o r a r r a n g e m e n t ,
b y t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e c o i l e n d s , by i r o n s a t u r a t i o n e f f e c t s , by d i a m a g n e t i c e f f e c t s i n t h e supercond u c t o r i t s e l f , and by r a t e - d e p e n d e n t eddy c u r r e n t s .
S a t u r a t i o n and m a g n e t i z a t i o n e f f e c t s a r e f i e l d depend e n t and r e q u i r e s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n . The r e s u l t s from
t h e v a r i o u s models i n d i c a t e t h a t a s i n g l e s e x t u p o l e
t u n i n g c o i l i s s u f f i c i e n t t o compensate a l l i m p o r t a n t
magnet e r r o r s . However, a d d i t i o n a l t u n i n g c o i l s must
b e i n c o r p o r a t e d t o p r o v i d e f u l l c o n t r o l o v e r t h e worki n g l i n e i n t h e p r e s e n c e of s p a c e - c h a r g e e f f e c t s .
Random e r r o r s , o r d e v i a t i o n s from magnet t o magnet,
are m a i n l y caused by f a b r i c a t i o n t o l e r a n c e s i n t h e pos i t i o n of t h e c o n d u c t o r s o r t h e c o n c e n t r i c i t y of t h e
c o i l s i n t h e i r o n s h i e l d , by a nonsymmetrical gap i n
t h e median p l a n e of t h e i r o n s h i e l d , a n d p o s s i b l y by
o t h e r c a u s e s . Closed o r b i t d e v i a t i o n s , g r a d i e n t e r r o r s
and i m p e r f e c t i o n s t o p b a n d s are caused b y random e r r o r s .
B r i e f l y , one r e q u i r e s d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e d i p o l e f i e l d s
of AB/B S 5 x 10-4 rms and i n t h e q u a d r u p o l e g r a d i e n t s
of A G / G 5
rms. E s t i m a t e s of the p e r m i s s i b l e r a n dom f i e l d e r r o r s i n d i c a t e t h a t t o l e r a n c e s on t h e cond u c t o r p o s i t i o n of r: 50 Fm r m s a r e r e q u i r e d . Measurements confirmed t h a t t h e s e t o l e r a n c e s c a n be a c h i e v e d
w i t h t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n i q u e employed
i n t h e I S A models. M u l t i p u r p o s e c o r r e c t i o n windings
w i l l be i n s t a l l e d in a l l magnets t o p r o v i d e compensat i o n of random f i e l d e r r o r s a t l e a s t up t o t h e d e c a p o l e
component.

The c r i t i c a l c u r r e n t d e n s i t y of NbTi i s e s s e n t i a l l y
u n a f f e c t e d by p a r t i c l e f l u x e s up t o 2 9 , 3 0 lO17/cm2 s o
t h a t i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t o r w i l l be degraded i n normal o p e r a t i o n . Care must be t a k e n t o avoid p l a s t i c s which a r e most s e n s i t i v e t o r a d i a t i o n
damage; epoxy- impregnated f i b e r g 1 ; s s w i l l , t h e r e f o r e ,
be used a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y i n t h e w i n d i n g s . Quenches
may be i n i t i a t e d by l o c a l i z e d h e a t i n g from beam s p i l l s ,
b u t t h e 8 O trending magnet has d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t a p r o p e r l y cooled magnet i s a b l e t o w i t h s t a n d a f a i r amount
of beam h e a t i n g w i t h o u t d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e superconduct i n g s t a t e . An a c c i d e n t a l beam s p i l l of t h e e n t i r e
s t o r e d beam may p r e s e n t a s e r i o u s problem, t h i s b e i n g
t h e c a s e f o r s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g and normal magnets a l i k e .
The s t u d y of t h e r e c e n t l i t e r a t u r e on s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnets proves t h a t a number of d i f f e r e n t d e s i g n s have been s u c c e s s f u l l y employed. A t Brookhaven
two a l t e r n a t e s t y l e s , t h e window-frame and t h e c o s i n e
magnets, have been t r i e d . I n o r d e r t o be d e f i n i t e , t h e
d e s i g n and c o s t e s t i m a t e of t h e I S A have b e e n b a s e d on
t h e c o s i n e magnet. I t i s w e l l known t h a t a p u r e d i p o l e
f i e l d i s provided by c o i l s of c i r c u l a r c r o s s s e c t i o n
with a cosine c u r r e n t d e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n . I n the act u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n , shown i n F i g . 6 , t h e i d e a l c u r r e n t
d i s t r i b u t i o n i s approximated by s i x c u r r e n t b l o c k s p e r
q u a d r a n t , of d i f f e r e n t a z i m u t h a l w i d t h s , b u t e q u a l c u r r e n t d e n s i t y . E x a c t p o s i t i o n i n g of t h e b l o c k s i s d e termined i n a way t o s u p p r e s s t h e f i v e l o w e s t harmonics.
The c u r r e n t b l o c k s a r e b u i l t up w i t h a s i n g l e l a y e r of
wide f l a t b r a i d ( a b o u t 2 . 1 cm x 0.05 cm) . The b r a i d i s
composed r o u g h l y of 100 t w i s t e d composite w i r e s , 0.3 mm
i n d i a m e t e r , e a c h c o n t a i n i n g , t y p i c a l l y , 400 s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g NbTi f i l a m e n t s of 10 p d i a m e t e r . The w i r e s i n
t h e b r a i d have a CuNi j a c k e t t o i n c r e a s e t h e c o u p l i n g
r e s i s t a n c e between w i r e s and t h u s d e c r e a s e eddy c u r r e n t
e f f e c t s t o t o l e r a b l e l e v e l s d u r i n g p u l s i n g . The i r o n
c o r e t i g h t l y s u r r o u n d s t h e c o i l , and a s a n i n t e g r a l
p a r t of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n , m u s t a l s o be a t l i q u i d h e l i u m
t e m p e r a t u r e . The p h y s i c a l l e n g t h of t h e d i p o l e s is
4.25 m , t h a t of t h e q u a d r u p o l e s i s 1.3 m. The i n n e r
d i a m e t e r of t h e c o i l i s 1 2 cm, t h e o u t e r d i a m e t e r of
t h e i r o n i s 4 0 cm. The s t o r e d e n e r g y p e r d i p o l e i s
465 kJ a t 4 0 kG, t h e r e a r e 256 d i p o l e s p e r r i n g , and
t h e t o t a l s t o r e d e n e r g y i s a b o u t 120 MJ p e r r i n g . S i n c e
t h e vacuum chamber i s warm, a d e q u a t e t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n
must be i n s t a l l e d between t h e vacuum chamber and t h e
magnet c o i l . S p e c i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s on t h i s i n s u l a t i o n
a r e e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e need f o r o u t g a s s i n g t h e vacuum
chamber a t 2000 C .

The r e l i a b i l i t y of s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnets, t h a t
is t h e a b s e n c e of changes o v e r l o n g o p e r a t i n g p e r i o d s
o r changes due t o t h e r m a l c y c l i n g , i s b e i n g t e s t e d i n
a n ongoing l i f e t e s t ; a f t e r 5000 p u l s e s s i m u l a t i n g LO
y e a r s of normal ISA o p e r a t i o n no i n d i c a t i o n of changes
h a s been d e t e c t a b l e .
The e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n on t h e m a t e r i a l s used i n
t h e magnet c o n s t r u c t i o n c e r t a i n l y r e q u i r e s c o n s i d e r a t i o n

540

Two magnets, one from the u p p e r and o n e from t h e

l o w e r r i n g , w i l l be c o n t a i n e d i n one dewar ( F i g . 7 ) .
T h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n has t h e a d v a n t a g e s t h a t a l l vacuum
j o i n t s a r e d i r e c t l y a c c e s s i b l e f o r l e a k t e s t s a t room
t e m p e r a t u r e , b u t i t may l e a d t o h i g h e r h e a t l o a d s unl e s s s p e c i a l p r e c a u t i o n s are t a k e n . H e a t l o a d s from
c u r r e n t l e a d s w i l l be minimized by h a v i n g c o l d connect i o n s between a l l d i p o l e s of one o c t a n t of the ISA
ring.
I n t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t , the c u r r e n t i n the d i p o l e s
c a n be chosen a l m o s t a r b i t r a r i l y .
In the ISA d i p o l e
i t i s 3 . 3 kA a t f u l l f i e l d t o keep v o l t a g e s i n d u c e d
d u r i n g a quench w i t h i n t o l e r a b l e bounds. However, f o r
t h e p u r p o s e o f magnet p r o t e c t i o n d u r i n g a quench, i t
is n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v i d e c u r r e n t l e a d s from e v e r y o t h e r
magnet which a r e c o n n e c t e d t o s h u n t i n g d i o d e s . S i n c e
t h e s e l e a d s are n o r m a l l y n o t i n u s e , t h e y can be des i g n e d f o r l o w e r c u r r e n t c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y (here 1OOOA).
The q u a d r u p o l e s w i l l be d e s i g n e d f o r a c u r r e n t o f 500A
a t the h i g h e s t g r a d i e n t o f 6 . 6 kGfcm and a p a i r o f
l e a d s f o r each q u a d r u p o l e is f o r e s e e n .
The ISA d e s i g n c a l l s f o r 40 kG s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g
magnets. T h i s c h o i c e is b a s e d on the p r e s e n t - d a y
a v a i l a b i l i t y o f NbTi f i l a m e n t a r y s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g wires
from commercial s o u r c e s i n t h i s c o u n t r y and the exp e r i e n c e w i t h magnet models a t Brookhaven a n d a t

o t h e r l a b o r a t o r i e s . It i s c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t improvements
of magnet d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s w i l l r e s u l t
i n magnets which can be o p e r a t e d r e l i a b l y a t 60 kG. The
reduced c u r r e n t c a r r y i n g c a p a b i l i t y o f NbTi supercond u c t o r a t 60 kG must be compensated by a l a r g e r conduct o r cross s e c t i o n r e s u l t i n g i n increased superconductor
c o s t . But, s i n c e t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t o r r e p r e s e n t s o n l y a
f r a c t i o n o f t h e t o t a l magnet c o s t , t h e p r i c e i n c r e a s e
f o r 60 kG is n o t s i g n i f i c a n t when compared t o t h e t o t a l
c o s t of t h e p r o j e c t . Work i s i n p r o g r e s s t o t e s t t h e
c o n c e p t f o r 60 kG magnets.31 The p r o s p e c t s f o r e a r l y
development o f new s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g m a t e r i a l s , s u c h a s
Nb3Sn o r V3Ga, a r e encouraging. These materials would
have an impact on t h e ISA d e s i g n i n two ways: F i r s t ,
t h e i r h i g h c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e (18 K i n t h e c a s e o f
Nb3Sn v e r s u s 9.5 f o r NbTi) makes o p e r a t i o n a t temperat u r e s i n t h e range from 8
9 K possible, resulting i n
s u b s t a n t i a l s a v i n g s i n t h e e l e c t r i c power consumption
o f t h e r e f r i g e r a t i o n system. Second, t h e c r i t i c a l c u r r e n t of t h e s e materials i s h i g h e r by a n o r d e r o f magnitude c o n s i d e r a b l y s i m p l i f y i n g t h e d e s i g n o f 60 kG magn e t s . F i l a m e n t a r y NbgSn o r Va3Ga wires a r e n o t y e t
a v a i l a b l e commercially i n t h e U.S. because t h e s e compounds a r e b r i t t l e and must be f a b r i c a t e d i n ways d i f f e r e n t from t h e drawing p r o c e s s used f o r NbTi. A d i f f u s i o n t e c h n i q u e h a s been developed a t Brookhaven by which
In view o f
c o n d u c t o r samples have been produced.32
t h e i r g r e a t p o t e n t i a l , t h e development of NbgSn conduct o r s w i l l b e emphasized and t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a 1 m
l o n g d i p o l e model u s i n g t h i s m a t e r i a l h a s been i n i t i a t e d .
F i r s t r e s u l t s from Nb3Sn magnets a r e e x p e c t e d i n l e s s
t h a n a y e a r . A f i n a l d e c i s i o n on t h e c h o i c e of t h e magn e t f o r t h e ISA can he d e l a y e d u n t i l one y e a r a f t e r
a p p r o v a l of t h e p r o j e c t w i t h o u t a f f e c t i n g t h e o r d e r l y
progress o f the construction.

R e f r i g e r a t i o n Sys tem

A l l components o f t h e r e f r i g e r a t L o n system r e q u i r e d
t o g e n e r a t e t h e c o l d environment f o r t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g
magnets a r e c o n v e n t i o n a l as t o t h e i r d e s i g n which i s
s i m i l a r t o that used i n l a r g e helium l i q u e f i e r s i n g a s
f i e l d s . T h e i r s i z e s a r e comparable t o t h e i n d u s t r i a l
l i q u i d n i t r o g e n o r n a t u r a l g a s l i q u e f i e r s which have a n
e s t a b l i s h e d r e c o r d of r e l i a b i l i t y . The o p e r a t i n g temp e r a t u r e o f t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnets w a s s p e c i f i e d
a t < 4 . 5 K which can o n l y b e a c h i e v e d by p o o l b o i l i n g
o f l i q u i d helium. Some c o n s i d e r a t i o n h a s been g i v e n t o
t h e optimum c h o i c e o f t h e o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e . Easl i e r s t u d i e s of the GESSS (General European Supercond u c t i n g S y n c h r o t r o n Study)-group33 seemed t o f a v o r lowe r t e m p e r a t u r e s down t o 3.5 K. Our a n a l y s i s showed,
however, t h a t t h e g r e a t e r c o s t and c o m p l e x i t y of a ref r i g e r a t i o n system d e s i g n e d f o r s u b a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e
does n o t seem t o be commensurate w i t h t h e g a i n s made
p o s s i b l e i n t h e magnetic d e s i g n . F u r t h e r m o r e , o p e r a t i o n
a t lower t e m p e r a t u r e s i n c r e a s e s t h e e l e c t r i c power consumption, t h u s p r o v i d i n g a compelling argument f o r temp e r a t u r e s a t o r above 4.2 K.
The r e f r i g e r a t i o n system o f t h e ISA must f u n c t i o n
i n a v a r i e t y of s i t u a t i o n s : normal o p e r a t i o n , cooldown,
bake- out o f vacuum chamber, e t c . The s y s t e m ' s r e q u i r e ments are s e t by t h e normal o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n w i t h a l l
magnets e x c i t e d t o f u l l f i e l d . Ihe t o t a l a c c e l e r a t o r
h e a t l o a d i n t h i s c a s e i s about 20 kW, of which o n l y 15%
r e p r e s e n t s e x c i t a t i o n - d e p e n d e n t ohmic l o s s e s . The t o t a l
r e f r i g e r a t o r c a p a c i t y o f 23 kW i s p r o v i d e d by a s y s t e m
c o n s i s t i n g of a c e n t r a l s i x - u n i t f o u r - s t a g e compressor
s t a t i o n and e i g h t 2 . 9 kW r e f r i g e r a t o r c o l d boxes which
are i n s t a l l e d c l o s e t o each o c t a n t . The r e f r i g e r a t o r
u n i t s are designed w i t h four expansion engines, w i t h the
f i n a l e x p a n s i o n employing e i t h e r a w e t e n g i n e o r a J o u l e Thompson v a l v e . The e l e c t r i c power r e q u i r e m e n t s a t t h e
compressor motors are 9.5 MW w i t h J-T v a l v e s o r 7.5 MW
i f wet e n g i n e s a r e u s e d . S i n c e a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n
a b o u t t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f wet e n g i n e s i s i n s u f f i c i e n t i t

i s planned t o i n s t a l l a p a r a l l e l J- T v a l v e , which c o u l d
be p u t i n t o o p e r a t i o n i f t h e w e t e n g i n e f a i l s . For
g r e a t e s t o p e r a t i o n a l s i m p l i c i t y , t h e r e f r i g e r a t i o n system i s d e s i g n e d e n t i r e l y w i t h o u t l i q u i d n i t r o g e n usage.
A t o t a l of 136 000 l i t e r s of l i q u i d h e l i u m i s c o n t a i n e d
i n t h e f i l l e d dewars o f t h e ISA. N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t w i l l
be p o s s i b l e t o c o o l and f i l l t h e e n t i r e I S A i n l e s s
t h a n 1 week,
The r e s p o n s e of t h e r e f r i g e r a t i o n s y s t e m t o a
number of f a u l t s has been analyzed i n d e t a i l and prec a u t i o n s t o p r e v e n t p o s s i b l e l o s s of r e f r i g e r a n t have
been i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e d e s i g n :
i ) The quench o f a s i n g l e magnet may l e a d t o a quenchi n g o f a l l magnets i n one h a l f - c e l l which a r e cryogeni c a l l y coupled. The r e l e a s e of t h e 1.8 M J d u r i n g t h e
quench w i l l r e s u l t i n t h e e v a p o r a t i o n of 800 l i t e r s of
l i q u i d h e l i u m which w i l l be v e n t e d i n t o a low- pressure
b u f f e r d e v i c e , The dewars w i l l be r e f i l l e d and ready
f o r operation a f t e r about % hour.
ii) Shutdown of one o f t h e 8 r e f r i g e r a t o r u n i t s can
be t o l e r a t e d d u r i n g normal o p e r a t i o n o f t h e ISA, s i n c e
t h e system w a s s i z e d s o t h a t 7 u n i t s are a d e q u a t e t o
c a r r y t h e P u l l l o a d . The helium d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m i s
i n t e r c o n n e c t e d around t h e e n t i r e r i n g , and t h e computer
control system assures equal loads i n the r e f r i g e r a t o r
units.

i i i ) Unscheduled l o s s of e l e c t r i c power would cause

t r a n s f e r o f t h e l i q u i d helium t o l i q u i d s t o r a g e v e s s e l s
by p r e s s u r e b u i l d - u p i n t h e dewars. A loss of 15% of
t h e helium must be e x p e c t e d i f t h e e l e c t r i c power remains o f f f o r l o n g e r t h a n 1 0 h o u r s . By p r o v i d i n g a n
emergency d i e s e l - p o w e r e d compressor t h i s l o s s o f r e f r i g e r a n t c a n be p r e v e n t e d .
i v ) The w o r s t f a u l t would o c c u r i f t h e p r o t e c t i v e beam
dump f a i l s and t h e beam w i t h i t s 20 MJ e n e r g y i s s p i l l e d
i n t o t h e magnets. T h i s would e v a p o r a t e , i n a s h o r t time,
o v e r 8000 l i t e r s o f l i q u i d h e l i u m which could n o t be
recovered.
Magnet Power S u p ~ l y
The demands on the magnet power s u p p l y a r e modest
as a r e s u l t o f t h e s l o w two-minute a c c e l e r a t i o n c y c l e .
The t o t a l energy s t o r e d i n t h e bending magnets of e a c h
r i n g i s a b o u t 120 M J . T h e r e f o r e , a 2 MVA r a t e d power
s u p p l y i s a d e q u a t e . With t h e peak d i p o l e c u r r e n t of
3.3 kA t h e r e q u i r e d power s u p p l y v o l t a g e i s a b o u t 600 V
These are i d e a l p a r a m e t e r s f o r s o l i d - s t a t e r e c t i f i e r s i n v e r t e r s . The power s u p p l y w i l l be a s i x - p h a s e SCR
system i n c l u d i n g a p a s s i v e i n d u c t a n c e - c a p a c i t a n c e f i l t e
t o r e d u c e t h e r i p p l e t o t h e r e q u i r e d AI/I
loe6. The
q u a d r u p o l e s , s e x t u p o l e and c o r r e c t i o n e l e m e n t windings,
and t h e magnets i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l i n s e r t i o n s , w i l l be
s u p p l i e d by s i m i l a r power s u p p l i e s a t much l o w e r power
levels.
The l a r g e t o t a l s t o r e d e n e r g y makes i t i m p o r t a n t
t o i n c l u d e f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n i n case o f a magnet quench.
For t h i s purpose s h u n t i n g power d i o d e s are i n c l u d e d acmss
t h e magnets i n e a c h dewar. These o p e r a t e below t h e i r
v o l t a g e t h r e s h o l d f o r c u r r e n t c o n d u c t i o n u n d e r normal
o p e r a t i o n b u t p r o v i d e a c u r r e n t p a t h i n case o f a quench.
Vacuum Sys tem

The d e n s i t y o f r e s i d u a l g a s m o l e c u l e s i n p r o t o n
s t o r a g e r i n g s must be lower by s e v e r a l o r d e r s of magnitude t h a n i n c o n v e n t i o n a l a c c e l e r a t o r s .
This i s nece s s a r y t o r e d u c e beam blow-up from m u l t i p l e Coulomb
s c a t t e r i n g o r i n e l a s t i c n u c l e a r s c a t t e r i n g and t h e accorn anying background r a d i a ' o n . The d e s i g n , t h e r e f o r e ,
c a l f s f o r a p r e s s u r e of 10-16 T o r r i n t h e c i r c u l a r

54 1

q u a d r a n t s o f t h e r i n g and 10-11 T o r r i n the e x p e r i m e n t a l i n s e r t i o n s . E l e c t r o n s and n e g a t i v e i o n s t r a p p e d i n

t h e Coulomb f i e l d o f t h e beam must be removed w i t h s u i t able clearing electrodes.
E x p e r i e n c e w i t h t h e CERN ISR shows t h a t t h e most
s e r i o u s c u r r e n t l i m i t a t i o n i s s e t by t h e beam-induced
g a s p r e s s u r e r i s e ( p r e s s u r e bump phenomena) .I9 Q u a l i t a t i v e l y , t h i s e f f e c t i s c a u s e d by i o n i z e d r e s i d u a l g a s
molecules b e i n g p r o p e l l e d e l e c t r o s t a t i c a l l y a g a i n s t the
vacuum chamber and l i b e r a t i n g a d s o r b e d m o l e c u l e s i n
s u f f i c i e n t quantity to increase the gas pressure. A t
some v a l u e o f the c u r r e n t , t h i s p r e s s u r e l e a d s , aval a n c h e - l i k e , t o t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e beam. F o r t h e
geometry o f t h e ISA vacuum s y s t e m (8 cm i . d . c i r c u l a r
vacuum chamber, 5 m d i s t a n c e between pumps, e a c h w i t h
500 L / s e c pumping s p e e d ) t h e t h e o r y 2 6 y i e l d s t h e l i m i t
7 IC, 2 30 A where 7 i s the d e s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t .
The d e s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of t y p i c a l chamber materials
a t room t e m p e r a t u r e depends, p r e d o m i n a n t l y , on t h e bakeo u t t e m p e r a t u r e and t h e s u r f a c e c o n d i t i o n . A d e s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of 17 < 3 ( p e r m i t t i n g I > 10A) i s exp e c t e d w i t h a b a k e - o u t t e m p e r a t u r e o f 2000 C and a n a r gon d i s c h a r g e c l e a n i n g p r i o r t o assembly.
The u s e of
a vacuum chamber o p e r a t i n g a t l i q u i d h e l i u m t e m p e r a t u r e s
h a s been c o n s i d e r e d , b u t adandoned i n view o f e x p e r i m e n t ~
in~
d i c~a t i n g d e s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f s e v e r a l
thousand.35 Experiments t o s i m u l a t e t h e p r e s s u r e bump
e f f e c t are i n p r o g r e s s and w i l l a l l o w a n e a r l y v e r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n s u s e d i n the d e s i g n o f t h e ISA
vacuum s y s t e m .

The ISA vacuum chamber w i l l be made o f aluminum

whose good t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y w i l l p r e v e n t c o l d s p o t s
The good e l e c t r i c a l
i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e c o l d magnets.
c o n d u c t i v i t y w i l l a l l e v i a t e resistive w a l l i n s t a b i l i t i e s .
The pumping w i l l be p r o v i d e d by c o n v e n t i o n a l T i - s u b l i m a t i o n pumps and i o n - s p u t t e r pumps f o r n o n - g e t t e r a b l e
g a s e s . The dewar c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o v i d e s d i r e c t a c c e s s
t o a l l vacuum j o i n t s and pumps r e s u l t i n g i n a n a l m o s t
c o n v e n t i o n a l UHV system.

o f i t s u s e f u l l i f e s p a n o f t y p i c a l l y one d a y , t h e beam
w i l l be dumped i n a c o n t r o l l e d f a s h i o n i n t o a beam s t o p
c o n s i s t i n g o f a m e t a l b l o c k s h i e l d 4 m l o n g and 1 m
wide.
Special requirements i n regard to s h i e l d i n g w i l l
e x i s t i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l areas, which a r e n o t r e l a t e d
t o s a f e t y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and c a n , t h e r e f o r e , be worked
o u t a f t e r t h e machine h a s been p u t i n t o o p e r a t i o n .
IV.

Future Options

A number of o p t i o n s have been i n v e s t i g a t e d which

c o u l d b e added t o t h e b a s i c ISA a t a l a t e r s t a g e . The
most a t t r a c t i v e from t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f p h y s i c s r e s e a r c h
would be t h e a d d i t i o n of a f a c i l i t y f o r ep
E l e c t r o n s would f i r s t be a c c e l e r a t e d t o 4 GeV i n t h e
AGS, t h e y would t h e n be a c c e l e r a t e d t o 1 5 G e V , prov i d i n g h i g h center- of- mass e n e r g i e s f o r ep c o l l i s i o n s .
This second a c c e l e r a t i o n could t a k e p l a c e i n an addit i o n a l e l e c t r o n r i n g l o c a t e d e i t h e r i n s i d e t h e ISA tunn e l o r , t o minimize i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h t h e ongoing pp
work, i n a s e p a r a t e t u n n e l t o t h e east of t h e ISA.
Another more economical p o s s i b i l i t y i s t o a c c e l e r a t e
t h e e l e c t r o n s i n one of t h e ISA r i n g s .
The vacuum
chamber i n o n e , o r p e r h a p s b o t h , ISA r i n g s would be des i g n e d t o a l l o w water c o o l i n g on one s i d e t o c a r r y away
t h e l a r g e amounts of e n e r g y r a d i a t e d from t h e e l e c t r o n
beam. However, f u r t h e r s t u d i e s are r e q u i r e d t o a s c e r t a i n t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f t h i s a p p r o a c h . It is e s t i m a t e d
t h a t t h e l u m i n o s i t y o f e p c o l l i s i o n s would be g r e a t e r
t h a n 1033 cmm2sec- a t e l e c t r o n e n e r g i e s up t o 7 GeV
(cm e n e r g y = 75 GeV) and t h e n drop t o 5 X 1 0 3 1 cm-2sec-l
a t t h e maximum e l e c t r o n e n e r g y of 1 5 GeV (cm e n e r g y =
109 GeV).

collision^?^^^

S p e c i a l c a r e was t a k e n i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b a s i c
ISA so as n o t t o p r e c l u d e t h e d e u t e r o n and a n t i r o t o n
o p t i o n . A c c e l e r a t i o n and s t o r a g e o f deuterons3S; s h o u l d
n o t p r e s e n t any p a r t i c u l a r problems and would make i t
p o s s i b l e t o s t u d y p r o t o n - n e u t r o n and n e u t r o n - n e u t r o n
c r o s s s e c t i o n s w i t h l u m i n o s i t i e s o f a b o u t 7 x 1032 cm-2
sec-1.
A n t i p r o t o n s 3 9 c a n be produced by u s i n g one r i n g
as a 200 G e V a c c e l e r a t o r and t h e o t h e r as s t o r a g e r i n e .
p r o v i d i n p 5 c o l l i s i o n s w i t h a l u m i n o s i t y approaching
1029 cm-fsec-1.
I

C o n t r o l Sys t e m

It i s p l a n n e d t o o p e r a t e t h e whole ISA-AGS a c c e l e r a t o r complex from a c e n t r a l c o n t r o l c e n t e r . This m a x i m i z e s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t e r c h a n g e between t h e two acc e l e r a t o r s y s t e m s and minimizes t h e o p e r a t i n g crew req u i r e d . The v a r i o u s f u n c t i o n s e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e m a c h i n e s , s u c h a s d a t a c o l l e c t i o n , a n a l y s i s
and d i s p l a y , beam m o n i t o r i n g , o r e x e c u t i o n o f o p e r a t o r
i n s t r u c t i o n s w i l l be c a r r i e d o u t by a c a r e f u l l y d e s i g n e d
computer- based c o n t r o l s y s t e m . I f computers are cons i d e r e d as i n t e g r a l p a r t s o f t h e c o n t r o l s y s t e m from t h e
i n c e p t i o n , a powerful system of g r e a t f l e x i b i l i t y a t
r e l a t i v e l y moderate c o s t w i l l r e s u l t .
ISA S h i e l d i n g
Many o f t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e s h i e l d i n g
r e q u i r e m e n t s o f c o n v e n t i o n a l a c c e l e r a t o r s are e q u a l l y
a p p l i c a b l e t o s t o r a g e r i n g s . There a r e , however, imp o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e s which had t o b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t
i n t h e l a y o u t o f t h e ISA s h i e l d i n g . Adequate s h i e l d i n g
is r e q u i r e d h e r e f o r r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t acc i d e n t a l beam s p i l l s , whose l o c a t i o n and o c c u r r e n c e a r e
u n p r e d i c t a b l e . The b a s i c r e q u i r e m e n t i s t h a t a p e r s o n
o u t s i d e o f t h e s h i e l d w i l l n o t r e c e i v e a r a d i a t i o n dose
e x c e e d i n g 100 mrem i n t h e w o r s t case o f 1015 p r o t o n s
dumped a t any p o i n t . This w i l l be s a t i s f i e d by a n e a r t h
c o v e r e x t e n d i n g t o 1 6 0 m i n any t a n g e n t d i r e c t i o n i n t h e
p l a n e o f the a c c e l e r a t o r and p r o v i d i n g 6 m o f e a r t h i n
any t r a n s v e r s e d i r e c t i o n o v e r t h e r i n g t u n n e l . The skys h i n e d o s e a t t h e s i t e boundary h a s been e s t i m a t e d t o
b e 10-3 m r e m p e r 1015 p r o t o n s dumped. It i s c o n c l u d e d
t h a t a n o f f - s i t e p o i n t would n e v e r a c c u m u l a t e t h e p e r m i s s i b l e a n n u a l d o s e e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 mrem. A t t h e end

V.

A Two-Stage Approach t o ISABELLE

A p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n s t u d y of a 100 GeV s t o r a g e
a c c e l e r a t o r h a s been c a r r i e d o u t i n s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l
t o p r o v i d e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e d f o r a rough c o s t
e s t i m a t e . 4 0 I n a s i t u a t i o n where a v a i l a b l e f u n d s l i m i t
t h e s i z e o f a p r o j e c t i t may be n e c e s s a r y t o c o n s i d e r a
p r o t o n s t o r a g e r i n g o f lower e n e r g y and lower l u m i n o s i t y .
The minimum e n e r g y o f t h e n e x t g e n e r a t i o n p r o t o n s t o r age r i n g s s h o u l d r e p r e s e n t a r e a s o n a b l e s t e p beyond t h e
CERN I S R and p e r m i t t o t e s t t h e r e g i o n where t h e s t r e n g t h
of weak and e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c i n t e r a c t i o n s are a b o u t e q u a l .
The o p i n i o n h a s been e x p r e s s e d t h a t an ISA c a p a b l e o f
100 x 100 GeV a t a l u m i n o s i t y o f 1032 cm-*sec-l i s adm i t t e d l y less a t t r a c t i v e t h a n t h e f u l l ISABELLE b u t
n e v e r t h e l e s s f u l l y j u s t i f i a b l e i n terms of t h e p h y s i c s
as p r e s e n t l y u n d e r s t o o d and a n a t u r a l s t e p t o w a r d s a
s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g 300 GeV ISA. The p a r t i c u l a r d e s i g n w a s
t h e r e f o r e done f o r a s t o r a g e r i n g u s i n g t h e ISA t u n n e l .
Here i t i s i n d i c a t e d t o u s e c o n v e n t i o n a l magnets a t
a b o u t 15 kG, w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e 70 o r so d i p o l e s
i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l i n s e r t i o n s which s h o u l d b e supercond u c t i n g t o a s s u r e an optimum i n s e r t i o n d e s i g n . The estimates show t h a t t h e c o n v e r s i o n p e n a l t y would b e smaller
t h a n 20% o f t h e ISABELLE c o s t . More o b j e c t i o n a b l e , t h e
p h y s i c s program would have t o b e i n t e r r u p t e d d u r i n g a
one y e a r p e r i o d .

542

Table I.

Main ISABELLE Parameters

200

FmAL ENERGY
- Equivalent Accelerator

x 200 GeV
86 TeV

LATTICE ( f o u r - f o l d symmetry)
- Circumference (3-113 x CAGS)
- Experimental i n s e r t i o n l e n g t h ( s t r a i g h t )
- Multipurpose i n s e r t i o n s ( s t r a i g h t )
-Normal c e l l l e n g t h
- V e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e between o r b i t s
- D i s t a n c e between magnets D-D ( i r o n - i r o n )
- D i s t a n c e between magnets D-Q ( i r o n - i r o n )

2690
250 ( 2 0 0 )
4 x 110 ( 5 0 )
48 x 25.40
0.46
0.90
1.0

m
m

m
m
m

GENERAL PURPOSE EXPERIMENTAL INSERTIONS

(horizontal crossing, adjustable parameters)

- P;

-P h

1000

-Maximum B
- T o t a l f r e e s p a c e around c r o s s i n g p o i n t
- Crossing angle
- Interaction length
MAGNET SYSTEM
- Bending f i e l d a t 200 GeV
a t 28.5 G e V
-Number o f normal d i p o l e s l r i n g
- Dipole l e n g t h m a g n e t i c
physical (iron- iron)
- Peak c u r r e n t i n d i p o l e
- S t o r e d energy a t 40 k G / d i p o l e
-Vacuum chamber a p e r t u r e (warm b o r e )
-Main c o i l i . d .
- Operating temperature (pool boiling)
- Quadrupole g r a d i e n t
- Peak c u r r e n t i n q u a d r u p o l e
- Stored energylquadrupole
- Quadrupole l e n g t h m a g n e t i c
physical (iron- iron)

2-6 m
5-10 m
300
40
0-6
< L

m
m
m
m

40
5.9
256
4.11
4.25
3.3
465
8
12
5 4.5
6.6
500
30
1.16
1.30

CRYOGENIC SYSTEM
- T o t a l h e a t l o a d a t 4.5 K
- Total r e f r i g e r a t i o n capacity
-Power r e q u i r e m e n t s o f compressors
- Total l i q u i d helium

kG
kG
m
m
kA
kJ
cm
cm
K
kG/cm
A
kJ
m
m

20 kW
kW
7.5 Mw
136 000 l i t e r
FZ

INJECTION
-AGS e n e r g y
-Number protons/AGS p u l s e (10 bunches)
-AGS e m i t t a n c e q, = e,
- L o n g i t u d i n a l phase s p a c e p e r bunch, A
ISA c u r r e n t l r i n g
-Number p r o t o n s / r i n g
-Number AGS p u l s e s s t a c k e d
- S t a c k e d beam s i z e
-Momentum s p r e a d
- r f f r e q u e n c y s t a c k i n g system
-rf voltage
- Impedance ( w i t h feedback)

x 2.9

28.5
2.3 x l O I 2
0.4 7~ x
0.36
10
5.6 x 1014
= 250
2.0 c m x 0.8

GeV
merad
eV-sec
A

cm

0.7 %
4.45 MHZ
12 kV
400 ( 4 0 ) n

ACCELERATION
- Duration
- r f f r e q u e n c y (h = 2 )
- Energy g a i n / t u r n
- Peak r f v o l t a g e
-Momentum s p r e a d a t 200 GeV

2
223
12.5
40
0.3

LUMINOSITY
-3
Lpp (200 GeV, unbunched, P, = 2 m, Avmax = 5 x 1 0 )
-pp o p t i o n , L p ~ / L p p
-dp o p t i o n , Ldp/Lpp
-dd o p t i o n , Ldd/L,,
- ep o p t i o n
Maximum e- energy
Number o f e l e c t r o n s
Maximum l u m i n o s i t y a t 7 GeV- electrons
Luminosity a t 1 5 GeV- electrons

min
kHz
kV
kV
%
cm- 2sec-1

s 10-4
5 0.7
2 0.7

L.

543

15 GeV

Acknowledments

10.

T h i s p a p e r i s a d a p t e d from t h e new ISABELLE d e s i g n

s t u d y r e p o r t and t h u s summarizes t h e work o f many memb e r s o f t h e Brookhaven A c c e l e r a t o r Department. The
s t u d y was c o o r d i n a t e d by the ISA P a r a m e t e r Committee
composed o f H. Hahn, Chairman, M.Q. B a r t o n , J.P.
B l e w e t t , R.W. Chasman, E.D. C o u r a n t , J.G. Cottingham,
G.K. Green, M. Month, M. P l o t k i n , I. P o l k , R.R. Rau,
J. S a n d w e i s s , R.P. S h u t t , and J. S p i r o . The p h y s i c s
i n p u t t o the d e s i g n s t u d y was p r o v i d e d by t h e ISA Exp e r i m e n t a l C o o r d i n a t i n g Group u n d e r t h e g u i d a n c e of
J . Sandweiss and R.P. S h u t t , co- chairman, w i t h C.
B a l t a y , E.W. Beier, D. B e r l e y , A.S. C a r r o l l , W.E.
C l e l a n d , G.T. Danby, R.M. E d e l s t e i n , E . E n g e l s , G.
F i n o c c h i a r o , K.J. F o l e y , M.L. Good, P. G r a n n i s , H.
J o s t l e i n , J. K i r z , J.T. Lach, D.M. L a z a r u s , L.M. Lederman, W. L e e , Y.Y. Lee, S.J. Lindenbaum, I.R. L i n s c o t t ,
R . I . L o u t t i t , A.K. Mann, J.N. Marx, A. Maschke, J.
Orear, S. O z a k i , R.B. Palmer, R.F. P e i e r l s , J. P e o p l e s ,
R.H. P h i l l i p s , L. Rosenson, C. Rubbia, J.S. Russ,
N.P. Samios, W. S e l o v e , L.W. S m i t h , G.A. Snow, M.W.
S t r o v i n k , S.C.C. Ting, F. T u r k o t , C.L. Wang, W.J.
Willis and t h e e x - o f f i c i o members H.W.J.
Foelsche,
H. Hahn, V. Radeka, R.R. Rau, A.M. Thorndike, and J .
Weneser.
Further d i r e c t contributions to the design
s t u d y were made by H.J. Halama, C. Lasky, H. McChesney,
P. Mohn, W. Moore, G. Morgan, G. P a r z e n , E.C. Raka,
W.B. Sampson, A. S c h l a f k e , Th. S l u y t e r s , and A. van
S t e e n b e r g e n , b u t a l s o by many members of t h e Brookhaven A c c e l e r a t o r Department whose names had t o be
omitted here. L a s t b u t not l e a s t , the design study
p r o f i t e d enormously from t h e comments made by o u r
c o l l e a g u e s from u n i v e r s i t i e s and o t h e r a c c e l e r a t o r
c e n t e r s d u r i n g and a f t e r t h e 1972 Summer S t u d y . It i s
a p l e a s a n t d u t y t o t h a n k t h e many c o n t r i b u t o r s w i t h o u t whose e f f o r t s t h e r e would n o t b e an ISABELLE design report.

11.

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

13.

14.
15.
16.

17.

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

23.

24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

References

1.

12.

R. Wideroe, BRD P a t e n t 876279 ( p r i o r i t y September

8, 1943).
J.W. Kerst, F.T. C o l e , H.R. Crane, L.W. J o n e s ,
J.L. L a s l e t t , T. Ohkawa, A.M. S e s s l e r , K.R. Symon,
K.M. T e r w i l l i g e r , and N.W. Wilson, Phys. Rev. 102,
590 (1956).
K. J o h n s e n , Nucl. I n s t r u m . & Meth. 108,205 (1973).
E.D. C o u r a n t , BNL R e p o r t EDC-51 (1963).
J . P . B l e w e t t , P r o c . I n t e r n . Conf. High Energy Acc e l e r a t o r s , Dubna 1 9 6 3 , p. 75.
J . W . B i t t n e r , Ed., P r o c . 1 9 6 3 Summer S t u d y on S t o r age Rings, A c c e l e r a t o r s and E x p e r i m e n t a t i o n a t
Super- High E n e r g i e s , Brookhaven 1963.
L.W. J o n e s , r e f . 5 , p . 300.
J,P. B l e w e t t , BNL R e p o r t s AADD-169 (1970) and
AADD-175 (1971).
V . L . F i t c h , Chairman, J.P. B l e w e t t , R.L. Cool,
E.D. C o u r a n t , M.L. Good, G.K. Green, V.W. Hughes,
L.M. Lederman, S.J. Lindenbaum, F.E. Low, A.K.
Mann, B.D. McDaniel, F.E. M i l l s , A. P e v s n e r ,
R.R. Rau, N.P. Samios, R.D. S a r d , M. S c h w a r t z ,
R. S e r b e r , J.C. S t r e e t , A.M. T h o r n d i k e , M.G. White,
and W.J. Willis.

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.

40.

544

J.P. B l e w e t t and H. Hahn, Eds., BNL R e p o r t 16716

(1972).
J.P. B l e w e t t . P r o c . 8 t h I n t e r n . Conf. High-Energy
A c c e l e r a t o r s , CERN 1 9 7 1 , p . 501.
E.D. C o u r a n t , P r o c . 3 r d All- Union Conf. Charged
P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r s , Moscow, 1972, V o l . 1, p .
367.
F.E. M i l l s , IEEE T r a n s . Nucl. S c i . NS-20, No. 3 ,
1036 (1973).
J .P. B l e w e t t , P r o c . U.S J a p a n Seminar High- Energy
A c c e l e r a t o r S c i e n c e , Tokyo and Tsukuba, 1973 ( i n
press).
R.R. Rau, Comments on N u c l e a r and P a r t i c l e P h y s i c s ,
(in press).
H. Hahn and M. P l o t k i n , Eds., " Design S t u d y o f
200 GeV I n t e r s e c t i n g S t o r a g e A c c e l e r a t o r " ( i n
press).
T.D. L e e , Phys. Today 25, No. 4 , 23 (1972).
E. K e i l , Report CERN/ISR-TH/73-48 (1973).
E. F i s c h e r , r e f . 1 2 , p. 101.
K. Hubner, E. K e i l , and B. Z o t t e r , r e f . 11, p.
295.
W.B. Sampson, P.F. Dahl, A.D. M c I n t u r f f , K.E.
Robins, t h i s c o n f e r e n c e .
J. A l l i n g e r , G. Danby, B. DeVito, H.W.J.
Foelsche,
S.Y. H s i e h , J.W. J a c k s o n , and A.G. P r o d e l l , t h i s
conference.
W . J . Willis, G. Danby, H. Hahn, H.J. Halama, A.W,
Maschke, M. Month, G. P a r z e n , and I. P o l k , BNL
R e p o r t CRISP 74-6 (1974).
E. K e i l and B. Z o t t e r , P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r s , 2,
11 (1972).
M. Month and K. J e l l e t t , Nucl. I n s t r u m . & Meth.
1 1 3 , 453 (1973).
0. Grobner and R.S. C a l d e r , r e f . 13, p . 760.
F. S a c h e r e r , r e f . 1 3 , p. 825.
R. Chasman, A. Garren, R. G l u c k s t e r n , and F.E.
M i l l s , t h i s conference.
K. Wohlleben, J. Low Temp. Phys.
269 (1973).
W. Maurer, r e f . 1 2 , p. 222.
J . A l l i n g e r , G. Danby, and J . J a c k s o n , t h i s conference.
M. Suenaga and W.B. Sampson, Appl. Phys. L e t t . 20,
443 (1972).
D.B. Thomas, r e f . 1 2 , p . 1 7 6 .
S.K. E r e n t s and G.M. McCracken, J. Appl. Phys. 44,
3139 (1973).
J.W. B i t t n e r and H.J. Halama, r e f . 1 2 , p . 1 9 1 .
R. Chasman and G.A. VOSS. r e f . 1 3 ., P. . 777.
R. Chasman, P r o c . DESY Seminar e p and ee S t o r a g e
Rings, Hamburg 1 9 7 3 ( i n p r e s s ) .
S. Ohnuma and Th. S l u y t e r s , P r o c . 1972 P r o t o n
L i n e a r A c c e l e r a t o r Conf., Los Alamos, p . 191.
C. B a l t a y , R. Chasman, H.W.J.
F o e l s c h e , H. Hahn,
M. Month, and A. v a n S t e e n b e r g e n , t h i s c o n f e r e n c e .
M. Month, L.N. Blumberg, R. Chasman, J. C l a u s ,
H. Hahn, H.J. Halama, G.H. Morgan, G. P a r z e n ,
I. P o l k , E.C. Raka, and J. S p i r o , BNL R e p o r t
CRISP 74-8 (1974).

.-

11,

Y.2

F i g . 1. ISA S i t e P l a n . Legend: A-main magnet e n c l o s u r e , B- large experimental halls, C - s m a l l experimental

h a l l , D-compressor b u i l d i n g , E - s e r v i c e b u i l d i n g , F-69
kV s u b s t a t i o n , G - r e f r i g e r a t o r b u i l d i n g s , H - e x i t b u i l d i n g s , 1-69 kV overhead l i n e , J- assembly b u i l d i n g s .

F i g . 2.

I M
U

Tunnel c r o s s s e c t i o n (dimensions i n m).

12.7
L

.5

q.25

9.25

.9

-1-

1.0

'

1.3

i_

i l

CTIVE
D

-4

METERS

Fig. 3.

Components of normal h a l f c e l l (dimensions i n m).

545

VACUUM P U H U
STAND

d
- 5

I:
Y

0
-I

Lh)

Fig. 4.

Normal c e l l and s e r v i c e i n s e r t i o n .

Fig.
Main
main
core
rent

6. Cross s e c t i o n o f ISA d i p o l e (dimensions i n mm).

p a r a m e t e r s a r e a p e r t u r e 8 cm, main c o i l i . d . 12 cm,
c o i l 0.d. 16.2 cm, i r o n c o r e i . d . 16.85 c m , i r o n
0 . d . 40.6 cm, l e n g t h 4.25 m, weight 4280 kg, c u r 3300 A a t 40 kG.

MAGNET

nn

nnn,, n
nnnnn

hnnnnnn
QI B

8 82 8

8 5 QbQ7HIH2 VI

B 0389

YCUUM
\I

VESSEL
HELIUM V E S S g

I I1 I

C
V2 H3HLI
t
COLLISION POINT

SUPER I N

GNET SUPPORT

10

50

100

125

L<m)

0
b....l I

F i g . 7.

F i g . 5. Low-beta i n s e r t i o n .
The same magnet c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h m o d i f i e d q u a d r u p o l e s e t t i n g s c a n be u s e d as
g e n e r a l - p u r p o s e modes t - b e t a i n s e r t i o n .

546

I METER
I

Dewar c r o s s s e c t i o n .

DISCUSSION
Paul Reardon (NAL): Have you done vacuum experiments
in your prototype magnets?
Harold Hahn (BNL): No, but we have a very intensive vacuum program separate from the magnet program. When we
still were thinking of a cold vacuum tube, we developed
cryosorption pumps and tested their behavior with very
good results. The design has changed in the meantime and
we are now investigating the outgassing rate of aluminum
after various treatments like argon discharge, bake-out at
a certain temperature, and chemical polishing. We are
convinced that the outgassing rate of aluminum after a heat
treatment at 200 C i s about an order of magnitude lower
than required in the ISA. We have not yet completed a simulation experiment of the pressure bump phenomena. Results from this experiment should be available, I think, in
summer.
Mark Barton (BNL): I would like to comment onReardon's
question. The vacuum problem has not been examined in
the magnet, but the warm bore feature has. The Model I1
has warm bore.

& The present design foresees an internal beam dump,

essentially the same system you have in the ISR. I would
suspect that the real machine will be equipped with an external dump while keeping the internal beam dump as a protective device. We a r e aware of the.importance of the beam
dump. Does that answer your first question?
Johnson: I guess so, but our internal beam dump would explode if 20 MJwere dumped into it.

Hahn: To solve the problem caused by beam loss, we will

use beam s c r a p e r s at well chosen locations around the ring.
We have many straight sections far away from the experimental insertions and the idea i s to scrape and dump small
amounts of the beams at these locations. In addition, the experience with our superconducting magnets exposed to a full
intensity beam from the AGS has shown that they can tolerate more radiation than at least some people thought they
could.
Richard B. Neal (SLAC): I heard about a phased approach to
ISABELLE. Could you describe what you have in mind?

Hahn:

Reardon : The bake-out of this special superinsulation i s

really an interesting question.

Clearly what we have in mind i s what I have been describing today. Any other approach would have to be suggested by financial limitations by the AEC o r some other
"force majeure.'' But I think it could be implemented easily
if required, and we have discussed a 100-GeV machine in the
same ISA tunnel with conventional magnets to be replaced
later by superconducting magnets. A t this time, one would
go most likely to 60-kg magnets and 300 GeV. The obvious
question in such an approach is the conversion penalty which
we estimate a t not more than 20% of the total initial project.
It also would provide u s with magnets already usable for the
electron ring. The interruption of the experimental program
might be more serious, of course, and I would like to state
again that what we want to build is what I have described in
this talk.

Hahn: The bake-out would be done, of course, while the

machine is not in operation. Therefore, the heat leak from
the bake-out can be compensated by the lack of a heat leak
from the current leads. At least from the point of straight
heat load, there is no problem.
Martin Donald (Rutherford):
tion energy?
Hahn:

Do you have to c r o s s transi-

No. The transition energy is below the injection.

Rolfe Wideroe (SIN): Did you say how much the first phase
of the project will cost?

David Thomas (Rutherford): This is a comment on magnets.

In my talk, I said that all magnets a r e bad and I stick by
that. I think no superconducting magnet will operate exactly
at the design field and therefore one hasn't really licked the
design problem. But having said that, I would like to put the
record straight by saying the best of the bad designs on the
basis of the performance specifications given here is c e r tainly the Brookhaven magnet.

l3a.h~ I didn't mention the cost. It will be official very

soon; it's 126.5 million dollars.
Kjell Johnsen (CERN): You have in each beam a stored energy of about 20 MJ. Have you thought about how to get rid
of it as a whole and what precautions do you take against
dumping small fractions of it into the superconducting
magnets ?

547

D E S I G N AND STATUS O F E P I C

E P I C Machine Design Study Group o f t h e

R u t h e r f o r d * and D a r e s b u r y t L a b o r a t o r i e s , U n i t e d Kingdom
Presented by G H Rees
Science Research C o u n c i l , s e e k i n g f u n d i n g t o a l l o w
c o m p l e t i o n o f a 14 GeV e l e c t r o n - p o s i t r o n s t o r a g e r i n g
by 1981.

Introduction
The o r i g i n s o f E P I C d a t e f r o m t h e t i m e when a
s t u d y was undertaken o f p o s s i b l e f u t u r e machines f o r
t h e n a t i o n a l h i g h energy p h y s i c s l a b o r a t o r i e s i n
B r i t a i n . The new f a c i l i t i e s were t o r e p l a c e t h e
R u t h e r f o r d and Daresbury a c c e l e r a t o r s N I M R O D and NINA
a t t h e end o f t h e i r u s e f u l l i v e s . A few p e o p l e f r o m
t h e two l a b o r a t o r i e s e v a l u a t e d some s t o r a g e r i n g
machine designs1, and one such d e s i g n was d e s c r i b e d
i n an i n t e r n a l r e p o r t 2 .
T h i s was based on a p r o p o s a l
made by P e l l e g r i n i e t a l . a t t h e 1971 I n t e r n a t i o n a l
Acce 1 e r a t o r Conference 3 .

E l e c t r o n - P o s i t r o n - P r o t o n I n i t i a l F e a s i b i l i t y Study.

E P I C has many f e a t u r e s i n common w i t h t h e e a r l y

d e s i g n o f PEP, w h i c h was r e p o r t e d ' - a t t h e 1973 US
A c c e l e r a t o r Conference.
A schematic diagram o f t h e
proposed E P I C complex i s shown i n F i g u r e 1 .
The two
r i n g c o l l i d i n g beam system has f o u r i n t e r a c t i o n
r e g i o n s , each of w h i c h i s 17 m maximum i n l e n g t h .
The r i n g s a r e c o n t a i n e d i n a common t u n n e l , w i t h t h e
p r o t o n r i n g magnets s i t u a t e d v e r t i c a l l y above t h e
magnets o f t h e e l e c t r o n machine. A system o f v e r t i c a l
bending magnets b r i n g s t h e s e p a r a t e paths o f t h e
e l e c t r o n s and p r o t o n s i n t o c o i n c i d e n c e o v e r t h e
c e n t r a l r e g i o n s o f t h e long s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s .

The s t u d i e s were g i v e n f u r t h e r impetus i n t h e

Autumn o f 1972 by v i s i t s t o t h e S t a n f o r d L i n e a r
A c c e l e r a t o r Centre o f P r o f e s s o r Flowers, t h e then
chairman o f the B r i t i s h Science Research C o u n c i l and
Dr S t a f f o r d , d i r e c t o r o f t h e R u t h e r f o r d L a b o r a t o r y .
The thoughts o f P r o f e s s o r s Panofsky and R i c h t e r o f
SLAC on t h e p h y s i c s p o t e n t i a l o f h i g h energy e l e c t r o n p o s i t r o n and e l e c t r o n - p r o t o n c o l l i d i n g beam systems
were communicated t o t h e i r v i s i t o r s .
B e f o r e t h e end
o f 1972 an E P I C machine d e s i g n s t u d y group had been
established.
From t h e o u t s e t i t was a combined s t u d y
between R u t h e r f o r d and Daresbury L a b o r a t o r i e s , f o r i t
was a p p r e c i a t e d t h a t o n l y by p o o l i n g t h e resources o f
t h e two h i g h energy l a b o r a t o r i e s would i t be p o s s i b l e
t o r e a l i s e a complex o f t h e s i z e o f E P I C .

I n F i g u r e 2 i s shown a proposed l a y o u t o f t h e
machine a t t h e R u t h e r f o r d L a b o r a t o r y . The use o f as
much as p o s s i b l e o f t h e e x i s t i n g l a b o r a t o r y f a c i l i t i e s
has been t a k e n i n t o account. The p r e s e n t l i n a c
b u i l d i n g s , t h e Nimrod magnet h a l l , main c o n t r o l room
and two e x p e r i m e n t a l h a l l s a r e a l l planned t o be used
i n t h e few f a c i l i t y .
The 100 MeV e l e c t r o n l i n a c ,
p o s i t r o n c o n v e r t e r and 200 MeV p o s i t r o n l i n a c w i l l be
l o c a t e d i n t h e h a l l t h a t p r e s e n t l y houses t h e Nimrod
15 MeV p r o t o n l i n a c . The Nimrod magnet h a l l w i l l
house a debuncher f o r t h e 200 MeV p o s i t r o n s t o g e t h e r
w i t h t h e l i n a c - b o o s t e r beam t r a n s f e r l i n e s . The
b o o s t e r w i l l be s i t e d i n i t s own s h i e l d i n g e n c l o s u r e ,
h a l f i n and h a l f o u t o f one o f t h e e x i s t i n g
experimental h a l l s .
Most o f t h e components f o r t h e
t r a n s f e r l i n e s f r o m t h e b o o s t e r t o E P I C w i l l be
a v a i l a b l e from e x i s t i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l h a l l equipment.

The f i r s t n i n e months o f I973 were spent

o b t a i n i n g approximate c o s t e s t i m a t e s f o r a two r i n g
machine complex, w i t h a number o f d i f f e r e n t o p t i o n s
envisaged f o r t h e a c t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n stages 4 .
The
complex c o n s i s t e d o f a s i n g l e c o n v e n t i o n a l magnet r i n g
p r o v i d i n g e l e c t r o n - p o s i t r o n c o l l i d i n g beams a t
i n c i d e n t momenta up t o 14 GeV/c, t o g e t h e r w i t h a
second r i n g housed i n t h e same t u n n e l w h i c h would be
c a p a b l e o f a c c e l e r a t i n g and then s t o r i n g h i g h energy
p r o t o n s . The second magnet r i n g was e v a l u a t e d b o t h
f o r superconducting m i s s i n g magnet schemes and f o r
c o n v e n t i o n a l magnets. As an e l e c t r o n - p r o t o n c o l l i d i n g
beam system t h e peak p r o t o n momentum f o r a f u l l
s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g r i n g was 200 GeV/c.
During the
i n i t i a l d e s i g n and c o s t i n g , t h e s t u d y group r e c o g n i s e d
t h e machine d e s i g n u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n p r e d i c t i n g t h e
l u m i n o s i t y f o r t h e e l e c t r o n - p r o t o n c o l l i d i n g beams.

The proposed l a y o u t o f t h e components i n an

i n s e r t i o n i s shown i n F i g u r e 3, and t y p i c a l l a t t i c e
6 - f u n c t i o n s i n t h e i n s e r t i o n i n F i g u r e 5.
The range
o f t h e minimum BH v a l u e s a t t h e c e n t r e o f t h e
i n s e r t i o n i s 0 . 4 t o 1.2 m i n t h e e - r i n g and 1.0 t o
2.5m i n the n-ring.
Correspondina v a l u e s f o r B v a r e
0.1 m t o 0.3 m i n t h e e - r i n g and 0.4 t o 1.0 m i n t h e
p - r i n g . C o l l i n e a r c r o s s i n g s o f t h e e l e c t r o n and
p r o t o n beams i n t h e i n s e r t i o n s a r e b r o u g h t about by
v e r t i c a l bending magnets.
The bend angles i n t h e
d i p o l e s n e a r e s t t o t h e i n t e r a c t i o n r e g i o n a r e 3.7"
f o r t h e e l e c t r o n s and t h e r e i s a l a r g e a s s o c i a t e d
r a d i a t i o n loss. The c h o i c e o f such a l a r g e bend
a n g l e i s made t o e n a b l e t h e p r o t o n - r i n g h i g h - 6
quadrupoles t o be l o c a t e d as c l o s e as p o s s i b l e t o t h e
centre o f the insertion.

The c o s t i n g s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 2 o f t h e
f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n , and were r e p o r t e d a t t h e OESY
Storage Ring Symposium o f October 1973. A t about
t h a t t i m e i t was decided t o c o n c e n t r a t e t h e s t u d i e s
towards a more a c c u r a t e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s i n g l e r i n g
e l e c t r o n - p o s i t r o n system.
The two r i n g scheme f o r
e l e c t r o n - p r o t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s , though now o n l y a l o n g
term o b j e c t i v e , i s s t i l l c o n s i d e r e d an e s s e n t i a l
feature i n the design o f the i n i t i a l ring.

The maximum d e s i g n l u m i n o s i t y f o r c o l l i s i o n s
between 14 GeV/c e l e c t r o n s and 100 GeV/c p r o t o n s i s
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 l o 3 ' cmm2 s e c - l , b u t w i t h a measure
o f u n c e r t a i n t y because o f t h e i n c o m p l e t e u n d e r s t a n d i n g
There
o f t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n .
i s no damping mechanism f o r t h e b e t a t r o n and
s y n c h r o t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n s f o r t h e p r o t o n s , and i t
remains t o e s t a b l i s h t h e maximum a l l o w a b l e space
charge f o r c e s on t h e p r o t o n s i n t h e c o l l i s i o n r e g i o n s
of storage rings.
Parameters r e l e v a n t t o t h e i n i t i a l
f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 , where t h e
l u m i n o s i t y e s t i m a t e s c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e maximum
momentum p a r t i c l e s .

By October 1974 t h e r e v i s e d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e
e l e c t r o n - p o s i t r o n r i n g w i l l be completed.
A machine
p r o p o s a l w i l l then b e s u b m i t t e d f o r a p p r o v a l t o t h e

*J R J Bennett, H C Brooks, M H R Donald, D A Gray,

M R H a r o l d , J D Lawson, J D Lewin, 6 G Loach,
J R M Maidment, G H Rees, P F Smith and W A Smith
t E A Hughes, N Marks, D E Poole, M W Poole, V P S u l l e r ,
G Saxon, T Swain, K T a r r y and D J Thompson

548

FIG.l. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF EPIC (STAGE 1 ) FOR e t e - COLLISIONS

AND EPIC (STAGE 2 ) FOR e p COLLISIONS

549

TABLE 1

S e l e c t e d Parameters

t h e s e i s t h e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e t o t a l number o f
p r o t o n s , e a s i n g t h e s h i e l d i n g requirements and t h e
p r o t e c t i o n problems f o r s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnet r i n g s .
I n t h e E P I C d e s i g n t h e c h o i c e i s made o f e i g h t p r o t o n
bunches t o g e t h e r w i t h e i g h t e l e c t r o n bunches. The
scheme f o r t h e r e q u i r e d p r o t o n bunch compression i s
d e s c r i b e d i n r e f e r e n c e 2, and a method f o r s e p a r a t i n g
t h e e l e c t r o n s and p r o t o n s i n t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n r e g i o n i n
reference 8.
3f

( H a l f - F u l l S/c R i n g f o r P r o t o n s )

Ring c i r c u m f e r e n c e
(met r e s )
No. o f I n t e r a c t i o n
Reg ions
I n t e r a c t i o n region
l e n g t h s (metres)
Long s t . s e c t i o n
l e n g t h s (metres)
No. o f normal
magnet c e l l s
No. o f d i s p e r s i o n
matching s e c t i o n s
Machine tunes, Q

2122.3

4
17.0

S y n c h r o n i s a t i o n i s an e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e o f t h e
c o l l i s i o n s between bunched e l e c t r o n and p r o t o n beams.
The i n c r e a s e o f p r o t o n v e l o c i t y w i t h energy r e q u i r e s
compensating p a t h l e n g t h s i n t h e p a r t i c l e o r b i t s .
Schemes c o n s i d e r e d f o r E P I C i n c l u d e : r a d i a l s t e e r i n g o f
t h e p r o t o n beam t o g e t h e r w i t h a number o f d i f f e r e n t
v e r t i c a l 'dog- leg' insertions i n the electron ring9,
c o n t i n u o u s l y v a r i a b l e 'dog- l e g ' i n s e r t i o n s l 0 and moving
t h e p r o t o n high-B quadrupoles t o a l l o w t h e e l e c t r o n
energy t o be changed a t a g i v e n p r o t o n energy.
S y n c h r o n i s a t i o n becomes p r o g r e s s i v e l y more d i f f i c u l t a t
t h e lower p r o t o n e n e r g i e s and i n t h e EPIC f e a s i b i l i t y
s t u d y t h e l o w e s t p r o t o n momentum i s r e s t r i c t e d t o
55 GeV/c.

141.4
56
8

15.1- 19.4
e- ring

Maximum momentum
14
(GeV/c)
Bending r a d i u s
168.1
(met res)
42.8
Peak RF V o l t a g e
(Megavol t s )
Peak r a d i a t e d power
2.5
(Megawatts)
No. o f bunches/
8
beam f o r e- p
No. o f p a r t i c l e s /
5 1011
bunch f o r e- p
e- p L u m i n o s i t y
(cm-2 sec-'/Xn ,)
No. o f bunches/
2
beam f o r e+ - e5- 8
No. o f p a r t i c l e s /
bunch f o r e+ - ee+ - e- L u m i n o s i t y
(cm-2 sec-'/Xn.)

p- ring
100

74.5

A m o d i f i e d f o r m o f t h e Daresbury a c c e l e r a t o r ,
N I N A , w i l l s e r v e as a b o o s t e r f o r E P I C . The combined
f u n c t i o n magnets a r e adequate f o r a c c e l e r a t i n g
p a r t i c l e s t o a peak momentum o f 5 GeV/c.
The N I N A
r e p e t i t i o n r a t e w i l l be reduced f r o m 53 Hz t o 4 Hz,
and an a d d i t i o n a l RF system w i l l be i n s t a l l e d .
During
t h e f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y i t was c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e
b o o s t e r c o u l d s e r v e as an i n j e c t o r f o r e l e c t r o n s ,
p o s i t r o n s and p r o t o n s . To t h i s end, t h e gamma
t r a n s i t i o n o f t h e l a t t i c e was a r r a n g e d t o a s s i s t w i t h
p r o t o n bunch compression.
Now t h e r e a r e r e s e r v a t i o n s
t h a t t h e p r o t o n s can be a c c e l e r a t e d s u c c e s s f u l l y i n
t h e presence o f t h e e l e c t r o n RF systems.
I f a separate
b o o s t e r i s developed f o r p r o t o n s , i t m i g h t a l s o c a t e r
f o r deuterons.
There i s a s t r o n g p h y s i c s case f o r
studying electron- deuteron col 1 i s i o n s l l i n EPIC i n
conjunction w i t h electron- proton studies.
However, t h e
e n t i r e q u e s t i o n o f whether o r n o t t o use bunched p r o t o n
beams must be reassessed i f t h e r e i s t h e a d d i t i o n a l
requirement o f p r o v i d i n g d e u t e r o n beams.

4.0
0.0

8
7.5 1011
'
I
,

1031

'L

1031

P r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n has shown t h a t t h e
v e r t i c a l bending u n i t s may be used as s p e c t r o m e t e r
magnets f o r t h e d e t e c t i o n o f p r o t o n fragments which
emerge f r o m t h e e l e c t r o n - p r o t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s a t
small angles.
I t i s possible t o place detection
systems b e h i n d t h e common v e r t i c a l d i p o l e s w h i c h a r e
downstream o f t h e c o l l i s i o n r e g i o n f o r t h e p r o t o n
r i n g . The shaded a r e a o f F i g u r e 4 i s an acceptance
p l o t f o r t h e s m a l l a n g l e fragments.
The r e g i o n
marked (A) i s r e l a t e d t o an a d d i t i o n a l d e t e c t o r a r r a y
i n s t a l l e d normal t o t h e beams a t t h e l o c a t i o n (A) o f
F i g u r e 3.
S i m i l a r l y , (B) i s r e a l i s e d by t h e use o f a
l o n g septum magnet and f u r t h e r d e t e c t o r s a t t h e
c o r r e s p o n d i n g p o i n t (6) i n t h i s f i g u r e .
The use o f
machine components as s p e c t r o m e t e r magnets i s a
f e a t u r e m i s s i n g from t h e PEP5 and ISABELLE7 e- p
proposals.

The l a t t i c e d e s i g n o f E P I C i s i n f l u e n c e d by t h e
need t o p r o v i d e an e l e c t r o n - p o s i t r o n r a d i a l beam s i z e
t h a t s a t i s f i e s luminosity requirements.
I t has been
found t h a t , t o p r o v i d e adequate v a l u e s i n t h e e - r i n g
o f gamma t r a n s i t i o n and r a d i a l beam s i z e , i t i s
necessary t o p r o v i d e a number o f combined f u n c t i o n
magnets i n a p r e d o m i n a n t l y s e p a r a t e d - f u n c t i o n l a t t i c e .
I n each s u p e r p e r i o d , two such u n i t s a r e i n c l u d e d
amongst t h e s i x t y bending magnets. T h i s l a t t i c e
f e a t u r e i s shown i n F i g u r e 6, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e
h o r i z o n t a l d i s p e r s i o n matching s e c t i o n s .

A p o w e r f u l RF a c c e l e r a t i n g system compensates
f o r t h e s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n energy l o s s e s o f t h e
e l e c t r o n s (and p o s i t r o n s ) . T h i s leads t o v e r y s h o r t
bunch l e n g t h s .
For e l e c t r o n - p o s i t r o n c o l l i s i o n s
t h e r e a r e two bunches i n each beam so t h a t s e p a r a t i o n
o f t h e beams p r i o r t o c o l l i s i o n i s necessary o n l y a t
the i n t e r s e c t i o n regions.
I n t h e case o f an e l e c t r o n p r o t o n system t h e r e i s t h e c h o i c e o f u s i n g e i t h e r
bunched o r unbunched p r o t o n beams. P r o v i d e d t h a t t h e
problem o f s a t i s f a c t o r y bunch compression can be
c>btsnned and s u s t a i n e d f o r p r o t o n s t h e r e a r e many
s'.
. ~ t a g e sf o r t h e bunched o p t i o n .
The most i m p o r t a n t

An i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r t h e e l e c t r o n - p r o t o n
c o l l i d i n g beams i s t h e c h o i c e o f t h e r a d i a l t o v e r t i c a l
beam aspect r a t i o a t t h e i n t e r a c t i o n r e g i o n . The r a t i o
i s chosen a t f o u r t o one.
I f a c h o i c e had been made o f
a s m a l l e r r a t i o , t h e v e r t i c a l magnet a p e r t u r e s would
have been u n d e s i r a b l y l a r g e , p a r t i c u l a r l y as t h e
c o n v e n t i o n a l r i n g i n t h e f e a s i b i l i t y d e s i g n had t o
c a t e r f o r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f s t o r i n g 80 GeV/c p r o t o n s
i n a d d i t i o n t o 14 GeV/c e l e c t r o n s .
This feature
a l l o w e d f o r a p o s s i b l e p r o t o n - p r o t o n c o l l i d i n g beam
o p t i o n . The e f f e c t o f h o r i z o n t a l - v e r t i c a l space charge
c o u p l i n g between t h e e l e c t r o n and p r o t o n beams has n o t
been assessed, b u t i t i s r e a l i s e d t h a t t h i s c o u l d
a f f e c t the luminosity estimates. At e l e c t r o n energies
below 14 GeV, t h e n a t u r a l beam s i z e may be t o o s m a l l ,
and two p o s s i b l e schemes have been c o n s i d e r e d t o

550

80

60

40

20

20

40

60

80

METRES

NOT TO SCALE
VERT1 CA LLY

Q
Q DF ] QUADRUPOLES
VB

VERTICAL BENDING
MAGNETS

FIG. 3. e - p I N T E R A C T I O N R E G I O N GEOMETRY
OUTER BOUNOA
APS OF e- HIG

FIG. 4 .

0
0

i=l

COMMON ELEMENTS

FIG.5.e - p INSERTION

( N B BOTH RINGS ARE SYMMETRICAL ABOUT THE INTERACTION

POINT )

551

overcome t h i s e f f e c t .
These i n c l u d e r e d u c i n g t h e
Q v a l u e s o f t h e machine and a f u r t h e r a d j u s t m e n t i n
t h e r a d i a l damping.
I f s a t i s f a c t o r y enhancement i s
introduced, the luminosity w i l l s c a l e approximately
as t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e e n e r g i e s o f t h e i n c i d e n t
particles.

c o e f f i c i e n t , i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e magnet l a t t i c e .
The h o r i z o n t a l beam s i z e v a r i e s i n v e r s e l y as t h e
square r o o t o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t , Jx.
I n a separatedf u n c t i o n magnet l a t t i c e J, i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y equal t o
1, w h i l e i n t h e E P I C e l e c t r o n - p o s i t r o n . r i n g i t i s
a d j u s t e d t o be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0.4.

The approximate c o s t i n g s o f t h e v a r i o u s o p t i o n s
o f t h e f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y a r e g i v e n i n Table 2.

The beam aspect r a t i o a t t h e i n t e r a c t i o n r e g i o n

i s now under r e v i e w . Recent s t u d i e s o f t h e beambeam i n t e r a c t i o n f o r e+ - e- c o l l i s i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t
a l a r g e r r a t i o than the previously considered value
o f f o u r t o one m i g h t be a c c e p t a b l e . These s t u d i e s
a r e r e p o r t e d i n a subsequent s e c t i o n . The p o s s i b l e
advantage f o r E P I C i n i n c r e a s i n g t h e beam aspect
r a t i o i s t h a t t h e maximum h o r i z o n t a l 6 - v a l u e c o u l d
t h e n be decreased.

TABLE 2

1973 Cost E s t i m a t e s o f E P I C O p t i o n s

Option
I

Rings
I

14
14
14
14

GeV
GeV
GeV
GeV

e+
e-

ee-

e- Ring
80 GeV p
100 GeV p
200 GeV p

Cost

C o n v e n t i o n a l (C)

c + c
C
C

+ H a l f - F u l l S/c
+ F u l l S/c

El9.6M
E35. I M

The r e v i s e d r i n g parameters a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 3.
The l u m i n o s i t y w i l l s c a l e as E2, p r o v i d e d s a t i s f a c t o r y
beam s i z e s a r e o b t a i n e d by a d j u s t m e n t s o f machine tune
and damping.

E43.7M
E56.5M

TABLE 3

E P I C E l e c t r o n - P o s i t r o n Ring

Revised Design o f E l e c t r o n - P o s i t r o n Ring

The r i n g c i r c u m f e r e n c e has been extended by 3%
t o p r o v i d e increased s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n l e n g t h s .
This
w i l l ease t h e d e s i g n of a f u t u r e p r o t o n r i n g i n t h e
e v e n t t h a t i t i s b u i l t w i t h a l l c o n v e n t i o n a l magnet
units.

Ring c i r c u m f e r e n c e (m)
Lonq s t . s e c t i o n l e n q t h s (m)
Maximum momentum (GeG/c)
I n j e c t i o n momentum (GeV/c)
Range o f machine tunes, Q
Bending r a d i u s (m)
Max. energy l o s s / t u r n (MeV)
Peak RF V o l t a g e (MV)
No. o f bunches/beam
Max. no. o f p a r t i c l e s / b u n c h
Peak synch. r a d n . power (MW)
Rms. mom. spread a t 14 GeV/c
Rms bunch 1 eng t h (cm)
Rms. b e t . amp. (cm) a t BX = 42 m
Max. l u m i n o s i t y (cm- sec-/Xn.)

The d i p o l e magnets now proposed f o r t h e s i n g l e

r i n g a r e low f i e l d u n i t s , and c o s t i n g i s p r o c e e d i n g
The open end o f
on t h e b a s i s o f u s i n g C-magnets.
t h e C w i l l f a c e r a d i a l l y inwards t o s i m p l i f y t h e
d e s i g n o f t h e vacuum system.
The magnet l a t t i c e has a h i g h c h r o m a t i c i t y as
a consequence o f t h e h i g h @ - v a l u e s i n t h e l o n g
i n s e r t i o n s . The f u l l range o f t h e beam momentum
spread i s a l s o l a r g e t o ensure an adequate beam
lifetime.
To c o r r e c t f o r t h e c h r o m a t i c i t y , p r o v i s i o n
i s made i n t h e l a t t i c e t o i n c l u d e s e x t u p o l e s near t o
e v e r y quadrupole.
S t u d i e s o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and
strengths o f these sextupoles a r e s t i l l continuing
and a r e p r o v i n g t o be a major d e s i g n problem.
P r e s e n t s t u d i e s t r e a t t h e problem i n l i n e a r
a p p r o x i m a t i o n , b u t subsequent s t u d i e s w i l l i n c l u d e
t r a c k i n g o v e r many machine r e v o l u t i o n s .

2191.6

154.3
14
4.8
1 5 1-19.4

71 - 9
19.8
30.0

2
8
1.39

10-4

1.8

0.33

2,

5 1031

I n j e c t i o n Scheme f o r E l e c t r o n s and P o s i t r o n s
The s p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e t o t a l f i l l i n g t i m e o f
t h e E P I C r i n g i s 15 minutes f o r two bunches o f
e l e c t r o n s and two bunches o f p o s i t r o n s , w i t h t h e
maximum number o f p a r t i c l e s p e r bunch s e t a t 8 l o l l .
A t t h e i n j e c t i o n momentum o f 4.8 GeV/c, t h e damping
time constant o f the radial betatron motion i s
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0.6 sec, so t h a t t h e maximum r a t e f o r
f i l l i n g an i n d i v i d u a l E P I C bunch i s o f t h e o r d e r o f
once p e r second. A c c o r d i n g l y , i f i n d i v i d u a l bunches
a r e f i l l e d i n sequence, t h e r e p e t i t i o n r a t e o f t h e
b o o s t e r i n j e c t o r must be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 Hz, and t h e
number o f p a r t i c l e s p e r b o o s t e r p u l s e must be a t
l e a s t 109.

As i n t h e f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y t h e space between
t h e h i g h - 6 quadrupoles, w h i c h i s c o m p l e t e l y f r e e f o r
e x p e r i m e n t a l equipment, i s s e t a t 17 m. T h i s may be
r e v i s e d i f necessary as t h e i n s e r t i o n i s l o n g e r t h a n
i s required f o r the design o f the e l e c t r o n - p o s i t r o n
r i n g a l o n e . However, t h e r e a r e r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h e
maximum a l l o w e d 6-values i n t h e i n s e r t i o n , and t h e
premium t o be p a i d f o r i n c r e a s i n g t h e c e n t r a l r e g i o n
i s a decrease i n t h e l u m i n o s i t y .
The v a r i a b l e damping f e a t u r e has been mentioned
i n the previous section.
R e f e r r i n g t o F i g u r e 6, t h e
m o d i f i e d damping i s i n t r o d u c e d by c o m b i n e d - f u n c t i o n
f o c u s s i n g u n i t s , i n d i c a t e d DI/QF.
On e i t h e r s i d e o f
these u n i t s a r e quadrupoles w h i c h may be a d j u s t e d t o
vary the local dispersion w h i l e s t i l l preserving the
d i s p e r s i o n matching.
D e t a i l s o f t h e scheme a r e g i v e n
i n r e f e r e n c e 12. The damping t i m e c o n s t a n t o f t h e
h o r i z o n t a l b e t a t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n s o f t h e e l e c t r o n s and
p o s i t r o n s i s g i v e n by:

The scheme proposed t o i n j e c t a f u l l b o o s t e r beam

p u l s e i n t o a s i n g l e E P I C bunch i s t h e f o l l o w i n g .
The
b o o s t e r a c c e l e r a t e s e i g h t bunches, w h i c h a r e
s u b s e q u e n t l y e j e c t e d bunch-by-bunch, one a f t e r e v e r y
r e v o l u t i o n p e r i o d o f t h e main r i n g . There i s an
i n t e r c h a n g e o f t h e r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l beam
e m i t t a n c e s i n t h e t r a n s f e r l i n e , f o l l o w e d by r a d i a l
A requirement f o r
multi- turn injection into EPIC.
t h i s scheme i s t h a t t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e o f t h e b o o s t e r
i s r e l a t e d t o t h a t o f E P I C by t h e r a t i o 8 / ( 2 n + l ) ,
where n i s an i n t e g e r . The chosen v a l u e o f n i s 35.

where P i s t h e average r a t e o f s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n
energy r o s s , E i s t h e energy o f t h e c i r c u l a t i n g
e l e c t r o n s o r p o s i t r o n s and Jx, t h e p a r t i t i o n

The s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s o f N I N A a r e i n c r e a s e d i n
l e n g t h when i t i s used as a b o o s t e r f o r EPIC. The
harmonic number, h, o f t h e e x i s t i n g RF system i s
thus a l t e r e d , and t h e r i n g s i z e i s a d j u s t e d t o make
t h e new v a l u e o f h equal 336, a number w h i c h i s

552

Dcp MATCHING

CELL

FIG. 6.

e-- p RINGS - D(p MATCHING SECTIONS - e RING DAMPING ADJUSTMENT

1.0-

OO

lo

15

L(m)

HDKF H

20
~

HtCHH-1
D F D

FIG.7. NINA BOOSTER-NORMAL PERIOD

0.0 2

0.0 4

0.06

0.08

AQ

FIG. 8. BEAM-BEAM HORIZONTAL-VERTICAL

COUPLING IN EPIC
5 53

d i v i s i b l e by 8. A second RF system i s i n s t a l l e d ,
w i t h h = 48, t o a s s i s t i n i n i t i a l t r a p p i n g and bunch
compression.

The d e s i g n o f t h e RF system i s t h u s p r o v i s i o n a l ,
and t h e r e may be f u t u r e changes i n t h e c h o i c e o f RF
harmonic number and t y p e o f a c c e l e r a t i n g s t r u c t u r e .
The p r e s e n t c h o i c e o f harmonic number i s 2944,
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o an RF frequency o f 402.7 MHz. The
proposed s t a n d i n g wave a c c e l e r a t i n g s t r u c t u r e i s o f
t h e t y p e developed a t Los Alamos f o r LAMPF, b u t a t
a p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f t h e frequency.
The i n n e r a p e r t u r e
o f t h e proposed c a v i t y i s o f d i a m e t e r 12 cm. The
r e - e n t r a n t nose cones a r e a d j u s t e d t o o p t i m i s e t h e
t r a n s i t - t i m e c o r r e c t e d shunt impedance ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y
30 Mn/m).
As d i s c u s s e d i n r e f e r e n c e 16 t h e r e i s
mechanical c o m p l e x i t y i n Los Alamos t y p e s t r u c t u r e s
a t 400 MHz. The a d d i t i o n o f t h e side- mounted c a v i t i e s ,
t h a t g i v e t h e resonant c o u p l i n g and 1r/2 mode o p e r a t i o n ,
i s c o m p l i c a t e d by t h e c a v i t y s i z e .

A f u r t h e r gain i n o v e r a l l capture e f f i c i e n c y i s
o b t a i n e d by m o d u l a t i n g t h e gun o f t h e proposed 100
MeV e l e c t r o n 1 i n a c i n j e c t o r 1 3 . M o d u l a t i o n a t 9.71
MHz, w i t h 10 nanosecond p u l s e l e n g t h s , l e a d s t o t h e
f i l l i n g o f t h e r e q u i r e d 8 b o o s t e r bunches. T h i s
proposal i s i m p o r t a n t f o r o b t a i n i n g t h e r e q u i r e d
fluxes o f injected positrons.
I f t h e average c u r r e n t
i n t h e e l e c t r o n l i n a c i s s e t a t 400 mA f o r p o s i t r o n
p r o d u c t i o n , t h e peak c u r r e n t d u r i n g t h e IO ns p u l s e s
becomes 4A.
The e l e c t r o n energy a t t h e p o s i t r o n
c o n v e r t e r w i l l be modulated by more t h a n 10% d u r i n g
t h e p u l s e , b u t t h e o u t p u t energy o f t h e subsequent
200 MeV p o s i t r o n l i n a c can be c o r r e c t l y s t a b i l i s e d .

There w i l l be f o u r RF b u i l d i n g s , one a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h each s u p e r p e r i o d o f t h e machine. These b u i l d i n g s
w i l l p r o v i d e access f o r i n s t a l l i n g and removing r i n g
components.
The i n s t a l l e d RF power a t each b u i l d i n g
w i l l be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 MW, CW.
The a c c e l e r a t i n g
s t r u c t u r e a d j a c e n t t o an RF b u i l d i n g w i l l be
s u b d i v i d e d i n t o two s e c t i o n s o f approximate l e n g t h 5 m.
The number o f f e e d e r p o i n t s f o r t h e 5 m s e c t i o n s w i l l
be determined by power c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f windows.
In
t h e e v e n t t h a t t h e peak energy o f t h e s t o r a g e r i n g i s
subsequently increased, f u r t h e r RF b u i l d i n g s and
a c c e l e r a t i n g s t r u c t u r e s w i l l be i n s t a l l e d .

I t i s planned t o reduce t h e momentum spread o f

t h e 200 MeV p o s i t r o n s by means o f a debuncher and

c o r r e c t i n g c a v i t y . A scheme i s under s t u d y which i s

s i m i l a r t o t h e one i n s t a l l e d a t t h e 300 MeV e l e c t r o n
l i n a c o f Mainz U n i v e r s i t y 1 4 . S t u d i e s o f t r a p p i n g i n
t h e b o o s t e r i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e i n p u t momentum spread
s h o u l d be a p p r o x i m a t e l y i 3 . 5
The proposed m o d i f i c a t i o n s f o r NINA i n c l u d e a
new magnet power supply, t h e second RF system, new
i n j e c t i o n and f a s t e x t r a c t i o n systems and t h e
i n t r o d u c t i o n o f quadrupole d o u b l e t s and combined
f u n c t i o n t r i p l e t s i n t o t h e magnet l a t t i c e . The
l a t t i c e d e s i g n i s shown i n F i g u r e 7. The d o u b l e t s
i n t r o d u c e a range o f Q - t u n i n g , w h i l e t h e t r i p l e t s
p r o v i d e damping o f t h e h o r i z o n t a l b e t a t r o n m o t i o n o f
t h e e l e c t r o n s and p o s i t r o n s . The damping magnets
have a D - p r o f i l e and a r e arranged t o f o r m a t r i p l e t
o f z e r o t o t a l bend by t h e use o f a r e v e r s e d f i e l d
i n the central u n i t .

Normal Cells
Each o f t h e f o u r s u p e r p e r i o d s c o n t a i n s 14 normal
c e l l s which a r e o f a s e p a r a t e d - f u n c t i o n FODO d e s i g n o f
l e n g t h 2 4 . 8 in.
Each h a l f - c e l l c o n t a i n s two d i p o l e s ,
a quadrupole, a s e x t u p o l e , a c o r r e c t i o n d i p o l e and a
beam mon i t o r .

The magnetic f i e l d i n t h e b o o s t e r has a reduced

r a t e o f r i s e a t i n j e c t i o n , an i n t e r m e d i a t e f l a t a t a
f i e l d l e v e l c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 2 . 2 5 GeV/c and a f l a t
t o p o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 ms d u r a t i o n . T r a p p i n g , and
a c c e l e r a t i o n t o 2.25 GeV/c a r e u n d e r t a k e n by t h e
lower frequency RF system.
During the intermediate
f l a t , t h e beam damps i n phase s u f f i c i e n t l y t o be
c a p t u r e d by t h e h i g h v o l t a g e , h i g h frequency RF
system, which then completes a c c e l e r a t i o n t o
4 . 8 GeV/c. The beam phase i s a d j u s t e d d u r i n g t h e f l a t
t o p f o r s y n c h r o n i s a t i o n w i t h t h e E P I C main r i n g .

The d i p o l e s f o r t h e e l e c t r o n - p o s i t r o n r i n g a r e
There i s a
spacing o f 0.4 m between t h e two d i p o l e s o f a h a l f c e l l . One s e c t i o n o f vacuum chamber extends t h r o u g h
t h e two d i p o l e s , and a s h o r t e r s e c t i o n t h r e a d s t h r o u g h
t h e quadrupole, s e x t u p o l e and c o r r e c t i o n d i p o l e .
Two
pumping p o r t s a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e l o n g e r s e c t i o n ,
w h i l e t h e s h o r t e r s e c t i o n has a l e n g t h o f b e l l o w s and
a beam m o n i t o r . An aluminium chamber i s proposed as
i n t h e SPEAR design, w i t h t h e necessary c o o l i n g
channel a l o n g t h e l e n g t h o f t h e o u t e r w a l l . There
w i l l be d i s t r i b u t e d pumps w i t h i n t h e vacuum chamber
i n the dipoles.

4.5

m l o n g w h i l e t h e quadrupoles a r e 1.0 m.

E l e c t r o n - P o s i t r o n RF System
Insertions
Design i s proceeding on t h e b a s i s o f a peak
energy g a i n p e r t u r n i n E P I C o f 30 MeV, developed
i n 42 m o f a c c e l e r a t i n g s t r u c t u r e . A t 14 GeV/c t h e
energy loss p e r t u r n i n s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n i s
19.8 MeV. The RF o v e r - v o l t a g e p r o v i d e s a beam l i f e t i m e of IO5 s f o r loss o u t o f t h e phase s t a b l e
r e g i o n due t o quantum f l u c t u a t i o n e f f e c t s .

No v e r t i c a l bending magnets a r e r e q u i r e d i n t h e
i n s e r t i o n s o f t h e e l e c t r o n - p o s i t r o n r i n g . The
quadrupoles a r e arranged as i n t h e e l e c t r o n - p r o t o n
c o n f i g u r a t i o n , Each h a l f o f an i n s e r t i o n has a p a i r
o f h i g h - 6 quadrupoles t o g e t h e r w i t h a p a i r o f matching
quadrupoles. These d o u b l e t s g e n e r a t e t h e low-B v a l u e s
a t t h e c e n t r e o f t h e i n s e r t i o n and p r o v i d e b e t a t r o n
motions which a r e matched t o those i n t h e normal c e l l s .

Beam l o a d i n g o f t h e RF c a v i t i e s by t h e two
e l e c t r o n and two p o s i t r o n bunches i s b e i n g analysed
i n a manner s i m i l a r t o t h a t proposed by K e i l 1 5 . The
t i g h t l y bunched beams e x c i t e t h e RF c a v i t i e s n o t o n l y
a t t h e fundamental resonant mode b u t a l s o a t t h e
h i g h e r c a v i t y modes. T h i s i s a consequence o f h a v i n g
a p p r e c i a b l e harmonic components o f beam c u r r e n t up t o
q u i t e h i g h f r e q u e n c i e s , t o g e t h e r w i t h a c l o s e spacing
o f t h e harmonics. The a m p l i t u d e o f t h e harmonics
v a r i e s as e-(uA)*/2, where A i s t h e rms bunch
d u r a t i o n . The s p a c i n g o f t h e harmonics i s a t t w i c e
t h e bunch r e p e t i t i o n frequency.
Beam- cavity and
beam-equipment i n t e r a c t i o n s w i l l a f f e c t t h e
e q u i l i b r i u m bunch l e n g t h s and t h e s y n c h r o t r o n motion,
and t h e s e e f f e c t s remain t o b e d e t e r m i n e d .

I n one o f t h e l o n g i n s e r t i o n s t h e r e a r e
i n j e c t i o n systems, one f o r t h e e l e c t r o n s and
t h e p o s i t r o n s . Each system has an i n j e c t i o n
magnet t o g e t h e r w i t h upstream and downstream
k i c k e r magnets.

two
one f o r
septum
fast

Other elements c o n t a i n e d i n t h e l o n g i n s e r t i o n s
a r e t h e RF systems, e l e c t r o s t a t i c beam s e p a r a t i o n
plates, c o r r e c t i o n dipoles, sextupoles, octupoles
and skew quadrupoles.
The i n s e r t i o n s e x t u p o l e s
w i l l be d i s t r i b u t e d r e l a t i v e t o t h e c h r o m a t i c i t y
c o r r e c t i o n s e x t u p o l e s so as t o m i n i m i s e t h i r d o r d e r
resonances.

5 54

References

Beam-Beam Computer S imu 1 a t i o n

A computer program has been developed t h a t

e v a l u a t e s t h e m o t i o n o f a weak beam i n t h e presence
o f a s t r o n g beam f o r t h e case o f e l e c t r o n - p o s i t r o n
beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n s .
The dimensions o f t h e s t r o n g
beam a r e assumed f i x e d , w i t h Gaussian d i s t r i b u t i o n s
i n t h e two t r a n s v e r s e phase p l a n e s . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e
p a r t i c l e s o f t h e weak-beam a r e i n t r o d u c e d w i t h t h e
same r a d i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n as t h e s t r o n g beam b u t w i t h
s m a l l i n i t i a l v e r t i c a l motions.
The program t r a c k s p a r t i c l e s o f t h e weak beam
through s u c c e s s i v e superperiods o f the s t o r a g e r i n g ,
assuming no magnet i m p e r f e c t i o n s i n t h e l a t t i c e
components.
For each s u p e r p e r i o d t r a n s i t , e s t i m a t e s
a r e o b t a i n e d f o r t h e r a d i a t i o n damping, t h e
f l u c t a t i o n s o f t h e quantum e x c i t a t i o n s and t h e l i n e a r
and n o n - l i n e a r f o r c e s o f t h e beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n .
Random number g e n e r a t o r s a r e used t o d e r i v e t h e
quantum e x c i t a t i o n terms. A number o f d i f f e r e n t
a p p r o x i m a t i o n s have been used f o r t h e beam-beam space
charge f o r c e s , b u t a l l have g i v e n e s s e n t i a l l y t h e
same r e s u l t s . The p o s s i b i l i t y i s now b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d
of e x t e n d i n g t h e program t o i n c l u d e t h e added e f f e c t s
o f i m p e r f e c t i o n s i n t h e r i n g magnets.
I n i t i a l t r a c k i n g s t u d i e s have been made f o r
E P I C Q values o f 19.1.
Results a r e given i n Figure 8
f o r a r a d i a l t o v e r t i c a l beam aspect r a t i o i n the
s t r o n g beam o f f o u r t o one. The h o r i z o n t a l a x i s o f
t h e graph i s t h e parameter 5, which i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y
equal t o t h e tune s h i f t p e r i n t e r a c t i o n , AQ. The
r a d i a l s i z e o f t h e weak beam remains unchanged, b u t
t h e v e r t i c a l dimension grows t o reach t h a t o f t h e
Luminosity estimates f o r
s t r o n g beam f o r A Q = 0.08.
E P I C assume AQ values o f 0.04.
A second s e t o f r e s u l t s has been o b t a i n e d f o r
t h e same Q values b u t w i t h a d i f f e r e n t beam aspect
r a t i o f o r t h e s t r o n g beam. The aspect r a t i o a t t h e
c o l l i s i o n r e g i o n has been changed t o 1 6 : l by d o u b l i n g
t h e r a d i a l dimension and h a l v i n g t h e v e r t i c a l .
Though uy ( s t r o n g ) , t h e rms beam h e i g h t o f t h e s t r o n g
beam, i s h a l v e d , i t i s found t h a t uy (weak) a g a i n
approaches t h e v a l u e o f u ( s t r o n g ) when AQ reaches
I t i s o f interest
n o t e t h a t t h e beam-beam
0.08.
l i m i t s o f o p e r a t i n g s t o r a g e r i n g s o c c u r a t AQ values
o f t h i s magnitude.

lo

R e s u l t s have a l s o been o b t a i n e d f o r E P I C Q values

A t t h i s tune, t h e e f f e c t of t h e l i n e a r term
i n t h e space charge f o r c e i s e q u i v a l e n t t o r e d u c i n g
t h e minimum B - f u n c t i o n a t t h e p o i n t o f c o l l i s i o n .
The s i m u l a t i o n becomes approximate and t h e r e s u l t s
d i f f i c u l t t o interpret.
Preliminary results indicate
a reduced v e r t i c a l growth o f t h e weak beam a t t h e
i n t e r a c t i o n p o i n t , b u t an a p p r e c i a b l e v e r t i c a l s i z e
a t t h e h i g h - 8 quadrupoles.

D A Gray ( E d i t o r ) .
Proceeding o f t h e DaresburyR u t h e r f o r d Acce 1 e r a t o r Working P a r t y Rut h e r f o r d
Report RHEL.R 252 (1972) p.34.

H Rees. I n i t i a l design aspects o f s t o r a g e r i n g s

as a p o s s i b l e f u t u r e UK f a c i l i t y , R u t h e r f o r d
Report DRAG/SRI ( i n t e r n a l n o t e ) , May 1972.

C P e l l e g r i n i e t a l . , A h i g h energy p r o t o n - e l e c t r o n p o s i t r o n c o l l i d i n g beam system, Proceedings 8 t h

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on High Energy
A c c e l e r a t o r s , CERN(1971) p. 153.

Some E P I C parameters of
M R H a r o l d & G H Rees,
i n t e r e s t t o e x p e r i m e n t a l i s t s , E P I C Report
EPIC/MC/I2 ( i n t e r n a l n o t e ) , March 1973.

T E l i o f f e t a l . , P r o t o n - E l e c t r o n - P o s i t r o n Design
Study. Proceedings o f t h e 1973 P a r t i c l e
A c c e l e r a t o r Conference, I E E E Trans. N u c l . Sc.
NS-20, No.3 I O 3 9 (1973).

R Bangerter e t ai.,

P E P L a t t i c e Design.
Proceed i ngs o f t h e 1973 P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r
Conference, I E E E Trans. N u c l . Sc. NS-20,
No. 3 786 ( 9 7 3 ) .

R Chasman 6
Proceedings
Conference,
No. 3 777 (

G A Voss.
ISABELLE e-p O p t i o n .
o f t h e 1973 P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r
I E E E Trans. N u c l . Sc. NS-20,

9731 *

J R M Maidment. Beam s e p a r a t i o n i n t h e E P I C I I
E P I C Report EPIC/MC/30 ( i n t e r n a l
e- p o p t i o n .
n o t e ) , August 1973.

G H Rees.
Energy v a r i a t i o n f o r e-p c o l l i s i o n s
in EPIC I I .
E P I C Report EPIC/MC/18 ( i n t e r n a l

n o t e ) , May 1973.

10

J D Lewin. P a t h l e n g t h adjustment f o r energy

v a r i a t i o n s i n E P I C . E P I C Report EPIC/MC/22
( i n t e r n a l n o t e ) , June 1973.

11

P V L a n d s h o f f . Some p h y s i c s q u e s t i o n s about deep

i n e l a s t i c e- p. E P I C Report E P I C / W P 3 / 3 ( i n t e r n a l
n o t e ) , June 1973.

12

G H Rees.
E P I C Updated: v a r i a b l e damping and
tunes i n t h e e* r i n g . E P I C Report EPIC/MC/39
( i n t e r n a l n o t e ) , January 1974.

13

G Saxon.
I n j e c t i o n Schemes f o r EPIC. EPIC
Report E P I C / M C / 4 1 ( i n t e r n a l n o t e ) , January 1974.

14

H Herminghaus & K K a i s e r . Design, c o n s t r u c t i o n

and performance of t h e energy compressing system
o f t h e Mainz 300 MeV e l e c t r o n l i n a c .
N u c l . I n s t r . & Methods, 1 1 3 , (1973) p.189-194.

15

E K e i l . The i n t e r a c t i o n between t i g h t l y bunched

beams and RF c a v i t i e s .
CERN/ISR-TH/74-15.
March 1974.

of 18.1.

Summa r y
The p r e s e n t s t a t u s o f t h e E P I C machine d e s i g n
has been o u t l i n e d i n t h i s r e p o r t .
By October 1974
an improved c o s t e s t i m a t e w i l l be o b t a i n e d f o r a
14 GeV e l e c t r o n - p o s i t r o n s t o r a g e r i n g . The p h y s i c s
case f o r E P I C and a machine p r o p o s a l w i l l t h e n be
s u b m i t t e d t o t h e Science Research Council, seeking
funds t o a l l o w t h e r i n g t o be b u i l t by 1981.

16 M A A l l e n

& P B Wilson.
L i n a c t y p e RF s t r u c t u r e s
f o r h i g h energy s t o r a g e r i n g s . SLAC-PUB-I 142,
October 1972.

555

DISCUSSION
Phil Morton (SLAC): What is included in your cost estimate- salaries and so forth, o r what?

Ernest Michaelis (CERN):

energy o r is it fixed?

Grahame Rees (Rutherford): No, never include salaries.

m:
The usual way we thought to change energy would be
to keep the ratio of electron and proton momenta constant

Matthew Allen (SLAC): The shunt impedance figures for

the cavities seem awfully high. Are you s u r e of that
number?

Rees:

We assumed copper cavities, not aluminum cavities,

and these were values obtained from Los Alamos type computer programs.
Allen: Losses in the coupling slots will reduce the value
below the computed values.
Rees: Perhaps we have been a bit conservative in power
estimates because of the large amount we've allowed for
power dissipated in the higher modes- we've allowed a s
much a s for the fundamental mode. I agree, we might have
to evaluate this.

Do you plan to vary the proton

so that the particles always come out of the vertical bending magnets at the same angle. We also thought it desirable
to change the energies of the beams independently. This
would be quite difficult in our design because one then has
to change the position of the proton quadrupoles. But since
the displacements required aren't large, this could be set
up before a r u n at a given energy.
Melvin Month (BNL): You said that the synchrotron frequency goes up to a dangerous level if the tune drops below
15. Could you explain that statement?

m:Synchrotron frequencies a r e reaching 10% of the

revolution frequency which has always been considered an

undesirably high value. So we will have to look seriously
a t betatron-synchrotron coupling a t modes higher than this.

Ednor Rowe (University of Wisconsin) : What fraction of

the Dower loss due to svnchrotron radiation occurs in the
dog legs in the interaction region?

Rees: About 30 - 40% at top energy.

5 56

THE PROTON-EZECIRON-POSITRON PROJECT

- PEP*

L. SUith
LBL-SLAC J o i n t Study Group
Berkeley and Stanford, California
Introduction
I n t h e summer of 1971, a group of physicists a t
LBL and SLAC, including v i s i t o r s from C m and
Frascati, made an inquiry i n t o t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of a
new c o l l i d i n g beam complex capable of producing
c o l l i s i o n s a t higher energies t h a n h i t h e r t o envisaged
between electrons and positrons and a l s o between
electrons and protons and positrons and protons. They
concluded that such a f a c i l i t y , which would consist of
an e l e c t r o n storage r i n g and a proton storage ring,
w a s q u i t e possible and that no known physical l i m i t a t i o n of t h e behavior of stored beams would prevent the
achievement of luminosities s u f f i c i e n t t o y i e l d u s e f u l
reaction r a t e s f o r many important high-energy interact i o n s . To i l l u s t r a t e these c o n c h ions, a conceptual
design was described and analyzed.'
The physics
importance was l a t e r forc f'ully emphasized by an LBLSLAC *sics
Study Group.

Subsequently, t h e collaborative study between LBL

and SLAC grew, involving more people as t h e concepts
and designs became more refined. A combination of a
15 GeV electron- positron r i n g and a 200 GeV superconducting proton ring, r e f e r r e d t o a s PEP, emerged a s
t h e preferred design. I n t h e meantime, other l a b o r a t o r i e s began studying similar o r r e l a t e d ideas i n
both the U. S. and Europe and t h e i r representatives
came together a t SL4C and LBL i n t h e summer of 19'73 t o
exchange ideas and work on common problems. By t h e
end of 19'73, a version of PEP s u i t a b l e f o r location on
t h e SLAC s i t e had been developed and t h e two labo r a t o r i e s entered i n t o a formal agreement t o j o i n t l y
propose and construct t h e electron - positron portion of
t h e system, i n a manner compatible w i t h t h e subsequent
a d d i t i o n of t h e proton r i n g t o achieve t h e f u l l PEP
c a p b i l i t y . This paper w i l l describe t h e full PEP
complex a s presently visualized; t h e accompanying
paper by John Rees3 w i l l describe t h e s p e c i f i c
electron- positron system f o r which a formal proposal
f o r construction i s presently being submitted.
physics P o t e n t i a l
For electron- proton c o l l i s i o n s with the maximum
energies of t h e preferred design, t h e center-of-mass
energy i s 110 GeV which i s t h e same a s that which
would be a v a i l a b l e with a 6000 GeV beam from a convent i o n a l a c c e l e r a t o r incident on a s t a t i o n a r y hydrogen
t a r g e t ( t h e r e i s no economically f e a s i b l e way of
reaching these energies with a conventional accele r a t o r ) . The f a c i l i t i e s of t h e present proposal a r e
designed t o be compatible w i t h t h i s addition. The
f u t u r e electron- proton system, together with t h e
p r e s e n t l y proposed electron- positron system, would
comprise a t o t a l f a c i l i t y of unique c a p a b i l i t y f o r
p a r t i c l e physics r e s e a r c h which i s b r i e f l y outlined
below.

(a) Deep I n e l a s t i c Lepton S c a t t e r i n g

(e-(e+)p

--c

+ + hadrons)

e- (e

I n e l a s t i c electron- proton s c a t t e r i n g plays an

e s s e n t i a l and unique r o l e i n t h e investigation of the

Work supported by t h e U. S. Atomic Energy

Commission.

s t r u c t u r e of the hadrons. The known electromagnetic

f i e l d generated by t h e s c a t t e r e d electron i n t e r a c t s
with t h e l o c a l electromagnetic current of t h e proton
and t h u s can probe t h e s t m c t u r e of the nucleon a t
a r b i t r a r i l y small distances. This l o c a l i n t e r a c t i o n i s
in sharp contrast t o hadron-hadron s c a t t e r i n g i n which
t h e b a s i c i n t e r a c t i o n between t h e p r t i c l e s i s more
complex. By varying t h e energy and angle of t h e
s c a t t e r e d electron it i s possible t o "tune" o r vary t h e
virtual photon's mass Q2 over a l a r g e range. I n
particular, it i s possible t o achieve v i r t u a l photon
masses whose square i s negative and whose magnitude is
much g r e a t e r than t h e proton mass and therefore allows
f o r c o l l i s i o n s i n an asymptotic region not a v a i l a b l e i n
a c c e l e r a t o r s using a fixed mass p r o j e c t i l e .
Experiments on i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g a t SUC, where
both the mass and energy of t h e virtual photon a r e
large, have yielded profound and unexpected r e s u l t s .
These r e s u l t s show that t h e cross sections do not
depend independently on both t h e mass and energy of t h e
photon, but instead on t h e i r r a t i o . This "scaling"
behavior has l e d t o major new concepts i n our understanding of hadronic s t r u c t u r e i n terms of a possible
substructure within t h e hadron t h a t i s composed of
point- like constituents ( p r t o n s ) . The g r e a t l y
enhanced center-of-mass energy of a PEP f a c i l i t y would
extend t h e measurements of deep i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g
f a r i n t o t h e unknown region. With t h e example p r a meters used here t h e v i r t u a l photon energy would reach
t o 6000 GeV and i t s mass t o 110 GeV comwred t o an
energy of 20 GeV and a mass of 5 GeV a t t h e present
SUC f i o n t i e r

Confirmation of t h e scaling behavior a t t h e s e

l a r g e r values of energy and mass would give support t o
these new ideas while observation of violations of
scaling would i n d i c a t e a new energy s c a l e f o r hadronic
phenomena perhaps associated with t h e production of new
p a r t i c l e s and of a " size" f o r t h e constituents t h a d x s
This point i s emphasized by the surprising r e s u l t s of
the recent SPEAR experiments i n t h e time- like region
which do not support t h e s e ideas of t h e quark-parton
model, and i n t h i s respect make t h e f u r t h e r study of
t h e i n e l a s t i c e l e c t r o n reactions even more intriguing.
Other general and flmdamental features t o be studied
f o r l a r g e photon masses include the a p p l i c a b i l i t y of
Regge theory analyses, t h e v a l i d i t y of sum r u l e s based
on current algebra, and t h e "fragmentation" of very
massive v i r t u a l photons i n t o j e t s of secondary hadrons.
Besides t h e electromagnetic i n e l a s t i c electron
scattering, it w i l l . be possible t o observe t h e e f f e c t s
caused by weak n e u t r a l current of the type discovered
i n t h e recent CERN and NAt neutrino experiments. The
e f f e c t s of t h e n e u t r a l current would be observable as
p a r i t y violations, charge conjugation violation, and
possibly electromagnetic scaling violations. Since
both energy and momentum t r a n s f e r a r e e a s i l y determined,
d e t a i l e d knowledge as t o t h e nature of t h e s e n e u t r a l
current e f f e c t s w i l l be possible.

Thus, t h i s unique f e a t u r e of a PEP f a c i l i t y , t h e

study of deep i n e l a s t i c scattering, w i l l y i e l d r e s u l t s
on one of t h e most s i g n i f i c a n t problems i n p a r t i c l e
physics.

557

( b ) Weak I n t e r a c t i o n s (ep

v _ + hadrons)
L

If t h e scaling phenomena observed i n deep i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g i s assumed t o hold a l s o f o r t h e weak

interactions, as would be implied a t l e a s t i n p a r t by
t h e conserved vector current (CVC) idea, then with t h e
Fermi theory one i s l e d t o t h e conjecture that t h e
t o t a l weak i n t e r a c t i o n cross section w i l l continue t o
grow quadratically with t h e center-of-mass energy.
This has t h e s t a r t l i n g consequence t h a t a t energies i n
t h e PEP region t h e weak i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h t h e i r inhere n t v i o l a t i o n of p a r i t y and strangeness would have
grown i n strength t o be comparable t o t h e electromagnetic i n t e r a c t i o n s . I n f a c t i n t h e r e g i m of t h e
l a r g e s t momentum t r a n s f e r accessible f o r the particular
example of PEP parameters used i n t h i s study, the
s c a l i n g hypothesis indicates t h a t t h e deep i n e l a s t i c
electromagnetic cross section i s smaller than t h e weak
process.

Experiments w i t h PEP w i l l show e i t h e r t h a t t h e

weak i n t e r a c t i o n i s no longer "weak" o r that t h e Fermi
theory i n i t s simple form breaks down. The discovery
of a f a i l u r e i n t h e Fermi theory would i n i t s e l f be of
t h e f i r s t magnitude i n importance; a d d i t i o n a l l y one
could t h e n e n t e r t a i n hopes of discovering t h e mechanism
of breakdown. I f a 'd boson, f o r example, were t h e
source of a major f a i l u r e of Fermi theory, i t s mass
might be s u f f i c i e n t l y low (" 30 GeV) that W p a r t i c l e s
could be produced by PEP.
Thus, t h e exploration of weak i n t e r a c t i o n s a t PEP
energies w i l l present some of t h e most exciting poss i b i l i t i e s f o r new discoveries. Information from
experiments i n t h i s a r e a could l e a d a l s o t o unifying
p r i n c i p l e s f o r the basic forms of elementary p a r t i c l e
interactions.
General Description
The goal of PEP i s t o provide c o l l i s i o n s a t
energies ranging from 30 t o 110 GeV in center-of-mass
energy f o r electrons and protons, and from 10 t o 30
GeV for l e c t r o n s and positrons. A luminosity of 1032
cm-2sec-f a t t h e t o p energies, t o be achieved simultaneously a t a number of i n t e r a c t i o n points, i s deemed
adequate t o supporq a vigorous and varied experimental
program i n both e-p and e'ephysics. I n order t o
achieve t h a t luminosity with a r e l a t i v e l y modest numb e r of stored p a r t i c l e s , we have chosen t o use bunched
beams i n head-on c o l l i s i o n . The head-on c o l l i s i o n
scheme appears a l s o t o be more advantageous f o r
experimental d e t e c t o r s as well as affording a g r e a t e r
s i m p l i c i t y i n t h e i n s e r t i o n s t r u c t u r e . We have f u r thermore adopted a s i u sided configuration, which
provides f i v e a r e a s f o r physics experiments and one f o r
a c c e l e r a t o r physics i n v e s t i g a t i o n s and monitoring.
The geometrical configuration of the two r i n g s i s
shown schematically i n Fig. 1. The six c o l l i s i o n
points a r e a t t h e centers of 20 meter long s t r a i g h t
sections a t each crossing of t h e r i n g s . The e l e c t r o n
r i n g i s placed a l t e r n a t e l y above and below t h e plane
of t h e proton ring; t h i s p a t t e r n eliminates v e r t i c a l
d i s p e r s i o n i n t h e c i r c u l a r portions of t h e electron
ring, and t h e attendant and undesirable quantume x c i t a t i o n contribution t o v e r t i c a l emittance, and
eliminates t h e need f o r a s e r i e s of quadrupoles i n t h e
sloping sections (see Fig. 2 ) of t h e electron r i n g .
As a r e s u l t , t h e r e q u i r e d i n s e r t i o n s a r e shortened,
overcrowding of magnet elements i s avoided, and t h e
e l e c t r o n path length can be varied i n these sections
t o provide synchronization with t h e protons over t h e
projected range of proton energies (50 t o 200 GeV).

The c i r c u l a r a r c s of both r i n g s a r e made up of 48

conventional ~ 0 c ~e l l 0
s (8 per s e x t a n t ) operating a t a
nominal phase advance of about 90' per c e l l a t maximum
beam energies. I n a d d i t i o n t o insuring p o s i t i v e
damping f o r t h e electrons, t h e separated function
scheme simplifies t h e design of t h e super-conducting
magnets i n t h e proton r i n g and, i n both rings, permits
a wide range of focusing conditions u s e f u l f o r controll i n g beam s i z e . To achieve matching between c e l l s and
i n s e r t i o n s f o r t h e v a r i e t y of conditions required i n
t h e i n t e r a c t i o n region, t h e quadrupoles i n t h e i n s e r tions, t h e normal c e l l s , and i n t h e two c e l l s on each
side of each i n s e r t i o n a r e independently controlled.
The insertions, a s presently conceived, are shown
i n Fig. 2, along with t h e adjacent c e l l s . S t a r t i n g
from t h e i n t e r a c t i o n point, both beams go through the
doublet,
2, which consists of conventional s t e e l
quadrupoles and which i s strong enough t o focus t h e
electrons and/or positrons, b u t has X t t l e e f f e c t on
t h e protons. The bending magnet, B1, a l s o conventional, serves t o separate t h e two beams, d e f l e c t i n g
t h e l i g h t p a r t i c l e s toward t h e e l e v a t i o n of t h e i r next
sextant. The small d e f l e c t i o n given t o the protons i s
compensated by t h r e e v e r t i c a l bending magnets (B2 4),
which r e s t o r e t h e protons t o t h e median plane.
''
The angle of d e f l e c t i o n provided by B1 i s adjustable
t o permit t h e v a r i a t i o n i n t o t a l circumference of t h e
e l e c t r o n r i n g needed f o r synchronization a t d i f f e r e n t
proton energies. On t h e b a s i s of single p a r t i c l e beam
dynamics, t h e subsequent bending magnets i n t h e electscn
l i n e could be wide aperture magnets f i x e d permanently
i n position. However, t h e electro-magnetic f i e l d s
generated by a h i g h - i n t e n s i t y beam i n such a vacuum
chamber configuration might make t h a t scheme infeasible,
i n which case it would be necessary t o move magnets or
the vacuum chamber i n t h i s region when t h e proton
energy i s t o be changed.

"1,

I n the proton line, t h e doublet,

C$

4,

consists

,+

of super-conducting quadrupoles which foe& t h e

protons. Beyond Q
i s a 28 meter long s t r a i g h t
section; these s t r a & h t sections, twelve i n all, w i l l
be used t o aceammodate r f systems, i n j e c t i o n hardware
and other beam components. The twelve 20 meter long
s t r a i g h t sections d i r e c t l y above or below i n t h e
e l e c t r o n r i n g w i l l serve the same purposes f o r t h e
light particles.
The choice of 20 meters f r e e space around t h e
i n t e r a c t i o n point represents a compromise between t h e
d e s i r e f o r as much room as possible f o r experimental
equipment and t h e machine physics requirement t h a t B
should be a s small a s possible because of aperture, max
chromaticity, and tolerance considerations. It appears
t h a t t h e s t r a i g h t section space assigned t o major
accelerator hardware i s more than adequate; i f t h i s i s
r e a l l y t h e case, one or more of t h e i n s e r t i o n s could
be modified t o meet p a r t i c u l a r experimental requirements by extending t h e i n t e r a c t i o n region a t the
expense of the a d j o i n i n g 28 and 20 meter s t r a i g h t
he v e r t i c a l separation of 80 centimeters
sections.
between t h e two r i n g s appears t o be adequate t o
acccmncdate t h e necessary equipment i n both ings. The
tunnel s i z e adopted f o r t h e Stage I proposal would
permit t h e f u r t h e r addition of another e l e c t r o n ring,
a f e a t u r e which might prove t o be extremely valuable
i n l i g h t of t h e f a c t t h a t current experimental r e s u l t s
a r e indicating t h a t e l e c t r o n - e l e c t r o n c o l l i s i o n s a t
high energy would y i e l d s i g n i f i c a n t a d d i t i o n a l informat i o n . A second e l e c t r o n r i n g would a l s o make it
+
possible t o achieve higher luminosities f o r t h e e e
system a t lower energies by permitting a n increased
number of bunches.

--

5 58

Figure 3 shows an o v e r a l l view of t h e r i n g s on

e include it here only t o give a
t h e SLAC s i t e . W
general impression, since it is, of course, i d e n t i c a l
t o t h e l a y a t proposed f o r Stage I and w i l l be
discussed in d e t a i l i n t h e following paper. Figure 4
shows t u n n e l cross sections i n a l t e r n a t e sextants of
the ring.
Operating Faxameter s
Tables I and I1 give t h e l a t t i c e parameters and
t y p i c a l operating p r a m e t e r s . Figures 5 and 6 show
t h e b e t a t r o n and off-momentum functions f o r t h e high
energy mode of Table 11. I n contrast t o an electronpositron system, i n which emittances a r e determined by
t h e L a t t i c e configuration and p a r t i c l e energy (and t h e
l i m i t a t i o n s on performance imposed by t h e beam-beam
i n t e r a c t i o n a r e known empirically, i f not understood
t h e o r e t i c a l l y ) , one must make assumptions concerning
t h e behavior of protons i n order t o a r r i v e a t a s e t of
operating p r a m e t e r s f o r an electron- proton system.
Regarding emittances, t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t experience
with high energy a c c e l e r a t o r s t o provide reasonable
figures, b u t regarding t h e beam-beam e f f e c t , t h e r e i s
as yet no indication of t h e ultimate l i m i t a t i o n s . We
must assume, however, that protons a r e subject t o t h e
same harmful effect, and, in t h e absence of r a d i a t i o n
damping, a r e probably more s e n s i t i v e than a r e electrons.
W
e have therefore taken a s design c r i t e r i a t h a t t h e
l i n e a r beam-beam tune s h i f t should not exceed 0.05 f o r
t h e electrons (based on a c t u a l experience) o r 0.005
f o r protons, t h e l a t t e r f i g u r e having a l s o some just i f i c a t i o n on t h e o r e t i c a l grounds.
The performance i s then limited by t h i s c r i t e r i o n ,
as in well-designed e l e c t r o n rings, and t h e i n t e r a c t i o n
point parameters a r e determined by maximizing lumincsity
consistent with t h e above tune s h i f t s while minimizing
pmX, chromaticity, and r e s t r i c t i n g t h e t o t a l number
of p a r t i c l e s used. The number of protons required
(3.6 x
i s m a l l compared t o t h e nunber stored i n
t h e ISR (6 x 101&), but it should be remembered that
i n our case t h e y must b e a c c e l e r a t e d from a low energy
and collected i n t o short bunches. Thus, the i n t e n s i t y
achieved a t B r o f p v e n (d3)
and t h e design goal a t
BatavLa ( 5 x 10 ) a r e b e t t e r standards for comparison.
The assumed t r a n s v e r s e e m i t t a x e s a r e somewhat
l a r g e r than those achieved i n e x i s t i n g synchrotrons,
b u t here again the beam-beam l i m i t precludes any
advantage in s t r i v i n g f o r g r e a t e r brightness.
The chromaticity i s s u f f i c i e n t l y l o w t h a t it can
be controlled by using two sextupoles i n each of t h e
FODO c e l l s in both s i n g s . This d i s t r i b u t i o n i s smooth
enough t o eliminate serious nonlinear resonances near
t h e chosen working points while providing necessary
c o n t r o l over head- tail i n s t a b i l i t i e s .
Injection, Acceleration, and Ekmching
The electrons or positrons would be handled i n t h e
same way as i n Stage I, as described i n t h e next paper.
It should be noted that the v e r t i c a l bends required t o
separate t h e r i n g s i n t h e f u l l PEP configuration cause
a n increase i n synchrotron radiation, so that, f o r the
f u l l configuration more r f power w i l l be required.
For t h e protons, t h e procedure i s more complica
Referring t o Table 11, 24 bunches, each with 1.5 x 10
protons, a r e requir
The present concept i s t o
a c c e l e r a t e 1.5 x 1G@ protons f i r s t t o about 5 GeV in
a small proton synchrotron located, possibly, a t t h e
present SPEAR s i t e , and then t r a n s f e r them by single
t u r n e x t r a c t i o n t o a n e x i s t i n g bucket a t t h e 96th

9%

harmonic i n t h e PEP proton ring. This process would

be repeated 24 times, f i l l i n g every f o u r t h bucket in
t h e main ring. The protons would then be accelerated
t o t h e appropriate energy and the r f voltage increased
u n t i l t h e bunches a r e short enough t o f i t i n t o buckets
a t four times higher frequency (h = 384, f = 53 M H z ) .
A t t h i s frequency, t h e voltage vould be r a i s e d t o
compress t h e bunches t o t h e desired length. Assuming
a longitudinal emittance of 1On em i n (A$ 7
Az)
units, t h e f i n a l voltage would be about 6 MeV/turn f o r
at = 25 cm.
Since t h i s value of Gt i s much l e s s than t h e
m i n i m - p values f o r t h e protons, t h e luminosity i s not
s e n s i t i v e t o proton bunch length but, unfortunately,
t h e beam-beam tune s h i f t s a r e s e n s i t i v e since t h e
electrons o r positrons may encounter protons in regions
of higher electron-ring-i? i f t h e proton bunches a r e
longer. The voltage needed i n t h e proton r i n g depends
strongly on both longitudinal emittance and required
bunch length; a f i n a l choice of voltage w i l l require
c a r e f u l consideration of achievable emittance and t h e
parametric dependence of t h e beam-beam e f f e c t .
After t h e proton bunches a r e formed, t h e electrons
would be introduced i n t o t h e i r r i n g a l r e a d y synchronized i n azimuth and perhaps separated l a t e r a l l y
i n order t o prevent p a r t i c l e s from meeting each other
except a t low-@ points. How long t h i s s i t u a t i o n can
be maintained f o r experiments i s d i f f i c u l t t o predict
f o r the electron- proton system, but judging from
electron r i n g experience, we a n t i c i p a t e a need t o r e f i l l every few hours. The remaining protons would be
decelerated a s f a r a s possible and then dumped.
m c h i n e Components
The electron- ring system would d i f f e r very l i t t l e
from that described i n t h e next paper. The proton
r i n g would have a number of unique features, some of
which a r e described. below.
( a ) Superconducting Magnet System
The magnet design incorporates i n t r i n s i c a l l y
stable, f i n e filament, NbTi super-conductor. Cross
sections of t h e magnets a r e shown i n Fig. 7. The
ultra- high vacuum region i s enclosed by a nonmagnetic
beam tube, upon which t h e multi-layered c o i l i s wound.
Circular symmetry i s used i n a l l inner regions t o
y i e l d t h e b e s t s t r u c t u r a l and magnetic properties.
The c r y o s t a t i s continuous through a half- sextant
of the r i n g w i t h surrounding evacuated thermal insulation, an 80' temperature shield, and f i n a l l y a roomtemperature vessel. Helium a t 4.hoK i s introduced a t
t h e center of a sextant and forced in both d i r e c t i o n s
t o the ends, from whence it flows back a t reduced
temperature and pressure i n t h e outer annular region
of t h e c r y stat, a c t i n g a s a counter-flaw heat
exchanger.? The only a d d i t i o n a l element in t h e tunnel
i s the t r a n s f e r l i n e from t h e surface, where t h e r e s t
of t h e r e f r i g e r a t i o n equipment i s housed. This scheme
minimizes interference between r e f r i g e r a t i o n components
and tunnel hardware, p r t i c u l a r l y with experimental
a p p r a t u s near t h e i n t e r a c t i o n region.
The heat l e a k a t 4.4OK i s assumed t o be 1.2W/fnebrJ
and t h a t from room temperature t o 80% i s taken t o be
2.5~/meter. Allowance i s made f o r t w o p a i r s of elect r i c a l leads for t h e dipoles, six f a r t h e quadrupoles
and, i n addition, f o r quench leads and a u x i l i a r y beam
equipnent. The a d d i t i o n a l heat l a d due t o eddy
current h e a t i n g and beam induced c u r r e n t s appears t o be
much l e s s . The t o t a l load a t 4.4OK i s about l5OOW per

5 59

sextant, requiring some 600 kW of i n s t a l l e d power

c a p c i t y a t each of t h e six s t a t i o n s . The magnet
power supply c i r c u i t would p r a l l e l t h e r e f r i g e r a t i o n
system.
(b)

Vacuum System i n t h e Proton R W

Much a t t e n t i o n has been given i n t h e recent p s t

t o t h e question of warm-bore versus cold-bore vacuum
systems. A cold-bore system has many a t t r a c t i v e
features- - continuous cryo-pumping surfaces, no need
f o r baking, simple design and minimal running cost,
f o r example. On t h e other hand, desorption c o e f f i c i e n t s a s high a s 1 6 from cold surfaces have been
reported, which r a i s e s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of a run-away
phenomenon similar t o that which has a f f e c t e d operat i o n of t h e ISR. Analyses of cryo-systems c a r r i e d
out independently a t LBL and Rutherford i n d i c a t e t h a t
pumping speed i s probably adequate t o m a i n t a i n good
vacuum and so we have t e n t a t i v e l y chosen t o follow t h e
cold-bore r o u t e f o r t h e proton ring. I n t h e neighborhood of t h e i n t e r a c t i o n regions t h e pumping
c a p c i t y would probably have t o be increased, perhaps
by a prmanent electro- deposit of porous s i l v e r or by
a replaceable condensation of C02. Gas loads that
could e n t e r from t h e e l e c t r o n r i n g or p s s from t h e
s t r a i g h t sections i n t o magnet s e c t i o n s can be i n t e r c e p t e d by short lengths of tubular cryo-pumps that
a r e e a s i l y cycled.
Lc )

It i s believed that t h e t o t a l PEP complex w i l l

provide one of t h e most important f a c i l i t i e s f o r
f u t u r e r e s e a r c h i n high energy p a r t i c l e physics. I n
addition t o t h e extremely important physics r e s u l t s 3
expected from t h e electron- positron collisons, t h e
provision f o r e l e c t r o n (or positron) c o l l i s i o n s with
protons, outlined here, w i l l permit an enormous
extension of parameters i n t r a d i t i o n a l e l e c t r o n
machine experiments ( i n e l a s t i c e l e c t r o n scattering,
photoproduction, etc., ), and i n a d d i t i o n w i l l open
t h e f i e l d of weak i n t e r a c t i o n s t o p r a c t i c a l experimentation with a well-understood, well- controlled
probe--the electron.
Acknowledgment
The work reported here i s that of t h e members of
t h e LBL-SLAC J o i n t Study Group. The author i s t h e i r
spokesman.
References
1.

C. Pellegrini, J. Rees, B. Richter, M. Schwartz,

D. M%l,
and A. Sessler, Proceedings of the VI11
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on High Energy Acceleratuq

CwNj 1971, P. 153.

2.

P a r t i c l e physics w i t h Positron- Electron-Proton

Colliding Beams, LBL-SLAC Study Group, LBL-750 o r
SLAC-146, A p r i l 1972.

3.

J. Rees, The PEP Electron- Positron Ring,

Proceedings of t h e IX I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on
High Energy Accelerators, Stanford, May 1974.

4.

A Prooosal f o r a Positron- Electron C o l l i d i m Beam

Storage R i n g Project, SLAC-LBL J o i n t Study ;roup,
A p r i l 1974.

Radio-Frequency Systems

Because of t h e limited v e r t i c a l clearance, specfal

problems a r i s e i n designing t h e r f systems. I n t h e
e l e c t r o n ring, fortunately, a cost optimization study
leads t o a choice of about 350 MHz f o r t h e frequency,
and, as a r e s u l t , t h e c a v i t i e s a r e small enough t o
c l e a r t h e proton r i n g . I n t h e proton ring, t h e
frequencies of t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g and bunching systems
a r e 13 and 53 MHz, respectively, t h e bunching f r e quency being determined by r e q u i r i n g that t h e final
desired bunch l e n g t h should occupy about one-fourth
of t h e bucket length. It i s v i s u a l i z e d t o use a
s i n g l e s e t of s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e proton ring f o r both
modes; it would c o n s i s t of a number of tubes which
would a c t a s frequency modulated d r i f t tubes during
a c c e l e r a t i o n and i n i t i a l bunching and as half wave
transmission l i n e s a t t h e higher frequency. The
requirement of 6 MeV/turn could be met by using 17
tubes, occupying a t o t a l l e n g t h of 50 meters and
consuming about 2 MW of parer in t h e CW mode. They
would be located i n two of t h e 2 8 meter s t r a i g h t
sections, s e p r a t e d i n azimuth from t h e electron r f
s t r a i g h t sections.

5. R e f r i g e r a t i o n System f o r t h e

NAL Energy Doubles,

Cryogenic Consultants Incorporated, A p r i l 26, 1973
(unpublished).

6.

T E l i o f f , e t a l . mperimental Superconducting
Accelerator Ring (ESCAR), Proceedings of t h e I X
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on High Energy Accelerators, Stanford, May 1974.

TABLE I

Lattlce Parameters

Conclusion
The design presented i n t h i s paper i s subject t o
f u r t h e r modification and optimization. The procedure
has been t o evolve a conceptual design on which t o
base t h e Stage I proposal, and t o consider d e t a i l e d
design of t h e f i n a l PEP complex only t o t h e point of
s a t i s f a c t i o n that t h e two a r e indeed c o m p t i b l e . An
obvious next s t e p i s t o demonstrate t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of
a superconducting agcelerator and storage ring; t h e
LBL project, ESCAR, i s d i r e c t e d toward t h a t end,
including a l s o t h e development of a s u i t a b l e vacuum
system. There a r e numerous questions in beam dynamics,
p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e a r e a of c o l l e c t i v e e f f e c t s , which
require a d d i t i o n a l study before we can f e e l confident
t h a t t h e operating s p e c i f i c a t i o n s can be r e a l i z e d .
T h i s work w i l l continue in p r a l l e l with t h e d e t a i l e d
work r e q u b e d f o r t h e construction of Stage I.

Average Radius

345

Number of lnteractlon Points

NI

Radius of Circular Sextant

Rn

220

Straight Insertion Length

LS

130.5

m.

Interaction Region Free Space

LI

20

m.

Vertical Separatlon o f Rings

Number o f Cell I

NC

48

Cell Length

LC

28.8

m.

m.

0.8

9.

m.

&
Proton
R i nElectron
g

Dipole Length

'd

4.96

5.56

at.

Quadrupole Length

1.20

0.78

m.

2.94

kG

Dipole Peak Field

Quadrupole Peak Gradient

560

BO

IB'o I

44
560

55.4

kG/m.

Operatinq Parameters

Momentum
Number o f P a r t i c l e s
Number

Of

3.6

nB
PB

Bunches

Power Radiated

&an

200

P
10-"N

- (9

Momentum Width
mr
Bunch Length (ms)

.I28

.117
,021

cm

.043

3.2
1.05

m
m

.064
.021
3.25
1.42

,067
,012
1.05
0.34

3.3
1.45

,016

7.52

,016

2.51

cm-rad

,004

,752

.004

,251

cm-rad

,002

,045

,002

.W5

,049

,005

,050
,050

771

352

750

100

4.1
3.7

3.8

4
4

4
4

15.75
44.0

15.75
2.94
55.4
13.2

or'

6-function horizontal

\*

@-function v e r t i c a l
Oirpersion

"** =;?

;0

~ ~ ~ m a l Emittance
i ~ e d
(95% beam)
Horizontal
BYExln
BY%/"

Beam-Beam Tune S h i f t

A 3

Hovizontal
Vertical

T r a n s i t i o n Energy

,031
2.6

.04
2.6

ox*

Dipole F i e l d ( C e l l s )
Quadrupole Gvadient ( C e l l s )

,188
25

.047
25

ms beam h e i g h t

Vertical
Betatron Tune

1.06
48

OL

mr beam w i d t h

Chromaticity
Horizontal

--

3.6
40

Interaction Point:

Betpatron Function (Max)

24
4.9

24

.t!

Luminosi t y l c r o s s i n g

Vertical

15
0.7

bVY

hax

E=-I3(%1
Ex

"x

CY
= Y
80

16'0 I
Yr

560

14.5

5.0

15.75
11.0
140
14.5

12.75
.98
15.0

Cm

Fig. 1. PEP schematic.

m

kG

kWm

10

to

P
9

O.)

Fig. 2. Schematic s i d e view of

i n s e r t i o n and c e l l
s t r u c t u r e f o r proton
e l e c t r o n system.

-0

~ i g 3. .

56 1

A e r i a l view of SLAC s i t e .

Fig.

4.

Tunnel c r o s s sections.

PEP STAGE II

Fig. 5 .

Proton b e t a t r o n fbnctions through half

sextant.

PEP STAGE II

Fig.

6.

Fig. 7. ( a )
(b)

ELectron b e t a t r o n f u n c t i o n s through half

sextant.

562

PEP superconducting proton

r i n g bending magnet.
PEP superconducting proton
r i n g quadrupole.

DISCUSSION
Alessandro Ruggiero (NAL): Do you have any idea of the
stability of a bunched proton beam a t this current level and
would you expect bunch lengthening phenomena?

David Gray (Rutherford): What energy variation a r e you

allowing in the e-p mode of operation?
Smith: You saw the two extreme c a s e s in the so-called
typical operating parameters 15 on 200 and 5 on 50 GeV.

Lloyd Smith (LBL): We don't know. This is an example

f o r the reasons why we wanted to put off the proton part of
this proposal for some time. There are many things of
this nature that have to be understood. I think it was quite
c l e a r from some of the talks given yesterday that we will
have to be extremely careful about the environment and
coupling impedances. A l l this remains to be worked out.

Gray: Can you match the circulation times over that energy
range?

Smith: Yes, that's pretty much what determines the range.

In the insertion, there i s actually a loop up and back to push
it as far as possible.

Lee Teng (NAL): I have two questions about the general

ring geometry. First, I noticed that you crossed over on
the inside for electron-positron injection a n d , second, your
straight sections a r e quite a bit shorter than those in other
devices, especially for 20-GeV protons.

Darrell Drickey (UCLA) : Isn't it, in principle, possible to

increase luminosity by going, for example, to 5 on 200 GeV?
Smith: It's quite possible. I emphasize again that the operating parameters would actually run over a whole range. I
might say that because protons and electrons behave differently, it is not possible to construct simple scaling laws as
in electron rings and the mentioned energies represent the
best combinations we could come up with, again blaming the
A v being independent of gamma.

Smith: The short straight sections follow directly f r o m the

cross- over feature. It's one virtue of this design that we
can get r i d of a lot of magnets in that region, leading to a
shortening of that insertion. About the first subject, John
Rees will talk.
John Rees (SLAC): I'd like to answer it now. The injection as done in most electron-positron storage rings places
some very tender elements at the mercy of synchrotron
radiation and cooling i s the outstanding problem. It is completely solved by injecting from the inside. The arrangement of the beam crossing over o r under and then bringing
it in parallel is a straightforward mechanical problem.

563

THE PEP ELECTRON-POSITRON RING

--

PEP STAGE I"

J . R. Rees
LBL-SLAC Joint Study Group
Berkeley and Stanford, California

Summary
The first stage of the positron-electron-proton
(PEP) colliding-beam system which has been under joint
study by a Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory-Stanford Linear
Accelerator Center team for the past two years, will be
the electron-positron storage ring. The physics justification for the e+e- ring is summarized briefly and
the proposed facility is described. The ring will have
six arcs having gross radii of about 220 m and six interaction regions located a t the centers of straight
sections about 130 m long. The longitudinal distance
left free for experimental apparatus around the interaction regions will be 20 m. The range of operating
beam energies will be from 5 GeV to 15 GeV. The design
luminosity at 15 GeV will be 1032cm-2s-1, and the l u minosity will vary approximately as the square of the
beam energy. Alternative methods under consideration
for adjusting the beam cross-section are discussed.
The designs of the storage ring subsystems and of the
conventional facilities including the experimental
halls at the interaction regions are described.

SAND HILL ROAD

-2TSITE

ENTRANCE

STORAGE RING
( UNDERGROUND

1. Introduction
In the preceeding report presented to this Confer0 50 100
200
ence by L. Smith, the evolution of the PEP system was
meter
described.'
In the autumn of 1973, following the 1973
PEP Summer Study, the two cooperating laboratories, LBL
Fig. 1. Layout of the PEP ring superimposed on an
and SLAC, reached the conclusion that the electronaerial view of the SLAC site.
positron storage ring component of the system, operated
at beam energies up to 15 to 20 GeV and capable of
accelerator and joining the storage ring in the northyielding high luminosity in electron-positron colliwest and southwest straight sections. Beam of energies
sions, was a straightfornard extension of techniques
up to 15 GeV can be injected and stored, and, a t a fualready successfully used in several laboratories and
ture date, components could be added to permit storedthat such a ring could be designed and built immediatebeam energies as high as 20 GeV. Also provisions are
ly with confidence. For the proton ring, superconducmade in the design of the ring housing s o that a synting-magnet technology offered the promise of achieving
chrotron-radiation research facility could be added in
high beam energy with economical size and with low
the future.
power consumption; however, there appeared to be some
The energy lost from the beams by synchrotron ratechnical uncertainties yet to be resolved. In the
diation is restored by a high-power radiofrequency acmeantime electron-positron rings operating in Europe
celerating system which employs klystrons to drive the
and the U.S. had revealed that a wealth of new and preaccelerating structure a t a frequency of about 360 MHz
viously unexpected high-energy physics information conand which is capable of delivering several megawatts of
cerning the structure of elementary particles, both
power to the beams. Since this power appears as synleptons and hadrons, was forthcoming from electronchrotron radiation which strikes the outer wall of the
positron collisions. These experiments. suggested that
(mostly aluminum) vacuum chamber, that wall will be
it was urgent to move on higher energies than those
water-cooled. The radiation-desorbed gases will be
available from existing machines.
pumped away very rapidly by means of long, narrow sputWith these facts in mind, LBL and SLAC jointly deter-ion pumps located in the vacuum chamber in the bendcided to propose the immediate design and construction
ing magnets directly alongside the beams to sustain
of the 15-GeV electron-positron storage ring, PEP Stage
Torr which must be maintained in
I, and to defer the proposal of the proton storage ring pressures of about
the vacuum chamber to achieve adequate beam lifetimes
until further development of superconducting technology
(several hours) and low experimental background counting
had taken place. The two laboratories agreed to locate
rates.
PEP at SLAC and to design the electron-positron ring
The proposed stora e ring is designed to generate
and its housing to be compatible with the future addia luminosity of 1032cm-E-1 per interaction region at a
tion of a 200-GeV proton ring such as that described in
beam energy of 15 GeV. This luminosity appears adequate
the preceding paper
The two universities signed an
agreement in February, 1974, outlining joint financial
to support a vigorous experimental program. To achieve
this performance, it is necessary to store a current of
and management arrangements for the project.
about 100 mA in each beam. Based on the expected perThe main component of the proposed facility is an
formance of the SLAC two-mile accelerator in filling
electron-positron storage ring having six bending arcs
SPEAR 11,2 the filling time for PEP will be ten to fifand six long straight sections. The major diameter of
teen minutes, which is a comfortably short period comthe ring is about 700 m and the radius of the arcs is
about 220 m. The facility is shown in Fig. 1. The
pared to the storage time of several hours, and ensures
electrons and uositrons are produced in the SLAC linac
that storage ring operations will consume only a small
and introduced into the storage ring
two beam trans- fraction of the linear accelerator beam time.
The fundamental limitation on the performance of
port paths emanating from the end of the two-mile
existing electron-positron storage rings is the trans*Work supported by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
verse beam-beam limit which imposes an upper limit on
2Il.CI

564

in the sense that all experimental tests to date agree

with its predictions. PEP will greatly increase the
energy limits to which this theory can be tested. Particularly exciting is the fact that, if present trends
in the hadron production observed in e+e- colliding
beams continue to the maximum PEP energy, and if our
present concepts of the way these reactions take place
have any validity, then quantum electrodynamics
break down in the PEP energy region.
In the study of the weak interaction, PEP will open
new vistas. For example, the colliding electron-positron pair can transform itself into a mu-meson pair
either by the weak or by the electromagnetic interaction, and the energy-dependences of these two processes
are such that the weak interaction amplitude becomes
more and more competitive with the electromagnetic amplitude the higher the energy. At PEP energies, the
interference between the two should become observable.
Particle physicists are now seeking a unified picture
of the weak and electromagnetic interactions and PEP offers the possibility of testing various unifying con2. High-Energy Physics
cepts from a new experimental vantage point.
with Electron-Positron Colliding Beams
Theoretical calculations based on current ideas
and models indicate that luminosities i n the range
High-energy electron-positron colliding-beam
1031cm-2s-1 to 1032cm-2s-1 are required to carry out a
storage rings have opened up a new physical region for
comprehensive program of studies in weak, strong and
the study of elementary particles and their interacelectromagnetic interactions.
tions, the region in which a state of pure energy is
In summary, PEP offers the possibility of the
produced by the annihilation of the colliding electron
study of a very broad range of fundamental questions in
and positron. This state comes into being only when a
particle physics in a new and presently inaccessible
particle strikes its anti-particle and therefore does
not occur when primary beams from conventional accelera- energy region. The mysteries unveiled in the present
generation of electron-positron colliding-beam facilitors strike material targets or when protons collide
ties lead us to expect new phenomena to be uncovered
with protons in a proton-proton storage ring system.
with this device. These experiments, together with the
The energy can rematerialize into combinations of all
of the presently known elementary particles. Thus
complementary experiments with protons, neutrinos and
mesons at the highest-energy proton accelerators, offer
data can be obtained about the structure and interactions of these particles in a new experimental regime.
great promise of leading to a new depth of understanding of elementary particles and the fundamental laws
The results from entering this new region have
of physics.
been surprising and profound. As the energies of the
colliding beams have been increased, the results of
3. Description of the Electron-Positron Storage Ring
experiments done with them have become more and more
difficult to understand in terms of present models of
elementary-particle structure and interactions. Most
Magnetic Focusing System for the Storage Ring
recently, new experiments from the SPEAR facility at
SLAC and the CEA facility in Cambridge have given reTables of Parameters. Table 1 presents a summary
sults which flatly contradict the predictions of the
of general parameters and lattice parameters of the PEP
theoretical ideas involving substructure within the
e+,- storage ring, and Table 2 gives typical beam paranucleon which had been s o successful in explaining a
meters for 15-GeV operation. Emittances are defined as
host of experiments done with conventional accelerators,
and the resolution of this contradiction seems certain
Table 1
to lead to a far deeper understanding of elementaryGenera 1 Parameters
particle physics. With the PEP storage ring we shall
extend the available reaction energy in electron-posiBeam Energy, E
tron collisions to 30 GeV, thus greatly expanding our
Nominal Maximum
15
GeV
reach into the annihilation region.
Minimum
5
GeV
The range of experimental studies opened up by
Design Luminosity per Interaction Region,
PEP is extremely rich and varied, spanning the entire
%ax
A t 15 GeV
field of elementary-particle physics including the
Below 15 GeV
strong interactions, the electromagnetic interactions
Nominal Crossing Angle, 26
0 radians
and the weak interactions. In the field of strong inNumber of Interaction Regions
teractions, reactions leading to mesons and nucleons
6
Total (superperiodicity)
in the final state will reveal new and vital informa5
Available for High-Energy Physics
Reserved for Machine Physics Studies
1
tion about the structure and sub-structure of the ele3
Number of Stored Bunches, Nb
mentary particles. For example, a conceptually simple
20
m
Available Length a t Each Interaction Region
experiment, the measurement of the total reaction cross
section for producing strongly interaction particles by
Lattice Parameters
electron-positron collisions, tests some very basic hypotheses about the structure of the particles produced.
130.416
m
Straight Section Length
220.337
m
Gross Radius o f Arcs
These hypotheses have failed the tests of experiments
169.916
m
Magnetic Bending Radius
with the present generation of electron-positron rings,
Maximum Diameter of Ring
701.505
m
and experiments at higher energy may demand entirely
2166.912
m
Circumference of Ring
new theoretical constructs.
28.842
m
Cell Length
In the field of pure electromagnetism, processes
Total Number of C e l l s
48
with only electrons, mu-mesons and gamma rays as reacNumber of Standard Cells
36
Effective Length of Bending Magnets
m
5.561
tion products can be studied. The theory of the elec0.780
m
Effective Length of C e l l Quadrupoles
tromagnetic interaction, quantum electrodynamics, is
2.9447 kG
Bending Field a t 15 GeV
the only successful field theory in particle physics

the current density of the beams where they ~ o l l i d e . ~

The magnetic guide field of PEP is designed to attain
the specified performance, as described in Section 3 ,
within the limitations established by this instability.
Each counter-rotating beam will be concentrated
into three bunches, each a few centimeters long, equally spaced around the ring, and the bunches will collide
only at the centers of the six long straight sections.
Five of these interaction regions will be housed in experimental halls of various designs for high-energy
physics experiments. These designs are discussed in
Section 4 . The sixth interaction region (northwest)
will be reserved for accelerator physics measurements
and experiments.
The construction schedule calls for completion of
the facility four years after full authorization so
that experimental physics could begin in 1980 if full
authorization occurs in 1976. The total cost i s estimated to be $53.3 million plus escalation.

Maximum Quadrupole F i e l d a t Bore Radius

56 5

(1.5

kG

,/ \

Table 2
T y p i c a l Beam Parameters a t 15 GeV
T o t a l B e t a t r o n Tunes
Horizontal
Verti c a1
Momentum Compaction

18.75

18.75
0.00823

x-y Coupling C o e f f i c i e n t

0.280

H o r i z o n t a l Emittance

2.3

cm-rad

V e r t i c a l Emittance

1.8

x 10-

cm-rad

Number o f S t o r e d P a r t i c l e s (each beam)

4.44 x LO1

Synchrotron R a d i a t i o n Power (each beam)

2.6

L i n e a r Tune S h i f t s p e r I n t e r a c t i o n Region
H o r i z o n t a l , dVx
Vertical, A L J ~

0.06
0.06

Luminosity (each i n t e r a c t i o n r e g i o n ) , YJ

1.0

I n t e r a c t i o n Region Parameters
Horizontal Beta, ?
!,$
V e r t i c a l Beta, ,f?f
Momentum D i s p e r s i o n , q
Beam S i z e (r.m.s.)
H o r i z o n t a ~BetaLron, u ;
Horizontal Dispersion, U ~ E
T o t a l Horizontal, Ui;
T o t a l V e r t i c a l , U;

0.00455

T r a n s v e r s e Damping Time

Cell Parameters
H o r i z o n t a l Phase Advance
V e r t i c a l Phase Advance
Maximum H o r i z o n t a l Beta
Maximum V e r t i c a l Beta
Maximum Momentum D i s p e r s i o n

LIMITED
P&R

Mw

1030

x LO3

cm-s-

i/I
1

, , , , , , , , ,
5

20

IO

j....,

ENERGY (GeV)
97 .Oo
82.3O
48.2
50.2
2.24

4.0
0.20
-0.73

Fig. 2.

m
m
m

Design luminosity as a function of beam

energy showing the nominal operating
range and the upper limit imposed by the
available rf power.

m
m

cavities and various beam-control elements.

In order to attain high luminosity, it is necessary to collide intense beams within a small cross-sec0.096
cm
tional area. However, the number of particles which
0.072
cm
can be collided within a given area is limited by the
0.12
cm
incoherent beam-beam intera~tion;~
0.006
cm
this limit is usually
characterized by the small-amplitude vertical and horizontal tune shifts AvY and Avx. It is well known that,
when beam currents are limited by the beam-beam interChoice of General Parameters. The primary design
action, the maximum theoretical luminosity Zmax
may be
goals set for the PEP storage ring were: (1) to cover
increased if the beam size is enlarged. If one operates
the range of beam energies from 5 GeV up to 15 GeV in
a storage ring at different energies under the same foorder to provide a range of center-of-mass energies excusing configuration, the transverse beam dimensions
tending approximately from those expected to be availvary directly as energy E, the maximum (tune-shiftable at other smaller e+e- colliding-beam machines up
limited) number of storage particles as E3; thus the luto those available at the largest proto accelerators;
minosity varies as E4 and drops off very rapidly at
(2) to maintain luminosities around 103cm2s-1
over
lower energies. If, however, the focusing configuration
this range in order to provide experimentally useful
is changed as the energy is lowered in such a way that
reaction rates with the expected cross sections; ( 3 ) to
beam size remains essentially constant, approximately
furnish an adequate number and variety of experimental
filling the aperture, then the maximum nu ber of stored
halls (interaction regions) to permit a vigorous and
particles varies as E and luminosity as E
This E2
varied national program of experimentation and (4) to
luminosity is quite acceptable, because most reaction
ensure compatibility of the housings and experimental
cross sections increase at lower energies. Above the
halls with the possible future addition of a supercondesign energy, luminosity will be rf-power-limited, and
ducting 200-GeV proton storage ring for e-$ $ollisions,
will drop precipitously, cutting off at an energy of
another 15-GeV electron ring for e-e- or e e colliaround 18 GeV.
sions, or both additional rings. These goals together
Several different methods for beam size control
with the size, shape and geophysical characteristics of
will be provided. These include varying the momentum
of potential locations at SLAC led us to the choice of
dispersion function at the interaction point as in
the six-sided storage ring shown in Fig. 1. With a raSPEAR,2 unmatching the momentum dispersion function so
diofrequency power of about 5 MW available to the beams
that it does not repeat periodically from cell to cell
and with the arrangements for controlling the crossand varying the betatron tune.4 Vertical size will be
sectional area of the beams described below, the storadjusted by means of variable horizontal-vertical betaage ring should achieve a peak luminosity of 1032cm-2s-1 tron-oscillation coupling. Using combinations of these
at a beam energy E of 15 GeV, and a variation of lumino- techniques, it should be possible to reach, or at least
sity approximately proportional to E2 below that energy. approach, the luminosity shown in Fig. 2 at all operaIt may also be possible to operate the storage ring at
ting energies.
energies somewhat higher than 15 GeV with reduced luVariation of the betatron une gives 3 contribuminosity. The design-luminosity curve is shown in
tion to LZmx which varies as
where v& is that
Fig. 2.
part of the radial tune which comes from the bending
The arc radius and the straight-section length
arcs. Momentum dispersion at the interaction region J(
are the two most influential parameters in determining
gives,a contribution proportional to qk2@c , where 17
the performance of the storage ring. The arc radius
and BG are respectively the momentum dispersion function
should be as large as possible to minimize synchrotron
and the betatron amplitude function at the interaction
radiation power. Component-free drift spaces 20 m long
point. An unmatched dispersion func ion 17 gives a lucentered at the interaction regions have been reserved
minosity increment proportional to
where 11 is a
for experimental purposes. The rest of the space in
measure of the mismatch in the bending cells.
the straight section is used for injection systems, rf
A lattice in which the arcs consist of doublet
m

9.

s
UG,

$ *

566

c e l l s and a r e j o i n e d by c o m p a r a t i v e l y s i m p l e i n s e r t i o n s
was ~ h o s e n . ~P r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s showed t h a t t h e nat u r a l beam s i z e would b e a b o u t r i g h t t o g i v e t h e peak
d e s i g n l u m i n o s i t y i f the bending p a r t of t h e l a t t i c e
c o n t a i n e d between 40 and 50 c e l l s o p e r a t i n g w i t h a b e t a t r o n phase advance per c e l l of around 90 i n b o t h t h e
h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l p l a n e s . F o r convenience, t h e
number of c e l l s was chosen t o b e 4 8 , o r e i g h t c e l l s p e r
60- degree a r c . The nominal phase advance o f 90' p e r
c e l l allows considerable l a t i t u d e i n varying t h e tune,
s i n c e d o u b l e t c e l l s work r e a s o n a b l y w e l l a t phase advances from below 45O t o above 135'.
A conventional
s e p a r a t e d - f u n c t i o n bending c e l l , shown i n F i g . 3, prov i d e s independent c o n t r o l of t h e t o t a l b e t a t r o n t u n e s

-+

28.842
CELL LENGTH

\'

BELLOWS AS%

D E F O C M OUAD

- BEND

MAGNE

k0.844
/.*..

Fig. 3.

A s t a n d a r d c e l l i s shown between t h e

quadrupole c e n t e r l i n e s .
in meters.

20

C.

2 cm

where a . i s t h e v e r t i c a l o r h o r i z o n t a l a p e r t u r e d i a meter, $i is t h e v e r t i c a l o r h o r i z o n t a l nus beam r a d i u s and t h e s u b s c r i p t d e n o t e s t h e p a r t i c u l a r l o c a t i o n

on t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e . The f a c t o r of 20 a l l o w s s u f f i c i e n t , but not overly conservative, clearance t o give
good beam l i f e t i m e s a c c o r d i n g t o e x p e r i e n c e a t SPEAR;
t h e a d d i t i o n a l 2 cm i s a margin f o r o r b i t d i s t o r t i o n s
and misalignments. The a c t u a l b o r e c l e a r a n c e of t h e
magnets w i l l i n c l u d e a n a d d i t i o n a l allowance f o r vacuum chamber w a l l s , i n s t a l l a t i o n t o l e r a n c e s and f o r a
p o s s i b l e bake- out m a n t l e .
The magnet s y s t e m i s b e i n g designed t o minimize
the i n s t a l l e d c o s t plus 10- years' operating c o s t a t
15 GeV. Prudent a t t e n t i o n was g i v e n t o r e d u c i n g e n e r gy consumption. The magnets themselves w i l l be c a p a b l e ,
n e v e r t h e l e s s , of o p e r a t i o n a t 20 GeV. Laminated magn e t s were s e l e c t e d f o r t h e main r i n g elements i n o r d e r
t o minimize c a p i t a l c o s t s and t o e n s u r e s u f f i c i e n t u n i f o r m i t y magnet-to-magnet.
Radiofrequency System

POSITION MONITOR
AND BELLOWS ASSY

Dimensions a r e

and Vy by means of t h e i n d e p e n d e n t l y c o n t r o l l a b l e
f o c u s i n g and d e f o c u s i n g quadrupoles. The s p a c e s between t h e quadrupoles and bending magnets p r o v i d e room
f o r v a r i o u s d e v i c e s i n c l u d i n g t h e s e x t u p o l e s , which a r e
necessary t o control chromaticity.
Each i n s e r t i o n c o n s i s t s of a s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n ,
shown i n F i g . 4 , of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 130 m i n l e n g t h , and
V,

OFI-FOCUS OUAD AT
LINE OF SYMMETRY

B E A M SEPARATION PLATES

0 I-OEFOCUS QUAD

G e n e r a l . The energy r a d i a t e d p e r t u r n by a 15-GeV

e l e c t r o n c i r c u l a t i n g i n t h e PEP r i n g i s 26 MeV. I n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e a r e a s o n a b l e quantum l i f e t i m e , an overv o l t a g e which depends on t h e l a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r s and
r a d i o f r e q u e n c y i s r e q u i r e d . A t a frequency of 358 MHz
(chosen f o r r e a s o n s d i s c u s s e d below), a peak r f v o l t a g e
of 44 MV i s s u f f i c i e n t . I n o r d e r t o r e a c h t h e d e s i g n
l u m i n o s i t y of 1032cm-2s-1, t h e r e q u i r e d c i r c u l a t i n g
c u r r e n t i s 100 mA f o r t h i s same l a t t i c e . The r a d i a t e d
power i s t h e r e f o r e 2 . 6 MW p e r beam, o r 5 . 2 MW t o t a l .
I n a d d i t i o n , a n o t h e r 2.0 MW i s d i s s i p a t e d i n t h e r f
s t r u c t u r e . A t lower e n e r g i e s , t h e r f power r e q u i r e ments a r e lower.
It i s proposed t h a t t h e r e q u i r e d r f power of 7 . 2 MW
be s u p p l i e d by 24 k l y s t r o n s , each d e l i v e r i n g a CW o u t p u t power of 300 kW t o a n a c c e l e r a t o r s e c t i o n 2 . 1 m i n
l e n g t h , comprising f i v e c a v i t i e s . The a c c e l e r a t o r s e c t i o n s w i l l be a r r a n g e d i n two groups of 12 s e c t i o n s
each, l o c a t e d a t t h e ends of t h e southern- most s t r a i g h t
s e c t i o n , shown i n F i g . 1. Allowing space between s e c t i o n s f o r f l a n g e s , b e l l o w s , e t c . , t h e o v e r a l l l e n g t h of
each group w i l l be about 30 m . Rf power w i l l b e s u p p l i e d t o t h e c a v i t i e s through waveguides r u n n i n g down
v e r t i c a l p e n e t r a t i o n s from t h e k l y s t r o n s which w i l l be
housed above ground f o r e a s e of maintenance. A l i s t
of t h e p r i n c i p a l p a r a m e t e r s f o r t h e r f system i s g i v e n
i n Table 3 .

46.2

Table 3

65.2 ___---

G e n e r a l Rf System Parameters
Fig. 4.

The s t r a i g h t i n s e r t i o n , which i s symmetric a b o u t t h e i n t e r a c t i o n p o i n t , i s

shown from t h e c e n t e r l i n e of t h e c e l l
quadrupole t o t h e i n t e r a c t i o n p o i n t .
Dimensions a r e i n m e t e r s .

two modified bending c e l l s which have s t a n d a r d dimens i o n s b u t independently- powered quadrupoles.

Suitable
c o n f i g u r a t i o n s have been found ?ver,a c o n s i d e r a b l e
p;, r ] and '71 ( t h e r]-misr a n g e of v a l u e s of t u n e s ,
match a m p l i t u d e ) . These c o n f i g u r a t i o n s i n c l u d e r a n g e s
f o r t h e v a r i o u s beam- enlargement schemes which a r e adeq u a t e t o produce t h e d e s i g n l u m i n o s i t y over t h e d e s i g n a t e d o p e r a t i n g r a n g e of 5 t o 15 GeV. S o l u t i o n s which
a r e f a v o r a b l e f o r i n j e c t i o n a l s o have been found.

@E,

Frequency
Energy Loss p e r Turn
Peak Rf Voltage'
P a r t i c l e s p e r Beam
C i r c u l a t i n g C u r r e n t p e r Beam
Synchrotron R a d i a t i o n Power ( t o t a l )
T o t a l A c c e l e r a t i n g S t r u c t u r e Length
A c t i v e A c c e l e r a t i n g S t r u c t u r e Length
T o t a l Shunt Impedance (V$/Pc)
T o t a l C a v i t y Power D i s s i p a t i o n
T o t a l Rf Power
Conversion E f f i c i e n c y a t Design C u r r e n t 2
Number of 300-kW K l y s t r o n s
T o t a l Power I n p u t t o R f Power S u p p l i e s 3
'For

358.6 MHz
26
MeV
44
Mr

4.4 x 1012
100
5.2
60
50
950
2.0
7.2
70

24
11

mA

MW
m
m

MQ
Mw

m
%
Mw

a quantum l i f e t i m e of 12 h o u r s .

A p e r t u r e s and Magnet Design

2 R a t i o of r a d i a t e d power t o t o t a l r f power.

The " beam- stay- clear" , o r minimum u n o b s t r u c t e d

l a t e r a l r e g i o n around t h e d e s i g n o r b i t , i s a r o u g h l y
e l l i p t i c a l figure with diameters

3Based on k l y s t r o n e f f i c i e n c y of 70% and a power supply

e f f i c i e n c y o f 95%

56 7

Choice of Frequency. Although o p e r a t i o n a t f r e q u e n c i e s below 100 MHz h a s some a d v a n t a g e s , t h e a t t a i n a b l e s h u n t impedance p e r u n i t l e n g t h of t h e c a v i t i e s i s

low. I n o r d e r t o a t t a i n t h e h i g h peak v o l t a g e s req u i r e d f o r PEP u s i n g such c a v i t i e s , t h e l e n g t h of t h e
rf s t r u c t u r e would need t o b e s e v e r a l hundred meters.
By u s i n g a h i g h e r f r e q u e n c y , t h e g e o m e t r i c shape of t h e
c a v i t i e s can be o p t i m i z e d and t h e s h u n t impedance p e r
u n i t l e n g t h c a n b e i n c r e a s e d d r a m a t i c a l l y . On t h e
o t h e r hand, a s t h e o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i s i n c r e a s e d ,
t h e o v e r v o l t a g e r a t i o (peak v o l t a g e d i v i d e d by t h e synchrotron r a d i a t i o n loss per t u r n ) required t o give a
r e a s o n a b l e quantum l i f e t i m e a l s o i n c r e a s e s . T a k i n g
t h e s e two competing f a c t o r s i n t o a c c o u n t , i t c a n b e
shown t h a t t h e r e i s a r a t h e r broad optimum f o r PEP i n
t h e f r e q u e n c y r e g i o n 100 t o 400 MHz.
W i t h i n t h i s f r e q u e n c y r e g i o n , economic and e n g i n e e r i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s dominate t h e c h o i c e of f r e q u e n c y .
The s t r u c t u r e d i a m e t e r , w e i g h t and c o s t become u n r e a s o n a b l y l a r g e below a b o u t 200 MHz. A c a r e f u l s t u d y of
t h e c o m p a r a t i v e a d v a n t a g e s of k l y s t r o n s E g r i d d e d
t u b e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t k l y s t r o n s were s u p e r i o r t o t e t r o d e s
w i t h r e s p e c t t o i n i t i a l and a n n u a l o p e r a t i n g c o s t s , rel i a b i l i t y and e x p e c t e d l i f e . K l y s t r o n s i z e and c o s t
a r e l o w e s t a t t h e upper end of t h e 100-400 MHz f r e q u e n cy r a n g e . T h i s f a c t o r , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e d e c r e a s e i n
s t r u c t u r e c o s t s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g frequency, l e d t o a
c h o i c e of 358 MHz f o r b o t h PEP and SPEAR II.2 B e f o r e
PEP i s c o n s t r u c t e d , o p e r a t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e w i t h t h e new
SPEAR I1 r f s y s t e m w i l l have s e r v e d a s a t e s t of t h e
proposed d e s i g n .
System Design. F u r t h e r d e t a i l s on t h e PEP r f
system d e s i n a r e d e s c r i b e d i n another r e p o r t t o t h i s
Conference.

Vacuum System
Introduction.

The vacuum s y s t e m proposed f o r PEP

w i l l b e s i m i l a r i n d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n
t o t h e system c u r r e n t l y i n s u c c e s s f u l u s e a t
The vacuum chamber i n t h e b e n d i n g magnets w i l l be a n
11-m-long, 6061-T4 aluminum e x t r u s i o n w i t h an i n t e r n a l
c r o s s s e c t i o n , shown i n F i g . 5, d e s i g n e d t o accommodate

DlSTRlBUTED PUMP ASSEMBLY

CATHODE

GROUND
/SCREEN

RIDGED
L

I 2 0 mm-

SUPPLY TERMINAI

F i g . 5.

C r o s s s e c t i o n of t h e vacuum chamber f o r
t h e bending magnets. The vacuum pump
which o p e r a t e s i n t h e f r i n g i n g - f i e l d r e g i o n of t h e magnet i s shown w i t h one of
the high- voltage terminals.

t h e b e a m - s t a y - c l e a r r e g i o n r e q u i r e d by beam dynamics.
The s y n c h r o t r o n - r a d i a t i o n a b s o r b i n g w a l l w i l l be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 mm t h i c k . The a b s o r b i n g s u r f a c e w i l l b e
r i d g e d a s i n t h e SPEAR chambers i n o r d e r t o minimize
t h e synchrotron- radiation- induced gas desorption. A
c e l l vacuum chamber w i l l c o n s i s t of two bending magnet
chambers and two q u a d r u p o l e chambers. The q u a d r u p o l e
chambers w i l l accommodate t h e r e q u i r e d e x p a n s i o n b e l lows, p o s i t i o n m o n i t o r s , g a u g i n g , e t c .
Synchrotron Radiation.
The s u r f a c e s which a r e
subjected to synchrotron radiation require cooling. A t
15 GeV and 100 mA d c i n e a c h beam, t h e t o t a l power

r a d i a t e d p e r beam w i l l b e 2 . 6 MW. The maximum l i n e a r

h e a t f l u x i s 35 W/cm f o r a s i n g l e e l e c t r o n o r p o s i t r o n
beam and 45 W/cm f o r b o t h beams. The s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n c o n s i s t s of photons w i t h a s p e c t r a l e n e r g y
d i s t r i b u t i o n up t o w e l l above 80 keV.
The main g a s l o a d d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n i s due t o sync h r o t r o n - r a d i a t i o n - i n d u c e d d e s o r p t i o n which i s dominat e d by a t w o - s t e p p r o c e s s i n which a p h o t o e l e c t r o n i s
e j e c t e d from t h e vacuum chamber w a l l by a s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n photon and s u b s e q u e n t l y d e s o r b s a g a s molec u l e upon r e e n t e r i n g t h e w a l l . T h i s g a s l o a d i s conc e n t r a t e d i n t h e a r c s where t h e s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n
is produced. Data from SPEAR i n d i c a t e t h a t i t i s conservative t o extrapolate the desorption r a t e l i n e a r l y
w i t h beam e n e r g y . The t o t a l photon d e s o r b e d g a s l o a d
Torr-l?/mA-s
f o r t h e e n t i r e r i n g i s estimated t o be
a t 15 GeV.
Vacuum Pumps. The vacuum s y s t e m i s c o n d u c t a n c e l i m i t e d i n t h e bending magnet chambers where t h e b u l k
of t h e o u t g a s s i n g o c c u r s . D i s t r i b u t e d s p u t t e r - i o n
pumps of t h e t y p e which were developed and used f o r
SPEAR w i l l t h e r e f o r e b e i n s t a l l e d i n s i d e t h e vacuum
chamber w i t h i n t h e b e n d i n g magnets. These pumps a r e
r a t e d a t 300 ,!?Is p e r m of pump l e n g t h . Commercially
a v a i l a b l e lOO-,t!/s
i o n pumps w i l l be mounted a t each
q u a d r u p o l e and w i l l m a i n t a i n t h e s y s t e n a t a b a s e p r e s s u r e of 1 x
T o r r w i t h o u t a s t o r e d beam. Based on
t h e above e s t i m a t e f o r t h e t o t a l g a s l o a d , t h e maximum
p r e s s u r e w i l l b e 5.0 x loq8 T o r r and t h e a v e r a g e p r e s s u r e w i l l b e 2.5 x lom8 T o r r .
I n t h e i n s e r t i o n s , which w i l l b e f a b r i c a t e d of
3 0 0 - s e r i e s s t a i n l e s s s t e e l t u b i n g , t h e main gas l o a d
w i l l b e due t o t h e r m a l o u t g a s s i n g .
I n i t i a l l y , a system
of commercially a v a i l a b l e i o n pumps w i l l b e i n s t a l l e d
t o m a i n t a i n a n a v e r a g e p r e s s u r e of 5 x lo- T o r r . Ext r a pumping p o r t s w i l l b e p r o v i d e d s o t h a t added pumps
c o u l d lower t h e a v e r a g e p r e s s u r e i n t h e i n s e r t i o n s t o
5 x
T o r r i f r e q u i r e d by e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s .
E l e c t r o n and P o s i t r o n I n j e c t i o n
The s i x PEP i n t e r a c t i o n r e g i o n s a r e i l l u m i n a t e d by
t h r e e e q u a l l y - s p a c e d bunches i n e a c h beam which a r e
f i l l e d s e l e c t i v e l y by g a t i n g t h e SLAC l i n a c gun. The
r f f r e q u e n c y of 358 MHz i m p l i e s t h a t t h e r f phase
( t i m e ) a c c e p t a n c e w i l l b e of t h e o r d e r of nanoseconds.
A s p e c i a l new e l e c t r o n gun h a s b e e n i n s t a l l e d on the
two-mile a c c e l e r a t o r t o p r o v i d e v e r y h i g h peak c u r r e n t s
i n t h e s h o r t (-1.4 n s ) p u l s e s n e c e s s a r y f o r i n j e c t i o n
i n t o b o t h SPEAR I1 and PEP. F i g u r e 6 i s a p l o t showing
t h e PEP f i l l i n g t i m e 2 i n j e c t i o n e n e r g y . The l i n e
shows t h e p r e d i c t e d i n j e c t i o n times based o n a c o n s e r v a t i v e 50% i n j e c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y and t h e e x p e c t e d y i e l d s
of e l e c t r o n s and p o s i t r o n s w i t h t h e new gun. F o r good
o p e r a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y , t h e f i l l i n g t i m e s h o u l d n o t exceed t e n o r f i f t e e n m i n u t e s . From F i g . 6 , i t c a n b e
s e e n t h a t t h i s c a n b e a c h i e v e d a t e n e r g i e s above a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 GeV u p t o t h e maximum p o s i t r o n e n e r g y
from t h e t w o -m i l e a c c e l e r a t o r , which c o i n c i d e n t a l l y i s
15 GeV, t h e d e s i g n e n e r g y of t h e r i n g . The maximum
i n j e c t i o n r e p e t i t i o n r a t e , which i s used a t t h e h i g h e s t i n j e c t i o n e n e r g i e s , i s 360 p p s , t h e f u l l SLAC r a t e .
A t lower f i l l i n g e n e r g i e s , t h e damping r a t e s of h o r i z o n t a l b e t a t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n s and t h e e n e r g y o s c i l l a t i o n s r e q u i r e t h a t t h e f i l l i n g r e p e t i t i o n r a t e b e reduced. The d e s i g n of t h e i n j e c t i o n s y s t e m p e r m i t s t h e
f i l l i n g of a n a d j a c e n t bunch w h i l e a p r e v i o u s l y i n j e c t e d bunch i s damping, and t h e c u r v e i n F i g . 6 r e f l e c t s
t h i s mode of o p e r a t i o n .
F o r s t o r a g e r i n g o p e r a t i o n a t e n e r g i e s below r e a s o n a b l e i n j e c t i o n e n e r g i e s , e s p e c i a l l y below 10 GeV,
t h e beam w i l l b e s t o r e d a t t h e i n j e c t i o n e n e r g y and
t h e n t h e r i n g magnets w i l l b e ramped down t o t h e o p e r a t i n g energy.

5 68

MINIMUM

e+ ENERGY

10
INJECTION ENERGY (GeV)

F i g . 6.

IO0
218YA25

F i l l i n g t i m e E i n j e c t i o n energy. F i l l i n g time i s t h e time r e q u i r e d t o f i l l

b o t h t h e e l e c t r o n and p o s i t r o n beams t o
a c u r r e n t of 100 x E(GeV)/15 mA from a
beam of 20 mA e+ and 40 mA e - i n a 1.411s
p u l s e w i t h 50% c a p t u r e e f f i c i e n c y .

I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n M o n i t o r i n g and C o n t r o l
The s t o r a g e r i n g system, l i k e t h e l i n e a r a c c e l e r a t o r , i s too spread o u t f o r a s i n g l e d a t a - c o l l e c t i o n
p o i n t t o b e p r a c t i c a l . Data w i l l , t h e r e f o r e , be c o l l e c t e d a t a number of p l a c e s , e d i t e d and compressed a s
much a s p o s s i b l e and t h e n t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e c o n t r o l
room. The c o n t r o l room w i l l be l o c a t e d t o p e r m i t a
s h o r t p a t h f o r d i r e c t t r a n s m i s s i o n of f a s t m o n i t o r i n g
s i g n a l s from t h e i n j e c t i o n l i n e s . To r e d u c e t h e amount
of c a b l i n g , s i g n a l s g e n e r a t e d w i t h i n t h e bending s e x t a n t s w i l l be w i r e d t o i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n r a c k s i n t h e
n e a r e s t d a t a c e n t e r . I n t e r l o c k s i g n a l s w i l l be s u m a r i z e d and t h e n w i r e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e equipment t h e y
must c o n t r o l . The r e m a i n i n g s i g n a l s w i l l b e e d i t e d by
a s m a l l computer and s e n t by s e r i a l l i n k t o t h e c o n t r o l
room.
The c e n t r a l e l e m e n t of t h e c o n t r o l system w i l l be
a " l a r g e mini- computer'' which w i l l p r o v i d e t a s k sync h r o n i z a t i o n between t h e p e r i p h e r a l elements and manage
i n t e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n . It need n o t have e l a b o r a t e comput a t i o n a l a b i l i t y . It w i l l have t h r e e t y p e s of " p e r i p h e r a l s " . The f i r s t t y p e i s t h e " d a t a - c o l l e c t i o n " comp u t e r , a t l e a s t one p e r i n t e r a c t i o n a r e a , which prov i d e s a l l c o n n e c t i o n s t o the r e a l w o r l d . The second
t y p e i s t h e c o n s o l e manager which p r o v i d e s a l l o p e r a t o r
i n t e r f a c e s . The t h i r d p e r i p h e r a l w i l l be a m o d e r a t e l y s i z e d c o m p u t a t i o n a l computer which w i l l c a r r y o u t l a r g e s c a l e c a l c u l a t i o n s and p r o v i d e f i l e management and programming a i d s .
C o n t r o l of Beam I n s t a b i l i t i e s
T r a n s v e r s e I n s t a b i l i t i e s . I n the d e s i g n of t h i s
s t o r a g e r i n g i t h a s been assumed t h a t t h e maximum l u m i n o s i t y o b t a i n a b l e i s determined by t h e beam-beam i n c o h e r e n t l i m i t and t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e t o s t o r e beams
of s u f f i c i e n t i n t e n s i t y t o r e a c h t h i s l i m i t . The v a r ious transverse i n s t a b i l i t i e s t h a t can occur with large
bunched beams and c a n j e o p a r d i z e t h e i r s t o r a g e may be

569

c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o t h r e e types: those t h a t a r e d e t e r mined by t h e a v e r a g e c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t , t h o s e t h a t

a r e p r e s e n t b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e m u l t i p l e bunches i n t h e
r i n g and t h o s e t h a t depend upon t h e peak c u r r e n t i n a
s i n g l e bunch.
The p r e s e n t PEP d e s i g n a p p e a r s t o be r a t h e r cons e r v a t i v e i n r e q u i r i n g a n a v e r a g e single- beam c u r r e n t
of 100 mA i n t h r e e bunches. Many e l e c t r o n s t o r a g e
r i n g s have s t o r e d s u c h c u r r e n t s a t much lower e n e r g i e s
where t h e t r a n s v e r s e i n s t a b i l i t i e s a r e g e n e r a l l y much
more t r o u b l e s o m e . While m u l t i p l e - b u n c h t r a n s v e r s e i n s t a b i l i t i e s have been p r e d i c t e d , t h e y have n o t been obs e r v e d i n r i n g s h a v i n g o n l y a few bunches. A l s o , b e c a u s e t h e bunch s p a c i n g i n PEP i s l a r g e and f i x e d , i t
seems f e a s i b l e t o b u i l d a feedback system t o damp each
bunch i n d i v i d u a l l y . The o n l y m u l t i p l e - b u n c h motion
t h a t h a s been o b s e r v e d i n SPEAR i s t h e c o h e r e n t motion
between two c o l l i d i n g beams. T h i s coupled motion does
n o t seem t o be of major c o n c e r n and i t s e f f e c t i s amel i o r a t e d by u s e of e l e c t r i c q u a d r u p o l e s which a r e
planned f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e PEP l a t t i c e .
The h e a d - t a i l i n s t a b i l i t y h a s been t h e most import a n t s i n g l e - b e a m t r a n s v e r s e i n s t a b i l i t y observed i n
e l e c t r o n s t o r a g e r i n g s and i t h a s been c o n t r o l l e d
t h r o u g h t h e c h r o m a t i c i t i e s . I n t h e PEP d e s i g n i t w i l l
be p o s s i b l e t o v a r y t h e v a l u e of t h e c h r o m a t i c i t y by
means of t h e s e x t u p o l e f i e l d s which a r e d i s t r i b u t e d
t h r o u g h o u t t h e l a t t i c e w i t h o u t producing d e s t r u c t i v e
non- linear resonances.
The peak c u r r e n t r e q u i r e d i n PEP i s n o t s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t from t h a t a l r e a d y a t t a i n e d i n s i n g l e
beams i n SPEAR.
L o n g i t u d i n a l I n s t a b i l i t i e s . The s i x c i r c u l a t i n g
bunches i n PEP w i l l h a v e s i x c o h e r e n t normal modes.
The i n - p h a s e o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e bunches can be cont r o l l e d by a f e e d b a c k l o o p c o u p l i n g a s i g n a l picked up
from t h e beam back t o a v a r a c t o r - d i o d e phase m o d u l a t o r
i n t h e i n p u t d r i v e t o one o r more of t h e k l y s t r o n
groups. I n o r d e r t o damp t h e o t h e r f i v e p o s s i b l e modes,
a h i g h - f r e q u e n c y c a v i t y w i l l be i n s t a l l e d t o s p l i t t h e
synchrotron o s c i l l a t i o n frequencies.
Three p o t e n t i a l l o n g i t u d i n a l i n s t a b i l i t i e s which
can a r i s e o u t of t h e b am-beam i n t e r a c t i o n have been
s u g g e s t e d and s t u d i e d . '
The f i r s t o c c u r s o n l y when
t h e c o l l i d i n g beams c r o s s a t an a n g l e , which i s n o t
t h e c a s e i n PEP. The second i s due t o a non- zero v a l u e
of t h e r ] - f u n c t i o n a t t h e i n t e r a c t i o n r e g i o n r]".
It
p l a c e s a n upper l i m i t o f t h e v a l u e of r]" above t h a t a t
which PEP w i l l o p e r a t e . The t h i r d o c c u r s when t h e
bunch l e n g t h i s l a r g e compared t o t h e v a l u e of t h e
8 - f u n c t i o n a t t h e i n t e r a c t i o n region. This w i l l n o t
be t h e c a s e i n PEP.
A p o t e n t i a l problem i n t h e d e s i g n of t h e PEP r f
s y s t e m i s t h e a d d i t i o n a l power loss due t o t h e e x c i t a t i o n of h i g h e r - o r d e r c a v i t y modes. Both t h e o r e t i c a l
and e x p e r i m e n t a l a p p r o a c h e s a r e planned i n a t t a c k i n g
t h i s problem, and i t i s expected t h a t by p r o p e r s t r u c t u r e d e s i g n , t h e enhanced power l o s s due t o t h e e x c i t a t i o n of h i g h e r - o r d e r c a v i t y modes c a n b e h e l d t o a
t o l e r a b l e level.

4.

Physical Plant

Ring Housing and S h i e l d i n g

The r i n g w i l l b e l o c a t e d s y m m e t r i c a l l y a b o u t t h e
a x i s of t h e SLAC two- mile a c c e l e r a t o r w i t h t h e w e s t e r n most p o i n t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 m downstream from t h e end
of t h e a c c e l e r a t o r . The t e r r a i n s l o p e s downward from
t h e a c c e l e r a t o r a x i s i n b o t h n o r t h and s o u t h d i r e c t i o n s
s o t h a t the i n t e r a c t i o n r e g i o n s , which a r e o f f t h e
a x i s , w i l l g e n e r a l l y l i e i n a r e a s of lower e l e v a t i o n .
Some segments of t h e r i n g w i l l b e i n a r e a s low enough
t o p e r m i t c u t - a n d - c o v e r c o n s t r u c t i o n . Those p a r t s
d e e p e r underground w i l l r e q u i r e bored t u n n e l s .

The ring, which is horizontal, will be housed in

a tunnel a t an elevation of approximately 65 m above
mean sea level. It crosses under the SLAC beam switchyard about 11 m below the accelerator beam. A s shown
in Fig. 1, the ring will circumscribe the present research yard. The beam transport tunnels, through which
electrons and positrons are brought into the ring, will
start at the end of the linear accelerator and branch
away and downward, crossing over the ring to insertion
points from the inside of the ring, as shown in Fig. 1.
The electron-positron storage ring will be positioned high in the tunnel and suspended from the concrete lining. The tunnel design provides for eventual
inclusion of a proton ring. The proton storage ring
would occupy a middle height and the electron-positron
storage ring would be remounted to alternate above and
below it, crossing it in a vertical plane at the interaction points. In the bored tunnel areas a circular
housing will be constructed 3.3 m in diameter, as shown
in Fig. 7. A rectangular section 3.3 m wide by 2.7 m

imposed by the magnet configuration, is the length of

the interaction region drift section, which will be
20 m. This is the distance between the final focusing
elements of the storage ring and is the space in which
most experimental equipment will be mounted.
It is proposed that two of the experimental areas
be of the basic design shown in Fig. 8. These so-called

.--+A-

2m

m
2-

I.P. ; 4 m

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

--lm..,.,

Fig. 8. "Standard" interaction area with alcove.

&
-I-

Fig. 7.

7'

Cross section of the PEP housing.

high is planned in the cut-and-cover areas. The access

aisle will be on the outside of the ring. Because the
production of neutrons by proton interactions is some
three orders of magnitude greater than that due to electron interactions, and, in addition, because the energy
of stored protons will be about 200 GeV as compared to
15 GeV for the stored electrons and positrons, the total shielding requirements will be determined by beam
losses from the future proton storage ring.
Experimental Areas
The planned site for PEP offers convenient access
to five of the six interaction regions. Thus, it is
proposed that five experimental areas be developed in a
manner suitable for experiments in the first stage of
PEP. The sixth one will have access for only relatively small experimental setups such as those needed for
accelerator physics and luminosity monitoring.
The complement of experimental areas is regarded
as typical; however, a Sumer Study will be held in
1974 on the subject of PEP experimentation, and the details of the experimental areas may change.
The primary constraint on the experimental areas,

"Standard" areas are seen as general purpose facilities

which will accommodate many of the experiments planned
for PEP, including those involving a future proton
ring. The basic design consists of an 8-meter-by-20meter pit with 4 m of clearance above and below the
beam Line. On either side of the pit is a platform
4 m wide and 3 m below beam elevation and extending
along the beam line are 20-meter alcoves 6 m wide.
These dimensions are determined by examining some of
the experiments envisaged for standard areas, such as
tests of quantum electrodynamics, various studies of
hadron production and searches for weak interaction
effects.
The third area will have the same transverse dimensions as that described above, but the pit will be
extended along the beam direction to a total length of
30 m and the forward-angle alcoves will be omitted.
This extension is provided mainly for weak interaction
experiments where there may be significant interference
between the single-photon exchange amplitude and weak
amplitude in the forward direction for processes such
as muon pair production. Rather involved forward-angle
experiments providing for ranging out muons (using
10-15 m of iron) to measure their polarization are accommodated by this area.
The fourth experimental area is the largest and
could be dedicated to a large 4n-steradian magnetic
detector or some other large device as yet unconceived.
The layout of the experimental pit area a t the interaction region is largely determined by the geometry of
a large cylindrical magnetic detector similar to the
one in current use a t SPEAR, except with a superconducting coil and possibly also provisions for calorimetry
to give additional information on energetic hadrons.
The pit region has clearances of k6 m vertically, and
horizontally 8 m and 12 m on either side of the center
line.
The fifth area is designated with an eye to future
potential expansion. Initially, it will have the same
dimensions as the Standard experimental area except
that the alcoves will be omitted. In addition, the
ends of the pits will be made in such a manner that
either one or both can later be easily extended to provide additional experimental space downstream of the
proton beam for various possible e-p devices.

5 70

Power and Cooling

The maximum power demand of the electron-positron

s t o r a g e r i n g and experimental apparatus i s estimated t o

be 26 MW. The i n s t a l l e d capacity w i l l be 36 MW. While
t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n system can provide 3 MW t o each of the
f i v e experimental a r e a s , i t is expected t h a t t h e t o t a l
experimental-equipment load w i l l not exceed 5 MW a t any
time.
Except f o r experimental areas, low-conductivity
water (LCW) w i l l be provided f o r t h e i n s t a l l e d power
capacity. One megawatt of cooling capacity w i l l be ins t a l l e d a t each experimental area. Cooling w i l l be
done by r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l l o c a l LCW systems exchanging
h e a t with cooling tower water which w i l l be d i s t r i b u t e d
around the r i n g t o cool the closed-loop LCW systems.

References
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

6.
Acknowledgements

7.
The work reported i n t h i s paper i s t h a t of the
members o f t h e LBL-SUC Joint Study Group; the author
i s o n l y t h e i r spokesman. Special thanks, however, a r e
due W. B. Herrmannsfeldt and C . S. Nissen.

L. Smith, "The Proton-Electron-Positron Project PEP", invited paper a t t h i s conference.

J. Paterson, ''SPEAR, S t a t u s and Future Developments", invited paper a t t h i s conference.
F. Amman, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.
No. 3, 858
(1973) *
R. H. Helm, M. J. Lee and J . M. Paterson, r e p o r t
t o t h i s conference;
M. B a s s e t t i , r e p o r t t o t h i s conference.
R. H. Helm and M. J. Lee, report t o t h i s conference.
M. A . Allen and P. B. Wilson, report t o t h i s conference.
U. Cummings et &., J. of Vac. S c i , and Tech. S,
348 (Jan.-Feb. 1971).

m,

DISCUSSION

Alessandro Ruggiero (NAL): The proposed ring encircles

the present research yard. Do you anticipate any interference with potential expansion of the research yard o r any
other conflict?
John Rees (SLAC): The answer is no, we don't expect to
expand the research yard in the easterly direction because
the huge backstop is required to stop the radiation from the
linear accelerator and the level of the storage ring is way
below ground there and does not interfere with the normal
operation in any way. We even expect to be able to tunnel
under the linac without disturbing it except when we have to
open the enclosure to bring out the injection beams.
Dr.

571

Panofsky points out that the linac works well at a magnitude

5 earthquake and the same can be said f o r SPEAR. We had
a stored beam and it didn't even dump.
Melvin Month (BNL): Is the luminosity quoted per interaction region and has each bunch six interactions per revolution ?

Rees:

Yes. The revolution is quoted per interaction

region and each bunch has six interactions per revolution.
Being in the same plane, they can't get by each other.

I SABELLE

ANT I P R OT ON OPTION*

C. Baltay
Columbia U n i v e r s i t y , New York, New York
R. Chasman, H . W . J . F o e l s c h e , H . Hahn, M. Month, and A. vm S t i e n b e r g e n
Brookhaven N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y
Upton, N e w York

Summary: The p o s s i b i l i t y of c o l l i d i n g a n t i p r o t o n s i n ISABELLE h a s been i n v e s t i g a t e d . P r o t o n s a r e

a c c e l e r a t e d on t h e second harmonic t o 200 GeV i n one
of t h e r i n g s and a r e e x t r a c t e d i n t o a bypass d u r i n g
f l a t t o p , The 30 GeV a n t i p r o t o n s from a t a r g e t placed
a t a low-gpoint i n t h i s b y p a s s a r e t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e
second r i n g where t h e y a r e i n j e c t e d and matched i n t o a
bucket of a 1 0 t h harmonic r f system. T h i s procedure
i s r e p e a t e d u n t i l a l l t h e b u c k e t s a r e f i l l e d . The
a n t i p r o t o n s a r e t h e n a c c e l e r a t e d t o 200 GeV. P r o t o n s
a r e now s t a c k e d i n t h e f i r s t r i n g i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n , a c c e l e r a t e d t o 290 GeV and made t o c o l l i d e
w i t h t h e a n t i p r o t o n s . p - p l u m i n o s i t i e s up t o
cm-2sec-1 seem f e a s i b l e .

A somewhat d i f f e r e n t way of o b t a i n i n g a h i g h a n t i proton i n t e n s i t y i s t o use antiprotons o r i g i n a t i n g i n

A- deca and a g a i n a v o i d t h e c o n s t r a i n t s of L i o u v i l l e ' s
t h e o r y , $ The a n t i h y p e r o n s would be produced a t a t a r g e t i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e s t o r a g e r i n g and would produce a n t i p r o t o n s by decay i n f l i g h t i n s i d e t h e a p e r t u r e .
However, i n o r d e r t o r e a c h h i g h i n t e n s i t i e s w i t h t h i s
method, i n j e c t i o n times o f t h e o r d e r o f d a y s a r e r e q u i r e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , v e r y h i g h r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s would
r e s u l t near the i n j e c t i o n point.5

I n t h e ISABELLE a n t i p r o t o n o p t i o n none o f t h e
above- mentioned t e c h n i c a l l y d i f f i c u l t methods a r e
used. A r e l a t i v e l y h i g h i n t e n s i t y of c i r c u l a t i n g a n t i p r o t o n s (- 1 mA) i s o b t a i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g way:
P r o t o n s (- 10 A ) a r e a c c e l e r a t e d t o 200 GeV i n one of
t h e r i n g s by a second harmonic r f system a n d , w h i l e
s t i l l bunched, e x t r a c t e d i n a s i n g l e t u r n i n t o a byp a s s . The 30 GeV a n t i p r o t o n s from a t a r g e t p l a c e d a t a
low+ p o i n t i n t h i s bypass a r e t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e s e c ond r i n g , where t h e y a r e i n j e c t e d and s t a c k e d i n a
b u c k e t of a t e n t h harmonic r f system. T h i s p r o c e d u r e
i s r e p e a t e d u n t i l a l l t e n b u c k e t s a r e f i l l e d , wherea f t e r t h e a n t i p r o t o n s a r e a c c e l e r a t e d t o 200 GeV. Prot o n s a r e now s t a c k e d i n t h e f i r s t r i n g i n t h e o p p o s i t e
d i r e c t i o n a c c e l e r a t e d t o 200 G e V and made t o c o l l i d e
with t h e antiprotons.

Introduction
The a t t r a c t i v e n e s s f O K i n t e r s e c t i n g s t o r a g e r i n g s
such a s ISABELLE would be f u r t h e r enhanced i f t h e y
would p r o v i d e i n t e r a c t i o n s of a v a r i e t y of p a r t i c l e s
b e s i d e s p r o t o n - p r o t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s . Ever s i n c e t h e
ISABELLE Summer Study some d e s i g n e f f o r t h a s been d i r e c t e d towards e x p l o r i n g such p o s s i b i l i t i e s . A s a
r e s u l t s e v e r a l o p t i o n s have emerged and s p e c i a l c a r e
was t a k e n i n t h e b a s i c ISABELLE d e s i g n t o a l l o w f o r
t h e i r a d d i t i o n a t a l a t e r time a t minimum c o s t . The
a n t i p r o t o n o p t i o n , t o be d e s c r i b e d h e r e , i n v o l v e s acc e l e r a t i n g and s t o r i n g a
1 mA a n t i p r o t o n beam and
c o l l i d i n g i t a t 200 GeV w i t h 10 A ISABELLE p r o t o n beam.
A p p l u m i n o s i t y of t h e o r d e r o f LOz9 cm-2sec-1 i s obtained.

Antiproton I n t e n s i t y
The a n t i p r o t o n y i e l d , f o r a primar
o f 200 GeV, h a s r e c e n t l y been measured. proton
I t h a s e na e r g y
p l a t e a u a r o u n d 30 G e V w i t h d%/dndp M 0 . 5
per i n t e r a c t i o n / s r (MeV/c). For s m a l l forward a n g l e s ( < l o rnrad)
t h e number of 30 GeV a n t i p r o t o n s t h a t can be s t a c k e d i n
t h e ISA r i n g i s g i v e n by:

t:

Choice of Method
V a r i o u s methods of a c c u m u l a t i n g l a r g e a n t i p r o t o n
d e n s i t i e s i n s t o r a g e r i n g s have been s t u d i e d i n t h e
past.
The most s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d mechanism f o r p-product i o n i s t o t a r g e t p r o t o n s o u t s i d e t h e s t o r a g e r i n g and
t o i n j e c t t h e produced a n t i p r o t o n s i n t o t h e r i n g . I n
t h i s c a s e t h e number of a n t i p r o t o n s c o l l e c t e d i n t h e
r i n g depends on t h e p r o d u c t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n a s w e l l a s
on t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l and t r a n s v e r s e a c c e p t a n c e s of t h e
r i n g . I n p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s , s u c h a procedure a l o n e has
r e s u l t e d i n r a t h e r s m a l l p i n t e n s i t i e s . To i n c r e a s e
t h o s e , s e v e r a l methods have been s u g g e s t e d i n v o l v i n g
r e p e a t e d i n j e c t i o n made p o s s i b l e by t r a n s v e r s e phases p a c e damping o r , i n o t h e r words, by overcoming t h e
l i m i t a t i o n s imposed by L i o u v i l l e ' s theorem. Budker'
proposed t o damp t h e t r a n s v e r s e o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e
a n t i p r o t o n s by means o f Coulomb c o l l i s i o n s w i t h a high
q u a l i t y beam of e l e c t r o n s t r a v e l i n g w i t h t h e a n t i p r o t o n s . T h i s i s t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y complex and n o t v e r y
e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e ISABELLE p a r a m e t e r s . R e c e n t l y ,
van d e Meer3 p u t forward t h e i d e a o f damping b e t a t r o n
o s c i l l a t i o n s by d e t e c t i n g and compensating s t a t i s t i c a l
v a r i a t i o n s o f t h e beam c e n t e r . T h i s s o - c a l l e d s t o chastic cooling i s being investigated experimentally
a t t h e ISR, b u t i t s u s e f u l n e s s i s l i m i t e d b y rf n o i s e
problems.

Here N

P
P

i s t h e number of p r o t o n s i n t h e ISA,
i s t h e number o f p r o t o n bunches,

CISA i s t h e ISA c i r c u m f e r e n c e ,

LB

i s t h e p r o t o n bunch l e n g t h a t 200 GeV

( a n t i p r o t o n bunch l e n g t h a t 30 GeV),
( i n steradians) i s the s o l i d angle a t the
t a r g e t , i n s i d e of which a n t i p r o t o n s w i l l be
a c c e p t e d by t h e I S A r i n g ,

Ap

( i n GeV/c) i s t h e momentum s p r e a d which w i l l

b e a c c e p t e d i n t h e r i n g a t 30 G e V ,

qt

i s the target efficiency including the e f f e c t

of
i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e t a r g e t , and

7,

is the stacking efficiency.

The s o l i d a n g l e M of t h e a c c e p t a b l e
g i v e n by:

*Work

performed under t h e a u s p i c e s o f t h e U . S . Atomic

Energy Commission

572

na'b'

beam i s

E x t r a c t i o n and T a r g e t i n g of P r i m a r y P r o t o n Beam

where a and b a r e h a l f a n g l e s o f d i v e r g e n c e . These

a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l b e t a t r o n
a c c e p t a n c e s , Ah and A,, o f t h e machine by

The 200 GeV p r o t o n beam w i l l b e e x t r a c t e d i n t h e

s o u t h e x p e r i m e n t a l i n s e r t i o n ( F i g s , 1 and 2 ) . The quadr u p o l e magnets i n t h i s i n s e r t i o n w i l l be r e a r r a n g e d t o
g i v e slowly v a r y i n g p - f u n c t i o n s i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t
(Ph
12 m, p v
25 m a t t h e c e n t e r ) and t o l e a v e a
f r e e s p a c e of 100 m t h e r e . In t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h i s
100 m d r i f t s p a c e , a 1 mrad h o r i z o n t a l k i c k e r magnet
w i l l be i n s t a l l e d . The t i m e between p r o t o n bunches i s
about 4 p s e c so t h a t o n l y v e r y moderate demands a r e p u t
on t h e k i c k e r r i s e t i m e . A f t e r a 10 ni d r i f t s p a c e f o l lowing t h i s k i c k e r , t h e beam w i l l b e s u f f i c i e n t l y d i s placed t o e n t e r t h e a r r a y of 3 septum magnets l i s t e d i n
Table I . They a r e followed by a 24 m d r i f t s p a c e a t t h e
end of which t h e beam w i l l e n t e r a 60 mrad a c h r o m a t i c
bend, followed by a t r i p l e t t h a t w i l l f o c u s t h e beam a t
t h e t a r g e t 5 m away. The t a r g e t i s l o c a t e d a t a d i s tance of
3 . 5 m from t h e ISA r i n g , which l e a v e s adequate space for shielding,

source
a and b b e i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e h a l f s i z e s o f t h e
a t t h e t a r g e t . The e f f e c t i v e s o u r c e dimensions must
i n c l u d e an allowance f o r t h e d i v e r g e n c e of t h e 6 beam
o v e r t h e f i n i t e l e n g t h , G t , of t h e t a r g e t . I t i s adv a n t a g e o u s , i n p r i n c i p l e , t o make t h e p h y s i c a l w i d t h
o f t h e t a r g e t ( o r t h e p r o t o n beam s i z e ) a s s m a l l a s
p o s s i b l e t o g e t c l o s e t o t h e l i m i t s amin = G a / 2 and
bmin = & b / 2 . However, p r a c t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s l i m i t
t h e e f f e c t i v e s o u r c e dimensions t o a = ,f2qi,
and
b = /2bmin l e a d i n g t o
/ . . \+5

m = J2

tAhAv)

Lt

S u b s t i t u t i n g i n Eq. (l),

one g e t s

The beam s p o t s i z e a t t h e t a r g e t
0 . 2 5 X 0 . 2 5 mm2 c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o B
t a r g e t w i l l most l i k e l y explode from
6 X 1014 p r o t o n s and w i l l have t o be
proton pulse,

B e t a t r o n and momentum a c c e p t a n c e s a r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e a v a i l a b l e a p e r t u r e , which should be a s

l a r g e as p o s s i b l e f o r maximum B E . For a n t i p r o t o n s
t h e a v a i l a b l e a p e r t u r e can be made l a r g e r t h a n t h a t
assumed f o r p r o t o n s , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e low
intensity
(- 1 mA).
Space- charge e f f e c t s w i l l be n e g l i g i b l e
i n t h i s c a s e and one can l e t t h e beam f i l l t h e vacuum
chamber h o r i z o n t a l l y , F u r t h e r m o r e , beam l o a d i n g problems do n o t e x i s t . One can u s e a low c o s t , r f a c c e l e r a t i n g system of h i g h e r f r e q u e n c y and v o l t a g e t h a n what
i s used f o r t h e p r o t o n beam. T h i s i n t u r n w i l l make i t
possible t o stack the antiprotons azimuthally r a t h e r
t h a n i n momentum s p a c e , g a i n i n g b o t h i n a v a i l a b l e a p e r t u r e and s t a c k i n g e f f i c i e n c y . A t t h e same t i m e , t h e
v o l t a g e can be made high enough so t h a t t h e r f system
w i l l be a b l e t o accommodate a s l a r g e a momentum s p r e a d
a s t h e vacuum chamber w i l l a c c e p t .
P r o t o n s i n t h e ISA a r e a c c e l e r a t e d on t h e second
harmonic f r e q u e n c y , r e s u l t i n g i n two c i r c u l a t i n g bunc h e s . On f l a t t o p , d u r i n g which t h e p r o t o n s a r e ext r a c t e d , 70% of t h e p a r t i c l e s i n one bunch l i e w i t h i n
1/10 o f t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e . The a n t i p r o t o n s , produced
by t h e p r o t o n s , w i l l have t h e same bunch s t r u c t u r e .
One of t h e a n t i p r o t o n bunches w i l l b e i n j e c t e d , i n t h e
second r i n g , i n t o a bucket o f a 1 0 t h harmonic r f s y s tem w i t h an e f f i c i e n c y of 70%. Ten ISA p r o t o n p u l s e s
( t h e second p bunch from each ISA p u l s e w i l l b e dumped)
a r e required t o f i l l the t e n buckets with antiprotons.
The h o r i z o n t a l a p e r t u r e of 8 c m i s s u b d i v i d e d i n
t h e f o l l o w i n g way a t 30 GeV, assuming a momentum s p r e a d
of 2.5% and a h o r i z o n t a l a c c e p t a n c e Ah = 7T X
m.rad (which i s matched t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n cone):
B e t a t r o n amplitude:
Phase o s c i l l a t i o n a m p l i t u d e [ X (Aplp)]:
P
Sagitta:
Reserve :
Total:

1 . 9 cm
4 . 3 cm
1.3 cm
0 . 5 cm

8.0 cm

A 4.4 c m l o n g i r i d i u m t a r g e t h a s a n optimum t a r g e t e f f i c i e n c y of 7 , = 1 / 3 . With t h e s e numbers and

t a k i n g A = Ah and CIsA/MpaB = 5, one g e t s

Table I.

i s only
0 . 6 0 m.

The
t h e exposure t o
r e p l a c e d f o r each

Septum Magnets

Septum

Unit

Length
Deflection
Peak f i e l d
Gap h e i g h t
Septum t h i c k n e s s
Peak c u r r e n t
Current d e n s i t y

( 4
(mrad)
(kG)
( 4
(mm)

1
1.8
12
1.5
2.5
15
40

1.5
4.0
18
1.5
5
22.5
30

(kA)
(kA/cm )

1.5
4.0
18
1.5
5
22.5
30

A n t i p r o t o n Beam T r a n s p o r t
A n t i p r o t o n s emerging from t h e t a r g e t w i l l b e f o cused by a s t r o n g , l a r g e a p e r t u r e , room t e m p e r a t u r e
t r i p l e t l o c a t e d 3 m downstream from t h e t a r g e t . Therea f t e r , t h e y w i l l e n t e r a 2 1 mrad bending magnet, which
w i l l s e p a r a t e them from t h e p r o t o n s t h a t were t r a n s m i t t e d by t h e t a r g e t . The p r o t o n s w i l l c o n t i n u e i n t o a
beam dump w h i l e t h e a n t i p r o t o n s w i l l go i n t o an a c h r o m a t i c bend from which t h e y w i l l emerge p a r a l l e l t o t h e
ISA r i n g . Two quadrupole d o u b l e t s w i l l now match t h e
a n t i p r o t o n beam i n t o a t r a n s p o r t channel t h a t r u n s i n
p a r a l l e l w i t h t h e ISA r i n g and which s i m u l a t e s an ISA
o c t a n t , w i t h room t e m p e r a t u r e magnets.
A n t i p r o t o n I n j e c t i o n and A c c e l e r a t i o n
The a n t i p r o t o n s w i l l b e i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e I S A by a
f a s t k i c k e r a t t h e i n j e c t i o n i n s e r t i o n o r d i n a r i l y used
for protons.
(The r i s e time o f t h i s k i c k e r has t o be
150 nsec which i s w e l l w i t h i n t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of
a r t . ) They w i l l b e c a p t u r e d and matched i n t o a bucket
of a 1 0 t h harmonic ( 1 . 1 2 MHz) r f system. The peak v o l t a g e per t u r n r e q u i r e d f o r matching i s
150 kV, which
i s a l s o s u i t a b l e f o r 2 min a c c e l e r a t i o n t o 200 GeV,
u s i n g a synchronous phase of 5.
Because of t h e low
a n t i p r o t o n i n t e n s i t y , t h e r f system can have h i g h i m pedance r e s u l t i n g i n low power demands.

5 73

References
I;-p Luminosity

1. ISABELLE Design Study, in press.

The expected luminosity for p-p collisions has
been calculated. It is limited by beam-beam interaction and it has been assumed that the maximum permissible tune shift for the antiprotons is Av = 0,005.
For a 1.7 mrad horizontal crossing geometry with
B v = 2 . 5 m and p h = 5 m at the intersection point,
assuming a 10 A proton beam with an emittance of
0.4
m.rad at 30 GeV, one gets

2.

G.I. Budker, Sov. J. Atomic Energy, 22, 438 (1967)

3.

S.

van der Meer, Report CERN/ISR-P0/72-31, (1972).

4. G.K. O'Neill, Princeton-Pennsylvania Accelerator

Report PPAD 415D (1961).
5.

K. HGbner, Report CERN/ISR-TH73/-19 (1973).

6. W.F. Baker, et al., NAL-Pub-74/13-EXP (submitted

tp Phys. Rev. Lett;) (1974).
Acknowledgments
The authors are greatly indebted to Dr.G.K. Green
for valuable discussions.

AGS

,DFROM A

(4) - p I N J E C T I O N

AN0 ACCELERATION

I N LOWER R I N G FOR

PRODUCTION

(0-P

( b ) ~ P R O W C T I O NI N BYPASS N O
ACCELERATION I N UPPER RING

ANTIPROTON BYPASS

I N LOWER R I N G

- SCHEMATIC

F i g . 1.

5 e,

DIPOLE
WADRUWLE

ANTIPROTON BYPASS

Fig. 2 .

5 74

INJECTION AN0 ACCELERATION

DISCUSSION

Andrei Kolomensky (Lebedev Institute): What is the main

limitation f o r increasing the luminosity: Is it a tune proce s s o r something e l s e ?

Chasman: At 30 GeV, where the yield reaches a plateau

s o that the intensity is really proportional to the momentum
bite.

Renate Chasman (BNL): It's the tune. The antiprotons

will see a very dense proton beam and will experience the
ordinary beam-beam interaction.

Marshal King (Rutherford): The bypass presumably is

superconducting. Have you thought about the effects of
scattering downstream of the target, particularly in comparison with the dipole value?

Kolomensky : So this figure 0.005 is the main limitation?

Chasman: No, the entire bypass from the target downstream will be at room temperature.

Chasman: Yes.
James Allaby (CERN):
injected ?

At what energy a r e the antiprotons

5 75

SLED. A METHOD OF DOUBLING SLAC's ENERGY*

Z . D. Farkas, H. A. Hogg, G. A. Loew a n d P . B. Wilson

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
power can be increased by up to a factor of nine. How this
comes about is described qualitatively in the following
section.

Introduction
Over the past few years, several schemes for
making significant increases in the energy of the SLAC beam
have been proposed. Two of the proposals, namely the use
of superconducting accelerating sections1 and recirculation
of the beam for a second pass through the existing accelerator, have been abandoned for technical and economic
reasons after extensive investigation. An on-going method
of gradually raising the beam energy is the development and
installation of 30- and 40-MW klystrons by the SLAC Klystron Group. It is clear, however, that the accelerator would
have to be completely refitted with klystrons producing about
100 MW in order that the present machine energy be approximate1 doubled. While such an approach is not inconceivable,Ythe realization of such klystrons and the modulators
needed to drive them would require further years of development and a high initial capital investment.

Qualitative Description of SLED

In the case of the present SLAC accelerator, klystrons

provide a 2.5 psec R F output pulse which travels, through a
waveguide directly into the accelerating sections a s indicated
schematically a t the top of Fig. 2. In the case of SLED, the

Since the accelerator energy is determined by the peak

R F input power, and since many experiments a r e not now
limited by average beam power, it was felt that some method
for enhancing peak R F power at the expense of RF pulse width
might be the answer for increasing SLAC's energy without
at the same time increasing the average input power consumption. Standard pulse compression schemes were considered and rejected. One approach that seemed to hold
promise, however, came a s a result of our experience a t
SLAC with superconducting cavities. In the course of making
measurements on superconducting cavities, it is a common
observation that the power radiated from a cavity that is
heavily overcoupled approaches four times the incident generator power immediately after the generator has been
switched off. Normally this radiated power travels as a
reverse wave back toward the generator. There a r e ,
however, several microwave networks which can direct this
radiated power into an external load; for instance, two
identical cavities attached to a 3-db coupler, a s shown in
Fig. 1. Using overcoupled cavities, we have in principle a

ACCELERATOR

n
nI

I\

PHASE
SHIFTER

COUPLER

ACCELERATOR

1111.1

FIG. 2--A comparison of the present SLAC and SLED

RF systems.

FIG. 1--Schematic drawing of the SLED microwave network.

power multiplier which can enhance peak power by up to a
factor of four. This is accomplished, of course, at the
expense of pulse width, since the radiated power decays
away with a time constant given by the cavity filling time. A
further development which enhances the viability of the SLED
concept is the observation that if the R F source is reversed
in phase rather than simply being switched off, the peak
*Work supported by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

5 76

high-power waveguide system is broken near the klystron

and the power dividerjdual-cavity assembly shown schematically in Fig. 1 is inserted. The cavities a r e assumed
to be identical and tuned to resonance. After the R F pulse
is turned on, the fields in the cavities build up and a wave of
increasing amplitude is radiated from the coupling apertures
of each cavity. The two emitted waves combine so a s to add
a t the accelerator port of the 3-db coupler, while they cancel a t the klystron port. In addition to the wave emitted
from the cavities, a wave travels directly from the klystron
to the accelerator. This direct wave, which is just the wave
that would appear at the accelerator if both cavities were
detuned, is opposite in phase to the combined emitted waves.
If the cavities a r e overcoupled, the emitted wave grows in
time to an amplitude which is larger than the direct wave.
The net field at the input to the accelerator, which is the sum
of the direct and emitted waves, then goes through a phase
reversal a s shown a t the right-center of Fig. 2. One accelerator filling time (0.8 psec) before the end of the RF pulse,
the T phase shifter reverses the phase of the output wave
from the klystron as shown by the waveform a t the bottom of
Fig. 2. Immediately after this phase reversal, the emitted
and direct waves add in phase at the accelerator, since the
emitted wave (which is proportional to the stored fields in the
cavities) cannot change instantaneously. Therefore, when
the klystron phase is reversed, the field at the input to the
accelerator increases by two units (assigning one unit to the

direct wave, EK), since at any instant the load wave is the
sum of the direct and emitted waves. Following the phase
reversal, the fields i n the cavities (and hence the emitted
wave also) decrease rapidly as the cavities try to charge up
to a new field level of opposite phase. The resultant wave
at the accelerator decreases also, as is shown qualitatively
in Fig. 2. At the end of the R F pulse, the direct wave goes
to z e r o and the emitted wave only is present at the accelerator. It then decays to zero with a time constant given by
the cavity filling time.
Theory
In order to understand the theory of SLED in detail, i t

is helpful to consider the transient behavior of the reflected

and stored fields for a single resonant cavity. As discussed
previously, the field which would normally be reflected back
toward the generator in the case of a single resonant cavity
is directed into the load by means of the microwave network
shown in Fig. 2. In analyzing the behavior of a single cavity,
it is convenient to consider the net reflected field as the
superposition of a wave E, emitted from the coupling aperture, and a reverse wave EK which is equal in magnitude to
the incident wave Ei from the generator (klystron), and
which is reflected from the waveguide-cavity interface with
a 180-phase reversal. If a t any instant the generator is
turned off, the field traveling away from the cavity is equal
to E,, which in turn is proportional to the stored field inside
the cavity at that time. If, on the other hand, at any instant
the cavity could be emptied of stored energy (by, for example, instantaneously detuning it) then the reverse wave
traveling back toward the generator would be just EK. By
conservation of power,
PK = PL + Pc + dWc/dt

where T = t/Tc, y = a(2 -e-71) and E e l and Ee2 are the

values of E, at tl and t2. The variation in E, as a function
of time is shown in Fig. 3 for the case p = 5 , ~ 1 = and
2
~ ~ ' 2 . 4 . The load waveform, given by EL=EK+E,, is also
shown in Fig. 3. The load fields are:

The field on a traveling-wave constant-gradient accelerating section is given by E(z, t) = E [0, t At(.)], where
At(z) is the length of time it takes for a wave to propagate
from the input of the structure to position z on the structure.
For a constant-gradient structure, in which the group velocity varies linearly with z according to vg(z) = v (1-gz/L),
the propagation time to position z is given by go

A cavit coupling coefficient p has also been defined, such

that ItE: = pP,. If at any instant the generator is turned off,
p is given by the ratio of the power emitted from the coupling
aperture to the power dissipated in the cavity walls. If we
now introduce the cavity filling time Tc = 2 Q ~ / w
=
ZQo/[w(l+p)], the preceding expression can be rearranged to
give

-aEK

Defining z t = z / L , where L is the length of the accelerating

structure, and integrating the above expression, we obtain

where a = Z p / ( l + P ) .

= T a [ h ( l - g z l ) / h ( l -g)]

Equation (1) can now be solved for the generator waveform EK shown at the top of Fig. 3. For convenience, we
take E, to be initially positive, and since initially E, and EK
must be opposite in phase, we take EK to be -1. At time t i
the phase of the generator wave is reversed, and E K = + ~ .
At time t2 the incident power is turned off. By solving
Eq. (1), the following expressions for the emitted field in
the three time intervals A, B and C shown in Fig. 3 are
obtained:

E (A) = -ae-T+a

and net load

where PK is the incident power, PL is the net reflected

power (the power delivered to the load in the case of the
SLED network shown in Fig. 2), Pc is the power dissipated
in the cavity and Wc is the energy stored in the cavity at
time t. Using Pc = wWc/Qo, together with the fact that
power is proportional to the square of the field, (P=kE2),
the above relation becomes

TcdEe/dt + Ee

FIG. 3--Direct wave EK, emitted wave E,,

wave EL for SLED.

-ae-'l+a

(4)

where T = At(1) = (L/gv o ) h [ l / ( l -g)] is the filling time for

the stru&re.
The fie15 E(z, t) along the structure is now
obtained by substituting t - T a [ h ( l - g z l ) / h ( l -g)] for t i n
Eqs. (3). The result is:

el
where f(z') = (l-gzl)'

and v = (Ta/TC)[Qn(l-g)]-'.

In using these relations, the fact must be taken into

account that there are discontinuities i n the field along the
accelerating structure corresponding to discontinuities at

577

unloaded Q of the cavities can be made arbitrarily large.

However, the unloaded Q of a practical room-temperature
resonator is limited to about lo5. The R F pulse length is
also limited by practical considerations. The present pulse
length, t of SLAC is 2.5 psec. It is reasonable to consider
doubling %is pulse length to 5 . 0 psec. Figure 4 shows the

times td'o, tl and t2 in the field a s a function of time a t the

input to the structure. In general, a field discontinuity will
occur a t a position z; along the structure for a discontinuity
at time td in the waveform at z=O, where

1.8

This expression is obtained by solving Eq. (4) for z',

defining also a normalized time by t T = t / T a , and setting
A t = t -td. For example, in the time interval O < t < t l , the
field i s zero for z' > zb , where zh is obtained using tb= 0
in Eq. (6). For z' < zh , the field i s given by Eq. (5a).

I .7

The accelerating voltage is now obtained by integrating

the field from z' = 0 to z' = 1, taking into account the location
of the field discontinuities and using the appropriate fields
given by Eqs. (5) up to and following each discontinuity.
Thus the energy gain V for the interval t l < t < tg is given by

$1.6
0
IV

2
f,
1.5
l-

a
0

_1

3
where zhl is given by Eq. ( 6 ) with t h = t i . The energy gain
is by definition unity after one filling time for a direct wave
E K = 1, which would be present with the cavities detuned.
Since f(z') is common to all of the energy gain integrals, the
calculation i s simplified by defining

1.4

>
(3

5z

1.3

Pulse W i d t h = 2 . 5 psec
1.2

I. I

I
2

I
6

Thus, during tl < t < t2 ,

I
8

I
IO
1111.1

FIG. 4--Energy multiplication factor a s a function of

cavity coupling coefficient.
energy multiplication factor a s a function of the cavity coupling coefficient for these two pulse lengths with Qo7 lo5. It
is seen that the energy gain is maximum for a coupling coefficient in the range p = 4 to 5 . Figure 5 shows the energy
multiplication factor M as a function of unloaded Q for various
values of RF pulse length, and Fig. 6 gives M a s a function of
pulse length for various values of Qo. The coupling coefficient has been optimized a t each point on the curves in both
figures to give the maximum energy gain. It is seen that the
longer the pulse length and the higher the unloaded Q, the
greater is the energy gain.

Similar expressions can be derived for time intervals A

and C. A plot of the normalized energy gain as a function of
time is given a t the bottom of Fig. 3. The maximum energy
is obtained after one filling time, by letting t = t l + T a (or
t l = t i + 1) and zbl= 1. For this special case,

(7)
Further details of the SLED theory a r e given by F a r k a d
and Wilson. The effect of cascading several of the microwave networks shown in Fig. 1was calculated 4 in the hope
of obtaining flatter output pulses and perhaps still higher
values for the energy multiplication factor. Somewhat
flatter output pulses were predicted, but not higher multiplication factors in the examples investigated. The possibility cannot be ruled out, however, that other more favorable configurations might be found.
Choice of Parameters
An analysis of Eq. (7) shows that the maximum energy
gain M approaches 3 if p >> 1, T c > > Ta and tl>> Tc.
Since Tc(l+p) = 2 Q o / w , it is impossible to have both a large
filling time and a large coupling coefficient unless the

A s a result of a number of practical and economic considerations, the parameters proposed for SLED a r e Qo = lo5,
t2 = 5 . 0 psec and p x 4.5. The energy multiplication factor
for these values is 1.78. Figure 7 shows the RF power output from the SLED microwave network as a function of time
for these parameters. The "pulse compression" effect of the
SLED network is clearly seen.
Beam Loading
Figure 8 shows the unloaded relative energy gain a s a
function of time in the region of peak energy for the SLED
parameters a s chosen in the previous section. It is clear that
the pulse length of a beam accelerated near peak energy will
necessarily be short compared to the structure filling time.
The unloaded energy is seen to be increasing as a function of
time a s peak energy is approached. By turning on the beam
prior to reaching peak energy, the transient energy droop due
to beam loading can be used to produce a rough compensation
for the rising unloaded energy gain, resulting in a considerably
tighter energy spectrum. For SLAC, the transient beam

5 78

Pulse Width = 7 p s e c

4
[L

3
9 3

0
60

80

100

120

140

160

180

o0x IO-^

200
1131..

2,1111

FIG. 7--Input power to and output power from the

SLED microwave network as a function of

FIG. 5--Energy multiplication factor as a function

of unloaded Q.
I

TIME ( p s e c )

time,
IGO

2.1 98

2.0 -

I
0

+
0

g 96

19.

'

>
;
z

L4
L

z 1.8 -

94

t-

3 1.7

92

5%

53

I 1.6 -

90

>-

0
ti
(L

6 1.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

TIME I p s e c )
1.4 .

1.3

'

PULSE WIDTH ( p s e c l

5.0

5.1
1111.1

FIG. 8--Unloaded energy gain, energy droop due

to beam loading and resultant beam energy for a beam pulse length of 0.35psec.
9

loaded energy V , the peak current ip, the average current

iave and the energy spectrum width AV/V for various values
of the beam pulse length Tb. For each value of Tb, the
peak current has been chosen so that the beam energy is the
same at the beginning and end of the pulse. The maximum
unloaded energy is taken as 46 GeV, which would be obtained
from the SLAC linac for an energy multiplication factor of
1.78 and a klystron power of 30 MW. A repetition r a t e of
180 pps has been assumed in computing the average current.

1111..

FIG. 6--Energy multiplication factor a s a

function of pulse width.
loading voltage is given, to the accuracy required here, by
Vb(Mv) = 35iP [zAt/Ta- (At/Ta)2] ,

By shaping the current pulse as a function of time, the

energy spectrum widths can in principle be reduced considerably below the values given in Table I for a constant
pulse current. Likewise, by advancing the triggers to a
fraction of the klystrons along the machine, the peak current
for a given beam pulse length can be reduced below the
values shown in Table I while still maintaining a tight energy
spectrum. The peak pulse current for SLED will in practice
be limited by beam breakup. For the present SLAC focusing

where ip is in milliamperes and At is the time after the

beam has been switched on. Figure 8 also shows the transient variation in the relative beam loading as a function of
time for a maximum unloaded energy of 46 GeV and a peak
current of 200 mA, assuming that the beam is switched on
0 . 3 5 psec before the peak energy is reached. The curve of
the resultant beam energy shows that beam loading compensation has reduced the variation in energy gain over this
time interval from 10% to about 2 4 % . Table I gives the

579

Table I

A smaller diameter also reduces the deformation of the

end-plates due to atmospheric pressure loading. The exact
ratio (D/L = 0.611) was selected to maximize frequency
separation from competing modes. The TM115 mode, which
is normally degenerate with the TE015 mode, was lowered
approximately 24 MHz by cutting a circular groove a t the
outer diameter i n one end-plate. This groove does not disturb the TE015 mode field pattern or frequency. In summary, the selected parameters for the SLED prototype
cavity are:

SLED Beam Loading Characteristics (30 MW klystrons)

Tb
&sec)

P
(mA)

(@V)

46.0

iave

AV/V

&A)

(%)

0.10

45.8

31

0.6

0.15

0.15

45.4

54

1.5

0.4

0.20

44.8

80

2.9

0.7

0.25

44.0

110

4.9

1.1

0.30

43.0

143

7.7

1.7

0.35

41.8

181

11.4

2.4

0.40

40.3

224

16.2

3.3

Diameter = 20.51 cm
Length
*Q,

The rate of change of fcequency with temperature is

-48 kHz/OC for copper construction.

In Table 11, the parameters for the present SLAC accelerator and for SLED a r e summarized for a beam-loaded
Table I1
Comparison of SLED and Present SLAC Parameters
Present SLAC

SLED

(30 MW klystrons)

Unloaded Energy

(GeV)

26

46

Loaded Energy

Gev)

23.5

41.5

Repetition Rate

@Pel

RF Pulse Length

@sec)

2.6

5.0

Beam Pulse Length

@sec)

1.6

0.36

Average Current

@A)

Peak Current

(mA)

360

40

IO

SLED
(40

MW klystrons)
53
48

180

180
5.0
0.36

12.5

14.5

190

220

Eleotrons per P u k e

7 x 1011

4 . 5 x 1011

Wty Cycle

8 x IO-*

6.5 x

6.5

= 1.O8X1O5

*Theoretical Q for copper at fo = 2856 MHz

configuration and beam energy, beam breakup limits the

peak current to 160 mA for a beam pulse length of 0 . 3 psec.
At a final energy of 40 GeV, a pulse current on the order of
250 mA could be accelerated at this pulse length, assuming
a reasonable increase in the strength of the focusing along
the accelerator.

(30 MW klystrons)

= 33.59cm

Preliminary analysis has indicated that a cavity tuning

e r r o r of 10 degrees is acceptable. Assuming Qo=.105 and
p = 5 , the loadedQ is Q ~ = 1 . 6 x 1 0 ~Thus
.
the cavity halfbandwidth, i B W , is approximately 90 kHz . If Af is the
difference between the driving frequency and the cavity
resonant frequency, the cavity tuning angle i s given by
+$ = tan-1 [&/(iBW)].
Thus, if J, is to be limited to +10
degrees, Af must not be greater than 16 kHz. F r o m the
tuning r a t e with temperature given above, this implies that
the cavity temperature must be held constant to within
1/3OC. The existing accelerator cooling water system holds
temperature fluctuations to better than &0.15OC, which
would appear to be adequate. However, the R F power dissipated inside each cavity, which is calculated to be about
2 kW average for a 30 MW klystron source, will r a i s e the
metal temperature on the order of 1.4OC. This temperature change will shift the resonant frequency by 67 kHz and
introduce a tuning e r r o r of 37 degrees. Although the cavities may be pre-tuned to 2856 MHz a t the equilibrium
temperature with the R F power on, there will still be a
phase- and amplitude-drift period during warm-up following
each R F shutdown. The severity of this problem will be
gauged during prototype tests. The concept of a mechanically temperature-compensated cavity has been suggested
and will be tried if necessary.

x 1011

Energy Spread

ob)

-1.0

< 1.0.

< 1.0'

Average Beam Power

(kW)

950

520

700

A cross-sectional drawing of the prototype assembly is

shown in Fig. 9. The cavity cylinders a r e made from
copper forgings, machined to 9.5 m m wall thickness. The
inner surface finish is better than 0.15 microns (RMS).
Water-cooling tubes a r e brazed on in pairs covering the
five zones of maximum heat dissipation along each cylinder.
The cavities a r e fine-tuned by distorting the thin-wall endplate using a differential screw. The tuning range is
approximately +1 MHz. Coupling between the cavity and
waveguide magnetic fields is achieved through circular
apertures in the end-plates. A 2.77 cm diameter aperture
in a 4.06 mm thick wall gives the desired p value for
~,=105.

~~~

'Assumes current pulse ~haplng(e g , 230 mA for the f l r s t half of the pulae, then 160 mA
for the second half for the case of 30 MW klyetrona) For constant peak current, estimated
energy spread i s 2 5%.

energy 10% below the unloaded energy. Parameters for

SLED are given for both 30 and 40 MW klystrons; at the
time SLED becomes operational, the average peak klystron
power per station is expected to lie between these limits.
SLED Cavity Design

It is anticipated that there will be frequent need to run

the accelerator in the present non-SLED mode; that is, with
the flat-topped R F pulse from the klystron transmitted without distortion to the accelerator. This can b e done by
detuning the SLED cavities, which then appear as shortcircuits a c r o s s two ports of the 3-db hybrid coupler. Under
these conditions, the klystron pulse is transmitted through
the SLED network without significant reflection or loss.
The design requirements placed upon the detuner a r e quite
severe. Primarily, when it is moved from the ltdetunedllto
the %.medft position, it must return the cavity to the same
resonant frequency to within a few kilohertz. Also, in the
position, it must not degrade the cavity Qo nor
introduce any frequency modulation due to mechanical vibration. A prototype detuner has been designed which consists

A s noted in the previous sections, cavities with Qo on

the order of IO5 are needed to obtain a power multiplication
factor high enough to be of interest. This Qo can be obobtained in copper cavities operating at or somewhat above
r m m temperature if a higher-order resonant mode is
employed. Considerations of cost, mechanical stability and
frequency separation of competing modes make it desirable
to choose the mode with the smallest cavity volume for a
specified Qo. Modes which a r e members of the TEOln
family have this desirable characteristic. The value n=5
was chosen as optimum for our purposes. The ratio of
diameter D to length L for the cavity remained to be determined. A value of D/L less than unity (which gives maximum Qo) was chosen on the basis of material availability.

5 80

WATER C O O L I N G

COUPL INt A P ERTU R E S

FINE TUNING
MECWANI SM S

GUIDE
VACUUM

GES

3 d b HYBRID
COUPLER

COPPER
TE,,S CAVl

W A V E GU I D E DO G-LEG"

s C C T I ON s

STAINLES5 STEEL R I N G S

1111.410

FIG. 9--Assembly drawing of the prototype microwave network for SLED.

of a stainless steel needle 1.52 mm in diameter inserted into

the TEOl5 cavity through a 2.03 mm hole in the cavity wall.
This hole enters the cavity on a current node and thus causes
negligible perturbations of fo and Qo. The needle enters at
an angle such that when fully inserted, its tip reaches a
circle of maximum azimuthal E field. In this way a detuning
of 18 MHz, o r approximately 100 bandwidths, is achieved.
In its fully retracted position, the needle is decoupled by at
least 90 db from the cavity fields and has no residual effect
upon fo and Qo.
The SLED prototype assembly described above has performed very well in low-power tests at room temperature.
The "detuned" and 'ltunedlt output waveforms follow very
closely the "Power In" and "Power Out" curves, respectively,
shown in Fig. 7. High-power tests into a matched load a r e
presently in progress. In September of this year, the prototype cavity-hybrid unit will be installed as shown in Fig. 10
on a klystron station near the accelerator injector to allow
tests to be made with a beam.

If SLED is to be a viable means for increasing the

energy of the SLAC linac, it must be shown that the klystrons
can operate satisfactorily at the 5 . 0 psec R F pulse length
and 180 pps repetition rate required. Initial tests at the
longer pulse length indicate that the klystron fault rate is
somewhat higher than is the case at the present 2 . 5 psec
pulse length, but there is no evidence that the klystrons will
not operate satisfactorily under the SLED conditions.

WAVEGUIDE SYSTEM

POWER MULTIPLIER ASSEMBLY

(ASSEMBLY CONNECTED TO
WAVEGUIDE TEMPERATURE STABILIZING WATER SYSTEM)

SLED Modes of Operation and Physics Possibilities

Boosting the energy of the present SLAC accelerator
into the 40- to 50-GeV range by means of SLED makes
available a number of new operating modes for the machine
and a correspondmg variety of possibilities for the high
energy physics program. The full exploitation of the SLED
idea requires that all 245 high-power klystron stations be
equipped with microwave cavity networks; new pulse-forming
networks and pulse transformers must be added to the modulators as well. The combination of these two features gives

581

FIG. 10--Proposed installation of the SLED microwave

network at a typical station in the Klystron
Gallery.

a 5 psec R F pulse a t the output of each klystron and boosts

The present cost estimates for SLED (at FY 1974 rates,

excluding project indirects, design and engineering, and
contingency) break down roughly a s follows:

its effective peak power from 30 to 100 M W . This enhancement in peak power is achieved a t the cost of reducing the
repetition r a t e from 360 pps to 180 pps and the beam duty
cycle by a factor of 10. The present plan is to make these
modifications reversible. The cavity detuners which have
been described above can be inserted in a fraction of a
second. This results in a possible machine operating mode
at the present energy (-23 GeV) but with a beam pulse
length of 4.2 psec, giving an improvement in duty cycle
over present operation (at 360 pps) of over 30%. This mode
of operation cannot be interlaced on a pulse-to-pulse basis
with the SLED high-energy mode, but is obtainable after a
short switch-over time. It will be used for phasing the
machine, possibly for injection of 1.5 GeV electrons and
positrons into SPEAR, and for -20 GeV beams for experiments such as LASS (Large Aperture Solenoidal Spectrometer). An alternate method of obtaining low-energy beams
might be to inject electrons on an early part of the energy
gain waveform. Early injection will be made possible by
not installing SLED cavities on the injector klystrons,
thereby having a flat 5 psec RF pulse available for capture.
When the present mode of operation a t 360 pps needs to be
restored, this will be done by halving the lengths of the
new pulse-forming networks in the modulators. The switchover might be done by remote control. Even if done manually, the operation should not take more than an hour or so
for the entire machine. It is important to point out that
none of these modes of operation require an increase in
average power for the accelerator above the -25 MW that is
presently used.

A full discussion of the physics possibilities opened by

SLED is beyond the scope of this report. Only a few general
remarks will be made here. It appears that End Station A
would continue to be the main experimental center for electron scattering and photoproduction physics. In order to
bend the 40- to 50-GeV beams into the A-line, three out of
the five 0. lopulsed magnets at the apex of the beam switchyard (BSY) would be replaced by stronger magnets and
power supplies. The eight 3' bending magnets which make
up the 24O A-bend would also be replaced by stronger
magnets. The A-beam dump magnets used for photon experiments would be upgraded. What modifications would be
made in the spectrometers is not yet clear.
The main "ecologicalt1 change in the research yard
would take place in the mix of experiments between End
Stations B (ESB) and C (ESC), For higher-energy RFseparated K* and antiproton beams, there is insufficient
drift distance behind ESB in the Research Yard. For this
reason, it has been proposed that the RF separators be
moved to the present C-beam, which would be rebuilt with
the target moved up by about 100 m. This change might
eventually cause LASS and/or the bubble chamber to be
moved to the C-beam. The KO-decay experiments in ESB
may not require higher energies than a t present (and therefore no modifications), but production experiments with KO's
may be exploitable. It is also possible that higher-energy
primary e- or photon beams may be of interest to LASS in
i t s present location (or in ESC). In any case, upgrading the
12O B-line would be fairly inexpensive because one would
simply add some of the 30 magnets available from the A-line.
ESC, on the other hand, would be more drastically modified, but at relatively low cost since no large-angle bends
would be involved. The proposed plan would be to create
three independent channels by means of a magnetic slit
located downstream of the present tune-up dump. The
pulsed magnets at the apex of the BSY would aim the electron
beam from the accelerator into any one of these three channels. The central beam would be charged (separated beams
mentioned above), and the other two would be neutral. One
of these neutral beams might consist of photons derived
from the collision of electrons with a beam of photons from
a laser o r from coherent bremsstrahlung; it would be used
by the streamer chamber. The other might be a KO beam.

582

Microwave System
Modulator Modifications
Instrumentation and Control
Beam Switchyard Modifications

$-1
M
-1.9M
- 0.5 M
-1.6 M

Total

$ 5.OM
Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the work that has been carried

out by the SLAC Klystron Group, under J. Lebacqz, to test
and evaluate the performance of the SLAC klystrons a t the
longer pulse length required by SLED. C. Olson and the
Accelerator Electronics Group have made design and engineering studies of the modifications required to increase the
pulse length of the SLAC modulators, and have carried out
those modifications on an initial unit for long pulse klystron
tests. A. Lisin and R . Sandkuhle have been responsible for
the mechanical design of the SLED prototype assembly.
Fabrication and scheduling were directed by H. Zaiss.
K. Mallory has studied the instrumentation and control
problems associated with SLED, and D. Walz has investigated the changes required to upgrade the beam switchyard.
J. Murray and L. Keller with many others have studied the
high energy physics possibilities opened up by SLED.
H. Deruyter has been responsible for all microwave measurements involved in the development and testing of the
cavity-hybrid microwave network.
References
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

1,

P. B. Wilson gt., Particle Accelerators

223
(1970).
W . B: Herrmannsfeldt gt., P r o c of the 8th Int. Conf.
on High Energy Accelerators (CERN-Scientific Information Service, Geneva, 1971), p. 563.
G. A. Loew, llElectrons, the Energy Crisis and the
Possibilities of RF power,11SLAC RLA Note 52,
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University,
Stanford, California (June 1973), unpublished.
Z . D. Farkas, I1Power Multiplier,11Technical Note
SLAC-TN-73-8, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center,
Stanford University, Stanford, California (September
1973), unpublished.
P. B. Wilson, "SLED: A Method for Doubling SLAC's
Energy, Technical Note SLAC-TN-73-15, Stanford
Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University,
Stanford, California (December 1973), unpublished.

DISCUSSION
Herbert Len e l e r CER : How a r e you going to realize
a cavity a t r f o m tLmpezture with a Q value of lo5 ?
Farkas: We use a TEllt.cavity which just happens to have
a Q of 105 It's not very ig, 8 inches in diameter and 13
inches high.

Helmut Herminghaus (Mainz) : Couldn't you have rather

severe mismatch during some part of the pulse and if so,
how a r e the klystrons protected?
Farkas:
Yes, that is something we worry about. A s I
mentioned in the talk, the reasons for the 3DB hybrid is to
take all the energy reflected from the cavities and channel
it into the accelerator section. Another possibility of

DISCUSSION (cont'd)
separating incident from reflected power at any place
would be to use circulators which obviously is not practtical a t these very high power levels. There i s yet another
possibility, using resonant rings, which poses other
problems.

Farkas:
I don't know whether we can use that current.
However, it might not be entirely useless. As a matter of
fact, there is acceleration at other times than during the
0 . 2 to 0.3 p s interval of peak acceleration and you might
use current at those times f o r some other purpose.

Andrei Kolomensky (Lebedev Institute): You have three

times less average current and you inject less current?

Raphael Littauer (Cornell):

the SLED project?

Farkas:

Farkas:
Five million dollars, about two for the cavities
and network, another two for modifying the modulators,
and about one million for instrumentation and control, including the switchyard.

Right, we inject over a shorter time.

Kolomensky:
Why don't you use some current to excite
the cavities? Put the total current at 40 mA and use some
of it f o r excitation.

583

What is the estimated cost of

A PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF
TRI- RING INTERSECTING STORAGE ACCELERATORS I N NIPPON, TRISTAN

T e t s u j i Nishikawa
N a t i o n a l Laboratory f o r High Energy P h y s i c s
Oho-machi, Tsukuba-gun
Ibaraki- ken, Japan
superconducting proton r i n g s i n t e r s e c t i n g each o t h e r a t
f o u r i n t e r a c t i o n p o i n t s i n a h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e . The conWhen t h e p r e s e n t KEK p r o t o n s y n c h r o t r o n p r o j e c t
v e n t i o n a l r i n g (broken l i n e ) w i l l be i n s t a l l e d above o r
w a s o r i g i n a l l y proposed, i t w a s e x p e c t e d t o b r i n g up t h e below the two superconducting r i n g s and i n t e r s e c t them
Japanese high- energy p h y s i c s program t o t h e p r e s e n t f r o n - v e r t i c a l l y a t t h e beam- transfer o r i n t e r a c t i n g p o i n t s .
t i e r of the world h i g h e n e r g y p h y s i c s . However, a s h o r t - S e v e r a l e x p e r i m e n t a l h a l l s f o r s t a t i o n a r y t a r g e t experc u t o f t h e budget f o r c e d t h e p r o j e c t t o s t a r t w i t h a
iments a r e a l s o shown.
lower e n e r g y a c c e l e r a t o r and extend i t t o a h i g h e r ene r g y r a n g e . Thus t h e f u t u r e e x t e n s i o n of t h e p r e s e n t l y
T a b l e I . PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS OF TRISTAN pp RINGS
constructing 1 2 GeV proton synchrotron is taken i n t o
c o n s i d e r a t i o n even a t t h e i n i t i a t i o n of t h e p r e s e n t pro- I n j e c t i o n Energy
12-50 G e V
180 GeV
j e c t ? ) S e v e r a l p o s s i b l e e x t e n s i o n schemes such a s a
Maximum F i n a l Energy(Each Ring)
l a r g e c o n v e n t i o n a l s y n c h r o t r o n i n t h e energy r e g i o n of
4
Number of I n t e r s e c t i n g P o i n t s
80
100 GeV have been c o n s i d e r e d as a l o n g r a n g e p l a n
204 m
Average Radius(Curved S e c t i o n )
of t h e KEK p r o j e c t . A t p r e s e n t , however, t h e f u t u r e
150 m
Long S t r a i g h t S e c t i o n Length
p l a n of t h e KEK s y n c h r o t r o n i s c o n c e n t r a t e d on a p l a n
30 m
Short S t r a i g h t S e c t i o n Length
of t r i - r i n g i n t e r s e c t i n g s t o r a g e a c c e l e r a t o r s f o r v a r 2035 m
T o t a l Circumference(6x12 G e V Ring)
i o u s t y p e s of c o l l i d i n g beam e x p e r i m e n t s as e t p , pp,
50 kG
Maximum Magnetic F i e l d
e+e- and pp a t v e r y h i g h c e n t e r of m a s s e n e r g i e s . T h i s
-70 M J
T o t a l S t o r e d Energy
-100 s e c
p r o j e c t i s nicknamed a s TRISTAN (Xri-Eing I n t e r s e c t i n g
Acceleration Time
S t o r a g e & c e l e r a t o r s i n x i p p o n ) and a p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n Number of B e t a t r o n O s c i l l a t i o n s
22.25
FODO
s t u d y i s undertaken in t h e KEK A c c e l e r a t o r Department
Cell S t r u c t u r e
Separated F u n c t i o n
i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e u n i v e r s i t y s c i e n t i s t s and t h e
a0
Number of C e l l s ( E a c h Ring)
c r y o g e n i c s p e c i a l i s t s . T h i s i s a r e p o r t on t h e p r e s e n t
- 16.4 m
Cell- Length
s t a t u s of t h e p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n s t u d y of t h e TRISTAM?)
6 cm
F u l l Vacuum Chamber Aperture
40 mrad
C r o s s i n g Angle
O u t l i n e of TRISTAN
6x10'
T o t a l Charge(Each Ring)
15 A
C i r c u l a t i n g C u r r e n t (Each Ring)
'
The s i t e of KEK i s a l a n d area of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 220 L u m i n o s i t y ( l 8 0 GeV)
7 . 5 ~ 1 0 ~cm-'sec-l
h e c t a r e s i n Tsukuba D i s t r i c t , J a p a n . The p r e s e n t 1 2 G e V Maximum Luminosity f o r
p r o t o n s y n c h r o t r o n p r o j e c t i s i n p r o g r e s s a t t h e middle
lo3'+ cm-2sec-1
Collinear Crossing
of t h e s i t e , s o t h a t t h e r e remains a s p a c e enough t o
b u i l d a l a r g e r r i n g w i t h more t h a n 2 Km i n i t s circumTRISTAN pp System
f e r e n c e . Thus, as ISABELLE:) PEP:) and EPIC') p r o j e c t s ,
w i t h a s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnet system we w i l l b e a b l e t o
c o n s t r u c t a p r o t o n s t o r a g e r i n g of 150
200 GeV i n s i d e
A s e t of p r e l i m i n a r y parameters of TRISTAN pp r i n g s
t h e s i t e boundary.
i s g i v e n in Table I. The a v e r a g e r a d i u s of TRISTAN r i n g s
i s t a k e n a s s i x - t i m e s of t h e p r e s e n t main r i n g o r approThe p r e s e n t l y c o n s t r u c t i n g s y n c h r o t r o n w i l l b e
x i m a t e l y 324 m.
used as t h e i n j e c t o r of t h e s t o r a g e a c c e l e r a t o r . S i n c e ,
however, t o r a i s e up t h e p r o t o n e n e r g y from 1 2 G e V t o d
F i r s t , s i x p u l s e s from t h e p r e s e n t main r i n g are i n 100 GeV r a n g e a l a r g e s u p e r c o n d u c t o r m a g n e t i z a t i o n is
j e c t e d i n t o t h e TRISTAN c o n v e n t i o n a l r i n g t o f i l l up i t s
r e q u i r e d , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnets t o
t o t a l circumference leading t o 6 X
p a r t i c l e s per turn.
t h e s t o r a g e a c c e l e r a t o r would s u f f e r from t e c h n i c a l d i f - Then t h e p r o t o n s are a c c e l e r a t e d upto about 50 G e V and
t r a n s f e r e d i n t o one of t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g r i n g s . From
f i c u l t i e s unless a new s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g t e c h n i q u e could
t h e expected beam c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e p r e s e n t synb e developed. T h e r e f o r e , w e are p l a n n i n g t o i n s t a l l
a n o t h e r c o n v e n t i o n a l r i n g i n t h e same e n c l o s u r e a s a
c h r o t r o n , t h e e m i t t a n c e s of t h e 50 GeV beam would b e 0.4
and 2.8 Tmm-mrad i n v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l d i r e c t i o n s ,
b o o s t e r between t h e p r e s e n t s y n c h r o t r o n and t h e superc o n d u c t i n g r i n g s . It a c c e l e r a t e s p r o t o n s t o about 50
r e s p e c t i v e l y . Using a set of skew q u a d r u p o l e s i n t h e
G e V and i t s g u i d i n g f i e l d i s i n v e r t e d i n o r d e r t o probeam t r a n s p o r t l i n e , we i n t e r c h a n g e h o r i z o n t a l and v e r vide t h e protons f o r another i n t e r s e c t i n g r i n g s o as t o
t i c a l phase s p a c e of t h e 50 GeV beam b e f o r e i n j e c t i o n .
r u n i n o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n . The c o n v e n t i o n a l r i n g w i l l
By means of t r a n s v e r s e s t a c k i n g method we c a n accommodate
a l s o b e u s e d as a n e l e c t r o n o r a p o s i t r o n s t o r a g e r i n g
some t e n pulses of t h e 50 GeV beam i n a useful h a l f a f t e r i t a c t e d as a p r o t o n b o o s t e r between t h e p r e s e n t
p r o t o n s o r a 15 A
a p e r t u r e of about 3 cm. Thus 6 x 10''
main r i n g and t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g r i n g s . Furthermore,
p r o t o n beam w i l l b e s t a c k e d and a c c e l e r a t e d i n e a c h superas a f u t u r e o p t i o n , t h i s r i n g may b e used t o produce
c o n d u c t i n g r i n g . The f i l l i n g t i m e needed f o r t h e whole
a n t i p r o t o n beams which w i l l be a c c e l e r a t e d and s t o r e d
s t a c k i n g p r o c e s s i s about 100 seconds f o r e a c h , and a c c e l i n one of t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g r i n g s .
So w e w i l l be a b l e e r a t i o n t a k e s p l a c e i n t h e f o l l o w i n g -100 s e c o n d s . The
v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l e m i t t a n c e s a t 180 G e V are e s t i m a t t o c a r r y o u t v a r i o u s t y p e s of c o l l i d i n g beam e x p e r i ments as p p , ekp, e+e-, pp and e+p by choosing d i f f e r e n t ed t o b e E" = 0.8 i'rrmm.mrad and EH = 0.35 Tim-mrad.
sets of t h r e e r i n g s . The p a r t i c l e s a c c e l e r a t e d in a
r i n g which i s f r e e of c o l l i d i n g beam e x p e r i m e n t s can be
In Fig.2 and F i g . 3 w e show t h e proposed l a t t i c e f o r
e x t r a c t e d toward an e x p e r i m e n t a l h a l l and used f o r s t a TRISTAN s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g r i n g s w i t h t h e c e l l s t r u c t u r e
t i o n a r y t a r g e t experiments.
of a s e p a r a t e d f u n c t i o n FODO system. Taking t h e l e n g t h
of e a c h long s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n as 150 m , w e g e t the avA p r e l i m i n a r y o u t l i n e p l a n of t h e TRISTAN i s shown
e r a g e r a d i u s of curved s e c t i o n as 204 m. The t o t a l c e l l
Two diamond-shape r i n g s ( s o l i d l i n e s ) are
number of 80 i s chosen w i t h b e t a t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n frequeni n Fig.1.
Introduction

5a4

cy i n neighborhood of 2 0 and t h e p h a s e advance of each

c e l l of about 9 0 " . A quadrant of each r i n g c o n s i s t s of
1 9 normal c e l l s and one h a l f bending-magnet c e l l (HBM
c e l l ) . A s i s shown i n F i g . 2 , t h e HBM c e l l of e i t h e r
r i n g i s l o c a t e d i n t h e down- ( o r up-) stream i n a quadr a n t of two i n t e r s e c t i n g r i n g s . Thus t h e s u p e r p e r i o d
of each r i n g i s 2 forming a diamond-shape l a t t i c e i n
which each diamond c r o s s e s a n o t h e r diamond a t a c r o s s i n g a n g l e of 2 ' 1 4 ' .
However, t h e c r o s s i n g a n g l e can
b e t a k e n a t any d e g r e e s by u s i n g a n a p p r o p r i a t e set of
d e f l e c t i n g magnets i n t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e m i s s i n g magn e t s of t h e HBM c e l l s o r i n t h e long s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s .
I n t h e s e l a t t i c e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , w e can o b t a i n p r o t o n
e n e r g i e s of 150 G e V a t t h e bending f i e l d of 4 0 kG and
180 GeV a t 50 kG.

m/m,

The l u m i n o s i t y f o r a h o r i z o n t a l c r o s s i n g o f t h e
unbunched beams i s g i v e n by
fN2
_E
LPP = bpeC '
where N p i s t h e t o t a l number of p r o t o n s s t o r e d i n each
r i n g , 2bp t h e f u l l v e r t i c a l beam h e i g h t , 8 t h e c r o s s i n g
a n g l e , C t h e circumference and f t h e r e v o l u t i o n f r e quency. L e t t i n g Np = 6 x
bp =
= 0 . 9 mm
(Bv = lm), J = 2 ' 1 4 ' and C = 2035 m, we o b t a i n

L~~ = 7.5 x 1 0 ~ ' c m - ~ s e c - '

I f w e u s e a q u a s i - c o l l i n e a r c r o s s i n g of t h e bunched
beams, t h e n t h e l u m i n o s i t y w i l l be improved l e a d i n g t o
t h e maximum l u m i n o s i t y c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e maximum
a l l o w a b l e t u n e s h i f t of Avo,

where we t a k e t h e 8 - f u n c t i o n as Bp(Bv = OH) = l m , up =

190 (180 GeV), t h e c l a s s i c a l p r o t o n r a d i u s rp = 1 . 5 x
lo-'' m and AVO = 0 . 0 2 . I n t h i s e x p r e s s i o n , t h e p r o t o n
bunch l e n g t h Rp i s assumed t o be kp << 2BP.
Table I1
PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS OF TRISTAN e p RINGS
Maximum E l e c t r o n Energy
Maximum P r o t o n Energy
Length of I n t e r a c t i o n Region
Bending Radius ( E l e c t r o n )
Maximum Bending F i e l d ( E l e c t r o n )
T o t a l Circumference
Center of Mass Energy
R.F. Frequency ( E l e c t r o n )
Maximum R.F. Voltage ( E l e c t r o n )
E l e c t r o n Current
Power r a d i a t e d by E l e c t r o n s
Maximum Luminosity
C r o s s i n g Angle
Injector

1 7 GeV
180 G e V
150 m
124 m
4 . 5 kG
2035 m
110 G e V

-1200

i n which an e l e c t r o n l i n a c i s used b o t h as t h e i n j e c t o r
and t h e r i n g RF a c c e l e r a t i o n system!)
The t o t a l l e n g t h
of t h e e l e c t r o n l i n a c i s about 100 m and i t i s i n s t a l l e d
i n one of t h e long s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s of t h e TRISTAN conv e n t i o n a l r i n g . A s t h e i n j e c t o r t h e l i n a c works at a
p u l s e d o p e r a t i o n and p r o v i d e s about 10" e l e c t r o n s w i t h
a single turn injection. Imediately a f t e r t h i s the
e l e c t r o n l i n a c i s t u r n e d i n t o a r i n g RF system which
works, i n a s e n s e , at a CW o p e r a t i o n . The e n e r g y l o s s
p e r t u r n f o r an e l e c t r o n c i r c u l a t i n g t h e s t o r a g e r i n g
i s about 35 MeV f o r a 15 G e V beam and 50 MeV f o r a 1 7 GeV
I n c l u d i n g e f f e c t of quantum f l u c t u a t i o n s , about t w i c e
of t h e s e f i g u r e s are r e q u i r e d f o r t h e RF peak v o l t a g e .
Considering t h e power and a p e r t u r e r e q u i r e m e n t s , w e tent a t i v e l y choose t h e RF frequency of t h e l i n a c a t L-band
r e g i o n and d i v i d e t h e t o t a l l e n g t h i n t o 10 s e c t i o n s .
With a shunt impedence of about 50
v a l u e s of nece s s a r y RF power are l i s t e d i n T a b l e I11 b o t h f o r t h e
i n j e c t o r and t h e s t o r a g e r i n g o p e r a t i o n s . It i s shown
t h a t RF power t u b e s w i t h a peak RF power of -30 MW and
w i t h an a v e r a g e power of -350 kW are r e q u i r e d , which,
however, would n o t be f a r beyond from t h e p r e s e n t a v a i l a b l e techniques.
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e RF power r e q u i r e m e n t s , some problems a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s system should be mentioned.
F i r s t , t h e l i n a c RF system h a s t h e advantage of achievi n g a 100 % RF c a p t u r e of t h e i n j e c t e d beam. However,
about 200 m A - p s peak c u r r e n t of t h e l i n a c a t i n j e c t i o n
i s r e q u i r e d f o r p r o v i d i n g a 30 mA c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t i n
t h e r i n g s i n c e t h e r e v o l u t i o n frequency of e l e c t r o n s i s
150 kHz. T h i s f i g u r e i s around t h e maximum c u r r e n t achieved up t o t h e p r e s e n t i n t h e e x i s t i n g l i n a c s . Furthermore, f o r o b t a i n i n g a h i g h e r l u m i n o s i t y i t i s favora b l e t h a t t h e e l e c t r o n bunches are a r r a n g e d so as t o be
s e p a r a t e d from one a n o t h e r a t a d i s t a n c e e q u a l t o t h e
s e p a r a t i o n of p r o t o n bunches. During t h e p e r i o d of sync h r o t r o n a c c e l e r a t i o n s , t h e RF a c c e l e r a t i o n v o l t a g e h a s
t o be programmed i n a r a n g e from some hundred kV t o a
hundred MV. For t h i s , we p r o b a b l y need t o e x c i t e each
s e c t i o n s u c c e s s i v e l y w i t h a feed- back RF c o n t r o l system.
I n a d d i t i o n , a t r a n s v e r s e f o c u s i n g system a l o n g t h e l i n a c
should be matched t o t h e r i n g l a t t i c e system. P r e l i m i n a r y o r b i t a n a l y s i s shows t h a t t h e t r a n s v e r s e motion i s
q u i t e f e a s i b l e throughout t h e whole p r o c e s s i n c l u d i n g
i n j e c t i o n , a c c e l e r a t i o n and s t o r a g e . F i n a l l y , i f we
wish t o s t o r a g e p o s i t r o n s as w e l l as e l e c t r o n s i n t h e
same r i n g , w e may need t o b u i l d a n o t h e r r e l a t i v e l y small
r i n g which i s provided f o r i n j e c t i o n of p o s i t r o n s a t a
sufficient intensity.
T a b l e 111 RF POWER OF ELECTRON LINAC
PROPOSED FOR
TRISTAN INJECTOR AND RF ACCELERATING SYSTEM

MHZ

100 Mv/turn

30 mA
1.5 MW
1 . 5 ~ 1 cm-2sec-1
0~~
230 mrad

Injection Field (Electron)

Function

1 GeV Electron
Linac

Energy Gain
Operation
Mode

265 G

TRISTAN ep SYSTEM

I n Table I1 areshown p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s
o f TRISTAN e p system. The c e n t e r of mass energy of t h e
e p c o l l i d i n g system i.s 1 1 0 GeV w i t h t h e e l e c t r o n energy
of 1 7 GeV and t h e p r o t o n energy o f 180 GeV.

We have c o n s i d e r e d s e v e r a l schemes f o r s t o r a g e of
e l e c t r o n s i n c l u d i n g i t s i n j e c t o r and RF a c c e l e r a t i o n
system. Because of s t r o n g s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n a l o n g
a curved o r b i t , energy and i n t e n s i t y of t h e e l e c t r o n
beam i s l i m i t e d by f e a s i b l e RF t e c h n i q u e s .
I n t h i s resp e c t , of t h e schemes proposed t h e one p r e f e r a b l e i s t h a t

Peak RF
Voltage
(Each S e c t i o n )

I nj e c t o r

S t o r a g e Ring
RF (15 GeV)

1 GeV

35 MeV

Pulsed

cw

S t o r a g e Ring
RF (17 GeV)

50 MeV

cw

100 Mv

6MV

10 MV

Wall L o s s
(Each S e c t i o n )

20 Mw

70 kW

200 kW

Beam Loading
(Each S e c t i o n )

1 0 MW

100 kW

150 kW

RF Power
(Each S e c t i o n )

30 MW

170 kW

350 kW

300 MW

1 . 7 Mw

3.5

T o t a l Power

585

MW

The maximum luminosity for ep colliding experiments

will be determined by the maximum allowable tune shift
for electrons per intersection. For a quasi-collinear
crossing, following relations between the length parameters may be assumed as a practical case.

1978

Construction started

1982

Completion of the conventional ring.

1985

Completion of the superconducting rings.

A rough total construction cost: is estimated to be around

lo4 M yen, and, since this figure may be beyond a growth
rate of our research budget, we had better divide the
TRISTAN project into two stages, Phase I and Phase 11.
ii) The B function are assumed to be Bv = BH and vary
At present, we are considering two possible courses on
the process from Phase I to Phase 11. The one is that
as Be,p (SI = Be,, + s2
in the interaction region.
in which we construct the conventional ring in Phase I
Be,
The @-function for the efectron ring at the center of
and use it as a storage accelerator both for protons
the interaction region is much shorter than that for
and electrons. The construction of the accelerator enthe proton ring or Be << 6,.
closure for the whole project should also be included
in Phase I. The conventional ring will accelerate proiii) The proton bunch length (or the length of the
tons to some ten GeV and electrons over ten GeV. Besides,
interaction region of an unbunched proton beam), Rp,
this ring itself may be used as a 1 2 GeV electron-proton
could be longer than or comparable to the Be value,
colliding beam machine. In this option, electrons as a
while it is short enough compared to the BP value, i.e.
starter are injected, accelerated and stored at about
26, 5 Rp << 2Bp.
13 GeV. Subsequently, 1 2 GeV protons accelerated by the
presently constructing synchrotron are injected and storiv) The electron beam radius is narrower than the proed in the same ring rotating in opposite direction. By
ton beam radius.
a small momentum difference or an application of an electric field, we could separate electron and proton orbits
On the assumption of these relations, it is shown') that except the interaction regions, so that we can devise a
the tune shift, Av,, has a minimum when the following
bypass or an interacting region without difficulty (Fig.4):)
condition is satisfied between the proton bunch length
The ep colliding experiments at 25 GeV in center of mass
(or the interaction length) and the electron-ring Benergy will be performed with a maximum attainable lumifunction as
nosity of about lo3' cnr2sec-'.
i) The electron bunch length is short enough while the
possible shortest proton bunch length could be 0.3 m.

Rp

= 2J3

Be

(2)

Taking Ave ,,,in = Avo (maximum allowable tune shift), we

can obtain an expression for the maximum luminosity,
(3)
where Ne is the total number of stored electrons and re
the classical electron radius. It is noted here the
luminosity is one half of the usual expression for extremely short bunches, because the proton bunch length
(or the optimum interaction length of an unbunched proton beam) is longer than Be-value (see equ.(l)).
For an
unbunched proton beam as given in the pp colliding system, the optimum interaction length is estimated to be
Rp = 1 m and, from equ.(2), the optimum Be-value is
about 0.3 m. Letting f = 1.5 X l o 5 Hz, Ne = 1.3 X 1 O I 2
(30 mA), ye = 3.3 x lo4 (17 GeV), re = 2.8 x lo-" m
and Avo = 0.025, we get
Lep (unbunched p )

lo3' cm-2sec-1

The other course from Phase I to Phase I1 is to

build double conventional rings in Phase I and replace
one of them by a superconducting ring in Phase 11. By
means of taking this course, we can perform ep colliding
experiments at a center of mass energy as high as 50
60 GeV; i.e. the energy at which weak processes involving
neutrinos would become comparable to electromagnetic processes or large momentum-transfer strong interactions.
Design of accelerator and the experimental facilities in
Phase I will also become simple and more flexible, provided a little additional construction money should be
financed.
Acknowledgement
Many colleagues in the KEK Accelerator Department
and other laboratories have contributed to promote the
design study reported here. In particular, the discussions with Professor K. Huke, Institute for Nuclear Study,
University of Tokyo, Professor K. Kikuchi and Dr. T.
Suzuki, KEK Accelerator Department should be acknowledged.
References

If we can bunch the proton beam as short as 0.3 m, then

the corresponding optimum Be-value is about 0.1 m and
the maximum luminosity will become three-times higher,
or
Lep max '=; 1.5

1031 cm-'sec-l

T. Nishikawa: Proc. U.S.-Japan Seminar on High Energy Accelerator Science, 1973, KEK, p.209
2.

Time Schedule and Possible Phase I Project

The time schedule and cost estimates of the TRISTAN
project should depend upon many unknown factors as the
operation experience of the present machine, the future
development of accelerator arts, the national economy,
the man-power plan, the supply and power problems, etc.
A tentative schedule presently seen is as follows:
1973

- 1975

1975
1975

- 1977

Design study and fundamental research on

superconducting magnets.

1. T. Nishikawa: Proc. 9th Intn'l Conf. on High Energy

Acc., SLAC, 1974, p.

3. 200-GeV Intersecting Storage Accelerators, ISABELLE,

A Preliminary Design Study, ed. by J.P. Blewett and H.
Hahn, Brookhaven Rept. BNL 16716, May 1972
4 . The LBL-SLAC Storage Ring Study Group: ProtonElectron Positron Design Study, IEEE Trans. NS-20 (1973)
1039, see also Pellegrini et al., Proc. of 8th Intn'l
Conf. on High Energy Acc., 1971, CERN, p.153

5. D.A. Gray: Proc. U.S.-Japan Seminar on High Energy

Accelerator Science, 1973, KEK, p.492

Completion of the present machine.

6. A Similar idea is proposed by I. Sato: Genshikaku
Developments of superconducting magnets
for storage rings and technical feasibility Kenkyu j.7- (1972) 4 4 1 (a Japanese Circular published from
Institute for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo)
study.

586

Normal cell

16.4 rn

Cell L r n g t h

Cell Numbrrs

Normal cell

76

HBM cell

4
124.0 m

Radius 01 Curvature
in Bending Magmt
Muimurn

BM

Maximum

Q M Gradient ( 180 GeV )

Field

( 180 G r V )

5 0 kG

1 0 . 4 kGkm
8 2 - 7

Phase Advance per cell

Functions and X,

in regular cell
26 m

@ m u

0 nm
(

x.

Fig.3

Fig.1

6 m
2.4 rn

)-a

C e l l S t r u c t u r e of TRISTAN pp Rings

P l a n V i e w of TRISTAN

With
Bypass

....

E
, 2dx
P
R
tor

bx

1 I.

- I c m , - 20
V

Fig.4

5 87

Protons

-... Eirctrom

Electric Fields

- L.xm- 8
c R
torox

had bdter apply in the v r r t i d dirutiom

kvlcm

lcm. v- IO

Possible S i n g l e Ring e p C o l l i d i n g Beam System

f o r TRISTAN Phase I.

Quadrant of TRISTAN PP Rings

In this Fipurr , electric lirlds arc indiutd in thc horizontal plam whilr in
wacticc

Fig.2

Protons
Elutrons

THE SUPER-ADONE ELECTRON-POSITRON STORAGE RING DESIGN

F. Amman, M. Bassetti, A. Cattoni, R. Cerchia, V. Chimenti, D. Fabiani, A. M a r r a , M. Matera,

C. Pellegrini, M. Placidi, M. A. P r e g e r , A. Renieri, S. T a z z a r i , F. Tazzioli and G. Vignola
L a b o r a t o r i Nazionali d i F r a s c a t i del CNEN
F r a s c a t i , Italy

Abstract

come f r o m the r e c e n t SPEAR r e s u l t s 3 , extrapolation to new machines and higher peak c u r r e n t s is

s t i l l difficult;
5) low-8 operation h a s been proved possible and i n
agreement with expectation 5. lo;
6) experimental information on the longitudinal beambeam l i m i t is not complete 2 ; data obtained with ADO_
NE will be used in the following (although the actual
limit might be somewhat higher).

The r e s u l t s of a design study1 f o r a high energy

electron- positron storage r i n g to be built a t the F r a s c a t i National Laboratories a r e summarized.

1.

- Introduction.

Super-Adone (SA) is a 1 0 GeV single- ring m a c h i

ne. Luminosity p e r c r o s s i n g is 5x1031+1032 in the e n er
The most relevant difference between the new gg
gy range f r o m 5 to 10 GeV with one bunch p e r b e a m ;
neration of s t o r a g e r i n g s and the p r e s e n t one, is the
multi - bunc h operation is envisaged, t o i n c r e a s e lumirequired charge p e r bunch which is typically one o r d e r
nosity at e n e r g i e s lower than 5 GeV.
of magnitude higher; this r e p r e s e n t s the m a j o r unknown
of these projects and r e q u i r e s c a r e f u l studies t o d e t e r The design a i m is t o achieve good performances
mine possible coherent l o s s e s i n R F s t r u c t u r e s and
at relatively low c o s t ; the following assumptions have
bunch lengthening effects, The operation of DORIS and
been made : maximum R F power t r a n s f e r r e d t o the
SPEAR I1 will c a s t s o m e light on t h e s e phenomena and
beam 1 . 4 MW; maximum c u r r e n t p e r beam 200 mA;
will allow to bridge at l e a s t p a r t of the gap i n t e r m s of
approximate l i n e a r tune shift p e r c r o s s i n g 0. 08; two
charge p e r bunch and peak current.
interaction regions; maximum number of bunches p e r
beam eight.
Another problem of the new generation of s t o r a g e
The limit on the c u r r e n t p e r beam is imposed by
filling t i m e since it is assumed t o u s e ADONE a s a
booster with relatively minor changes t o its injector,
The experimental regions a r e only two. The add
ition of two m o r e experimental regions would i n c r e a s e
c o s t s (two m o r e experimental halls, two m o r e s p e c i a l
Illow-8 i n s e r t i o n s ) while four experimental apparatus
would anyway not be able to r u n a t the s a m e time i n t h e
single bunch mode. At p r e s e n t i t is considered more
convenient t o design the experimental halls in such a
way a s to guarantee a f a s t turn- over time f o r the exp e r i m e n t s installed on the machine, r a t h e r than t o h a
ve m o r e straight sections.
A s f a r a s beam behaviour in a storage ring is
concerned, the operation of existing s t o r a g e rings
allows t o draw the following conclusions :
+
1) operation with c h a r g e s p e r bunch of a few 10l1 e p e r bunch and peak c u r r e n t s of about 30 A h a s been
achieved;
2) coherent single beam instabilities have been i n t e r preted and cured;
3 ) the t r a n s v e r s e incoherent beam- beam limit2 is r e a
sonably well explained by c u r r e n t models and n u m e
r i c a l computations: the maximum l i n e a r tune shift
p e r c r o s s i n g obtained is about 0.08 (ADONE and
SPEAR); a possible explanation f o r the y7 luminos i t y dependence observed at ADONE at e n e r g i e s 10
wer than 1 GeV, could be a diffusion p r o c e s s in c o s
petition with radiation damping; the interpretation
is not inconsistent with existing data, and would give, f o r Super-ADONE, the y74 law f o r luminosity
at e n e r g i e s below 2 GeV;
4) anomalous bunch lengthening has not been, s o far,
c l e a r l y interpreted, and although s o m e light has

r i n g s is the accumulation of intense positron b e a m s in

a single bunch; it t u r n s out that an injection s y s t e m c o n
sisting of a l i n e a r injector and a b o o s t e r is the most
convenient solution to keep filling t i m e s within t o l e r a b
le limits and t o avoid saturation in the s t o r e d c u r r e n t .

2. - Design c r i t e r i a .

The v e r y strong dependence of radiation loss on

energy ( KE4), at fixed bending radius makes the optimum r a d i u s a s h a r p l y peaked function of energy. The
solution described h e r e has not been carefully optimized and corresponds t o an energy somewhat higher than
the optimum value f o r the bending r a d i u s chosen.
Assuming that the maximum value of the approx2
mate l i n e a r tune shift due to beam- beam interaction,
gm, is a constant, the specific luminosity ( f o r bz 5
5 8,) a t the beam- beam limit, is given by

with ,!?
i,n m; k, in the present design, r a n g e s from
1 . 0 7 to 1 . 2 (in general: k m Z = 2 f o r B x = 8, at cros?
ing).

Equ. (1) shows that specific luminosity depends

only on the operating energy and the minimum 8,
being constant. The 8 value cannot be made much s m g
l e r than the bunch length f o r the a s s u m e d value of Em;
very s m a l l 8 ' s at the c r o s s i n g entail v e r y l a r g e values
of t h e s a m e quantity in the quadrupoles adjacent t o the
straight section, with the consequent complications of
l a r g e a p e r t u r e 'and v e r y high sensitivity t o e r r o r s in
the focusing field.

588

W e assume 8, = 0 . 2 m; f r o m ADONE and SPEAR r e s u l t s we take lm = 0 . 0 8 and obtain, with k = i . l .

L / I = 0 . 9 5 ~ 1 0E ~G ~e ~( c m

-2,-1

-1

(2)

In the choice of the total c u r r e n t per beam t h r e e

variables have to be taken into account:
a ) maximum RF power to the beams;
b) maximum c u r r e n t that can be s t o r e d in a r e a s o n a ble time;
c ) limit s e t by the t r a n s v e r s e and longitudinal beambeam effects on the beam t r a n s v e r s e density.
Point b) s e t s an absolute l i m i t on the maximum
luminosity that can be achieved with a given injection
s y s t e m ; a ) influences the luminosity at the maximum
energy and c ) luminosity at low energies, both through
economical f a c t o r s (cost of the R F power and c o s t of
the r i n g a p e r t u r e ) . F o r a luminosity of 5x 1031 cm-'
s - l a t 1 0 GeV, 50 mA per beam a r e required, and the
R F power t r a n s f e r r e d to the two beams is 1 . 4 MW; at
constant R F power to the beams and at a total c u r r e n t
p e r beam s m a l l e r than 2 0 0 mA the allowed beam c u r r e n t is :
I = 5 0 ~ ( 1 0 / E ~ mA
, ~ ) ~

f o r E ? 7 GeV,

I S 200 mA

f o r E c 7 GeV.

method c ) may t u r n out to be the most flexible and co_n

venient; a m o r e systematic analysis is needed t o make
the final choice.
A plot of the expected luminosity v e r s u s energy

is shown in Fig. 1.

2m.200
1.5.-150

9.-90
8--80
7..70
6.-60

Fig, 1 - Luminosity and c u r r e n t dependence on energy.

T r a n s v e r s e and longitudinal beam-beam effects

limit the c u r r e n t p e r beam t o :
(3)

where h is the number of bunches p e r beam and Ik is

a quantity depending on the r i n g magnetic s t r u c t u r e
and related t o the r. m. s. beam r a d i a l dimension ox
at the interaction point; in the optimum condition of
5, = 5 , = gm, and f o r negligible coupling :

u X = aP - = E Eqs. (1)and (3) show that f o r a given magnetic

s t r u c t u r e (i.e. given H") and number of bunches, the
luminosity L is proportional t o E4; if one wants t o keep
I constant, and therefore obtain L oc E, the product
hH* h a s t o v a r y like E-3. A possible choice is that of
varying the number of bunches; in a double ring the
method is e a s y and the most convenient; in a single
r i n g multiple bunch operation is conceivable, with an
upper limit f o r the number of bunches p e r beam of 4
t o 8.
Many different ways have been devised t o i n c r e a
s e H*:
a ) use of high dispersion function ?p at the crossing,
within the longitudinal beam- beam limit6;
b) variation of the betatron wavenumber Qx with e n e r
gY7*8 ;
c ) u s e of s p e c i a l magnetic lattices that allow a continuous variation of Hk9.
The present design is based on method a) and
multibunch operation, with vertically separated beams
(except in the interaction regions) and h 5 8 . Method
b ) makes injection somewhat m o r e complicated, while

5 89

As f a r a s injection is concerned, an injection SJ

s t e m consisting of a linac and an intermediate energy
booster has many advantages : the number of pulses
jected on the s a m e s t o r e d beam is s m a l l ( o r d e r of
102;103); the number of pulses t o be t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m
the booster t o the main ring is quite low ( o r d e r of 10')
s o that the booster energy need not t o be v e r y high; the
linac energy can be i n the 500-1000 MeV range.

In the p r e s e n t design it is f o r e s e e n to use ADON E a s a booster, operating with s i x bunches that c a n

be individually extracted; to keep the total filling time
within one hour, o r one tenth of the lifetime in the
main r i n g at 1. 5 GeV, the linac energy has to be inc r e a s e d to 500 MeV with the addition of 4 accelerating
sections (two klystrons).
The overall positron filling time is about 45 m i nutes f o r 200 mA of positrons and the electron filling
time is about 1 0 minutes. The damping time f o r betat r o n oscillations in the main r i n g is 1. 3 s e c at 1.5 GeV
which allows a maximum repetition r a t e f o r successive
injection pulses on the s a m e R F bucket of 1 pulse p e r
second.

3.

- Lattice

description.

The lattice consists of 24 n o r m a l c e l l s and 2

low-8 insertions each containing 8 magnets: the m a gnetic elements of a half- insertion a r e shown i n Fig. 2.
The experimental straight section is 7 m long, and the
distance between its c e n t e r and the first magnet is 18.1
m. Each half- insertion h a s 10 independent quadrupoles
and 4 magnets.

Fig. 4

Optical functions f o r configuration SD.

The standard c e l l s t r u c t u r e
0
2

-; QF ;M ; QD ; 0 ;QD ; M ; QF ;

0
5

is s y m m e t r i c with r e s p e c t t o the c e n t e r of the 4.6 m

straight section; most of the s t r a i g h t sections a r e occupied by R F cavities, and a l l of t h e m contain a s e x tupole f o r the correction of chromaticity. Optimization
of luminosity a s a function of energy r e q u i r e s v2/p
at the c r o s s i n g point ( y 2 / j x ) ~the
) , number of bunches
p e r b e a m (h), and the coupling between r a d i a l and v e x
t i c a l betatron oscillations ( E ) to be adjustable.

(v2/jx)I

F'our ;ralues of
have been chosen, which
define f o u r configurations SA, Sg, SC, SD, the numb e r of bunches can be 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 and E is v a r i e d conti0. 2 ) . The
nuously within a given configuration (
optical p a r a m e t e r s of the standard c e l l end of the
low-8 insertion f o r the 4 configurations SA, SB, Sc,
SD a r e given in Table I.

Operation with m o r e than one bunch p e r beam

can be obtained by separating the beams at a l l c r o s s ing points in the v e r t i c a l plane (except f o r the experimental straight sections) using t h r e e independent p a i r s
of electrostatic plates in each q u a r t e r of the machine.
T h e r e will be t h r e e kinds of quadrupoles having
the following half- apertures (A): A = 105 m m (Q2, Q6);
A = 90 m m (Q3, &4>Q5,Q9); A = 75 m m (Q1,Q7, (28,
Qlo and periodic c e l l ) and two different kinds of magnets (the 1 6 low-8 insertion magnets(b), and the 48
magnets of the periodic c e l l s ( a ) ) , having the following
characteristics:
Gap height

Useful field region

t o t a l gap width

110
150

120
170

2 85
425

(a)
(b)

All magnets and quadrupoles will have laminated

s t r u c t u r e s , assembled f r o m precision-punched s t e e l
laminations. Magnets will be of the "C" type f o r e a s e
of a c c e s s and to makc vacuum chamber a s s e m b l y eaEi
e r . With laminated c o r e s llC1l-typemagnets a r e cheap e r than IIH"-type ones.

4.

- Injection system.

F o r injection it is proposed t o u s e ADONE a s a

booster. Injection in ADONE w i l l be at 0.5 GeV o v e r
s i x equally spaced (58 n s ) bunches which c a n be indivi
dually extracted after acceleration t o 1. 5 GeV.

A schematic diagram of the injection equipment

connecting SA t o the Linac/Adone facility is shown i n
Fig. 5.
and

px, Bz

Figs. 3 and 4 shows the optical functions

f o r configurations SA and SD respectively.

While it is not possible to p a s s continuouslyfrom

SA and SB t o Sc and SD, it is possible t o p a s s f r o m SA
t o SB and f r o m Sc to SD: only two injection configurations a r e therefore needed. The two injection structur e s have j',= 1 m and
= 0.

Extraction f r o m ADONE r e q u i r e s a s l o w "bumpert1, a f a s t k i c k e r magnet and two s e p t u m magnets.

The kicker magnet w i l l occupy one of the interaction
s t r a i g h t sections. The beam t r a n s p o r t s y s t e m both
matches the ADONE emittance t o the acceptance of SA
and allows f o r a compensated deflection in the v e r t i c a l
plane. The o v e r a l l s y s t e m is achromatic t o first o r d e r .

For injection into SA a perturbed closed orbit is

excited by means of a bumper coil (EB) located i n the
high
section preceding the (I) sections, and switch
ed off with two s i m i l a r coils (SB) in the following high
px sections. To achieve a complete compensation, i n
position and angle, of the perturbed c l o s e d orbit, two
c o r r e c t i n g bumps (CB) will be put i n sections (I) n e a r
the deflectors D1, D2.

px

Fig. 3

- Optical functions f o r configuration

The s a m e bump e x c i t e s t h e p e r t u r b a t i o n s f o r
both injected beams making the overall number of oc-

SA.

5 90

P a r a m e t e r summary.
Be a m
Energy (GeV)
Luminosityx 10-32 (cm-2sm1)
C u r r e n t (mA)
Number of bunches p e r beam
Radiation loss p e r t u r n (MeV)
R. m. s. dimensions at
interaction point ( m m )
r a d i a l uncoupled
r a d i a l coupled
v e r t i c a l coupled
azimuthal [radiation)
Lifetime (hours)

5
0. 96
200
4
0. 86

1. 6
1. 6
0.17
50
* 21

10
0.43
50
1
13.8

7
1. 3
200
1
3. 3

0. 8
0. 6
0.3
75
-9

0.9
0. 85
0. 16

70
14

Magnetic s t r u c t u r e

Fig. 5

- Injection system.

cupied high- /Ix sections equal to 5.

The final deflection onto the right injection orbit

is accomplished by means of two p a i r s of septum d e f l e c t o r s D1, D2 placed in sections (I).

5.

Radiofrequency system.

A reasonable choice f o r the R F frequency is

1 0 2 . 8 MHz, twice the frequency of the new ADONE
R F s y s t e m . At 102. 8 MHz, 20 MV p e r t u r n a r e needed
to e n s u r e the required beam lifetime. We a s s u m e the
shunt impedance per cavity to be 3 M Q and the m a ximum voltage p e r cavity to be 0. 36 MV. T h e r e a r e
t h e r e f o r e 56 cavities (two p e r s t r a i g h t section). The
power l o s t in the cavities is 1 . 2 MW at 20 MV, and p g
wer to the beam is 1.4 MW at 10 GeV, totalling 2.6 MW.

The cavities a r e n o r m a l r e e n t r a n t r e s o n a t o r s ,
under vacuum. Cavities only will be placed in the tunnel, while power amplifiers (one p e r cavity) will be
located in nearby buildings and connected t o the cavit i e s through power coaxial cables.

6. - Vacuum system.
The s y s t e m is designed for an average p r e s s u r e
Torr, with two 200 mA beams at 1 0 GeV. P r e s
of
s u r e i n the experimental sections will be 1 0 - l ' Torr.

C e n t r a l orbit length ( m )
857
136.51
Average r a d i u s (m)
Experimental s t r a i g h t section total length ( m ) 2 X 7
Number of periodic c e l l s
24
Periodic s t r u c t u r e
0/2-F-B-D-C-D-B-F-0/2
P e r i o d length ( m )
26.166
Bending magnet r a d i u s (m)
64
6 4 x 6.283
Bending magnet length ( m )
Maximum field ( T e s l a )
0. 52
Periodic c e l l quad length (m)
9 6 x 0.5
Maximum gradient ( T e s l a / m )
5
Weight (Tons) magnets
Fe 900 C u 1 2 0
quadrupoles
F e 185 Cu 40
Magnet gap a p e r t u r e ( c m 2 )
periodic c e l l
28.5~11
i n s e rtion
42.5~15
Quadrupole maximum inner r a d i u s ( e m )
periodic c e l l
7.5
insertion
10.5
Focusing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

Periodic

pX,z

(m)

max
lmin

w (in)
a R (m)
Bx:z (m)
max
v(m)
max
Interaction point
(m)
(m)
Natural chromaticity : radial
vertical
Betatron frequency : r a d i a l
vertical
Revolution frequency (MHz)
Insertion

Bx,
w

35+37;

849 ;

39G41
10;12

2 . 90+3.10
1, F a + l . 80
1. 61iZ. 08
140c170; 80i140
3.5+7
1.0+2.2; 0.2
01;z.g

- 2.16 - 2.9
-2.4: - 3 . 6
9.2
9.2
0.35

Radiofrequency s y s t e m

The vacuum c h a m b e r m a t e r i a l is S. S. AIS1 304 L;

i t s s u r f a c e a r e a is : chamber 1 3 . 4 ~
lo6 c m 2 cavities
5 x l o 6 e m 2 ; the volume is: chamber 1 6 x lo3 l i t e r s ,
cavities 9 0 x 103 l i t e r s .
Details on the required vacuum equipment, which
includes distributed pumping i n all magnets, can be
found in the following ' p a r a m e t e r s u m m a r y ' .

Frequency (MHz)
Harmonic number
Number of cavities
Number of amplifiers
Maximum power t o the beam (MW)
Total R.F. power (MW)
Peak voltage (MV)

103
2 94
56

56 ( 2 x 2 8 )
2 x 0.7
2.6

Vacuum s y s t e m
Number of 200 l/s Ti-pumps
Number of 270 l / s turbomolecular pumps

591

20

120
32

Distributed pumps :
pumping speed (l/s.c m )
length (m)
P r e s s u r e with beam in the experimental
s t r a i g h t section ( T o r r )

References
10
400

- Super-Adone,

The maximum required e l e c t r i c power is 25 MVA

including s p a r e power, and is no problem,

The r e q u i r e d cooling water flow is about 12.5

l / s e c and could a l s o be e a s i l y available.

10

10-10

Injection
Extracted beam emittance ( m m x m r a d ) :
horizontal
N5
v e r t i c a1
3
e+ 0.2; e- 1 1 2
Average injection r a t e (A/hour)
Injection e n e r g y in SA (GeV)
1.5
Injection e n e r g y in Adone (GeV)
0.5
Injection r a t e in Adone (p. p. s. )
5

7.

Buildings and utilities.

The tunnel will be built under ground between

section 1 and section 5; the remaining p a r t will be built
at s u r f a c e level. Two experimental halls ( 2 0 x 4 0 m 2 x
x 1 6 m height) will c o v e r the experimental sections.

A simple building, s e r v i n g the machine and

plants, will collect the electric, water, cooling, h e a t
ing and conditioning stations tohether with the' machine
s e r v i c e s ; control and data r o o m s will be put in a connected building.

different building.

- Higher

DISCUSSION
John Rees (SLAC): When you put more than one bunch in
each orbit, how do you keep them apart except at the interaction region?

The R F final s t a g e s will be accomodated i n a

8.

Internal document of the Italian Institute of Nuclear P h y s i c s (INFN) and of the Frascati National Laboratories (1973).
F.Amman, Beam- beam limits, 1973 P a r t i c l e Acc e l e r a t o r Conference, I E E E T r a n s . on Nuclear
Science NS-20, 858 (1973).
M. A, Allen et al., Some observations on bunch
lengthening at SPEAR, Report SPEAR-171 (1974).
F. Amman e t al., R e m a r k s on two b e a m behaviour
of the 1 . 5 GeV electron positron s t o r a g e r i n g Adone, P r o c . VI11 Intern. Conf. on High Energy Acc e l e r a t o r s , CERN (1971).
SPEAR s t o r a g e r i n g group, Operating r e s u l t s f r o m
SPEAR, 1973 Particle Accelerator Conference,
I E E E T r a n s . on Nuclear Science NS-20, 752 (1973).
SLAC s t o r a g e r i n g group, The SLAC s t o r a g e r i n g
project SPEAR, P r o c . VI11 Intern. Conf. on High
Energy Accelerators, CERN (1971), pag. 145.
J. Rees et al., P r e l i m i n a r y design of a 15 GeV e l e c
tron- positron variable tune s t o r a g e ring, Report
SPEAR-167 (1973).
G. H. R e e s e t al., Variable damping and tunes in
+ .
the e - ring, Report EPIC/MC/39 (1974).
M.Bassetti, Resonant methods f o r b e a m s i z e cont r o l in s t o r a g e rings, T h i s Conference.
R. A v e r i l l et al., Colliding electron and positron
b e a m s i n the CEA bypass, P r o c . VI11 Intern. Conf.
on High Energy Accelerators, CERN (1971), pag. 140.

Sergio Tazzari (Frascatik We have a system of electrostatic plates that allows us to separate them.

energy ring.

A v e r y p r e l i m i n a r y study of the maximum d i m e r

sion r i n g that c a n be built in the F r a s c a t i National Laboratories area shows that a circularring with mean
r a d i u s of 340 in ( o r a r a c e - t r a c k with a total length of
about 2. 500 m ) is feasible.

The s t o r a g e r i n g e n e r g y could be 15-16 GeV, and

the corresponding e n e r g y loss p e r t u r n would be (25-33)
MeV/turn ; the R F Power t r a n s f e r r e d t o the beams, re
quired t o obtain a luminosity of 5 x 1031 cm-2s-1 at the
maximum e n e r g y would be (1. 7552. 3) MW. The injection s y s t e m discussed above could be adequate, i f a
slight reduction in luminosity ( 8 ~ ma& at l 0 I 1 l
GeV) is accepted.

5 92

James M. Paterson (SLAC): This is the same question put

a different way. When YOU have multi-bunching and have
the bunches separated in the other part of the ring, what is
the typical beta function where the bunches pass?
Tazzari: The maximum beta function on the standard cell
is about 50 meters'
Kiell Johnsen (cERN), Session Chairman: I thank the last
speaker and I'd also like to thank the other speakers. I
think many realistic projects have been presented to u s
this morning. It's probably too much to-hope that all will
be funded before we meet again at the Accelerator Conference, but I think we should hope, and have good reason to
hope, that a few will have been started before the next conference.

B UN CH E D BEAM INTERSECTING STORAGE ACCELERATORS FOR PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS*

M. Month
Brookhaven N a t i o n a l Laboratory
Upton, New York
t o maximize l u m i n o s i t y . I n t h e bunched beam c a s e , w e
Want a small momentum s p r e a d i n o r d e r t o c o n t r o l l i n e a r
t u n e s p r e a d a t small v a l u e s and w e want l a r g e e m i t t a n c e
t o keep t h e t r a n s v e r s e beam d e n s i t y low so t h a t t h e
beam-beam l i m i t i s n o t exceeded, Thus, f o r bunched
beams, t h e p r e f e r r e d s t a c k i n g mode i s i n b e t a t r o n phase
s p a c e . However, g i v e n t h e AGS a s a n i n j e c t o r , we f i n d
t h a t t h e beam c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e not t o o f a r removed
from o p t i m a l . We t h e r e f o r e s u g g e s t , f o r a n i n i t i a l design, t h e extremely simple operating procedure of taki n g t h e AGS bunches a s t h e y a r e , t r a n s f e r r i n g them t o
t h e s t o r a g e d e v i c e (of c o u r s e , w e need a s many AGS
pulses a s i s required t o f i l l t h e circumference of t h e
ISA), a c c e l e r a t i n g and c o l l i d i n g them. That i s , w e
s u g g e s t i n i t i a l l y a n o - s t a c k i n g - o p e r a t i n g mode.

Abstract

A s e t of p a r a m e t e r s s u i t a b l e f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n of
a bunched beam s t o r a g e d e v i c e f o r head- on p r o t o n - p r o t o n
c o l l i s i o n s i s developed. The u s e o f s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g
magnets a l l o w s a h i g h e n e r g y / c i r c u m f e r e n c e r a t i o a s
w e l l a s a high magnet a p e r t u r e / p o w e r consumption r a t i o
a s compared t o c o n v e n t i o n a l magnet d e s i g n s . Using t h e
AGS a s i n j e c t o r , a beam-beam l i m i t e d l u m i n o s i t y of
c m 2 sec- a t 200 GeV c a n b e a c h i e v e d u s i n g s i n g l e t u r n i n j e c t i o n , t h i s a consequence o f t h e h i g h i n t e n s i t y ( 0 . 7 A), low d e n s i t y AGS beam. The beam-beam t u n e
s h i f t l i m i t i s t a k e n t o be 5 X
A c c e l e r a t i o n from
30 t o 200 GeV i n 2.3 min. i s o b t a i n e d w i t h a 27 MHz,
33 kV (peak) r f system w i t h modest power d i s s i p a t i o n .
V a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s , e.g. t u n e , c h r o m a t i c i t y , n o n l i n e a r
d e t u n i n g and s y n c h r o t r o n f r e q u e n c y a r e d i s c u s s e d i n
terms o f t h e i r i n f l u e n c e o n beam s t a b i l i t y . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s t a b i l i t y o f t h e bunches, t h e
phase a r e a growth due t o r f n o i s e , t h e t r a n s v e r s e res i s t i v e w a l l i n s t a b i l i t y , t h e h e a d - t a i l e f f e c t , and
beam s t a b i l i t y a g a i n s t n o n l i n e a r r e s o n a n c e s , s p e c i f i c a l l y t h o s e a r i s i n g from t h e beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n , a r e
d i s c u s s e d . It i s found t h a t t h e parameter s e t proposed
i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h beam s t a b i l i t y a g a i n s t t h e s e e f f e c t s .
1.

To be s p e c i f i c , w e w i l l use f o r our l a t t i c e , t h e
c o n f i g u r a t i o n proposed f o r t h e BNL ISA p r o j e c t . 3 T h i s
p r o v i d e s t h e b a s i s f o r o b t a i n i n g t h r e e fundamental
parameters:
t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e , t h e vacuum chamber ape r t u r e , and t h e a t t a i n a b l e energy. The p a r t i c u l a r v a l ues f o r t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s a r e i n t i m a t e l y t i e d t o t h e
q u e s t i o n of whether t o u s e a c o n v e n t i o n a l magnet d e s i g n
o r a s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g one. D i s r e g a r d i n g t h e t e c h n i c a l
f e a s i b i l i t y of t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g d e s i g n , which i s ext e n s i v e l y d i s c u s s e d i n Ref. ( 3 ) , t h e l a t t e r , s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnet c h o i c e h a s two d i s t i n c t a d v a n t a g e s .
F i r s t , t h e r e i s t h e obvious f a c t t h a t f o r a g i v e n mac h i n e r a d i u s , t h e h i g h e r magnetic f i e l d g i v e s a h i g h e r
energy. Secondly, f o r a given power consumption (in
t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g d e s i g n , h e a t l e a k s r e q u i r e power
dissipation), t h e conventional design i s severely l i m i t ed by magnet gap, meaning g r e a t l y reduced v e r t i c a l ape r t u r e a s compared t o t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnet d e s i g n .
A s w i l l become a p p a r e n t , t h e l a r g e r a p e r t u r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y improves beam s t a b i l i t y and performance, t h e l a t t e r u l t i m a t e l y t r a n s l a t i n g i n t o h i g h e r l u m i n o s i t y . For
t h i s s t u d y , we w i l l adopt a somewhat l a r g e a p e r t u r e ,
which g r e a t l y s i m p l i f i e s t h e d e s i g n e f f o r t . T h i s i m p l i e s t h e use of s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnets, u n l e s s , o f
course, t h e r e i s a willingness t o l i f t t h e s t r i n g e n t
l i m i t a t i o n on magnet power consumption, t h e r e b y a l l o w i n g t h e gap of t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l d i p o l e s t o s u b s t a n t i a l l y
increase.

Introduction

W e propose a p a i r of i n t e r s e c t i n g s t o r a g e a c c e l e r a t o r s c a p a b l e o f c o l l i d i n g bunched p r o t o n beams headon.

We w i l l d i s c u s s t h e performance of such a d e v i c e
i n terms o f a t t a i n a b l e energy and l u m i n o s i t y . The energy t h a t i s a c h i e v a b l e f o l l o w s d i r e c t l y from t h e ckrice
of t h e r i n g c i r c u m f e r e n c e and t h e d i p o l e magnetic field.
The l u m i n o s i t y , on t h e o t h e r hand, i s determined by t h e
a v e r a g e c u r r e n t , t h e v a l u e o f fJ* a t t h e c o l l i s i o n point,
t h e bunch l e n g t h , and t h e beam-beam t u n e s h i f t . Thus,
we have 6 primary p a r a m e t e r s upon which t h e u l t i m a t e
performance i s b a s e d .

A c t u a l l y , we must c o n s i d e r a t h i r d performance
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , t h e beam l i f e t i m e , by which w e mean t h e
t i m e d u r i n g which t h e r e e x i s t c o l l i s i o n s p r o v i d i n g u s a b l e e x p e r i m e n t a l i n f o r m a t i o n . We c a n i n t e r p r e t t h i s
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i n t e r m s of a luminosity duty factor.
S i n c e a d e t e r i o r a t i n g beam must b e dumped and t h e n t h e
r i n g s r e f i l l e d , we c a n d e f i n e t h e d u t y f a c t o r a s t h e
f r a c t i o n of: t o t a l o p e r a t i n g time t h a t beams c a p a b l e of
giving acceptable data persist.

Although w e w i l l n o t c o n s i d e r vacuum pumping and

e l e c t r o n c l e a r i n g h e r e , we p o i n t o u t t h a t r e q u i r e m e n t s
on t h e s e f u n c t i o n s should b e s u b s t a n t i a l l y reduced by
t h e low a v e r a g e c u r r e n t and bunch s t r u c t u r e .

We must a s k , t h e r e f o r e : How much time d u r i n g a

g i v e n o p e r a t i n g p e r i o d w i l l a beam b e u t i l i z e d f o r exp e r i m e n t a l purposes? And how much t i m e w i l l be s p e n t
dumping and r e f i l l i n g ? The answer t o t h e f i r s t q u e s t i o n
i s t h e beam l i f e t i m e , which i n v o l v e s a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g
o f v a r i o u s beam s t a b i l i t y phenomena. The answer t o t h e
second i s r e l a t e d t o p r a c t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s : t h a t i s ,
it i s t h e s p e c i f i c t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r dumping, o b t a i n i n g
a new beam, i n j e c t i n g , and s e t t i n g up f o r c o l l i s i o n s .

A s w e w i l l s e e , t h e b a s i c t h r u s t of o u r s u g g e s t i o n
w i l l be a bunched beam w i t h low momentum s p r e a d and
l a r g e b e t a t r o n e m i t t a n c e . T h i s immediately d i f f e r e n t i a t e s our d e s i g n from momentum s t a c k e d s t o r a g e d e v i c e s ,
such as t h e CERN ISR, used f o r c o l l i d i n g c o a s t i n g proton
I n t h i s l a t t e r c a s e , l a r g e momentum s p r e a d
i s r e q u i r e d f o r beam s t a b i l i t y , small b e t a t r o n e m i t t a n c e

*Work

performed under t h e a u s p i c e s o f t h e U.S.

Energy Commission.

Atomic

I n S e c t i o n 2 , w e d i s c u s s t h e performance c a p a b i l i t y
o f t h e bunched beam ISA, s p e c i f i c a l l y t h e e n e r g y and
l u m i n o s i t y . I n S e c t i o n 3 , t h e matching c o n d i t i o n s f o r
t h e bunched beam t r a n s f e r a r e g i v e n , and w e c o n s i d e r
t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n and s t o r a g e of t h e beam, i n c l u d i n g t h e
Section 4 w i l l deal w i t h t h e
s t a b i l i t y o f t h e bunches.
n o n l i n e a r beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n . A s we w i l l see, t h e
s y n c h r o t r o n motion coupled with t h e beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n imposes a s t r o n g c o n s t r a i n t o n t h e l i n e a r t u n e
s p r e a d (e.g. t h a t t u n e s p r e a d a r i s i n g from momentum
s p r e a d t h r o u g h t h e machine c h r o m a t i c i t y ) . This c o n n e c t s
t h e n o n l i n e a r c o n s t r a i n t s w i t h t r a n s v e r s e beam s t a b i l i t y
a r i s i n g from c o l l e c t i v e beam e f f e c t s . A s i t t u r n s o u t ,
both t h e h a r m f u l consequences o f t h e beam-beam n o n l i n e a r i t i e s and t h e t r a n s v e r s e i n s t a b i l i t i e s c a n both b e
s u p p r e s s e d by h a v i n g a n o n l i n e a r t u n e s p r e a d i n a d d i t i o n
t o t h e l i n e a r one. Both t h e s e a s p e c t s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d
t o g e t h e r i n S e c t i o n 4 . T a b l e I p r o v i d e s a l i s t o f par a m e t e r s t h a t are developed over t h e l e n g t h of t h i s
paper.

593

TABLE I.

PARAMETERS FOR A BUNCHED BEAM ISA

Basic Parameters
Average Radius, R (m)
F i n a l Energy, E (GeV)
Magnetic F i e l d , B (kG)
Average C u r r e n t , I (A)
B a t C o l l i s i o n P o i n t , @*(m)
Beam-Beam Tune S h i f t , AUbb
Luminosity P e r C o l l i s i o n Region
(cm-'
sec-l)

2.

Energy and Luminosity

EnerRy

428.2
201.4 ( 3 0 2 . 1 )
40
(60)
0.72
3.0
5 x
1.04 x
( 1 . 5 6 x io3')

The a t t a i n a b l e energy i s simply d e t e r m i n e d from

t h e amount o f c i r c u m f e r e n c e a v a i l a b l e f o r bending and
t h e maximum d i p o l e f i e l d . S u b t r a c t i n g t h e s t r a i g h t
p a r t s o f t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e (used f o r i n j e c t i o n , e j e c t i o n , r f s t a t i o n s , and e x p e r i m e n t s ) , and u s i n g a 61%
d i p o l e f i l l i n g o f t h e curved p o r t i o n s 3 , w e have,
p(GeV/c) = 5.035

Latticet
V e r t i c a l Beam S e p a r a t i o n (cm)
FODO Cell Length (m) (no.)
Maximum $ (m)
Maximum D i s p e r s i o n Xp,max (m)
Multipurpose I n s e r t i o n ( s t r a i g h t )
Length (m) (no.)
Experimental I n s e r t i o n ( s t r a i g h t )
Length (m) (no.)
D i p o l e F i l l i n g F a c t o r i n Curved
Portions
Bending Magnet Length (m) (no.)
Symmetry

Performance:

B(kG)

(2.1)

46.0
25.7 ( 4 8 )
43.0
1.7
40.0 ( 4 )

T h i s means a t a 4 0 kG f i e l d , t h e maximum e n e r g y i s
201.4 GeV, w h i l e f o r a 6 0 kG f i e l d , t h i s i n c r e a s e s t o
302.1 GeV.

200.0 ( 4 )

Under c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , t h e l u m i n o s i t y and t h e
l i m i t i n g beam-beam t u n e s h i f t can be v e r y simply exp r e s s e d . I f t h e beams a r e n e a r l y round i n t h e t r a n s v e r s e p l a n e and i f t h e rms bunch l e n g t h i s s u f f i c i e n t l y
l e s s t h a n t h e v a l u e of p", t h e n we have4 f o r t h e lumino s i t y , L, and t u n e s h i f t , Ab,,

6 1%

4.11 ( 2 5 6 )

Luminosity

B e a m T r a n s f e r and Rf P a r a m e t e r s

Kicker R i s e Time ( p s e c ) ( I n j . 6:
Ej.)
V r f (Peak V o l t a g e / T u r n , kV)
fr
(Frequency, MHz)
Bunching F a c t o r , B, During
Storage (Length/Separation)
Q (Quality Factor)
IZsl (Shunt Impedance) (kn)
Rf Power (kW)
A c c e l e r a t i o n Time (min.)
S y n c h r o t r o n Wave Number, us

0.22

r $* N

32.7
26.8
0.063

"bb

(2.3)

'

(15.78:l)

70
20
26.7
2.29
1.39 x

where a , b a r e t h e h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l 1 / 2 beam s i z e s

(95% s i z e s ) , y i s t h e energy i n p r o t o n mass u n i t s , e i s
the e l e c t r o n charge,
i s t h e c l a s s i c a l proton radius,
I i s t h e a v e r a g e beamrgurrent, and NB i s t h e number o f
p r o t o n s p e r bunch. The bunch l e n g t h c o n s t r a i n t i s

Beam C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t I n j e c t i o n (Matched From AGS)

AGS I n t e n s i t y ( P r o t o n s P e r P u l s e )
P r o t o n s P e r Bunch, NB
AGS L o n g i t u d i n a l 95% E m i t t a n c e
(eV-sec/bunch)
AGS T r a n s v e r s e 95% E m i t t a n c e
( A r e a l n a t 30 GeV, rad.m)
I n j e c t i o n Energy (GeV)
T o t a l F r a c t i o n a l Momentum Spread
Bunching F a c t o r , B, a t I n j e c t i o n

1.2 x 1013
1012
1.0

2.35

30
2.04 x
0.093 (10.81:l)

Beam and Chamber C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

43.0111, X =1.7m,
A t Cell pmax,
P
1.00, 0.39
V e r t i c a l Half Beam S i z e (cm)
( 3 0 , 201.4 G e V ) , b
1.17, 0.43
H o r i z o n t a l H a l f Beam S i z e (cm)
( 3 0 , 201.4 GeV), a
4.45 x
T o t a l F r a c t i o n a l Momentum Spread
( F i n a l Energy)
4.26
T o t a l Bunch Length (m)
( 4 x rms l e n g t h )
19.381
C e n t r a l Tune
2.25
C h r o m a t i c i t y (u' = pdu/dp)
( F i n a l Energy)
L i n e a r Tune Spread ( v i a
C h r o m a t i c i t y ) ( F i n a l Energy)
lo-"
N o n l i n e a r Tune Spread (Detuning
Effect)
6.64 x
Space Charge Tune S h i f t
2.18 x 10-5
( 3 0 , 201.4 GeV)
4.0
Chamber Radius, r (cm)

'See

Ref.

(3).

N e g l e c t i n g t h e small h o r i z o n t a l s i z e a r i s i n g from d i s p e r s i o n , w e see t h a t f o r a g i v e n beam-beam l i m i t , ( 2 . 3 )

f i x e s t h e t r a n s v e r s e bunch d e n s i t y . I f we t a k e Aubb =
5 x lod3, and y = 214.7, we f i n d

- - - 2.62

'0
1

m-l

The number o f p r o t o n s per bunch, c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a n

a v e r a g e c u r r e n t o f 0.72 A, i s NB = lo1'.
This i s a
r e a s o n a b l e a s s u m p t i o n a s t o what t h e AGS, a s a n i n j e c t o r , can provide. This then g i v e s a required emittance,
E = 0.38 X lo-'
rad.m ( a t 201.4 G e V ) .
This corresponds
t o E = 2.35 X
rad.m a t 30 GeV, which i s i n f a c t
v e r y c l o s e t o t h e measured AGS e m i t t a n ~ e .Using
~
I =
0.72 A, and B* = 3 m , t h e n L = 1.04 X
cm-'
sec-l.
The 95% bunch l e n g t h i s r e s t r i c t e d t o 4 < 12 m, which
i s w e l l w i t h i n o u r d e s i g n bunch l e n g t h . ' The e m i t t a n c e s
assumed c o r r e s p o n d t o beam s i z e s small compared t o o u r
d e s i g n vacuum chamber r a d i u s .
The p o s s i b i l i t y o f i n c r e a s i n g t h e l u m i n o s i t y e x i s t s ,
b u t i n v o l v e s c o m p l i c a t i o n s . The c u r r e n t c a n be i n c r e a s e d by i n j e c t i n g more t h a n one t u r n i n b e t a t r o n
phase s p a c e , c o m p l i c a t i n g our s i m p l e one t u r n matched
c a n be r e d u c e d ; howt r a n s f e r scheme. The v a l u e o f
e v e r , t h i s u l t i m a t e l y h a s t h e e f f e c t of i n c r e a s i n g t h e
c h r o m a t i c i t y and making q u a d r u p o l e t o l e r a n c e s more
s t r i n g e n t . It f u r t h e r r e q u i r e s a lower bunch l e n g t h ,
which means h i g h e r v o l t a g e and power consumption.
T h i r d l y , f o r t h e bunched beam, i t i s c o n c e i v a b l e , bec a u s e o f t h e s m a l l l i n e a r t u n e s p r e a d , t h a t t h e beambeam t u n e s h i f t l i m i t i s l a r g e r t h a n 5 x
That i s ,
by p l a c i n g t h e beam i n t u n e s p a c e f a r from low o r d e r
r e s o n a n c e s (e.g. away from 4 through lo), t h e beam-beam
l i m i t may b e l e s s t h a n f o r s t a c k e d c a s t i n g beams, where

@*

s y n c h r o t r o n wave number, and S i s t h e s p r e a d in sync h r o t r o n f r e q u e n c y i n a bunch. I f t h e bunches a r e w e l l

w i t h i n t h e b u c k e t , t h e n S comes p r i m a r i l y from t h e o c t u p o l e component o f t h e s y n c h r o t r o n f o r c e , i . e . ,

b e c a u s e of t h e l a r g e l i n e a r t u n e s p r e a d s , low o r d e r
r e s o n a n c e s (e.g. 5 t h ) must be nearby.6 To t a k e advant a g e o f t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y however, what i s r e q u i r e d i s
a h i g h e r t r a n s v e r s e beam d e n s i t y , i . e . f o r t h e same
c u r r e n t , a lower e m i t t a n c e .

nZh2Bz
T =
m'
S

3.

Beam T r a n s f e r and Rf P a r a m e t e r s

(3.5)

For a n ISA c i r c u m f e r e n c e 3 - 1 / 3 t i m e s t h e circumf e r e n c e of t h e AGS, 40 AGS bunches would b e needed t o

f i I l t h e ISA.3 I f 4 AGS p u l s e s a r e used, each c o n t r i b u t i n g 10 bunches ( w i t h 2 removed), t h e f a s t k i c k e r requirement i n t h e AGS i s r e l a x e d . I n t h e I S A , t h e r i s e
t i m e of t h e f a s t k i c k e r i s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e d i s t a n c e
between bunches, d. S i n c e , i n t h e AGS, w e have 12
e q u a l l y spaced bunches, t h e d i s t a n c e between bunches i s
112 = 67.3 m, s i n c e C
= 807.2 m.
Thus, t h e
k f ? e r s must b e c a p a b l e o t G $ i s i n g and f a l l i n g i n
r o u g h l y t r = d / c = 0.22 p s e c . The matched bunches w i l l
b e i n j e c t e d i n one of t h e m u l t i p u r p o s e i n s e r t i o n s , a s
shown i n Ref. ( 3 ) .

where M i s t h e number o f ( e q u a l l y spaced) bunches ( n o t e

t h a t h 2 M ) , and B i s t h e bunching f a c t o r ( l e n g t h / s e p a r a t i o n ) . The r e a l s p a c e c h a r g e f r e q u e n c y s h i f t can
be w r i t t e n , '

I f we t r a n s f e r matched bunches i n s t a t i o n a r y bucke t s , t h e matching c o n d i t i o n i s

and r , b a r e t h e vacuum chamber r a d i u s and beam r a d i u s

4 , w e o b t a i n from ( 3 . 4 ) ,
r e s p e c t i v e l y . Taking r / b

where I i s t h e a v e r a g e beam c u r r e n t , A is t h e i n v a r i a n t
bunch a r e a ( i n eV-sec), 2 i s t h e f r e e s p a c e impedance
(Zo = 377 ohms), gc i s a i e o m e t r i c a l f a c t o r ,

;G

gc = 1 + 2 Ln ( r / b )

y
3
G
a
t
p r o t o n mass u n i t s y ,

where q =

I < 4.9 x

i s t h e t r a n s i t i o n energy ( i n

i s t h e i n j e c t i o n energy, V i s
is t h e harmonic number of
t h e r e s p e c t i v e r f systems. With VAGs = 384 k V / t u r n ,

0.0021 ( i . e .
ing

.Q RAGS, and
= 0.0137, RISA = $

yt = 18, yINJ
,

= 7848.2 k V / t u r n

(3.2)

From t h e p o i n t o f view of bunched beam s t a b i l i t y ,

i t is d e s i r a b l e t o have a h i g h frequency r f system
( i . e . h i g h h ) . 7 However, t h i s , coupled w i t h t h e match-

i n g c o n s t r a i n t ( 3 . 2 ) , which would r e q u i r e a "lower"

v o l t a g e , means t h a t t h e bucket r a p i d l y s h r i n k s around
t h e bunch. Thus, g i v e n t h e matching c o n s t r a i n t , t h e r e
i s a l i m i t o n h . The bucket a r e a i s g i v e n by
fhf2 JEo

Ab =

.J-.
7lh

where f i s t h e r e v o l u t i o n f r e q u e n c y and Eo i s t h e prot o n rest energy.

T o c l a r i f y t h i s p o i n t about h i g h r f frequency ( i . e .
h i g h harmonic number, h ) , w e w i l l d e v e l o p t h e c u r r e n t
l i m i t a r i s i n g o u t of t h e bunched beam space c h a r g e f r e quency s h i f t , which i s t h e most s t r i n g e n t l i m i t on c u r r e n t . I f t h e chamber w a l l i s p e r f e c t l y c o n d u c t i n g ,
t h e n t h e image f o r c e induced o n t h e beam i s n o n - r e s i s t i v e . Although n o growth c a n r e s u l t , a n o n - r e s i s t i v e
f o r c e can d r i v e t h e beam i n t o a c o n d i t i o n o f l a t e n t
i n s t a b i l i t y , which c o u l d t h e n b e a c t i v a t e d by t h e chamber r e s i s t i v i t y or resonant s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e ring.
The c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e c u r r e n t l i m i t can be d e r i v e d from
t h e Landau damping c r i t e r i o n which s t a t e s e s s e n t i a l l y
t h a t t h e f r e q u e n c y s h i f t r e s u l t i n g from t h e f o r c e must
b e l e s s t h a n t h e s p r e a d i n s y n c h r o t r o n frequency f o r
t h e bunches, or'

bsc
where

2nfu

is

S
< 4%

(3.4)

t h e s p a c e c h a r g e f r e q u e n c y s h i f t , os =
i s t h e c e n t r a l s y n c h r o t r o n frequency, us i s t h e

(3.8)

The p r o c e s s of i n c r e a s i n g h and d e c r e a s i n g V is
c l e a r l y an e f f e c t i v e s t a b i l i z i n g technique. After
matching, t h e v o l t a g e can be i n c r e a s e d ( a d i a b a t i c a l l y )
i n o r d e r t o d e c r e a s e t h e bucket f i l l i n g f a c t o r . Then,
of c o u r s e , t h e bunches become t i g h t e r and t h e c u r r e n t
l i m i t i s s l i g h t l y reduced.

(3.3)

'

A t i n j e c t i o n , t a k i n g M = 4 0 , A = 1.0 eV-sec ( a r e a l i s t i c v a l u e f o r t h e AGS a t NAG = 1.2 X

ppp),' and
If h =
Vh from ( 3 . 2 ) , w e f i n d from 9 3 . 9 ) , B-' = 10.81.
M, t h e c u r r e n t l i m i t from (3.8) i s I < 0.049 A , which
i s more t h a n a n o r d e r o f magnitude l e s s t h a n t h e des i g n c u r r e n t of 0.72 A. To s t a b i l i z e t h e beam a t i n j e c t i o n , w e u s e a h i g h e r r f frequency. Taking h = 6 M
= 240 ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a n r f frequency, f r f = 26.76
MHz), t h e c u r r e n t l i m i t i n c r e a s e s t o I < 1.76 A. The
matching peak v o l t a g e c a n be found from ( 3 . 2 ) : V = 32.7
k V / t u r n . The b u c k e t a r e a a t i n j e c t i o n i s , from ( 3 . 3 ) ,
A = 1.68 eV-sec, which r e s u l t s i n a bucket f i l l i n g o f
A?Ab = 6 a .

I SA
32), w e h a v e , f o r match-

yvA2h2B

which i s dependent o n h , not M. For e l l i p t i c a l bunches,

t h e peak v o l t a g e , V , and bunching f a c t o r , B, a r e r e l a t e d
by I
8 f" VA2
Vh = 3
(3.9)
Eo
YB4
.

- .

hAGS = 12, TIAGS

(3.7)

..a

(3.1)

A t high energy, t h e c u r r e n t l i m i t i s g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d . With y = 214.7, 9 = 0.0031, w e f i n d B-l =

15.78, A = 2.13 eV-sec, g i v i n g a bucket f i l l i n g o f 47%,
b
and a s p a c e c h a r g e c u r r e n t l i m i t , I < 11.9 A. *
It i s t h u s c l e a r t h a t i n t h e s t o r a g e p h a s e , t h e
l i m i t a t i o n t o bunch s t a b i l i t y d e r i v e s from t h e i n t e r a c t i o n with resonant structures.'
For each such s t r u c t u r e , t h e r e w i l l b e a l i m i t on i t s s h u n t impedance.
For example, c o n s i d e r a s t r u c t u r e , c a p a b l e of i n d u c i n g
=
a d i p o l e mode beam o s c i l l a t i o n a t a f r e q u e n c y ,
50 MHz, n e a r t h e " c r i t i c a l frequency" . We f i n d a s h u n t
impedance l i m i t , Rs < 3 khl. However, f o r such a s t r u c t u r e , i f t h e s h u n t impedance i s 100
above t h e l i m i t ,
we estimate a growth time on t h e o r d e r , T = 10 s e c .
Such a s h o r t growth t i m e r e f l e c t s t h e i m p o r t a n c e of
a c h i e v i n g t h e r e q u i r e d s t a b i l i t y l i m i t f o r each r e s o n a n t
structure
f~~~

The bunch c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d u r i n g s t o r a g e c a n b e
found from:
2rrRB
(3.10)
(1) bunch l e n g t h , 4, =
M '
P

595

t o t a l momentum s p r e a d ,

phenomenon, t h e n bunched beams c o u l d have a beam-beam

l i m i t h i g h e r t h a n c o a s t i n g beams s i n c e t h e t u n e s p r e a d
i s f a r less and t h e working l i n e ( r e a l l y a working
p o i n t i n t h e bunched beam c a s e ) can b e s e t away from
t h e low o r d e r r e s o n a n c e s . Thus, we choose a r a t h e r
c o n s e r v a t i v e beam-beam l i m i t , Abb = 5 x
But,
s i n c e o u r working p o i n t c a n b e removed from a l l r e s o n a n c e s up t o , s a y , t h e 1 3 t h o r d e r , t h e n i t i s n o t i n c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t f o r bunched p r o t o n beams, t h e l i m i t would
be considerably h i g h e r .

ZmsB

&=-

(3.11)

c e n t r a l synchrotron frequency,
(3.12)
= 32.7 k V / t u r n , f r f = 26.8 MHz (h = 2 4 0 ) , B-l
Using V,
= 15.78 f A = 1.0 eV-sec), w e h a v e us = 1.39 X W4,
= 4.26 m, Ap/p = 4.45 X m4.
P

However, w i t h bunched beams, p a r t i c l e s e x e c u t e

s y n c h r o t r o n motion. Through t h e machine c h r o m a t i c i t y ,
t h i s time v a r i a t i o n o f momentum t r a n s l a t e s i n t o a dynamic t u n e o s c i l l a t i o n . P a r t i c l e s can t h u s " p a s s
through" h i g h o r d e r r e s o n a n c e s and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f
" l o c k - i n " emerges." The beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n i s by
f a r t h e most dangerous s o u r c e o f n o n l i n e a r r e s o n a n c e s , "
and w e w i l l t h e r e f o r e a t t e m p t t o s e t up s t a b i l i t y c r i t e r i a f o r t h e s e n o n l i n e a r i t i e s i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f sync h r o t r o n motion. We w i l l do so by t r e a t i n g t h e nonl i n e a r r e s o n a n c e s i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l manner a s i s o l a t e d
e n t i t i e s . I n d o i n g t h i s , w e a r e making t h e i m p l i c i t
a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e dynamic t u n e v a r i a t i o n caused by
t h e s y n c h r o t r o n motion does not s i g n i f i c a n t l y a l t e r t h e
beam-beam l i m i t , o r t h a t , i n any c a s e , w e a r e o p e r a t i n g
below t h e t r u e l i m i t .

A f t e r matching, t h e 40 bunches i n t h e ISA can be

d i r e c t l y a c c e l e r a t e d . A c c e l e r a t i o n i s governed by t h e
equation
p = eV s i n

where @ i s t h e r f s t a b l e phase a n g l e .
t o a c c e f e r a t e a n amount 6p i s
6t =

6P
f eV sinGs

(3.13)
Thus, t h e time

(3.14)

With 6p

os

= p
= 171.4 GeV/c, V = 3 2 . 7 kV, and
F i n a l -'INJ
Zoo, w e have 6 t = 2.29 min.

The p r o t o n bunches must b e s t o r e d f o r long p e r i o d s

o f t i m e i n o r d e r t o s u s t a i n a high luminosity duty factor.
S i n c e t h e r e i s n e g l i g i b l e r a d i a t i o n damping o f
s y n c h r o t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n s f o r p r o t o n s , rf n o i s e , which
can c o u p l e t o t h i s motion, can i n d u c e a d i f f u s i v e
growth i n t h e s y n c h r o t r o n a m p l i t u d e . I n p a r t i c u l a r ,
w e w i l l l i m i t o u r s e l v e s h e r e t o a n estimate of- t h e
l o n g i t u d i n a l phase s p a c e a r e a growth due t o f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e r f v o l t a g e . It h a s been shown t h a t f o r a
mean s q u a r e v o l t a g e f l u c t u a t i o n
<uz> = < (AV/V)2

>

(3.15)

The t u n e o f t h e ISA i s u
19-20. I f o u r p a r t i c u l a r c h o i c e i s u = 19.3810, t h e n w e a r e v e r y c l o s e t o
a 2 1 s t o r d e r resonance (8/21).
The n e a r e s t r e s o n a n c e s
o f lower o r d e r a r e t h e 1 3 t h ( 5 / 1 3 ) and t h e 8 t h ( 3 1 8 ) .
The d i s t a n c e from t h e s e r e s o n a n c e s a r e 0.0036 and 0.006
r e s p e c t i v e l y . This g i v e s u s a f e e l i n g f o r t h e r e q u i r e d
w e can e s s e n c o n t r o l on u s p r e a d , 7j'ij. With E =
t i a l l y n e g l e c t t h e s e r e s o n a n c e s . Note t h a t t h i s t y p e
o f c o n t r o l i s r e q u i r e d d u r i n g c o l l i s i o n s where t h e h i g h
o r d e r r e s o n a n c e s may b e dangerous. Thus, w e need such
c o n t r o l o n l y under s t a t i c magnetic and r f c o n d i t i o n s .

t h e mean d i f f u s i o n time f o r growth o f t h e s y n c h r o t r o n

amplitude i s
7 =

h
"irf Q u2s<u2>

'

(3.16)

where Q i s t h e q u a l i t y f a c t o r f o r t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g ca(corresv i t y . I f w e t a k e h = 240, <u"> = 0.76 x

ponding t o a n e r r o r i n s t a b l e phase a n g l e o f 0.05 deand Q = 70
g r e e s ) , f = 111.5 kHz, us,= 1.39 x
( c o n s i s t e n t w i t h a s h u n t impedance, Rs = 20 kn and a
peak beam c u r r e n t , Ipeak = 11.4 A ) , w e f i n d a growth
t i m e on t h e o r d e r o f y e a r s .

4.

The b a s i c s t a b i l i z a t i o n c r i t e r i a a r e r e l a t e d t o
(1) c o n t r o l o f t h e c e n t r a l t u n e away from t h e "low"
o r d e r n o n l i n e a r r e s o n a n c e s , ( 2 ) maintenance o f s m a l l
l i n e a r t u n e s p r e a d ( e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e maximum t u n e
v a r i a t i o n per s y n c h r o t r o n p e r i o d ) f o r e s s e n t i a l l y t h e
same r e a s o n , ( 3 ) i n t r o d u c t i o n o f s u f f i c i e n t n o n l i n e a r
d e t u n i n g ( e . g . , 0 t h a z i m u t h a l harmonic o c t u p o l e ) , and
( 4 ) a n upper bound on t h e r e s o n a n c e e x c i t a t i o n s t r e n g t h
W e c o n f i n e o u r s e l v e s t o one- dimensional r e s o n a n c e s .
Analogous c r i t e r i a f o r c o u p l i n g r e s o n a n c e s a r e more
complicated, but not conceptually d i f f e r e n t .

Tune, Tune Spread and t h e

Beam-Beam I n t e r a c t i o n

The fundamental l i m i t t o t h e performance o f a

s t o r a g e d e v i c e a r i s e s from t h e f a c t t h a t d u r i n g c o l l i s i o n s , t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f o r c e s between two s u f f i c i e n t l y i n t e n s e beams induce beam growth a n d u l t i m a t e l y
beam l o s s a t t h e a p e r t u r e boundary. A measure o f t h e
s t r e n g t h o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n i s t h e beam-beam l i n e a r
t u n e s h i f t , Abb, a l t h o u g h t h e beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n i s
i n f a c t a h i g h l y n o n l i n e a r one. There i s d i s a g r e e m e n t
a b o u t whether t h e o b s e r v e d beam l o s s can b e e x p l a i n e d
u s i n g t r a d i t i o n a l r e s o n a n c e c o n c e p t s or whether some
new m u l t i r e s o n a n c e p i c t u r e must b e used, w i t h r e s o n a n c e s combining t o c a u s e quasi- random, i . e . d i f f u s i o n t y p e beam b e h a v i o r . We a r e n o t h e r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h
t h i s a s p e c t o f t h e beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n . We s i m p l y
a c c e p t t h e e x i s t e n c e of such a l i m i t , thougb w e might
mention t h e p o i n t t h a t i f t h e beam-beam l i m i t i s t u n e
sensitive''
a s a p p e a r s t o b e t h e c a s e and, f u r t h e r , i f
c l o s e n e s s t o low o r d e r n o n l i n e a r r e s o n a n c e s ( i . e . o f
o r d e r 4 o r 5 , r a t h e r t h a n 11 o r 12) enchances t h e l o s s

Although t u n e c o n t r o l a s d e s c r i b e d h e r e might be
s u f f i c i e n t t o s t a b i l i z e a beam a g a i n s t beam-beam nonl i n e a r i t i e s , w e c a n p l a c e some l i m i t on r e s o n a n c e e x c i t a t i o n i n t h e event t h a t i n practice t h e tune c o n t r o l
i s n o t a s f i n e as p r e s c r i b e d . To d e r i v e t h e n o n l i n e a r
s t a b i l i t y c r i t e r i a , we w i l l use t h e q u a s i - s t a t i c (adiab a t i c ) p i c t u r e o f " lock- in" o r " p a r t i c l e t r a p p i n g " .
Under such c i r c u m s t a n c e s , w e c a n d e r i v e two s i m p l e cons t r a i n t s . F i r s t , by i n c l u d i n g s u f f i c i e n t n o n l i n e a r d e t u n i n g , any p a r t i c l e t r a p p e d w i l l n o t r e a c h a n a p e r t u r e .
I f w e l e t A,
r e p r e s e n t t h e nonlinear (octupole) detuni n g s t r e n g t h a t t h e r m s beam a m p l i t u d e , t h e n t h e a m p l i t u d e r a n g e f o r " l o c k - i n " i s g i v e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y by

A=-

A.
-I.,

(4.1)

aNL
where sB is t h e r m s beam e m i t t a n c e , and As i s t h e " l o c k in" zange i n e m i t t a n c e u n i t s . I f w e have $L = lo-'
and AL = lT3, t h e n we see t h a t t h e r a n g e As i s 1 / 1 0 o f
t h e beam e m i t t a n c e . It s h o u l d a l s o b e remembered t h a t
s i n c e t r a p p e d p a r t i c l e s do n o t r e a c h a n a p e r t u r e l i m i t ,
t h e y s i m p l y o s c i l l a t e w i t h i n t h e r a n g e As and, t o lowe s t o r d e r , t h e r e i s no e f f e c t o f t h e n o n l i n e a r " l o c k - i n "

5 96

With I = 0.72
y = 214.7, a
2.18 x lo-'.
t h e range of

p r o c e s s on t h e beam.
The c o n d i t i o n ( 4 . 1 ) i s independent of t h e e x c i t i n g
r e s o n a n c e . For s t r o n g e x c i t a t i o n s t r e n g t h s , t h i s w i l l
c e a s e t o b e t h e c a s e . One can p i c t u r e t h e e f f e c t i n
t h e p a r t i c l e phase s p a c e . U n s t a b l e f i x e d p o i n t s , which
f o r small e x c i t a t i o n w i d t h s a r e o u t s i d e t h e machine
a p e r t u r e , b e g i n t o move toward t h e beam. When they a r e
n e a r t h e beam, p a r t i c l e motion becomes dominated by
t h e s e u n s t a b l e f i x e d p o i n t s and t h e p a r t i c l e s w i l l beg i n t o move on outward ( i n a m p l i t u d e ) moving t r a j e c t o r i e s . To p r e v e n t t h i s , w e set a l i m i t on t h e r e s o n a n c e
e x c i t a t i o n w i d t h , A ( e v a l u a t e d a t t h e beam r m s emitt a n c e ) :6
e'

< 'NL

!FB
EAp

)(p-4)12

'

t u n e through a s y n c h r o t r o n p e r i o d .

S i n c e we have s t a t e d b o t h l i n e a r and n o n l i n e a r
t u n e s p r e a d s , w e must examine t h e i r c o n s i s t e n c y w i t h
s t a b i l i t y against the transverse r e s i s t i v e w a l l instab i l i t y . 1 4 Landau damping s t a b i l i z a t i o n can be d e r i v e d
from l i n e a r a n d / o r n o n l i n e a r t u n e s p r e a d . Note t h a t
t h e s y n c h r o t r o n frequency i s s u f f i c i e n t l y small t h a t
t h e l i n e a r t u n e and t u n e s p r e a d a r e w e l l d e f i n e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n t h e a d i a b a t i c s e n s e and t h e l a t t e r p r o v i d e s a n e f f e c t i v e means of Landau damping. I n t h i s
c a s e , we c a n w r i t e two s e p a r a t e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e r e q u i r e d s p r e a d , one r e l a t i n g t o image f o r c e s c r e a t e d i n
t h e chamber and t h e o t h e r dependent on t h e beam c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Of c o u r s e , b o t h must b e s a t i s f i e d . We
have, a p p r o x i m a t e l y , f o r t h e c r i t e r i o n dependent o n l y
on t h e image f o r c e ,

(4.2)

where E
i s t h e emittance corresponding t o t h e apert u r e , a % p i s t h e o r d e r o f t h e r e s o n a n c e ( p > 4 ) . For
ANL = lo-", t h i s c o n d i t i o n w i l l b e e a s i l y s a t i s f i e d ,
even f o r t h e s t r o n g beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n .

(4.5)

For a weak resonance ( A s m a l l ) o r h i g h synchroe

t r o n frequency, our a d i a b a t i c a s s u m p t i o n w i l l b e g i n t o
b r e a k down. A c t u a l l y , w e c a n p i c t u r e t h i s breakdown
q u a l i t a t i v e l y a s follows: I f t h e tune v a r i a t i o n i s
slow, t h e p a r t i c l e t r a p p i n g i s e f f i c i e n t . A s t h e t u n e
rate increases, t h e buckets trapping t h e p a r t i c l e s
move t h r o u g h t h e phase s p a c e f a s t e r and become " leaky" .
The t r a p p i n g e f f i c i e n c y of t h e s e b u c k e t s d e c r e a s e s .
However, s i n c e t h e bucket motion w i t h i n t h e phase s p a c e
i s a d i s t a n c e i n a m p l i t u d e o n l y a f r a c t i o n of t h e beam
s i z e , w e e x p e c t no s i g n i f i c a n t d i s t o r t i o n o f t h e beam
distribution.
With t h e p a r a m e t e r s we have chosen, we f i n d t h a t
f o r t h e beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n , a d i a b a t i c c o n d i t i o n s
e s s e n t i a l l y do p r e v a i l - - t h e a d i a b a t i c c o n d i t i o n b e i n g

where v i s t h e s y n c h r o t r o n wave number, and where it

i s undegstood t h a t ( 4 . 3 ) r e p r e s e n t s a n "order-of-magnitude" c r i t e r i o n .
Using t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r r e s o n a n c e e x c i t a t i o n
w i d t h s g i v e n i n Ref. ( 1 2 ) , we can g i v e a n example of
t h e use o f t h e foregoing expressions f o r a t p i c a 1 case.
Take t h e 1 0 t h o r d e r r e s o n a n c e , w i t h A = 10- Abb.
A, = 5 x lo-".
f f w e have t h e
With Ab, = 5 X
a p e r t u r e a t cAP = 10 eB, ( 4 . 2 ) f o r p = 10 i s he < lo-'.
T h i s means t h a t f o r t h e 1 0 t h o r d e r r e s o n a n c e , t h e uns t a b l e f i x e d p o i n t s a r e o u t s i d e t h e a p e r t u r e , but not
by much. The i m p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s i s t h a t i f t h e beambeam t u n e s h i f t i n c r e a s e s , and i f AN, remains t h e same,
t h e s e u n s t a b l e f i x e d p o i n t s w i l l e n t e r t h e machine
vacuum chamber. Thus, t h e a p e r t u r e l i m i t , o r s i n k f o r
p a r t i c l e l o s s , w i l l o c c u r i n s i d e t h e chamber. Of
c o u r s e , t h i s i s o n l y a r e a l l i m i t on Abb i f we a r e
f o r c e d t o choose a t u n e i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h i s r e s o n a n c e and i f
i s n o t l a r g e enough.

nNL

Because t h e t r a n s v e r s e d e n s i t y v a r i e s a l o n g t h e
bunch, t h e s p a c e c h a r g e t u n e s h i f t i s coupled t o t h e
s y n c h r o t r o n motion and t h e r e f o r e a d d s t o t h e t u n e v a r i a t i o n d u r i n g s y n c h r o t r o n motion. The c i r c u l a r geometry
i m p l i e s no image c o n t r i b u t i o n a t t h e chamber c e n t e r .
We t h e r e f o r e have f o r t h e i n c o h e r e n t t u n e s h i f t , 1 3
r R
1
(4.4)
A'sc =
b(a+b)

A , R = 428.2 m, u = 1 9 . 3 8 1 , B-' = 1 5 . 7 8 ,
= 0.43 cm, b = 0.39 cm, w e have Ausc =
This i s negligible a s a contribution t o

where 6u i s t h e f u l l w i d t h o f t h e b e t a t r o n t u n e d i s t r i b u t i o n , k i s t h e a z i m u t h a l mode number (k > u ) , r i s

t h e chamber r a d i u s , pe i s t h e chamber r e s i s t i v i t y ( i n
ohm-m), and E i s t h e f r e e space d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t
( c o = 10-'/36% sec/ohm-m); w h i l e t h e beam dependent
c r i t e r i o n i s approximately,

(4.6)
where b i s t h e 112 beam s i z e .
Take k = 20 ( l o w e s t mode), p = 1 . 6 X IO-* ohm-m.
(Aluminum), and r = 4 cm, t h e n ( 4 t 5 ) g i v e s a t i n j e c t i o n
( y = 3 2 ) 6u > 1 . 0 3 x
A t high e n e r g y , t h e c r i t e r i o n becomes 6u > 1.54 x
For t h e beam depend e n t term, we r e q u i r e 6, > 2.88 X
a t injection;
while a t high f i e l d , t h e f a l l - o f f with y i s r a p i d , leadi n g t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t 6 u > 9.15 x lo-'.
Thus, t h e
l i n e a r t u n e s p r e a d , 2L = lom3 w i l l be more t h a n a d e q u a t e d u r i n g s t o r a g e . A t i n j e c t i o n , e f f e c t i v e damping
of t h e r e s i s t i v e w a l l i n s t a b i l i t y w i l l r e s u l t i f w e
combine t h e l i n e a r t u n e s p r e a d w i t h t h e r a t h e r l a r g e
nonlinear spread,
= lo-".
L
The h e a d - t a i l i n s t a b i l i t y " i s s t a b i l i z e d (1) by
h a v i n g p o s i t i v e c h r o m a t i c i t y and ( 2 ) by h a v i n g s u f f i c i e n t n o n l i n e a r t u n e s p r e a d . Our d e s i g n v a l u e , TJ =
+ 2.5, s t a b i l i z e s a z i m u t h a l o s c i l l a t i o n modes up t o t h e
8 t h a t i n j e c t i o n and h i g h e r a t t h e f i n a l e n e r g y . The
l a r g e nonlinear t u n e spread,
= lo-',
means t h a t t h e
beam should b e s t a b l e a g a i n s t t k e h e a d - t a i l e f f e c t f o r
a l l modes.

5.

Conclusions

We have developed a s e t o f p a r a m e t e r s s u i t a b l e f o r
t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a bunched beam s t o r a g e d e v i c e f o r headon p r o t o n - p r o t o n c o l l i s i o n s . The u s e o f s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g
magnets a l l o w s a h i g h e n e r g y / c i r c u m f e r e n c e r a t i o a s w e l l
a s a h i g h magnet a p e r t u r e / p o w e r consumption r a t i o a s compared t o c o n v e n t i o n a l magnet d e s i g n s . With t h e AGS a s
i n j e c t o r , we c a n a c h i e v e a r e s p e c t a b l e l u m i n o s i t y w i t h
" s i n g l e - t u r n " i n j e c t i o n a s a consequence o f t h e h i g h i n t e n s i t y , low t r a n s v e r s e d e n s i t y AGS beam. A t a n energy
of 200 GeV, and a n a v e r a g e c u r r e n t of 0.72 A , o u r e s t i mated beam-beam l i m i t e d l u m i n o s i t y i s lo3' cm-' s e c - l .
The beam-beam t u n e s h i f t l i m i t h a s been t a k e n t o b e
5 X IOm3. A c c e l e r a t i o n from 30 t o 200 GeV i n 2 . 3 min
c a n b e o b t a i n e d w i t h a 27 MHz, 33 kV (peak) r f system
w i t h modest power d i s s i p a t i o n .

597

Beam s t a b i l i t y p l a y s a n e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t r o l e
i n s t o r a g e r i n g d e s i g n . V a r i o u s parameters, e.g. t u n e ,
c h r o m a t i c i t y , n o n l i n e a r d e t u n i n g and s y n c h r o t r o n f r e quency h a v e been d i s c u s s e d i n terms o f t h e i r i n f l u e n c e
on beam s t a b i l i t y . I n p a r t i c u l a r , w e h a v e c o n s i d e r e d
t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s t a b i l i t y o f t h e bunches, t h e phase
area growth due t o r f n o i s e , t h e t r a n s v e r s e r e s i s t i v e
wall i n s t a b i l i t y , t h e h e a d - t a i l e f f e c t , and beam s t a b i l i t y against nonlinear resonances, s p e c i f i c a l l y those
a r i s i n g from t h e beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n . We have found
o u r p r o p o s a l parameter s e t t o b e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h beam
s t a b i l i t y against these effects.
References

1. M. Month, BNL I n f o r m a l R e p o r t , CRISP 73-20 (1973).

"The Design Study o f I n t e r s e c t i n g S t o r a g e Rings
(ISR) f o r t h e CERN P r o t o n Synchrotron" , CERN Report
AR/Int SG/64-9 (1964).
3. "200-GeV I n t e r s e c t i n g S t o r a g e A c c e l e r a t o r s ISABELLE", A P r e l i m i n a r y Design Study, BNL Report
16716 (1972); and subsequent r e v i s e d e d i t i o n , 1974,
t o be published.
4 . M. Sands, S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Report, SLAC-121
(1970).
5. The AGS parameters have been o b t a i n e d p r i v a t e l y
from M.Q. Barton, J . C . H e r r e r a , E.C. Raka and
A. van Steenbergen.
6. M. Month, BNL I n f o r m a l R e p o r t , CRISP 73-24 (1973).
7. M. Month, BNL I n f o r m a l Report, CRISP 73-23 (1973).
8. F.J. S a c h e r e r , Proc. 1973 P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r
Conference, San F r a n c i s c o , p. 825, March 1973.
9 . E. Hartwig, V.K. N e i l , and R.K. Cooper, Proc. 1973
P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r Conference, San F r a n c i s c o ,
p. 833, March 1973.
10. See, f o r example: SPEAR S t o r a g e Ring Group, p. 752;
and Orsay S t o r a g e Ring Group, p. 768, Proc. 1973
P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r Conference, San F r a n c i s c o ,
March 1973.
11. A. Schoch, CERN Report, CERN 57-23 (1958).
12. E. K e i l , CERN R e p o r t s CERN/ISR-TH/72-7 and 72-25
(1972).
13. L.J. L a s l e t t , Proc. 1963 Summer Study on S t o r a g e
Rings a t Super-High E n e r g i e s , (J.W. B i t t n e r , e d . ) ,
BNL Report 7534, p. 324 (1963).
14. L.J. L a s l e t t , V.K. N e i l and A.M. S e s s l e r , Rev. S c i .
I n s t r u m . 3, 436 (1965).
15. C. P e l l e g r i d i , F r a s c a t i R e p o r t , LNF-69/45 (1969);
M. Sands, SLAC R e p o r t s SLAC-TN-69/8, 69/10 (1969);
and B. Z o t t e r , CERN R e p o r t , CERN/ISR-TH/69-60
(1969).
2.

5 98

INSERTIONS FOR COLLIDING- BEAM STORAGE R I N G S

W . W . Lee and L.C. Teng
National Accelerator Laboratory*
Batavia, I l l i n o i s

Abstract

A new approach i s p r e s e n t e d f o r t h e d e s i g n
o f t h e b e a m - c o l l i s i o n s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s of
high- energy c o l l i d i n g - b e a m s t o r a g e r i n g s .
Interchangeable s p e c i a l function l a t t i c e ins e r t i o n s a r e used t o o b t a i n l o c a l beam c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t t h e c o l l i s i o n p o i n t t o meet t h e
r e q u i r e m e n t s of i n d i v i d u a l e x p e r i m e n t s . O t h e r
i n s e r t i o n s a r e used t o a d j u s t t h e p h a s e advance and t h e o r b i t - l e n g t h d i s p e r s i o n t o opt i m i z e t h e performance of t h e r i n g s . These
i n s e r t i o n s are m o d u l a r i z e d i n l e n g t h and
matched t o one a n o t h e r i n o p t i c s and d i s p e r s i o n f u n c t i o n s s o t h a t t h e y can be i n s e r t e d o r
j o i n e d t o g e t h e r w i t h maximum f l e x i b i l i t y .
Examples a r e g i v e n f o r 1 0 0 0 GeV-1000 GeV
s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnet p r o t o n s t o r a g e r i n g s .
Introduction
The magnet r i n g s of c o l l i d i n g - b e a m s t o r a g e
r i n g s can be c o n s i d e r e d as b e i n g composed o f
two t y p e s o f s e c t i o n s s e r v i n g d i f f e r e n t funct i o n s . These can r o u g h l y be i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e
i n a c t i v e c u r v e d s e c t i o n s and t h e a c t i v e
s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s . I n s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s beams
a r e i n j e c t e d and made t o c o l l i d e , and e x p e r i ments a r e p e r f o r m e d . Curved s e c t i o n s s e r v e
o n l y t o t r a n s p o r t t h e b e a m s from one s t r a i g h t
section t o t h e next.
The d e s i g n of t h e i n a c t i v e c u r v e d s e c t i o n s i s b a s e d o n l y on beam
s t a b i l i t y and economy, and i s g e n e r a l l y t h e
c o n c e r n of t h e a c c e l e r a t o r b u i l d e r s a l o n e ;
whereas t h e d e s i g n of t h e a c t i v e s t r a i g h t
s e c t i o n s i s c r u c i a l t o b o t h t h e b u i l d e r s and
the users.

experiment. A f t e r going through t h e very t h i n

t a r g e t ( t h e o t h e r beam) t h e beam u n a f f e c t e d
b y t h e t a r g e t i s t r a n s p o r t e d "back" by a n o t h e r
t a i l o r - m a d e beam l i n e t o be r e i n j e c t e d and
r e c i r c u l a t e d i n t h e following curved s e c t i o n .
The d e s i g n a p p r o a c h s u g g e s t e d b y t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n c o n s i s t s i n m o d u l a r i z i n g and s p e c i a l i z i n g segments ( i n s e r t i o n s ) of t h e
s t r a i g h t - s e c t i o n ( " e x t e r n a l " ) beam l i n e s of
s t o r a g e r i n g s i n such a way t h a t a l l segments
a r e m u t u a l l y matched and hence m u t u a l l y i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e , S p e c i f i c modules a r e j o i n e d
t o g e t h e r t o t r a n s p o r t t h e beams t o t h e Coll i s i o n p o i n t w i t h t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s approp r i a t e t o t h e s p e c i f i c e x p e r i m e n t . O t h e r app r o p r i a t e modules j o i n e d t o g e t h e r t h e n t r a n s p o r t t h e beam onward t o t h e n e x t c u r v e d
s e c t i o n p r o p e r l y matched for r e c i r c u l a t i o n .
I n t h i s manner t h e f l e x i b i l i t y i n t h e e x t e r n a l
beam l i n e s of an a c c e l e r a t o r c o u l d , t o a l a r g e
e x t e n t , be r e t a i n e d f o r t h e s t r a i g h t - s e c t i o n
beam l i n e s of s t o r a g e r i n g s . The p a r a l l e l i s m
i s broken o n l y b y t h e needs of r e c i r c u l a t i o n
which impose t h e f o l l o w i n g a d d i t i o n a l cons t r a i n t s on t h e s t r a i g h t - s e c t i o n b e a m l i n e s
f o r storage rings:

The c o n v e n t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e f o r d e s i g n i n g
t h e s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s i s t o f i r s t assemble
t h e b u i l d e r s and t h e u s e r s i n s t u d y s e s s i o n s .
P l a n s of a l l c o n c e i v a b l e c o l l i d i n g - b e a m exp e r i m e n t s are made. Each s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n i s
d e s i g n e d for one or a group of t h e s e h y p o t h e t i c a l e x p e r i m e n t s . These s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s are
then incorporated a s i n t e g r a l p a r t s o f the
magnet l a t t i c e of t h e s t o r a g e r i n g s . I n cont r a s t , f o r conventional experiments using t h e
e x t e r n a l beam from an a c c e l e r a t o r , because of'
t h e f l e x i b i l i t y i n t h e i n t e r p o s i n g beam l i n e s
t h e d e s i g n of s p e c i f i c e x p e r i m e n t s have much
l e s s i n f l u e n c e on t h e d e s i g n o f t h e magnet
l a t t i c e . We s u g g e s t h e r e a p a r a l l e l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of c o l l i d i n g - b e a m e x p e r i m e n t s which
r e s t o r e s t o some d e g r e e t h e d e c o u p l i n g between t h e machine and t h e e x p e r i m e n t s and
l e a d s t o a d i f f e r e n t approach f o r d e s i g n of
the straight sections i n storage rings.
When t h e beam i n a s t o r a g e r i n g s e x i t s
from a c u r v e d s e c t i o n i t can be c o n s i d e r e d a s
h a v i n g been e x t r a c t e d from t h e machine. A
tailor- made l i n e i s provided t o t r a n s p o r t t h e
" e x t e r n a l " beam t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l t a r g e t
(the collision point) for the specific
% O p e r a t e d by U n i v e r s i t i e s R e s e a r c h Associat i o n , I n c . u n d e r c o n t r a c t w i t h t h e U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission.
599

( a ) For an a c c e l e r a t o r t h e l e n g t h of t h e
e x t e r n a l beam l i n e i s t o some e x t e n t f l e x i b l e .
For s t o r a g e r i n g s t h e l e n g t h of t h e s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n beam l i n e c o n s t r a i n e d between c u r v e d
sections i s fixed.
(b)
The phase advance i n t h e t r a n s p o r t
l i n e which i s of l i t t l e consequence for t h e
e x t e r n a l beam of an a c c e l e r a t o r must b e cons i d e r e d for t h e s t r a i g h t - s e c t i o n beam l i n e s o f
storage rings.

( c ) We need a s t a n d a r d r e c i r c u l a t i n g l i n e
which s i m p l y t r a n s p o r t s t h e beam a c r o s s a
s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n and p r o p e r l y matched f o r
r e c i r c u l a t i o n w i t h o u t " t a r g e t i n g " for e x p e r i ments.
( d ) S i n c e t h e t a r g e t i s t h e o t h e r beam
t h e same c o n s i d e r a t i o n of matching and r e c i r c u l a t i o n a p p l i e s a l s o t o t h e " t a r g e t " beam.
Examples
To d e m o n s t r a t e t h e p r a c t i c a l i t y o f t h i s
approach we w i l l u s e a s an example two 1000GeV p r o t o n c o l l i d i n g - b e a m s t o r a g e r i n g s u s i n g
s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g magnets.
I n each r i n g t h e
c u r v e d s e c t i o n s a r e composed of 1 0 0 c u r v e d
s e p a r a t e d - f u n c t i o n FODO c e l l s e a c h 60 m l o n g
and h a v i n g a phase advance of 9 0 ' .
The parame t e r s of s u c h a c e l l a r e g i v e n i n F i g . 1. The
c u r v e d s e c t i o n s of t h e two r i n g s a r e assumed
t o be s t a c k e d one above t h e o t h e r w i t h a
v e r t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n o f 0 . 3 m between beams.
I n or n e a r t h e b e a m - c o l l i s i o n p o i n t i t i s
l i k e l y t h a t some q u a d r u p o l e s w i l l be u s e d i n
common by b o t h beams. These q u a d r u p o l e s w i l l
have o p p o s i t e f o c a l a c t i o n s on t h e two beams
t r a v e l i n g i n o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s . Thus, t h e

s i m p l e s t l a t t i c e arrangement i s s u c h t h a t a l l
a d j a c e n t q u a d r u p o l e s between t h e two r i n g s
have o p p o s i t e f o c a l a c t i o n s on t h e two b e a m s ,
hence t h e same f i e l d - g r a d i e n t p o l a r i t y .

c e l l l o n g by f i r s t modifying t h e o p t i c s i n t h e
i n s e r t i o n ( s t i l l matched t o t h a t o f normal
c e l l s a t t h e e n d s ) and t h e n i n t r o d u c i n g f o u r
1 2 . 4 4 mrad d i p o l e s . The l o c a l o r b i t d i s placement i s r e d u c e d t o 0 . 2 2 8 m.
This ins e r t i o n i s shown i n F i g . 3. I d e n t i c a l i n s e r t i o n s would be u s e d i n r e v e r s e a t t h e downstream end of t h e s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s t o r e match d i s p e r s i o n f o r r e c i r c u l a t i o n .

A s i n i t i a l s t e p s i n t h e development o f
t h i s approach w e assume:

( a ) The s i m p l e s t s t a n d a r d r e c i r c u l a t i n g
l i n e would c o n s i s t of s t r a i g h t c e l l s formed by
l e a v i n g out t h e d i p o l e s i n t h e c u r v e d FODO
c e l l s . A s e r i e s o f a m u l t i p l e of 4 of t h e s e
s t r a i g h t c e l l s would have u n i t y t r a n s f e r
m a t r i c e s i n b o t h t h e h o r i z o n t a l and t h e v e r t i c a l p l a n e s and would hence match b o t h o p t i c s
and d i s p e r s i o n . The s t r a i g h t - s e c t i o n l e n g t h
c o u l d t h e r e f o r e be 2 4 0 m , 480 m, e t c .

Conventionally, zero d i s p e r s i o n i n t h e
s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n i s o b t a i n e d by m o d i f y i n g t h e
ends o f t h e curved s e c t i o n s as an i n t e g r a l
p a r t of t h e r i n g l a t t i c e . These i n s e r t i o n s
i l l u s t r a t e t h e b a s i c d e p a r t u r e of t h e p r e s e n t
a p p r o a c h . T h e y can be i n s e r t e d o r withdrawn
f r e e l y without a f f e c t i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e
ring.

( b ) The l e n g t h s of t h e modular i n s e r t i o n s
s h o u l d be m u l t i p l e s of t h e h a l f - c e l l l e n g t h o f
30 m. S i n c e t h e l e n g t h o f t h e s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s i s f i x e d i n s e r t i o n s s h o u l d be k e p t as
short as possible.

B.

A s a n example w e show i n F i g . 4 a low-8

i n s e r t i o n (f3 = a m p l i t u d e f u n c t i o n ) . T h i s i n s e r t i o n i s conventional except t h a t i t i s
a n t i s y m m e t r i c , matched t o t h e normal c e l l opt i c s a t t h e e n d s , and has a l e n g t h * m o d u l a r i z e d
t o 2% c e l l l e n g t h s . The 8- value 8 a t t h e
c e n t r a l c o l l i s i o n point i s 1 m i n both planes.
The t o t a l f r e e d r i f t s p a c e on e i t h e r s i d e o f
low-8 p o i n t i s 25 m l o n g . The f r e e d r i f t s p a c e l e n g t h c o u l d be s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n c r e a s e d
f o r h i g h e r low-8 v a l u e s . For e x t r e m e l y l o n g
d r i f t s p a c e s t h e i n s e r t i o n would be 33i c e l l s
i n length.
Presumably s e v e r a l i n s e r t i o n s w i t h
d i f f e r e n t 8* v a l u e s ( i n c l u d i n g high-B v a l u e s )
would be needed.

( c ) A s s t a n d a r d t r a n s p o r t elements f o r
t h e s t r a i g h t - s e c t i o n beam l i n e s w e w i l l u s e
1.1 m q u a d r u p o l e s and 6 . 2 m d i p o l e s . These
t u r n o u t t o be c o n v e n i e n t c h o i c e s of l e n g t h s .
The c u r r e n t s i n t h e s e magnets are a d j u s t e d t o
g i v e t h e r e q u i r e d s t r e n g t h s i n t h e same manner
a s f o r t r a n s p o r t e l e m e n t s i n e x t e r n a l beam
l i n e s of a c c e l e r a t o r s .
( d ) Although n o t demanded i n p r i n c i p l e ,
m a t c h i n g for r e c i r c u l a t i o n would be g r e a t l y
s i m p l i f i e d i f t h e phase a d v a n c e s i n t h e h o r i z o n t a l and t h e v e r t i c a l p l a n e s are i d e n t i c a l
i n a l l i n s e r t i o n s . This i s automatically
g u a r a n t e e d by making a l l i n s e r t i o n s a n t i symmetric s u c h t h a t t h e two p l a n e s a r e l o n g i t u d i n a l r e f l e c t i o n s of e a c h o t h e r .

C.

We now g i v e a few examples of s p e c i f i c

i n s e r t i o n s . O p t i c s and d i s p e r s i o n m a t c h i n g i s
o b t a i n e d by f i r s t u s i n g t h e " t h i n " v e r s i o n o f
t h e computer program M A G I C ' i n which a l l magn e t e l e m e n t s a r e assumed t o be of z e r o l e n g t h .
The r e s u l t s a r e t h e n used as t r i a l i n p u t t o
t h e " t h i c k " v e r s i o n of t h e program t o g i v e
t h e f i n a l physical parameters. For s i m p l i c i t y ,
when s e v e r a l s t a n d a r d t r a n s p o r t e l e m e n t s must
be s t r u n g t o g e t h e r t o g i v e t h e r e q u i r e d
s t r e n g t h w e have n o t i n c l u d e d t h e s h o r t d r i f t
s p a c e s between t h e e l e m e n t s n e c e s s a r y t o accommodate t h e end s t r u c t u r e s and c o n n e c t i o n s .
A.

D i s p e r s i o n Modifying I n s e r t i o n

A s examples w e g i v e h e r e two z e r o dispersion insertions (dispersion function

= q = 0 ) which r e d u c e t h e h o r i z o n t a l d i s p e r s i o n s a t t h e ends of c u r v e d s e c t i o n s t o
If t h e curved s e c t i o n ends i n an F
zero.
q u a d r u p o l e where t h e d i s p e r s i o n i s l a r g e t h e
i n s e r t i o n would have t o be 2 c e l l s i n l e n g t h
Four
and l o o k l i k e t h a t shown i n F i g . 2 .
24.67 mrad d i p o l e s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e normal
s t r a i g h t c e l l s produce a l o c a l h o r i z o n t a l orb i t d i s p l a c e m e n t o f 0.740 m and a h o r i z o n t a l
d i s p e r s i o n t o c a n c e l t h a t from t h e c u r v e d
s e c t i o n . There d o e s n o t seem t o be any adv a n t a g e i n m o d i f y i n g t h e o p t i c s by r e a r r a n g i n g
t h e quadrupoles. If t h e curved s e c t i o n ends
i n a D q u a d r u p o l e where t h e d i s p e r s i o n i s
s m a l l t h e i n s e r t i o n c o u l d be r e d u c e d t o 14

Beam-Size Modifying I n s e r t i o n

Phase A d j u s t i n g I n s e r t i o n

To make i t p o s s i b l e t o f r e e l y i n t e r c h a n g e
i n s e r t i o n s h a v i n g d i f f e r e n t p h a s e advances we
need a n i n s e r t i o n w i t h a p h a s e advance which
i s a d j u s t a b l e o v e r a wide r a n g e . E v i d e n t l y
t h i s i n s e r t i o n would b e used t o a d j u s t t h e
b e t a t r o n t u n e o f t h e r i n g . I n o t h e r c a s e s one
may a l s o u s e i t t o a d j u s t t h e p h a s e advance
across a single straight section t o a desired
value.
An example of t h i s i n s e r t i o n which i s
a n t i s y m m e t r i c and matched t o t h e normal c e l l
o p t i c s i s shown i n F i g . 5 . The p h a s e advance
i s a d j u s t a b l e from 100" t o 300'.
The f i e l d g r a d i e n t s e t t i n g s of t h e q u a d r u p o l e s are p l o t t e d a g a i n s t t h e p h a s e advance.
It s h o u l d be
p o s s i b l e t o program t h e s e c u r v e s i n t o t h e
c o n t r o l computer s o t h a t t h e p h a s e advance can
be a d j u s t e d by t u r n i n g a s i n g l e knob.
D.

Orbit- Length Dispersion A d j u s t i n g

Insertion

T h i s i s an obvious companion t o t h e p h a s e
a d j u s t i n g i n s e r t i o n . To be u s e f u l t h e i n s e r t i o n s h o u l d be r a t h e r l o n g . The s i m p l e s t
would be a 4 - c e l l l o n g a n t i s y m m e t r i c i n s e r t i o n w i t h 360" p h a s e advance. By v a r y i n g t h e
f i e l d - g r a d i e n t s o f t h e quadrupoles but keeping
t h e p h a s e advance a t 360ik0j33 c a n v e r y t h e
without a f f e c t orbit- length dispersion
i n g t h e o p t i c s and d i s p e 3 s i 8 n m a t c h i n g a t t h e
e n d s . No example i s g i v e n f o r t h i s s i m p l e
i n s e r t i o n . The u t i l i t y o f t h i s i n s e r t i o n i s
less obvious than that of t h e phase a d j u s t i n g
i n s e r t i o n , but c l e a r l y i t could be used t o
a d j u s t t h e t r a n s i t i o n energy of t h e r i n g .

-/

600

E.

and l0w-6 a t t h e b e a m - c o l l i s i o n ( " t a r g e t i n g " )

point.
T h i s c o u l d be o b t a i n e d from t h e s t r i n g
O f i n s e r t i o n s shown i n F i g . 7 .
The t o t a l
l e n g t h i s 7% c e l l s or 450 m.

Beam C r o s s i n g ( " T a r g e t i n g " ) I n s e r t i o n

The beams t r a v e l i n g i n o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s
i n t h e two r i n g s s t a c k e d one on t o p o f t h e o t h e r a r e s e p a r a t e d by 0 . 3 m.
These two beams
can be d i s p l a c e d v e r t i c a l l y t o come t o g e t h e r
t o c o l l i d e head on i n a h a l f - c e l l b y t h r e e
v e r t i c a l d i p o l e s a s shown i n F i g . 6 . These
d i p o l e s must have a v e r t i c a l good f i e l d a p e r t u r e o f more t h a n 5 0 mm.
It i s l i k e l y t h a t
the standard transport dipoles turned v e r t i c a l
would have an a d e q u a t e a p e r t u r e . S e v e r a l remarks s h o u l d be made f o r t h i s i n s e r t i o n .

(1) T h i s i n s e r t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y f o l l o w e d
The v e r t i c a l d i p o l e s i n t h i s i n s e r t i o n s h o u l d be
trimmed t o g i v e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s m a l l beam
s e p a r a t i o n and a n g l e a t t h e e n t r a n c e t o t h e
f o l l o w i n g i n s e r t i o n s u c h t h a t t h e beams would
c r o s s each o t h e r at t h e proper l o c a t i o n ( e . g .
t h e low-B p o i n t ) and at t h e d e s i r e d small
a n g l e . Furthermore , t h e v e r t i c a l d i p o l e s
c o u l d e a s i l y have an a d e q u a t e trimming r a n g e
t o accommodate e i t h e r t h e c r o s s - o v e r geometry
( t h e u p p e r beam becomes t h e l o w e r beam i n t h e
f o l l o w i n g c u r v e d s e c t i o n ) or t h e no-crosso v e r geometry.
b y a beam s i z e m o d i f y i n g i n s e r t i o n .

(2)
The s m a l l v e r t i c a l d i s p e r s i o n i n t r o duced by t h e v e r t i c a l bends w i l l make t h e
d i s t a n c e o v e r w h i c h t h e beams c o l l i d e l o n g e r
hence e x t e n d i n g f u r t h e r away from t h e low-8
point.
The r e s u l t i n g r e d u c t i o n i n l u m i n o s i t y
i s generally quite small, especially i f the
h o r i z o n t a l d i s p e r s i o n i s made z e r o i n t h e c o l l i s i o n region.

(3)

T h i s s h o r t i n s e r t i o n occupying only a

d r i f t space i s not a t r u e i n s e r t i o n i n t h e

d i s p e r s i o n - o p t i c a l s e n s e . I n some c a s e s i t
can be merged. i n t o t h e ends o f o t h e r i n s e r t i o n ,
i . e . t h e v e r t i c a l d i p o l e s c a n be p l a c e d i n a
d r i f t s p a c e of a d e q u a t e l e n g t h i n any i n s e r tion.

Similar exercises i n putting together other

complete s t r a i g h t - s e c t i o n beam l i n e s i n d i c a t e
t h a t a s t r a i g h t - s e c t i o n l e n g t h of 4 c e l l s o r
2 4 0 m ( i n 1000-GeV s t o r a g e r i n g s ) i s t o o s h o r t
for f u l l e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e f l e x i b i l i t y i n h e r e n t i n t h i s scheme. A s t r a i g h t - s e c t i o n
l e n g t h o f 8 c e l l s ( 4 8 0 m ) or g r e a t e r would be
more a p p r o p r i a t e . T h i s s t u d y a l s o shows t h a t
t h e s t r a i g h t - s e c t i o n l e n g t h s h o u l d be measured
i n t e r m s of t h e b e t a t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n wave
l e n g t h i n t h e curved s e c t i o n which i s i n t u r n
governed b y t h e a v a i l a b l e d i p o l e and quadrup o l e s t r e n g t h s f o r t h e s p e c i f i e d beam e n e r g y .
One wave l e n g t h i s t o o s h o r t , two o r more wave
l e n g t h s would be a d e q u a t e .
An obvious c r i t i c i s m f o r t h i s d e s i g n app r o a c h i s t h a t t h e f l e x i b i l i t y i s bought a t
t h e expense of l o n g e r s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s .
However, comparison w i t h c o n c l u s i o n s o f d e s i g n
s t u d i e s f o r I s a b e l l e and PEP i n d i c a t e s t h a t ,
i n f a c t , the additional length required i s
r a t h e r small. Recalling the parallelism invoked i n t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n we o b s e r v e f u r t h e r
t h a t even w i t h t h e s l i g h t l y l o n g e r l e n g t h
t h e s e s t r a i g h t - s e c t i o n beam l i n e s a r e much
s h o r t e r t h a n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l e x t e r n a l beam
l i n e s o f an a c c e l e r a t o r a t t h e same e n e r g y .
T h i s p a r a l l e l i s m a l s o p r o v i d e s a b a s i s for t h e
c h o i c e of t h e number o f s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s .
A c c e l e r a t o r f a c i l i t i e s i n which e x p e r i m e n t s
a r e performed mainly i n e x t e r n a l beams
t y p i c a l l y have 4- 6 e x t e r n a l beam l i n e s . A
s i m i l a r number of s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s i n a
colliding- beam s t o r a g e r i n g f a c i l i t y i s thus
appropriate.

With t h e sample i n s e r t i o n s g i v e n above we

can now p u t t o g e t h e r an example o f a complete
s t r a i g h t - s e c t i o n beam l i n e . T o g e t t h e maximum l u m i n o s i t y we would want z e r o - d i s p e r s i o n

References
1.

60 1

M.J. Lee, W . W . Lee and L . C . Teng,

"Magnet I n s e r t i o n Code ( M A G I C ) " ,
Note- 61, 1973 PEP Summer Study
Report (1973).

125

- 3.0

Q:f874.4kG/m

B : 44.44 kG

0
OF

B
5.9

1.8

3.0

0.4

5.9

H
0.4

5.9

0.4

5.9

QD

1.8

5.9

0.4 3.0
60

H
0.4

5.9

n
0.4

B
5.9

B
5.9

0.4

F i g u r e 1.

Normal c u r v e d c e l l

Figure 2 .

Zero- dispersion i n s e r t i o n ( F type)

0
OF
1.8
0.4

2.0

--

E 1.5
F

B1:-33.49kG
B2:33.49kG

300

QI:f240.6kG/m
Q2:f601.4kG/m
Q 3 : f764.3 kG/m

-775

' /,

'
\

-0.5
QIF

BI

Q2D

0.70 0.78

/.C'

\.
'/.,

-'./

82

Q3F

82

Q3D

81

12.4

4.4
0.70 0.70

12.4

4.4
0.70 0.70

12.4

Q2F
4.4
0.78

13.96

90

F i g u r e 3.

Zero- dispersion i n s e r t i o n ( D type)

6 02

..

9
k
-I
a

\,

.-

2.2

Figure

4.

Low-B

insertion

1OOOl

C~fi374.44
kG/m
01:-44.44
kG
02: 44.44kG
QF

BI

-1000

I
250'

2000

150'

Kx)*

300'

PHASE ADVANCE ASH=Aqv

-02

-03

-01

12.2

+
W
z
w
-1

13.96

44

13.96

13.96

F i g u r e 5.

2.2

90

F i g u r e 6.

Phase adjusting i n s e r t i o n

BEAM CROSSING
CELL)
ZERO-71 1

(A

Beam c r o s s i n g i n s e r t i o n

BEAM CROSSING
&CELL)

F
I

D
F D
ZERO-7
(112 CELLS)
CURVED
SECTION

ZERO-7

STRAIGHT SECTION
(7iCELLS,450m)
Figure 7 .

High l u m i n o s i t y s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n

603

CURVED
SECTION

-RESONANCE CROSSING IN A PROTON SYNCHROTRON; APPLICATION TO ISABELLE*

R. Chasman
Brookhaven N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y
Upton, New York

A. Garren
Lawrence Berkeley L a b o r a t o r y
Berkeley, C a l i f o r n i a
R.L. G l u c k s t e r n
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts
and
F.E. M i l l s
N a t i o n a l Accelerator L a b o r a t o r y
Batavia, I l l i n o i s
Summary. We have i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e e f f e c t on t h e
t r a n s v e r s e p r o p e r t i e s of a beam i n the p r e s e n c e o f a
nearby n o n l i n e a r r e s o n a n c e , p e r i o d i c v a r i a t i o n of t h e
b e t a t r o n t u n e as a r e s u l t o f s y n c h r o t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n s
l e a d i n g t o p e r i o d i c resonance c r o s s i n g , and a z e r o t h
harmonic oc t u p o l e term ( o r o t h e r mu1 t i p o l e ) which makes
t h e b e t a t r o n f r e q u e n c y depend on t r a n s v e r s e amplitude.
Depending on whether t h e p r o d u c t of t h e resonance
s t r e n g t h and the z e r o t h harmonic o c t u p o l e component i s
s m a l l o r l a r g e , one g e t s one o f t h e f o l l o w i n g two p i c t u r e s f o r f a s t resonance crossing: a) A p a t t e r n of
r e s o n a n c e s and s i d e bands the s i d e bands b e i n 5 s e p a r a t e d by vs/n (vs i s the s y n c h r o t r o n f r e q u e n c y , n t h e
o r d e r o f the resonance).
Detailed consideration of the
b e t a t r o n phase change between c o n s e c u t i v e c r o s s i n g s
l e a d s t o p r e d i c t i o n o f a n odd-even dependence o f t h e
beam growth on t h e s i d e band number. Computer runs
y i e l d phase- space t r a j e c t o r i e s which c o n f i r m t h e s e p r e d i c t i o n s i n d e t a i l . b) A d i f f u s i o n - l i k e p r o c e s s , t h e
b e t a t r o n t u n e s h i f t between c r o s s i n g s r e s u l t i n g from t h e
a m p l i t u d e change now b e i n g l a r g e r t h a n t h e s p a c i n g of
s i d e bands. The d i f f u s i o n p i c t u r e a l s o h o l d s whenever
v s / n i s smaller t h a n t h e b e t a t r o n tune s t a b i l i t y . These
e f f e c t s are observed i n computer r u n s and l e a d t o des i g n t o l e r a n c e s f o r t h e resonance terms. When n o n l i n e a r i t i e s are p r e s e n t t h a t are l a r g e r t h a n these t o l e r a n c e s , a z i m u t h a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d m u l t i p o l e s have t o be i n troduced t o tune o u t t h e resonances. The m u l t i p o l e
d i s t r i b u t i o n s r e q u i r e d t o do s o have been c a l c u l a t e d .

b) p e r i o d i c v a r i a t i o n o f the b e t a t r o n t u n e as a r e s u l t
of synchrotron o s c i l l a t i o n s leading to periodic crossing
o f t h e n o n l i n e a r r e s o n a n c e , c ) a z e r o t h harmonic octup o l e term which makes t h e b e t a t r o n frequency depend on
the t r a n s v e r s e a m p l i t u d e .
S e v e r a l author^^,^ have d e a l t w i t h t h e t r a n s v e r s e
However,
motion o f p a r t i c l e s under similar c o n d i t i o n s .
t h e i r t r e a t m e n t s are g e n e r a l l y l i m i t e d t o a s i n g l e sync h r o t r o n p e r i o d and f a i l t o make d e t a i l e d p r e d i c t i o n s
f o r t h e t r a n s v e r s e beam b e h a v i o r r e s u l t i n g from many
repeated resonance crossings.
I n this paper, theory
and computer s i m u l a t i o n s have been extended t o cover
many s y n c h r o t r o n p e r i o d s . A l l c a l c u l a t i o n s are onedimensional, but a generalization t o both transverse
dimensions i s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d . F a s t c r o s s i n g s o n l y (see
below) have been c o n s i d e r e d .
Theory
General Case
The one- dimensional e q u a t i o n o f t h e b e t a t r o n motion
of a p a r t i c l e i n a nonlinear perpendicular f i e l d B i n a
s y n c h r o t r o n is g i v e n by:
2

- + K(s)x = -1P (b2x2 + b3x 3 + b 4x 4 +....)

ds

Here B = B o ( l
Introduction

blx

b2x2

b3x3

b&x4

(1)

....),

K ( s ) i n c l u d e s t h e l i n e a r p a r t o f B and p i s bending

I n a p r o t o n s t o r a g e r i n g a c c e l e r a t o r s u c h as ISAB E L L E ~ l a r g e c u r r e n t s (- 1 0 A) are a c c e l e r a t e d f o r
times o f the o r d e r o f m i n u t e s . The beam must have a
s p r e a d b o t h i n momentum and b e t a t r o n f r e q u e n c y t o stab i l i z e a g a i n s t l o n g i t u d i n a l and t r a n s v e r s e i n s t a b i l i t i e s . The s p r e a d i n b e t a t r o n frequency is a c h i e v e d by
a momentum dependent U-value o r c h r o m a t i c i t y . Under
t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s the w-value of i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e s
w i l l v a r y p e r i o d i c a l l y w i t h time w h i l e t h e beam i s
a c c e l e r a t e d , as a r e s u l t o f s y n c h r o t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n s .
T h i s l e a d s t o r e p e a t e d c r o s s i n g s o f t h o s e n o n l i n e a r resonances i n c l u d e d i n t h e p a r t i c l e s v-swing. During
a c c e l e r a t i o n the e x c i t a t i o n of n o n l i n e a r r e s o n a n c e s i s
due p r i m a r i l y t o magnet i m p e r f e c t i o n s because t h e beams
i n t h e two r i n g s are s e p a r a t e d and t h e r e l a t i v e l y Large
n o n l i n e a r e f f e c t s o r i g i n a t i n g i n beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n
are a b s e n t .

'I

r a d i u s . I n t r o d u c i n g t h e v a r i a b l e s Tl = B-%x and a=;

one g e t s 4 :

du

n=3,.

..

ds/B

p(n-1)/2 n-1

Tl

where p is the Courant- Snyder p - f u n c t i o n and v i s t h e

b e t a t r o n tune.
An a d d i t i o n a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o a m p l i t u d e phase
92, cp = a r c t g
v a r i a b l e s I and cp g i v e n by I = v ' 2 / v 2
q'/v'll ( o r 17 = JI cos cp, 7 = J I v s i n cp) y i e l d s

The p r e s e n t p a p e r d e a l s w i t h t h e t r a n s v e r s e beam
b e h a v i o r under t h e f o l l o w i n e c o n d i t i o n s : a) A nearby
One can set TI = /I cos cp on t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e o f t h e s e
s i n g l e n o n l i n e a r r e s o n a n c e , due t o magnet n o n l i n e a r i t i e s , e x p r e s s i o n and g e t s :

W o r k performed under the a u s p i c e s o f the U.S.

Energy Commission.

Atomic

6 04

E v a l u a t i o n of t h e i n t e g r a l s i n t h e e x p r e s s i o n s o f A I
and Ax l e a d s t o

Ax

Near a n i s o l a t e d n o n l i n e a r resonance of o r d e r n,
v = r / n + A, where r is an i n t e g e r and A, << l / n .

(A +dI)

2CBnI(n-2)/2c~s

x+-x-

X++X

TI

(
7
+ 7)coS 2.

F o u r i e r a n a l y z i n g the n o n l i n e a r f i e l d c o e f f i c i e n t s
b i = Cbir cos r ( 8 + B r ) , keeping o n l y t h e o c t u p o l e
z e r o t h harmonic component and n e g l e c t i n g r a p i d l y o s c i l l a t i n g terms one o b t a i n s i n t h e smooth approximation
w i t h B = R / v and u = 8 (R i s the average r a d i u s o f t h e
machine, e t h e r e g u l a r l e n g t h ) :

where C =

,/-

vsA s i n vse0

N o t i c i n g t h a t Ax+= A% =
able
= (%+&)/2,leading

A I = 4CBnIn12

COS

'

Ax, one can go t o a new v a r i to

X+'X
(7
+ ) sin

I and x g e t impulses a t 0 = i Bo + 2 m j / v s .
t h e r e f o r e w r i t e I ' ( 8 ) i n the following way:

(34

One can

6 ( 8 - 6 0 - 3)
+
F o r a c o n s t a n t b e t a t r o n t u n e t h e s e e q u a t i o n s lead t o
vS'
t h e u s u a l i n v a r i a n t of motion f o r a n o n l i n e a r resonance.
= 0 . The
Fixed p o i n t s are o b t a i n e d from I' = 0,
sin
2ni Ao+Cc(e) +
6 @+Bon o n l i n e a r resonance widths are g i v e n by i hI(n-2)/2.
S
S
I n t h e appendix, a Hamiltonian, v a l i d f o r any o r d e r resonance, i s d e r i v e d from which Eq. (2) can be o b t a i n e d .
Here
and
a r e t h e ' n i t i a l v a l u e s of & gnd X - ,
More e x a c t e x p r e s s i o n s f o r Bn and A a r e a l s o g i v e n .
~ ' ( 6 ) = m u + nBnI(n-2)f2 cos X and cu(e) =
a'(e)de.
A f t e r some m a n i p u l a t i o n of t h e 6 - f u n c t i o n s one f i n a l l y
The 8-dependence of v w i l l be w r i t t e n as
g e t s w i t h F j = cos[ (x$-e)/2+ri/4- (Ao-vsj)eo]:

v(e) = n

- an

(cos

e-cos vseo)

[x: +

y)].

so

where A > 0, A/n i s the h a l f - s w i n g of t h e b e t a t r o n f r e quency v and vs i s the s y n c h r o t r o n frequency. Ao/n,

d e f i n e d as A/n c o s vseo, is t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e
A/n cos vsa0 and t h e resonance
average frequency r / n
frequency r / n .
v(8) w i l l be equal t o r / n whenever
6 = C a, -k 2 j ( n / v s ) where j i s any i n t e g e r and O S V , ~ ~ S ~ ~ .

x(+

Setting
=
e o ) , where % and X- are t h e v a l u e s of x a t t h e upward and downward resonance c r o s s i n g s ,
one h a s n e a r 8 =
8:,

x-x++x;

Assuming the c o n d i t i o n f o r f a s t c r o s s i n g i n which nv

v a r i e s much more r a p i d l y t h a n t h e two o t h e r terms, nAI
and nBnI(n-2)/2 cos x, o n t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e of Eq.
(Zb), one c a n w r i t e
= vsA s i n vS8, y$
x"(6*) =
i vsA s i n vsa0.
The change A I and Ax i n I and x duri n g one s y n c h r o t r o n p e r i o d (assuming A I is s m a l l )
are t h e n o b t a i n e d from Eq. ( 2 ) i n t h e f o i l o w i n g way:

x''

C F . co~[~~+(A~-v~j)~+s(e)].(4b)
2ri CBn I ( n - 2 ) / 2
j

Side Band Approximation

I n t h e c a s e t h a t A, = v,d + E , where E << vs and

c o n s t , t h e term w i t h j = & i n E q . (4a and b)
w i l l always be t h e s l o w e s t v a r y i n g o n e , p e r m i t t i n g t h e
n e g l e c t of t h e o t h e r more r a p i d l y o s c i l l a t i n g terms.
With t h e a d d i t i o n a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n 4! =
+ vsd8, one
gets:

.'(e)

These e q u a t i o n s are now i d e n t i c a l i n form t o t h o s e which

were o b t a i n e d e a r l i e r f o r v(8) = c o n s t ( s e e 2 a and b)
w i t h the e x c e p t i o n t h a t (v
r / n ) has been r e p l a c e d by
A.
&vs and Bn by 2 ( v S / 2 n ) C k F t . Varying t h e b e t a t r o n

tune w i t h t h e s y n c h r o t r o n frequency hence c a u s e s t h e

resonance a t v = r / n t o be r e p l a c e d by a series o f resonances (or s i d e bands) a t v = r / n + v&/n where d i s any

605

i:st?"-2Tf2

e w i d t h of t h e s e r e s o n c e s are * Z ( V S / ~ T I )
compared t o BnI(n-2p72
obtained a t v=r/n
i n the case o f v(e) = c o n s t . I n t h e s i d e approximation
t h e n t h e p a r t i c l e motion w i l l f o l l o w i n v a r i a n t s i n I , P
phase s p a c e g i v e n by

Const.= (A

nA12 2
-.evs ) I + 2

2 CB F
217

n 4

cos

(6)

F i x e d p o i n t s a r e o b t a i n e d from I' = 0 , e ' = 0 .

The depende ce of t h e s i d e band w i d t h *2(vs/2n)
CB,FLI(~-~)?~
on t h e s i d e band o r d e r L i s c o n t a i n e d i n
s i n vseo and Fg. While s i n vse0 varies m o n o t o n i c a l l y
w i t h d , FL e x h i b i t s a n odd-even dependence f o r s i d e
bands near- the c e n t r a l r e s o n a n c e , which comes from t h e
f a c t t h a t Y changes by
n/2 when L changes by 1.

corresponding t o v = 1 / 3 ( r
Lv,) where r = 6 2 and .C =
0 , 1 , 2 and 3. The z e r o t h harmonic o c t u p o l e component i s
small and t h e s i d e band p i c t u r e s h o u l d h o l d . The traj e c t o r i e s c l e a r l y f o l l o w i n v a r i a n t s o f t h e form g i v e n
i n Eq. (6).
This f i g u r e a l s o e x h i b i t s t h e odd-even
dependence o f FL on &, which w a s mentioned e a r l i e r , and
the a m p l i t u d e s corresponding t o the s t a b l e f i x e d p o i n t s
a g r e e w e l l w i t h t h e o r y . S i m i l a r t r a j e c t o r i e s are shown
i n F i g . 2 f o r d i f f e r e n t average b e t a t r o n t u n e s s l i g h t l y
o f f t h e c e n t r a l band and a g a i n seem t o v e r i f y t h e p r e d i c t i o n s e x p r e s s e d i n Eq. (6).

I n Fig. 3 t h e amplitude of a s i n g l e p a r t i c l e i s
p l o t t e d a s f u n c t i o n o f r e v o l u t i o n number f o r d i f f e r e n t
v a l u e s of the z e r o t h harmonic o c t u p o l e component b3 0 .
The i n i t i a l amplitude is 2 x 10-6 m i n a l l r u n s . when
b3,o
i s s m a l l t h e p a r t i c l e amplitude v a r i e s p e r i o d i c a l l y
D i f f u s i o n Approximation
w i t h time as can be expected from t h e phase- space traj e c t o r i e s shown i n F i g s . 1 and 2. However, when the
The assumption used t o o b t a i n t h e s i d e ba
t u r e w a s a' (9)wcons t , where cy' (8)=nAI+nB,I (n-2Y72:;:~.
b3,o i s i n c r e a s e d , t h e simple p e r i o d i c t i m e dependence
I f Aa'@& change i n cy'@)
o v e r one s y n c h r o t r o n p e r i o d , d e t e r i o r a t e s and a more random b e h a v i o r s e t s i n , i n i s comparable t o vs, t h e n terms w i t h d i f f e r e n t j ' s w i l l d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e s i d e band p i c t u r e no l o n g e r h o l d s .
The n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n , s t a t e d e a r l i e r i n t h i s a p e r
dominate i n t h e sums i n Eq. (4a and b ) a t d i f f e r e n t
f o r t h e s i d e band model t o be v a l i d was14ACBnIn/'l << vs.
v a l u e s o f e and one cannot approximate t h e s e sums by
With t h e numerical v a l u e s used h e r e t h i s i s e q u i v a l e n t
term a t a l l v a l u e s o f 0 . To f i r s t o r d e r
, ACY'(~)WIAAI.Taking A from E q . (3a) one t o b3,01<< 1 0 m-3, i n good agreement w i t h t h e r e s u l t s
shown. I n Fig. 4 t h e rms amplitude of 10 p a r t i c l e s
g e t s t h a t Aol'(e)<<vs i m p l i e s (4ACBnInT%<vs and one exm but d i f f e r e n t values of
p e c t s that t h e s i d e band p i c t u r e s h o u l d no l o n g e r be
-xs t ai sr t ipnl og t ot eudt wasi t hf u In c=t i o2n x o 10-6
f r e v o l u t i o n number under s i m I n o r d e r t o see how t h e ampliv a l i d i f kACBnIn/9vs.
i l a r c o n d i t i o n s . When b3,o i s s m a l l t h e rms amplitude
tude I w i l l v a r y w i t h 9 o r (time) i n t h i s regime one
f l u c t u a t e s w i t h t i m e b u t no growth p a t t e r n c a n be seen.
h a s t o go back t o Eq. (3a) which g i v e s t h e change i n I
For l a r g e o c t u p o l e components t h e d i f f u s i o n p i c t u r e
over one s y n c h r o t r o n p e r i o d . I f one assumes t h a t
w i l l now v a r y randomly w i t h 9 ( o r t i m e ) one g e t s a d i f - p r e d i c t s an a m p l i t u d e doubling t i m e o f 1.4 s e c , c o r r e s ponding t o 175 000 r e v o l u t i o n s . This i s i n f a i r agreef u s i o n - l i k e rms- type growth of I e x p r e s s e d by: d12/dt=
ment w i t h the numerical r e s u l t s shown h e r e f o r a staw v s / T r e V , where T
i s t h e r e v o l u t i o n t i m e around
t i s t i c a l sample o f o n l y 10 p a r t i c l e s .
t h e machine and (nI>2?.;
the a v e r a g e v a l u e of (AI)'.
One o b t a i n s f o r t h e d o u b l i n g t i m e t d f o r t h e rms v a l u e
R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d w i t h a f i f t h o r d e r resonance are
o f I:
an' 'rev
td =
c o n t a i n e d i n F i g s . 5 and 6. P a r t i c l e t r a j e c t o r i e s i n
(7)
2 n-2
8 B n I o TI
t h e I, @ phase p l a n e , o b t a i n e d w i t h a small z e r o t h harmonic o c t u p o l e component, are shown i n F i g . 5 f o r t h r e e
41-n/ 2
d i f f e r e n t average b e t a t r o n t u n e s , v = 1 / 5 ( r + L v s ) , corC Y =
and Io i s t h e i n i where
responding t o r = 104 and !
,= 0 , l and 2.
The odd-even
n
1 n/2
dependence o f t h e f a c t o r Fg e n t e r i n g i n t o t h e e x p r e s s i o n
t i a l v a l u e f o r I.
f o r C i n Eq. ( 6 ) i s a g a i n obvious. For t h e c o n d i t i o n s
r e f e r r i n g t o F i g . 5 an u n s t a b l e f i x e d p o i n t e x i s t s , b u t
As c a n be s e e n from Eq. (7) t d i s independent o f
i t o c c u r s a t an amplitude above t h e range o f I i n c l u d e d
t h e r e . F i g u r e 6 shows t h e nns amplitude o f 10 p a r t i c l e s
t h e s y n c h r o t r o n frequency and t h e z e r o t h harmonic o c t u p o l e component and i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s q u a r e
as f u n c t i o n of r e v o l u t i o n number f o r a s m a l l and l a r g e
o f the resonance width. However v s and A ( o r b 3 , o )
v a l u e o f b3,o. A s i n the c a s e of a t h i r d o r d e r r e s o e n t e r i n t o t h e ~ o n d i t i o n [ 4 A C B , I ~ ~vs
~ l Punder which d i f - nance, no s t e a d y r m s amplitude growth can be s e e n f o r t h e
f u s i o n - t y p e e m i t t a n c e growth can o c c u r .
s m a l l z e r o t h harmonic o c t u p o l e term w h i l e a d i f f u s i o n t y p e growth shows up when t h i s term becomes l a r g e . Again,
Computer C a l c u l a t i o n s
t h e amplitude d o u b l i n g t i m e i s w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f theor e t i c a l predictions.
Computer c a l c u l a t i o n s have been performed aimed a t
t e s t i n g the t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s f o r the t r a n s v e r s e
D i s c u s s i o n s o f R e s u l t s and A p p l i c a t i o n t o ISABELLE
beam b e h a v i o r p r e s e n t e d i n the p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n . Some
r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n t h e s e s i m u l a t i o n s w i l l be g i v e n beBoth t h e o r e t i c a l and numerical c a l c u l a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d
i n t h i s paper i n d i c a t e t h a t f a s t crossing of nonlinear
low.
resonances w i t h an amplitude dependent b e t a t r o n t u n e
The t r a n s v e r s e p a r t i c l e motion c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a
l e a d s t o two d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n s o f t r a n s v e r s e beam bes i n g l e machine r e v o l u t i o n w a s c a l c u l a t e d by a l i n e a r
havior.
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n followed by a n o n l i n e a r k i c k . The vvalue e n t e r i n g the l i n e a r transformation, v a r i e d with
When t h e e f f e c t i v e b e t a t r o n tune ( i n c l u d i n g t h e amt i m e w i t h the s y n c h r o t r o n frequency and w a s s h i f t e d by
p l i t u d e dependent p a r t ) i s c o n s t a n t w i t h i n a range small
an amount
(3v/8p) (R/v)3 b3,o I, where I i s the p a r compared t o v s / n , p a r t i c l e s move a l o n g phase- space trat i c l e amplitude.
j e c t o r i e s p r e d i c t e d by a s i m p l e r e s o n a n c e t h e o r y i n v o l v i n g
s i d e bands. For a g i v e n n o n l i n e a r r e s o n a n c e s t r e n g t h one
The f o l l o w i n g p a r a m e t e r s were k e p t f i x e d i n a l l
can t h e n l i m i t t h e t r a n s v e r s e beam growth by a d j u s t i n g
computer r u n s : R = 382 m, p = 1 6 7 m, A/n = 0.03 and
b o t h the d i s t a n c e of t h e a v e r a g e Linear b e t a t r o n t u n e t o
The resonance b e t a t r o n t u n e s were k e p t
vs = 0.001.
t h e n e a r e s t s i d e band and t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e z e r o t h
c l o s e t o 21.
harmonic o c t u p o l e component.
I n the case t h a t t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t i v e b e t a t r o n tune i s o f t h e o r d e r vs/n
F i g u r e s 1 through 4 r e f e r t o a t h i r d o r d e r r e s o and more, t h e beam no l o n g e r f o l l o w s t h e r e s o n a n c e p a t nance. I n F i g . 1 p a r t i c l e t r a j e c t o r i e s i n I, I s p a c e
t e r n . A d i f f u s i o n - l i k e emittance growth sets i n , which
one s h o u l d be a b l e t o avoid by resonance compensation.
are shown f o r f o u r d i f f e r e n t a v e r a g e b e t a t r o n t u n e s

606

I n an i d e a l machine, where t h e average l i n e a r bet a t r o n tune i s c o n s t a n t , t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e e f f e c t i v e

v-value comes from i t s amplitude dependent p a r t . One
t h e n g e t s d i f f u s i o n - l i k e behavior only when a l a r g e
z e r o t h harmonic o c t u p o l e (or o t h e r m u l t i p o l e which
makes the b e t a t r o n frequency depend on t r a n s v e r s e amplitude" ) component exists. N o n i d e a l l y , however, t h e r e
most probably w i l l be a v a r i a t i o n i n the average l i n e a r
b e t a t r o n t u n e and f o r s m a l l v a l u e s of vs one w i l l have
beam growth even i n the absence of s t r o n g o c t u p o l e s .
Computer r e s u l t s , n o t shown h e r e , confirm t h i s .

ct-1

The K i and
a r e d e f i n e d i n terms o f median- plane
expansions o f t h e magnetic f i e l d

cM
I n ISABELLE vs i s of t h e o r d e r o f
and, even
w i t h weak o c t u p o l e s , one might g e t d i f f u s i o n - l i k e beam
growth from n o n l i n e a r resonance c r o s s i n g s . The e m i t t a n c e doubling times have been c a l c u l a t e d from Eq. ( 7 )
f o r d i f f e r e n t o r d e r resonances assuming t h e n o n l i n e a r i t i e s t h a t are t o be expected i n t h e ISABELLE magnets.
The r e s u l t s are given i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e t o g e t h e r
with the nonlinear f i e l d coefficients:

n- 1

[ (-

l)M/2bn-l,

(- l ) w 1 ) / 2 a

0.005 m-2
0.095 m-3
1 . 7 m-4
3 1 . 2 m-5
5 2 1 m-6

0.58
680
7.4 x 105
1.0 x 109
2.8 x 1012

For a n a c c e l e r a t i o n t i m e of a few minutes n o n l i n e a r

resonances of t h e o r d e r 5 and h i g h e r appear harmless.
The t h i r d and f o u r t h i n t e g r a l resonances can be avoided
by p r o p e r placement of t h e working l i n e and no resonance compensation seems t o be r e q u i r e d .

n-1

1 f o r M even,odd.
J

W e then r e p l a c e x i , p i by phase and amplitude v a r i -

a b l e s y i , Ji u s i n g t h e ( i n s t a n t a n e o u s ) b e t a t r o n funct i o n s p i , c u i (Ref. 4 ) :
xi =

G F1 1-

cos Y i

- dsJ,/Bi (sinYi+cuicosY)
2
f u n c t i o n F1 = - C(xi/2pi)

pi =

by u s e o f t h e g e n e r a t i n g
%e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n e q u a t i o n s p i = a F i / a x i ,
(tanYi+cui).
~i =
aF,/aYi, HI = H + aFl/aS and th? r e l a t i o n s 2
d P i / d s = - Zai, d f f i / d s = K i P i
(1 + a i ) / @ i , g i v e H i =
C(Ji/Bi) + H'(Yi,J.).
We i n v e s t i g a t e t h e resonance
a r i s i n g from t h e x i @ term i n H' t h a t o s c i l l a t e s as
cos Y t m , where

3
4
5
6
7

+...) ,

B ( x , z = 0) = B (1 + b x
b x2
1
2
B ( x , z = 0 ) = B (a x + a2x2+...)
X
0 1

Y' Lm= &Yx+

z'

L = L,L-2

,...; & 2 0;

rn = M,M-2

,...,-M.

This term h a s t h e form h ~ $ 1

(Jx&)L/2(Jz~,)M/2~~~~~m,
w i t h h a c o n s t a n t . It causes a resonance when the t u n e s
vi=vp, where v i m = t v g + mvi = r = i n t e g e r .

-We now make a second t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o v a r i a b l e s

P i , Ji:

Ac knowledament s
The a u t h o r s wish t o thank D r . Lloyd Smith f o r
v a l u a b l e d i s c u s s i o n s r e g a r d i n g resonance compensation.
Appendix

i n which v i depends on s due t o t h e s y n c h r o t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n s . The g e n e r a t i n g f u n c t i o n , F2 = Z J i ( Y i - + i ) , g i v e s

pi = a ~ 2 / 3 ~
J~~ =, aF2/aYi, HZ = HI + a ~ 2 1 a . s . I n a d d i t i o n we change t o 0 = S I R as independent v a r i a b l e and
get

Equations f o r Transverse Motion i n Angle- Action Varia b l e s w i t h Resonant P e r t u r b a t i o n s when t h e Tunes Vary
Due t o Synchrotron O s c i l l a t i o n s
For completeness we i n c l u d e a d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e
e q u a t i o n s f o r amplitude and phase i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f a
s i n g l e resonance t h a t , we b e l i e v e , c l a r i f i e s t h e p r o p e r
arguments t o u s e i n t h e t r i g o n o m e t r i c f u n c t i o n s o f t h e
r e l e v a n t F o u r i e r c o e f f i c i e n t s , and that t a k e s account
o f t h e slow v a r i a t i o n o f t h e t u n e s due t o t h e synchrot r o n o s c i l l a t i o n s . The t r e a t m e n t a p p l i e s t o any resonance, h o r i z o n t a l , v e r t i c a l , o r coupled.

Since p i , J i v a r y s l o w l y we average t h e o t h e r f a c t o r s over

one t u r n , and o b t a i n

We s t a r t w i t h a Hamiltonian f o r t h e motion o f x , z ,
px = dx/ds, pz = d z / d s 5 XI, x 2 , p i , p2 i n terms of t h e
p a t h l e n g t h s , where x and z are t h e h o r i z o n t a l and
v e r t i c a l d i s p l a c e m e n t s from t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s c l o s e d
o r b i t . We have5

n = L + M
and a t m = 4 i f & = m = 0; a t m = 1 o t h e r w i s e . To s u p p r e s s
t h e resonance, c:-l(s)
must l e a d t o
= 0.

*For example a s e x t u p o l e t o second o r d e r .

607

pi,3i:

F i n a l l y we t r a n s f o r m t o v a r i a b l e s

-P1
-J1 =

= ptm+

LM

L M -

Y t m = LPX + "1.1, + Y t m s

+ I I L T ~ ) /2( L+ m 2 ,

(LJ,

wx - %z ,

1.12 =

J~ = ( I I L T ~L J ~ ) / ( L+~ m2),

LM
u s i n g t h e g e n e r a t i n g f u n c t i o n P3 = ( Q x + ~ A ~ +
J1~+/ . L ~ )
The
new
Hamiltonian
i
s
(wX Q,) 7,.

- -

H,&,,J,,~)

c<Yi - Ti) Ji +
D E

v1 = t v x

+ mvz,

(&yl + z2)L/2(z1
- & ~ 2 ) M / 2 c oF1
s

-v2 = mvx - &vz,

-0

v1 = vtm = r = i n t e g e r .

- -

S i n c e H3 i s indepgndent of p2,J2 i s a c o n s t a n t , and t h e

e q u a t i o n s f o r p 1 , J i are dpl/d8 = aH3/aJl, d J l / d 8 =
aH3/%1-

For t h e m u l t i p l e c r o s s i n g o f a h o r i z o n t a l r e s o nance: L = & = n , M = m = 0 , i n the p r e s e n c e o f a 0 - t h

harmonic o c t u p o l e term, the motion f o l l o w s from t h e
Hamiltonian
H3@1,J1,6)
- -

= (nvx-r)J,

D;:(nJl)n/2cos.l

D::(n2,)2

space for d i f F i g . 1. P a r t i c l e t r a j e c t o r i e s i n I-@

f e r e n t s i d e bands o f a t h i r d o r d e r r e s o n a n c e . (Note
t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n v e r t i c a l s c a l e f o r even and odd band.)

The e q u a t i o n s of motion, Eq. (2), are o b t a i n e d from H3

by s u b s t i t u t i n g

A s f o r t h e phases Q,m t h a t e n t e r t h e formulas f o r

we e v a l u a t e t h e m a t t h e r e s o n a n c e , t h e n
@i
- yds/Di) which i s t h e Courant- Snyder phase a i .
I f we e v a l u a t e them a; a n o t h e r momentum, s a y P i , t h e n
mi = v i ( u i - 8 ) + vi 8 . The t e m V i ( f f i - 8 ) o s c i l l a t e s
about z e r o i n each p e r i o d on t h e l a t t i c e ; t h e vq8 term
c o n t r i b u t e s r 6 t o @tm,
which i s the f a c t o r o f t e n used,
i n c o r r e c t l y , i n p l a c e o f the complete @
It i s proba b l y s a f e t o i g n o r e t h e v a r i a t i o n o f &with
momentum,
b u t a l l o f t h e terms i n v o l v e d must be t a k e n a t one
momentum v a l u e i n e v a l u a t i n g t h i s number.

AE-, BY , i f

Jz

References

1.

H. Hahn and M. P l o t k i n , Eds. "Design Study o f 200

GeV I n t e r s e c t i n g Storage Accelerators" ( i n press).

2.

A.A. Kolomensky and A.N. Lebedev, Theory of C y c l i c

A c c e l e r a t o r s , Chapter 3 , 38 (1966).

3.

M.H.R.
Donald, RHEL/M/NIM (1973).
o t h e r references i n t h i s paper)

4.

E.D. Courant and H.S. Snyder, Ann. Phys.

(1958).

5.

G. Guignard, CERN Report CERN/SI/Int.

(1970).

(See a l s o

2, 1-48

DL/70-3

F i g . 2. P a r t i c l e t r a j e c t o r i e s i n I-* s p a c e n e a r t h e
c e n t r a l (4, = 0) s i d e band of a t h i r d o r d e r r e s o n a n c e .

60 8

n.3
g,;0.0041

ob

'

20

40

'

m-2

Qo '

io

'

do

NUMBER O F TURNS(^^^?

F i g . 3 . S i n g l e p a r t i c l e a m p l i t u d e as f u n c t i o n o f revol u t i o n number, f o r d i f f e r e n t z e r o t h harmonic o c t u p o l e

components, n e a r a t h i r d o r d e r r e s o n a n c e .

Fig. 5. P a r t i c l e t r a j e c t o r i e s i n I-$ phase s p a c e f o r

d i f f e r e n t s i d e bands of a f i f t h o r d e r r e s o n a n c e .

n;5
b4,,: 41.40 m+

F i g . 4 . rms a m p l i t u d e of 1 0 p a r t i c l e s as f u n c t i o n of
r e v o l u t i o n number, f o r d i f f e r e n t z e r o t h harmonic octup o l e components, n e a r a t h i r d o r d e r r e s o n a n c e .

F i g . 6 . rms a m p l i t u d e of t e n p a r t i c l e s as f u n c t i o n o f
r e v o l u t i o n number, f o r d i f f e r e n t z e r o t h harmonic o c t u p o l e components, n e a r a f i f t h o r d e r resonance.

609

M A I N RING MAGNET SYSTEM OF KEK PS

A. Ando, K. Endo, T. Kasuga, M. K i h a r a and E. Takasaki
N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y f o r High Energy P h y s i c s
Oho-machi, I b a r a k i , J a p a n

The remanent f i e l d w a s a l s o measured by t h e H a l l

g e n e r a t o r a f t e r e x c i t i n g t h e magnet up t o 2.0 kG/cm.
The r e l a t i v e e r r o r f o r t h e remanent f i e l d g r a d i e n t i s
less t h a n 4 %, and t h e a c c u r a c y i n i t s a b s o l u t e v a l u e
i s e s t i m a t e d t o b e a t most 7 %.

Summary
R e s u 1s of I e f i e l d measurement on t h e quadrupole
and bending magnets f o r t h e main r i n g of KEK 1 2 GeV
p r o t o n a c c e l e r a t o r are shown. The d e s i g n of secondary
magnets i s r e p o r t e d .

The r a d i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e e f f e c t i v e g r a d i e n t
As
l e n g t h on t h e s t a n d a r d magnet are shown i n F i g . 1 .
t h e r e s u l t of t h e m u l t i p o l e e x p a n s i o n , t h e e f f e c t i v e grad i e n t l e n g t h c o n t a i n s t h e 1 2 t h m u l t i p o l e as t h e main
h i g h e r component, r a t h e r than t h e o c t u p o l e as shown i n
Table 1. It i s t h e p a r t i c u l a r f e a t u r e of u s i n g t h e
o r i e n t e d s t e e l t h a t t h e h i g h e r m u l t i p o l e components i n
t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h do n o t change a p p r e c i a b l y w i t h t h e
field strength.

Introduction
The main r i n g of t h e KEK 1 2 G e V p r o t o n a c c e l e r a t o r
is t h e separated f u n c t i o n synchrotron w i t h t h e f o u r
l o n g s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s ? There a r e 48 bending magnets
and 56 quadrupole magnets i n t h e r i n g , and two quadrup o l e magnets and one bending magnet, which s e r v e as t h e
r e f e r e n c e magnets f o r t h e main r i n g B-clock system, are
set up i n t h e power house.
A l l magnets have a l r e a d y been set i n t o the t u n n e l by
March and t h e p r e c i s e alignment is now g o i n g on. The
magnetic f i e l d measurement on t h e q u a d r u p o l e magnet w a s
performed b e f o r e i n s t a l l e d i n t o t h e t u n n e l . On t h e
bending magnet, however, t h e f i e l d measurement i s i n
p r o g r e s s i n s i d e t h e main r i n g t u n n e l .

The h i s t o g r a m s of t h e f i e l d g r a d i e n t , t h e e f f e c t i v e
g r a d i e n t l e n g t h and t h e i n t e g r a l of f i e l d g r a d i e n t IB'ds
are shown i n F i g . 2 . The a v e r a g e v a l u e and t h e s t a n d a r d
d e v i a t i o n f o r t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s are g i v e n i n T a b l e 2 .
The f l u c t u a t i o n i n J B ' d s , which i s t h e most i n t e r e s t i n g
q u a n t i t y from t h e viewpoint of t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e
machine, is less t h a n 8 x
at a l l excitation levels.

The d e s i g n of t h e secondary magnets h a s a l r e a d y

f i n i s h e d . The f o l l o w i n g secondary magnets are i n s t a l l ed i n t h e main r i n g ; t h e h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l steeri n g magnets, t h e trimming quadrupole magnets, t h e skew
quadrupole magnets, t h e s e x t u p o l e magnets, and t h e octup o l e magnets.

The a v e r a g e v a l u e of t h e remanent f i e l d g r a d i e n t
i s 0 . 5 8 G / c m w i t h t h e f l u c t u a t i o n of 0.04 G/cm. T h i s
f l u c t u a t i o n corresponds t o 3 X
at injection field
of 150 G/cm. I n Table 2 , t h e e f f e c t of t h e remanent
f i e l d i s added t o t h e f i e l d g r a d i e n t produced by t h e
e x c i t i n g c u r r e n t , f o r B ' = 0.128 kG/cm.

The s t e e r i n g magnets a r e always used i n d c e x c i t a t i o n . The o t h e r c o r r e c t i o n magnets a r e a l s o e n e r g i z e d

by d c power s u p p l i e s i n t h e i n i t i a l o p e r a t i o n of t h e
main r i n g , s o as t o p r o v i d e c o r r e c t i o n o n l y a t i n j e c t i o n , a l t h o u g h magnets themselves are d e s i g n e d t o p e r m i t
f u t u r e pulsed operation with t h e f u l l e x c i t a t i o n a t t h e
maximum energy. A l l magnets are e x c i t e d by i n d i v i d u a l
power s u p p l i e s t o g e n e r a t e harmonics w i t h changeable
a m p l i t u d e and phase.

Bending magnet

I n t h i s r e p o r t , t h e r e s u l t s of t h e f i e l d measurements on t h e quadrupole and bending magnets, and t h e

d e s i g n o f t h e secondary magnets are g i v e n .

Magnetic F i e l d Measurements
Quadrupole magnet
Magnetic f i e l d measurements were performed on 60
q u a d r u p o l e magnets b e f o r e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e main r i n g
t u n n e l . A s t h e b a s i c measurements on e a c h magnet, t h e
e x c i t a t i o n c u r v e of t h e f i e l d g r a d i e n t , t h e t r a n s v e r s a l
d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e f i e l d g r a d i e n t a t t h e c e n t e r of
magnet and t h e e f f e c t i v e g r a d i e n t l e n g t h ( l / B ' ) J B ' d s on
t h e magnet a x i s w e r e measured a t e i g h t e x c i t a t i o n l e v e l s
from 0.13 kG/cm t o 2 . 0 4 kG/cm.
These f i e l d measurements were done under t h e dynamic o p e r a t i o n by u s i n g two d i g i t a l i n t e g r a t o r s conn e c t e d w i t h t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l twin c o i l s and t h e r e f e r -e n c e c o i l . The l o n g c o i l 10 c m l o n g w a s used f o r measurements o f t h e e f f e c t i v e g r a d i e n t l e n g t h . I n o r d e r t o
check t h e s t a b i l i t y o f t h e measuring system, one part i c u l a r magnet w a s chosen as t h e s t a n d a r d magnet, on
which t h e above- mentioned q u a n t i t i e s were f r e q u e n t l y
measured. The r e s u l t s o f t h i s measurement have shown
t h e rms s t a t i s t i c a l e r r o r t o b e less t h a n 0.02 % f o r
b o t h t h e f i e l d g r a d i e n t and t h e e f f e c t i v e g r a d i e n t
length at a l l excitation levels.

Magnetic measurements on t h e 4 8 bending magnets

have n o t y e t been f i n i s h e d . I n t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e measured r e s u l t s on one bending magnet a r e r e p o r t e d .
The bending magnet is measured under t h e dynamic
o p e r a t i o n by u s i n g t h e same measuring system as t h a t
f o r t h e q u a d r u p o l e magnet. The remanent f i e l d is a l s o
measured by t h e H a l l g e n e r a t o r a f t e r p u l s i n g t h e magnet
up t o 1 7 . 5 kG.

A s r e p o r t e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s paper: a s l i g h t amount
of g r a d i e n t e x i s t s i n t h e f i e l d produced by t h e e x c i t i n g
c u r r e n t . The k- value a t t h e i n j e c t i o n f i e l d i s - 0.017 m-l
and i t d e c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g f i e l d s t r e n g t h t o r e a c h
an a l m o s t c o n s t a n t v a l u e of - 0 . 0 0 5 m-' above a c e r t a i n
f i e l d l e v e l . T h i s v a r i a t i o n of t h e f i e l d g r a d i e n t may
b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e s y s t e m a t i c gap opening d u r i n g weldi n g , t h e gap d e f o r m a t i o n due t o t h e m a g n e t i c f o r c e and
the core saturation.
The remanent f i e l d on t h e magnet c e n t e r l i n e i s 6.6 G
and t h e g r a d i e n t is 1 2 G/m.
This can b e p a r t l y c a n c e l l e d by t h e f i e l d g r a d i e n t produced by t h e e x c i t i n g curr e n t ( i . e . B' = - 25.5 G/m a t t h e i n j e c t i o n f i e l d ) .
The r a d i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h w a s
measured a t 1 . 5 , 7 . 5 , 1.2.2 and 1 5 . 8 kG a l o n g t h e coordin a t e s y s t e m shown i n F i g . 3 . A t low f i e l d s , t h e i n t e g r a l
of t h e f i e l d s t r e n g t h o v e r t h e c e n t r a l p a r t of magnet
i s l i t t l e dependent on t h e r a d i a l p o s i t i o n . T h e r e f o r e ,
t h e m u l t i p o l e components i n c l u d e d i n t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h
are m a i n l y governed by t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n from t h e f r i n g i n g f i e l d a t b o t h ends. Above t h e medium f i e l d s , howe v e r , t h e f i e l d i n t e g r a l o v e r t h e c e n t r a l p a r t of t h e
magnet i s dependent on t h e p o s i t i a n . The m u l t i p o l e comp o n e n t s i n c l u d e d i n t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h are l i s t e d i n
T a b l e 3.

610

Although t h e power supply c a p a b i l i t y l i m i t e d t h e

maximum e x c i t a t i o n t o 15.,8 kG f o r f u l l s c a l e magnet, we
have roughly e s t i m a t e d t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h from t h e
d a t a of t h e h a l f - l e n g t h magnet. The e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h
f o r t h e h a l f - l e n g t h magnet i s 1614.9 mm and t h e sextup o l e c o e f f i c i e n t a2/ao i s - 1.2 m-'.
Considering t h a t
t h e s e x t u p o l e component of t h e f i e l d s t r e n g t h a t t h e
t h e s e x t u p o l e component i n magnet c e n t e r i s -1.1 m-',
cluded i n t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h f o r t h e f u l l scale magn e t c a n be approximated t o be a p / a o = -1.13 m-'.
Design of Secondary Magnets
The secondary magnets c o n s i s t of 56 s t e e r i n g magn e t s , 16 trimming quadrupole magnets, 8 skew quadrupole
magnets, 8 s e x t u p o l e magnets and 1 6 o c t u p o l e magnets.
They are i n s t a l l e d i n t h e midi s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s a f t e r
F and D quadrupole magnet, i n such a manner t h a t t h e y
have t h e same s u p e r p e r i o d i c i t y as t h e main l a t t i c e .
Although s t r i c t t o l e r a n c e s were imposed on t h e
main magnets, t h e v a r i a t i o n i n f i e l d s t r e n g t h and t h e
misalignment o f magnets y i e l d t h e c l o s e d o r b i t d i s t o r t i o n , which i s e s t i m a t e d t o b e 13 mm i n t h e h o r i z o n t a l
p l a n e and 6 mm i n t h e v e r t i c a l p l a n e . Also, t h e v a r i a t i o n i n t h e f i e l d g r a d i e n t and t h e f i e l d i m p e r f e c t i o n s
caused by t h e f r i n g i n g f i e l d and t h e s a t u r a t i o n e f f e c t
excite t h e l i n e a r and n o n - l i n e a r resonances.
I n T a b l e 4 are summarized t h e p r i n c i p a l parameters
of t h e secondary magnets, and t h e proposed l o c a t i o n f o r
t h e s e magnets is shown i n F i g . 4 . The secondary magnets
a r e e n e r g i z e d by dc power s u p p l i e s , i n t h e i n i t i a l oper a t i o n of t h e a c c e l e r a t o r , t o p r o v i d e t h e c o r r e c t i o n
o n l y a t i n j e c t i o n . However, t h e s e magnets except f o r
t h e s t e e r i n g magnet are made of laminated c o r e s t o perm i t f u t u r e pulsed operation.
S t e e r i n g magnet and c l o s e d o r b i t c o r r e c t i o n
The c l o s e d o r b i t d i s t o r t i o n i s caused by m i s a l i g n ment and random v a r i a t i o n i n f i e l d s t r e n g t h of t h e main
magnets. The c o r r e c t i o n i s done by t h e s t e e r i n g magnets
a t i n j e c t i o n , and t h e displacement of t h e main quadrup o l e magnets a t h i g h f i e l d s .
The s t e e r i n g magnets are p l a c e d a f t e r e v e r y quadrup o l e magnet; 2 8 h o r i z o n t a l s t e e r i n g magnets f o l l o w t h e
main F quadrupoles and 28 v e r t i c a l ones t h e main D quad r u p o l e s . The p o s i t i o n of t h e c l o s e d o r b i t i s measured w i t h 56 beam p o s i t i o n m o n i t o r s which are f i x e d a t
t h e downstream end of every main quadrupole magnet.
The f i e l d s t r e n g t h of t h e s t e e r i n g magnets l i s t e d i n
Table 4 i s s u f f i c i e n t f o r providing t h e l o c a l closed
o r b i t bump less t h a n t h e h a l f - a p e r t u r e i n both p l a n e s .
C u r r e n t of t h e s t e e r i n g magnets i s a d ' u s t e d w i t h
a method based on t h e l e a s t s q u a r e s theory? The corr e c t i n g d e f l e c t i o n s r e p r e s e n t e d by a v e c t o r 8 a r e rel a t e d t o t h e measured d i s t o r t i o n x i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
form;

-+
x + A 8 = 0 ,

(1)

where A i s a m a t r i x c o n s t r u c t e d from t h e b e t a t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n v a r i a b l e s . S i n c e t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e above equa t i o n s u f f e r s from s e n s o r e r r o r , b e s i d e s A h a s no inv e r s e m a t r i x , i t i s r e l e v a n t t o t r e a t e q + ( l ) as t h e

least s q u a r e problem i n which t h e norm IIx + A81I2 i s
minimized. A f t e r simple m a n i p u l a t i o n s , we g e t
-+

I n F i g . 5 t h e e i g e n v a l u e s are arranged i n o r d e r of
t h e i r dominant frequency, showing a r e s o n a n t s e n s i t i v i t y
t o d i s t o r t i o n s w i t h frequency n e a r t h e w v a l u e .

Fig.6 shows examples of c l o s e d o r b i t c o r r e c t i o n ,

assuming t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l c l o s e d o r b i t h a s t h e d i s t o r t ed s i n u s o i d a l form w i t h frequency of 7.25.
The e f f e c t
of monitor f a i l u r e h a s been s t u d i e d by l e t t i n g the d i s t o r t i o n a t t h e f a i l e d m o n i t o r be z e r o . I n o r d e r t o reduce t h e maximum c l o s e d o r b i t d i s t o r t i o n by a f a c t o r of
2 o r 3 , i t i s s u f f i c i e n t t o select 10 e i g e n v e c t o r s even
i n t h e p r e s e n c e of 3 f a i l e d monitors.
The c l o s e d o r b i t c o r r e c t i o n a t h i g h f i e l d s i s performed i n t h e similar way by r e p l a c i n g t h e d e f l e c t i o n
4 by t h e displacement o f t h e main quadrupole magnets
and c o n s t r u c t i n g a new m a t r i x A!
The power s u p p l i e s f o r t h e s t e e r i n g magnets w i l l
permit independent c o n t r o l of i n d i v i d u a l c u r r e n t . A
Inforblock diagram f o r t h i s system i s shown i n Fig.7.
mation such as magnet l o c a t i o n and c u r r e n t i s t r a n s m i t t ed t o each power supply i n t h e d i g i t a l form through
t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s . Each magnet c u r r e n t i s changed a f ter c o n v e r t i n g the d i g i t a l s e t t i n g s i n t o a n analogue
value.
Trimming quadrupole magnet
The t r i m quadrupole magnets are used f o r independent
t u n i n g of t h e h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l b e t a t r o n frequenc i e s and e x c i t i n g t h e 1 5 t h harmonic t o c a n c e l t h e s t o p band of t h e h a l f i n t e g e r resonance a t v = 7.59 The err o r quadrupole f i e l d comes from t h e v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e
g r a d i e n t l e n g t h fB'ds of t h e quadrupole magnet and t h e
k- value i n t h e bending magnet.
C o r r e c t i n g s e x t u p o l e and o c t u p o l e magnets may b e
t h e s o u r c e of g r a d i e n t e r r o r when t h e e x c u r s i o n of c l o s ed o r b i t from t h e c e n t e r of magnets i s p r e s e n t .
Similarl y , t h e h i g h e r m u l t i p o l e components i n t h e bending magn e t y i e l d t h e same e f f e c t .

I n t h e " f i n e t u n i n g " mode, t h e t r i m quadrupole should

n o t e x c i t e any harmonics i n t h e neighbourhood of 2Vx and
ZV,
such as 1 4 t h , 1 5 t h and 1 6 t h . A s t h e t r i m quadrup o l e s have t h e same p e r i o d i c i t y as t h e main l a t t i c e , t h e
harmonics of m u l t i p l e of 4 a r e e x c i t e d . To e l i m i n a t e
t h e 1 6 t h harmonic, t h e c u r r e n t o f t h e quadrupoles i n one
s u p e r p e r i o d must be p r o p e r l y modulated. Although t h e
complete e l i m i n a t i o n i s impossible w i t h 4 q u a d r u p o l e s ,
t h e stopband can be suppressed t o 0.08 f o r t h e t u n e
s h i f t AW = 0.1, f o r t h e proposedarrsngement. S i n c e t h e
b e t a t r o n f r e q u e n c i e s can b e tuned by t h e main quadrupoles,
t h e t r i m quadrupoles are used f o r f i n e t u n i n g of AV less
t h a n 0.2.
The stopband width which i s expected from t h e grad i e n t e r r o r i n t h e main magnets i s 0.016, assuming t h e
v a r i a t i o n of 30 % i n t h e k- value of t h e bending magnet
(Table 5 ) . A t 1 2 G e V , however, t h e c l o s e d o r b i t excurs i o n (5 mm rms) i n t h e bending magnet produces t h e s t o p band w i d t h of t h e same amount. C o n t r i b u t i o n from the
c o r r e c t i n g s e x t u p o l e magnets may be even l a r g e r . I n t h e
" 15th e x c i t a t i o n " mode, two quadrupole p a i r s a t t h e opp o s i t e s i d e of t h e r i n g are e x c i t e d w i t h t h e same grad i e n t b u t i n o p p o s i t e s i g n , s o as n o t t o e x c i t e such
harmonics as Oth, 1 4 t h and 1 6 t h . I n o r d e r t o change t h e
amplitude and phase of t h e 1 5 t h harmonic independently
i n b o t h p l a n e s , e i g h t quadrupoles are used t o g e n e r a t e
cos and s i n f u n c t i o n s .

B+M$=O,

-+

-+

where B = AT x and M = ATA. The m a t r i x M i s symmetric

and h a s real and non-negative e i g e n v a l u e s . T h e eigenv e c t o r s w i t h low e i g e n v a l u e g i v e o n l y minor e f f e c t s on
t h e c l o s e d o r b i t and can be d e l e t e d from t h e s o l u t i o n ?

The t r i m quadrupole magnets are designed t o be

e x c i t e d up t o 4 T / m , which corresponds t o t h e t u n e s h i f t
hV = 0 . 1 f o r t h e maximum energy. A t f i r s t , however, t h e
t r i m quadrupoles are e x c i t e d by dc power s u p p l i e s up t o
0 . 7 T/m which w i l l p r o v i d e t h e t u n e s h i f t hW = 0.2 a t

61 1

t h e i n j e c t i o n f i e l d . The r e q u i r e d s t r e n g t h f o r t h e 1 5 t h
harmonic e x c i t a t i o n i s s m a l l e r t h a n t h i s , s o t h a t b o t h
modes are e a s i l y superimposed.
Skew quadrupole magnet
Sources of t h e skew q u a d r u p o l e f i e l d a r e t h e r o l l
of t h e quadrupole magnets and t h e v e r t i c a l c l o s e d o r b i t
d e v i a t i o n i n t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e s e x t u p o l e f i e l d . I f
an i n c r e a s e of 10 % i n e m i t t a n c e due t o t h e c o u p l i n g
o s c i l l a t i o n a t v, = vz i s a l l o w e d , t h e t o l e r a b l e l i m i t
i s i v e n by BA = 1 . 6 X lo- T/m a t i n j e c t i o n and 1 . 9 X
10- T/m a t 12 GeV, f o r vx - vz = 0.005. These v a l u e s
correspond t o t h e a v e r a g e r o l l e r r o r of lo- r a d .

e m i t t a n c e blow-up! T h i s can b e compensated by t h e o c t u p o l e f i e l d w i t h t h e z e r o t h harmonic. For t h e i n t e n s i t y

of 5 X 10 p r o t o n s i n t h e r i n g , t h e r e q u i r e d s t r e n g t h
i s 30 G/cm3 a t 12 GeV. T h i s f i e l d s t r e n g t h i s s u f f i c i e n t
f o r t h e c o r r e c t i o n of f i e l d e r r o r and t h e h a l f i n t e g e r
resonant extraction.
Acknowledgements
The a u t h o r s wish t o t h a n k P r o f e s s o r T . Nishikawa
f o r many f r u i t f u l d i s c u s s i o n s and c o n t i n u o u s s u p p o r t .
Thanks are due t o Messrs. A . A r a k i , T. I g a r a s h i and S .
O c h i a i f o r p r e p a r i n g t h e f i e l d measurement equipments
and c a r r y i n g out t h e numerical computation.

The main quadrupole magnets were s e t t l e d i n t h e

Here, ast u n n e l w i t h t h e r o l l e r r o r less t h a n
suming t h e mean v a l u e of r o l l e r r o r t o b e 5 x lo-,
t h e r e q u i r e d s t r e n g t h of t h e skew q u a d r u p o l e f i e l d i s
o b t a i n e d as l i s t e d i n Table 4. Such f i e l d i s p r o v i d e d
by t h e s p e c i a l windings on t h e o c t u p o l e magnet d e s c r i b ed l a t e r .

References
1. K. Endo and M. K i h a r a , Proc. 4 t h I n t l Conf. on
Magnet Technology, BNL, 1972, p.363.
2 . M. K i h a r a , P r o c . U.S.-Japan Seminar on High Energy
A c c e l e r a t o r S c i e n c e , Tokyo and Tsukuba, 1973, p.134.

3. G.R. Lambertson and L . J . L a s l e t t , P r o c . 5 t h I n t l

Conf. on High Energy A c c e l e r a t o r s , F r a s c a t i , 1965, p.26.

S e x t u p o l e magnet
S e x t u p o l e magnets a r e used f o r narrowing t h e s t o p band of t h e t h i r d o r d e r resonance and compensating t h e
c h r o m a t i c a b e r r a t i o n . Source of t h e s e x t u p o l e f i e l d
i s mainly t h e f r i n g i n g f i e l d and t h e s a t u r a t i o n e f f e c t
i n t h e bending magnet. The s e x t u p o l e f i e l d produced by
eddy c u r r e n t i n t h e vacuum chamber i s less i m p o r t a n t i n
our c a s e b e c a u s e t h e i n j e c t i o n f i e l d i s h i g h .

4.

G . McD. Bingham, NAL i n t e r n a l r e p o r t TM-200 ( 1 9 7 0 ) .

5.

A.G.

Ruggiero, NAL i n t e r n a l r e p o r t TM-348 (1972).

6.

B.W.

Montague, CERN 68-38 (1968).

7.

G. Guignard, CERN 70-24 (1970).

The stopband width f o r each r e s o n a n c e l i n e , which

i s e s t i m a t e d by u s i n g t h e d a t a of t h e f i e l d measurement,
i s summarized i n T a b l e 5. Here w e assumed t h e r o l l e r r o r of t h e bending magnet i s 1 0 - 4 r a d . A s seen i n t h e
t a b l e , t h e dangerous r e s o n a n c e is 3vx = 2 2 which i s
n e a r t h e working p o i n t .

T a b l e 1. M u l t i p o l e c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e
e f f e c t i v e g r a d i e n t l e n g t h of t h e q u a d r u p o l e
14
magnet
(LG = n ~ anxn)
o

The t u n e s h i f t due t o momentum e r r o r i s AVx = - 0.04

and Av, = -0.02 f o r Ap/p = 0 . 3 % a t i n j e c t i o n . A t 12
GeV, i t becomes Avx = -0.002 and Av, = 0 s i n c e Ap/p =
0 . 1 %. To compensate t h i s t u n e s h i f t , e s p e c i a l l y AV,,
e i g h t s e x t u p o l e magnets a r e used. The r e q u i r e d s t r e n g t h
i s g i v e n i n Table 4. The f i e l d s t r e n g t h r e q u i r e d t o
c a n c e l t h e 22nd harmonic of s e x t u p o l e f i e l d i s s m a l l e r
t h a n t h a t f o r compensation of t h e t u n e s h i f t .

B (kG/cm)
a0
ai/ao
a2/aO
a3/ao
a~,/ao
as/ao

Octupole magnet
Octupole magnets a r e used f o r narrowing t h e s t o p band of t h e f o u r t h o r d e r r e s o n a n c e induced by b o t h
m a g n e t i c i m p e r f e c t i o n s and t h e s p a c e c h a r g e f o r c e .

T a b l e 2.

The main s o u r c e of t h e o c t u p o l e component i s t h e

f r i n g i n g f i e l d and s a t u r a t i o n e f f e c t of t h e main quadrup o l e magnet. Amplitude dependent t u n e s h i f t due t o t h e
o c t u p o l e f i e l d i s less t h a n loq3 f o r t h e h o r i z o n t a l
e m i t t a n c e of EH = 80 71 nun-mrad. The stopband w i d t h i s
g i v e n i n Table 5.

In t h e p r e s e n c e of momentum s p r e a d , t h e b e t a t r o n
f r e q u e n c y o s c i l l a t e s around a c e n t r a l u v a l u e by v i r t u e
of t h e s y n c h r o t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n . When t h e beam c r o s s e s
t h e f o u r t h o r d e r r e s o n a n c e l i n e s many t i m e s d u r i n g t h e
a c c e l e r a t i o n p e r i o d , t h e h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l emitt a n c e growth o c c u r s . S i n c e t h e growth r a t e a t each
traversal
of t h e stopband depends on i t s w i d t h , i t
s h o u l d b e e l i m i n a t e d by t h e c o r r e c t i n g o c t u p o l e magnets.
Octupole magnets a r e a l s o used t o p r o v i d e o c t u p o l e
f i e l d w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e a m p l i t u d e and p h a s e f o r t h e h a l f
i n t e g e r resonant extraction.
The coupled motion induced by s p a c e c h a r g e f o r c e s
2vz = 0 r e s o n a n c e which w i l l r e s u l t i n t h e
d r i v e s 2Vx

6 12

(mm)
(m-)
(m-)
(m-3)
(m-4)
(m-5)

0.128
615.48
0.029
0.16
- 11.7
-2040
5100

1.777

1.927

604.15
0.018
- 0.21
6.1
-2360
-20200

602.70
0.013
- 0.39
8.4
-2300
-22800

Average v a l u e s and s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s of

dB
dB
LG and 1 4 s f o r t h e q u a d r u p o l e magnet
dx

(kG/cm)
0.128
1.268
1.777
1.927

dx

(%)

0.047
0.058
0.058
0.050

(nun)

(X)

(kG)

(XI

615.66
610.65
603.76
602.24

0.050
0.055
0.076
0.088

7.832
77.40
107.26
116.02

0.059
0.075
0.079
0.047

Table 3 . M u l t i p o l e c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e
e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h of t h e bending magnet
5
(EB =
%Xn)

nEo

1.5

(kG)

B
a0

(mu)

al/ao

(rn-')

a2/a0

(m-2)

7.5

12.2

3254.4
- 0.0037
- 0.18

3257.0
- 0.0067
- 0.24

15.8
3228.8
0.002
- 0.47

3243.7
- 0.0043
- 0.24

Note t h a t , as seen i n Fig.3, t h e f l u c t u a t i o n i n measured

v a l u e s a t 1 . 5 kG i s somewhat l a r g e r .

Table 4 .

P r i n c i p a l p a r a m e t e r s of t h e secondary magnets
Number

S t e e r i n g magnet
horizontal
vertical
T r i m quadrupole
Skew quadrupole
S e x t u p o l e magnet
Octupole magnet

Length

Field strength
a t 12 GeV

(m)

at i n j e c t i o n

0.15
0.15
0.2
0.4
0.2

16

Table 5.

920 G
370 G
70 G/cm
9 G/cm
8 G/cm2
0.25 G/cm3

0.15

28
28
16
8

0.4 kG/cm
100 G/cm
190 G / c m 2
30 G/cm3

Power
supply
dc
dc
pulsed
pulsed
pulsed
pulsed

T o t a l stopband width

nl

n2

injection

2
1
0

0
1
2

0.016
1.8X10-6
0.016

0.008
5.7X10-7
0.008

< A B ' / B ' > = 8X10-4 f o r QM

< A B ' > = 8 G/m ( i n j )
30 G/m ( 1 2 GeV)

3
2
1
0

0.027
3.3X10-6
0.033
1.2~10-~

0.039
4.6X10-6
0.046
1.7X1Oe6

B" = 0.07 T/m2 ( i n j )

4 T/m2 ( 1 2 GeV)

4
3
2
1
0

1.4X10-3
4.7~10-~
6.3~10-~
3.3x10-'
3.3~10-~

1.5x10-4
4.4~10-'
5.7~10-~
3.1~10-'
3.3~10-~

B'"

1
2
3

1
2
3
4

12 GeV

= 0.6

T/m3 ( i n j )
8 T/m3 (12 G e V )

R o l l e r r o r i s assumed t o be 5 ~ 1 0 - ~ r a and
d
1 0 - 5 r a d f o r QM and BM.
nns e r r o r .

for BM

>

for BM

} f o r QM

< > means

620
610

600

E
E 590

F i g . 1 R a d i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e e f f e c t i v e g r a d i e n t
l e n g t h of t h e quadrupole magnet.

0
-1

590

570

-8

-6

-4

-2

613

E 3230E
m

3220

-6 -2 2 8 IO#
Error d Ef

Fig.2

-10-8-2

2 6 10x10~

E n w d Lo

Deviations in

2,

-loa -2 1 8 IO l 4 d e
Enw d / w e

LG and

-8

J-QS
dB

-6

-4

-2

Fig.3 Radial distributions of the effective

length of the bending magnet.

of the quadrupole magnet.

10

15

Oomlnant F r e w r r y 01 Ebnvector

Fig.4

Fig.5 Eigenvalues arranged in order of dominant frequency of eigenvectors. They are doubly degenerated
except for both ends.

Secondary magnet locations.

Number oi u Y d Eigenvectors

Fig.6 Ratio of the maximum orbit distortion after and

before correction, and rms value of correcting deflections
as the function of number of used eigenvectors. Solid
lines: no monitor failure. Dotted lines: three monitors in failure. Dash-dotted lines: three consecutive
monitors in failure.

614

Fig.7 Block diagram of the control system for the

steering magnet power supply.

.- S A T U R N E

11 :

PROPOS~~-O~A_R_ENOVATED_PR~~ONFA,C~:

SACLAY,

H. B r u c k , J. -L. L a c l a r e , G. L e l e u x
S e c t i o n d ' O p t i q u e C o r p u s c u l a i r e , C e n t r e d ' E t d e s N u c l d a i r e s de S a c l a y
P
and the'G ERMA" group

Abstract.
The Saclay proton s y n c h r o t r o n S a t u r n e will be
t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a s t r o n g f o c u s i n g m a c h i n e t o be u s e d
essentially for nuclear spectroscopy. The advantages
of a c i r c u l a r m a c h i n e f o r s u c h a p u r p o s e a r e u n d e r l i ned. T h e s h o r t c o m i n g s of w e a k f o c u s i n g a r e a n a l y s e d
a n d e s s e n t i a l p a r a m e t e r s of t h e t r a n s f o r m e d m a c h i n e
a r e given.

T h e S a c l a y p r o t o n s y n c h r o t r o n S a t u r n e i s 16
y e a r s old. B u t t h e r e a r e s t i l l l o n g r a n g e p r o g r a m s
f o r u s e of t h i s m a c h i n e i n t h e f i e l d of n u c l e a r p h y s i c s ,
with h e a v i e r o r polarized p a r t i c l e s , for m e d i c a l pur
p o s e s , but mostly for proton nuclear spectroscopy.

F o r the l a t t e r p u r p o s e , a c i r c u l a r m a c h i n e , e v e n
w h e n c o m p a r e d t o t h e L i n a c i n Los A l a m o s , s e e m s
a l s o a t t r a c t i v e . It h a s l e s s i n t e n s i t y b u t h i g h e r e n e r gy a n d l e s s e n e r g y d i s p e r s i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e
e x t r a c t i o n m e c h a n i s m a n a l y s e s the e n e r g y , m a k i n
5 2
therefore a separate energy analyser unnecessary.

L O~
Alamos
6. 1015
Saturne II(expecte
112
2. 5. 10

=C

AP/P
total

2. 7GeV

analysed

_-_-

0. 8GeV

3.

At p r e s e n t , the b e a m gets progressively u n r e l i a b l e w i t h i n t e n s i t i e s a p p r o c h i n g N -+ 1 0 l 2 a c c e l e acc

r a t e d p r o t o n s , t h e h o r i z o n t a l e m i t t a n c e of t h e e x t r a c t e d b e a m b e i n g (& )
30 TI m r d . mm.
x ext
More particles in
a much s r m k emittance a r e
expected f r o m a m o d e r n machine.

It h a s b e e n d e c i d e d t o r e n o v a t e S a t u r n e . P r e l i m i n a r y studies led to the recommandation to keep

t h e p r e s e n t 20 MeV i n j e c t o r , t h e m a g n e t p o w e r s u p &
a n d t h e building,but t o s e t up a n e w s t r o n g f o c u s i n g ,
s e p a r a t e d f u n c t i o n m a g n e t s t r u c t u r e a r o u n d t h e old
m a g n e t (fig. 1). C o n s t r u c t i o n of t h i s m a c h i n e h a s
s t a r t e d a n d w i l l be c o m p l e t e d i n 1977. T h e c o s t i s
6
e v a l u a t e d a t 33. 6 10 f r e n c h f r a n c s . T h e e x p e c t e d
p e r f o r m a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e t r a n s f o r m e d machine a r e :

3GeV
L1Ol2

Nacc
a t 1 GeV

2. 7 G e V
2. 5 1012
0. 9 s e c

3 sec

TC

- Generalities.

Saturne I

30

15 /o

dNext

x 5
d%, e x t

TI

mrd. m m

12
2. 25 10

10

3. 10

ext
f o r m e a n i n g of s y m b o l s s e e s e c t i o n 3.

- Essential

improvement factors.

A p p a r e n t l y t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s to g e t a r e l i a b l e b e a m of
high i n t e n s i t y i n the p r e s e n t m a c h i n e a r e r e l a t e d t o
r e s i s t i v e w a l l i n s t a b i l i t i e s a n d t o e n l a r g e m e n t of t h e
b e a m by b e t a t r o n r e s o n a n c e s .
T h e i m p o r t a n c e of
t h e s e e f f e c t s i s i n h e r e n t i n the w e a k f o c u s i n g p r i n c i ple : i n o r d e r t o g e t a b e a m s t e a d y w i t h r e s p e c t t o
t r a n s v e r s e r e s i s t i v e instability, the b e t a t r o n wave
n u m b e r s V and v have to c o v e r finite d o m a i n e s
b.vx
where Av
is the s p a c e c h a r g e
sc
d i s p l a c e m e n t of'tke w a v e n u m b e r s . T h e r e f o r e w i t h
g r o w i n g i n t e n s i t y the r e q u i r e d v a l u e s of d u a n d 6 u
X
g r o w a n d c o v e r a g r o w i n g n u m b e r of r e s o n a n c e line:.
N o w , n o t o n l y a t g i v e n b e a m d e n s i t y , d v a n d 6~
X
a r e l a r g e i n a w e a k f o c u s i n g m a c h i n e ( b e c a u s e AU
sc
Q l/v),
covering many r e s o n a n c e l i n e s , but a t given
m a g n e t f i e l d q u a l i t y , t h e b a n d w i d t h of t h e s e l i n e s is
a l s o m u c h l a r g e r than in a strong focusing m a d h e .
In r e n o v a t i n g S a t u r n e , i t t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r s a s
m o s t e s s e n t i a l t o i n t r o d u c e s t r o n g f o c u s i n g w i t h as
high a s p o s s i b l e wave n u m b e r s . A s t r o n g focusing
s e p a r a t e d function s t r u c t u r e h a s b e e n designed h a ving b e t a t r o n wave n u m b e r s v
uz 3. & p h y s i c a l
X
r a d i u s R = 16k &na n d l o n g s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s , e a c h
10m
long a s r e q u i r e d f o r e a s y e x t r a c t i o n (fig. 1).

9 " G r o u p e d ' E t u d e e t d e R d a l i s a t i o n d e la M a c h i n e " i n c h a r g e d hbse

development and carrying the proposal
i n t o e f f e c t . T h i s g r o u p c o m p r i s e s s t a f f m e m b e r s of C E A a n d I N 2 P 3 ; R. V i e n e t i s i n c h a r g e of t h i s g r o u p .

615

C o m p a r i n g t h e o l d m a c h i n e t o t h e new o n e at t h e
s a m e r e l a t i v e f i e l d e r r o r s < 6 B 1 >/B ;<6B">/B ;<6B1''>/B,
t h e r e s p e c t i v e t h e o r e t i c a l s t o p b a n d wid& a r e r e d u c e d
t o 1/50 ; 1 / 6 : 1/10.
B e c a u s e of i t s h i g h e r w a v e n u m b e r s , t h i s m a c h i n e
f u r t h e r m o r e a c c e l e r a t e s p o l a r i z e d protons without
4
crossing
low harmonic depolarizing resonances.
A n o t h e r e s s e n t i a l i q r o v a r r e n t of p e r f o r m a n c e
characteristics will result f r o m further reducing m a g net field fluctuations.
Owing t o s t r o n g a n d o n l y s l o w l y d e c r e a s i n g e d d y
c u r r e n t s i n s i d e t h e 10 m m t h i c k i r o n s h e e t s of t h e
3

a ) Orbit.

p r e s e n t magnet c o r e , the field s t r e n g t h would be d e p r e s s e d at b e g i n n i n g of e x t r a c t i o n f l a t t o p b y A B / B

with t i m e constant ~ - l / l O s e c , whereas a field
constant to a t l e a s t loq5 is required. This defect will
b e c u r e d by a n e n t i r e l y n e w m a g n e t , d e c i d e d u p o n f o r
v a r i o u s r e a s o n s a n d h a v i n g s h e e t t h i c k n e s s of 1. 5 m m .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r i p p l e of t h e p o w e r s u p p l y i s a t
p r e s e n t AI/I = s o m e
d u r i n g f i e l d r i s e a n d AI/I =
some
d u r i n g f l a t t o p , w h e r e a s t e n t i m e s l e s s llst
b e a c h i e v e d . T h e a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g y h a s not b e e n
d e c i d e d u p o n yet. U s e of t h e p r e s e n t m a g n e t as a f i l ter is contemplated.

- Parameters.

"Missing magnet" lattice.

M a x i m u m k i n e t i c e n e r g y (p r oton)
Physical radius
Magnet radius
4 l o n g s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s , e a c h of l e n g t h
Magnet field index
Maximum quadrupole strength

R'
P
L

=
=
=
=

n
(G&.

=
=

2. 7 G e V
16. 8 m
6. 34 m
10. 3 m
O
4. 12 T

(d),,
= 4.49T
Betatron wave n u m b e r s

vx

Natural wave number dispersion

v,

x 3. 6

k = d /(dP/P)
k = - 4 . 8 ; k
X

(Px)M =
(PJM=

Orbit parameters

Momentum compaction
Local momentum compaction

a
RQ

Ene rgy(protons)
N u m b e r of t u r n s
I n j e c t e d n u m b e r of p a r t i c l e s

=-4.8

17. 4 m

( px )m =

16. 0 m

(pz )m = 1. 78 m

= 0. 0 1 7
= 6.77 m

: Rgm =

1.47m

- 4.76

b ) Injection.

=
=
=

Ni

20 MeV
200
6. lo1'

Space charge displacement

at injection

(Avce),=

Emittances

(&x)i

(el

= 200

0. 1 7

0. 1 7

9 0 rr m r d . m m

Energy dispersion

(Ap/p). =

Maximum beam dimensions

(x

P e a k voltage

VRF

= 1 4 kV

%F

= 3

c) Acceleration.

Harmonic number
Speed

).

Mi

nf m a g n e t f i e l d r i s e

N u m b e r of a c c e l e r a t e d p a r t i c l e s
Kine t i c t r a n s ition e n e r g y

mrd. m m

8.
8.2cm

-1

= 3 . 5 T s
Nacc = 2. 5 . 1012

tr

6 16

IT

= 6. 36 G e V

: (zdi = - 6.8cm

d) Extraction (1 GeV)
N u m b e r of p a r t i c l e s

12
2. 25. 10

Next

5 7

Emittances (total)

TT

+
L -

m r d . mm ; (&z)ext = 25
14. 5 IO-*

E n e r g y dispersion (total)

(ap/plext

Energy resolution

(AP/P),,,

D u r a t i o n of o n e c y c l e
of f l a t t o p
Duty c y c l e

Tc

FZ

FZ

0. 3 s e c

30%

References.

1.

R. B e u r t e y a n d J. F a u r e ,
Private communication.

2.

H. B r u c k , J. -L. L a c l a r e a n d G. L e l e u x ,
G e n e r a l p r o p e r t i e s of s l o w l y e x t r a c t e d b e a m ,
p r e s ent proceedings.

3.

J. F a u r e , G. L e l e u x a n d R. V i e n e t ,
Instabilities detected i n Saturne,
pres ent proceedings.

4.

J. F a u r e , A. H i l a i r e a n d R. V i e n e t ,
A c c e l e r a t i o n of p o l a r i z e d p r o t o n s i n S a t u r n e ,
P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r s 3 ( 1 9 7 2 ) p p 225.

617

10-

0.9 s e c

m r d . mm

THE ELECTRON PULSE STRETCHER EROS

N. R. Heese and R. Servranckx
Saskatchewan A c c e l e r a t o r L a b o r a t o r y ,
U n i v e r s i t y o f Saskatchewan, Saskatoon , Canada , S7N OW0
1.

Introduction

The E l e c t r o n Ring o f Saskatoon i s designed as a

p u l s e s t r e t c h e r whose purpose i s t o b r i n g t h e d u t y
f a c t o r o f t h e 250 MeV e l e c t r o n l i n e a r a c c e l e r a t o r a t
Saskatoon from a v a l u e o f 6.25 x
t o a value o f
0.8 o r more. The r i n g , i n t o which t h e 1 us l o n g l i n a c
p u l s e i s i n j e c t e d , i s a r a c e t r a c k shape o f 73 m circumference. The e l e c t r o n s a r e then s l o w l y e x t r a c t e d
between l i n a c pulses u t i l i z i n g a resonance phenomenon.
The r e a d e r i s asked t o c o n s u l t Refs. 1 and 2 f o r a
complete d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e design.
2.

O p t i m i z a t i o n o f t h e Design

I n 1973 an o p t i m i z a t i o n o f t h e design, as regards

t o c o s t , was undertaken. I t appeared immediately t h a t
t h e most expensive elements o f t h e design were t h e
quadrupoles and hexapoles , p a r t i c u l a r l y those o f t h e
curved s e c t i o n s . T h e i r a p e r t u r e was o v e r 10 i n c h e s .
As suggested by K. Brown o f SLAC, we examined t h e
p o s s i b i l i t y o f increasing t h e h o r i z o n t a l tuning, vX,
from a v a l u e o f 3 1/3 t o 5 1/3. The change m i g h t
reduce t h e a p e r t u r e r e q u i r e d s i n c e t h e c h r o m a t i c exc u r s i o n i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o l / v x 2 . However, t o achieve
t h i s , we had t o change t h e s t r u c t u r e and i n c r e a s e t h e
number o f u n i t s i n t h e curved s e c t i o n s and a l s o m o d i f y
the s t r u c t u r e o f the s t r a i g h t sections. Figure 1
shows t h e p r e s e n t l a y o u t o f t h e r i n g : A more d e t a i l e d
analysis o f the considerations involved i n the modific a t i o n can be found i n Ref. 3.

F i g u r e 2 shows t h e graphs o f t h e beam dynamic

f u n c t i o n s B ~ ,8, and t h e chromatic e x c u r s i o n f u n c t i o n
g = dxco/d
where x
denotes t h e c l o s e d o r b i t ,
6 = p - p o j i o , p i s f i e momentum o f t h e p a r t i c l e , and
po i s t h e nominal momentum.
A f u r t h e r d e l i c a t e adaptation o f the s t r a i g h t
and curved s e c t i o n s allowed a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e a p e r t u r e
o f a l l quadrupoles by a f a c t o r o f a t l e a s t two.

3.

Monochromatic E x t r a c t i o n

The e x t r a c t i o n process adopted i s based on t h e

1/3 resonance which has been e x t e n s i v e l y d e s c r i b e d i n
t h e l i t e r a t u r e (see Ref. 1). P r e v i o u s t o t h i s an
achromatic e x t r a c t i o n process was considered. A
m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e chromatic parameters o f t h e r i n g
enabled us t o achieve a monochromatic e x t r a c t i o n o f
t h e beam.
The area o f t h e e x t r a c t i o n t r i a n g l e i s p l o t t e d on
t h e graph i n F i g . 3. From t h i s graph i t can be seen
t h a t t h e p a r t i c l e s along t h e curved segment from 6 t o
C a r e e x t r a c t e d . They cover an energy spread o f 0.08%.
I f by some d e c e l e r a t i o n process ( r a d i a t i o n , RF, betat r o n c o r e ) t h e s t a b l e p a r t i c l e s o f t h e beam can l o s e
energy w i t h time, they w i l l be e x t r a c t e d a t t h e same
energy and w i t h i n t h e same energy spread w h i l e t h e
t u n i n g o f t h e machine remains c o n s t a n t .

Extract ion
c

28.35
Fig. 1

EROS r i n g layout

618

10

-I

0 -

2n

n OnS16

n OnS 2

031

OS13

Fig. 2

OCI

181

oc2

b x , b Z , g-function in half a curved

OC3

section.

A
STABLE

STABILITY
IO-.

AREA

M. RAD.

0.0 -

- I%

nn

.s

I%

Fig. 3 Area of extraction t r i a n g l e .

Extraction of t h e p a r t i c l e s r e s u l t s from energy

l o s s due t o synchrotron radiation. The energy l o s s
per turn i s given by
AE(keV) = 88.5

150 to 250 MeV

0.08%
3 mm-mrad
25 mm-mrad

The beam envelopes around t h e ring a r e as shown on

Figs. 4 , 5 and 6. In such an e x t r a c t i o n the ring
a c t s as a monochromator.

n n IYHT LH J W
J~
U

Fig. 4 Stored beam horizontal envelope.

Detailed calculation of p a r t i c l e t r a c i n g 4 shows

t h i s process works very well and leads t o a beam s i z e
much i n favor of t h e monochromatic e x t r a c t i o n . The
beam obtained by t h i s e x t r a c t i o n process i s expected
t o have t h e following c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
Energy range
Energy spectrum
Beam emittance - horizontal
- vertical

nY

Assuming t h e energy spread i s 1%, the energy t o be l o s t

f o r complete e x t r a c t i o n i s nE(keV) = 1 x l o 4 E(GeV).
The number o f turns needed t o l o s e t h i s energy i s then
N = 1 x lo4 R(m)
88.5 E3(GeV)
=

113

*.
E3 (GeV)

619

Table 1 i l l u s t r a t e s some values f o r our r i n g

(remember R = 1 m). Since t h e r i n g i s 73 m long, one
t u r n takes 243.3 ns so t h a t t h e t o t a l time (T) f o r f u l l
e x t r a c t i o n can be computed and t h e a1 lowable maximum
r e p e t i t i o n r a t e (Rm) f o r complete e x t r a c t i o n i s
obtained e a s i l y (the accelerator natural r e p e t i t i o n
r a t e i s 625 pps).
A pulsed b e t a t r o n core c o u l d be used t o i n c r e a s e
t h e energy l o s s . The t e c h n i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y o f t h i s
device i s b e i n g s t u d i e d .

We are a l s o examining t h e use of a r a d i o frequency

c a v i t y t o achieve t h e r e q u i r e d loss. One p o s s i b l e
method i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t used on t h e I S R a t CERN
where they managed t o a c c e l e r a t e p a r t i c l e s by moving
empty RF buckets through t h e beam.
Table 1
R a d i a t i o n Losses and R e p e t i t i o n Rate i n EROS

( GeV 1

AEtot
(MeV)

0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3

0.058
0.294
0.931
2.27
4.71

Rm

(PPS 1

(ms)
113
33
14
7.2
4.2

103
103
103
103
103

27.5
8.0
3.4
1.75
1.02

36.4

125
294
571

9 80

mm

4.

Main Magnetic Components of EROS

The p e r t u r b a t i o n o f t h e r i n g design e f f e c t e d i n
1973 by t h e presence o f K a r l Brown had a v a s t and
b e n e f i c i a l impact on t h e magnetic components. The
apertures o f t h e quadrupoles and hexapoles were reduced
from 10 inches i n some p a r t s of t h e r i n g t o a u n i f o r m
4 inches a l l around. The bending magnets, a l t h o u g h
i n c r e a s i n g i n number from e i g h t t o t e n were reduced
c o n s i d e r a b l y i n s i z e which allowed us t o design them
as r e c t a n g u l a r u n i t s . The aim o f t h e magnet design
has been t o achieve t h e r e q u i r e d performance w h i l e
keeping t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n as simple as p o s s i b l e .
Bending Magnets
Table 2 shows t h e parameters t h a t must be s a t i s f i e d f o r t h e bending magnets. Using a gap h e i g h t o f
5 cm ( l e a v i n g a l i t t l e room f o r e r r o r i n t h e placement
of t h e vacuum box and a n t i c i p a t i n g l a r g e r v e r t i c a l
o s c i l l a t i o n s d u r i n g tune- up), i t was found t h a t a p o l e
w i d t h o f 17.78 cm ( 7 i n . ) would be more than adequate,
p r o v i d e d small r e c t a n g u l a r shims were used a t t h e sides
o f t h e p o l e t o extend the w i d t h o f t h e useable f i e l d .
The computer program TRIM5 was used e x t e n s i v e l y i n t h e
magnet design, and F i g . 7 shows a cross s e c t i o n o f t h e
proposed magnet, w i t h t h e shaded area i n the gap
d e p i c t i n g t h e r e g i o n o f acceptable f i e l d l e v e l s (as
a s c e r t a i n e d by TRIM). The i r o n l e n g t h o f t h e magnet
was e v a l u a t e d u s i n g f r i n g i n g f i e l d s given by TRIM and
Table 2
Bending Magnet Requirements
F i e l d r e q u i r e d f o r 250 MeV
D e f l e c t i o n angle
Effective length
Poleface entrance angle
Poleface e x i t angle
F i e l d index
Beam envelope i n bending magnets:
Max. v e r t i c a l space occupied by beam
Max. h o r i z o n t a l space occupied by beam
S a g i t t a o f 36' bend
Width o f good f i e l d r e q u i r e d
D e f i n i t i o n o f "good f i e l d "
Power supply s t a b i l i t y
F i e l d d i f f e r e n c e between any
two magnets

Fig. 5

8333 G
36'
61.808 cm
18'
18'
0
2.80 cm
3.51 cm
( i n c l udi ng
extraction)
4.90 cm
8.41 cm
f 0.05%
f 0.005%
( l o n g term)
0.1%

H o r i z o n t a l envelope d u r i n g e x t r a c t i o n .

mm

c2.0'-.

n n n n n n rul-nnn
Y

Fig. 6

Y H H

n n,
Y

4Om

Stored beam v e r t i c a l envelope.

F i g . 7 Cross s e c t i o n through bending magnet.

62 0

Table 3
Quadrupole Requirements
1) Strength
Effective length
Aperture
Max. f i e l d g r a d i e n t
Max. p o l e t i p i n d u c t a n c e
Number r e q u i r e d
Designation

-1.828 mm2
0.25 m
12.7 cm ( 5 i n . ) diam.
15,233 G/m
967.4 G
8
5 QS 1 . 2

Effective length
Aperture
Max. f i e l d g r a d i e n t
Max. p o l e t i p i n d u c t a n c e
Number r e q u i r e d
Designation

1.922 r 2
0.25 m
12.7 cm (5 i n . ) diam.
16,017 G/m
1016.9 G
8
5 QS 1.2

3) Strength
Effective length
Aperture
Max. f i e l d g r a d i e n t
Max. p o l e t i p i n d u c t a n c e
Number r e q u i r e d
Designation

1.778 r 2
0.25 m
12.7 cm ( 5 i n . ) diam.
14,817 Gfm
941.0 G
4
5 QC 1.2

4) S t r e n g t h

3.556 m-2
0.25 m
12.7 cm ( 5 i n . ) diam.
29,633 G/m
1882.0 G
8
5 QC 2.4

2 ) Strength

Effective length
Aperture
Max. f i e l d g r a d i e n t
Max. p o l e t i p i n d u c t a n c e
Number r e q u i r e d
Des ig n a t ion
T o t a l i n t e g r a t e d harmonic
content a t 4 i n . aperture
F i e l d d i f f e r e n c e between any
two quadrupoles ( t r a c k i n g )
Power s u p p l y s t a b i l i t y

1%
< 0.1%
i- 0.005% ( l o n g term)

Table 4
Sextupol e Requi remen t s
E f f e c t 1 ve l e n g t h
Aperture
P o l e t i p inductance
Number r e q u i r e d
Designation

-6.0 m m 3
0.2 rn
12.7 cm ( 5 i n . ) diam.
242 G
2
5 s .4

2) Strength
Effective length
Aperture
P o l e t i p inductance
Number r e q u i r e d
Desi g n a t i o n

-7.65 m-3
0.2 m
12.7 cm (5 i n . ) diam.
305.7 G
4
5 s .4

1 ) Strength

3) Strength
Effective length
Aperture
E f f e c t i v e p o l e t i p inductance
(these are air- core
magnets)
Number r e q u i r e d
Designation
T o t a l i n t e g r a t e d harmonic
content permissible a t
4 in. aperture
Magnetic f i e l d s t a b i l i t y

0.318 m-3
0.2 m
14.0 cm(5.5 i n . ) d i a m .
15.6 G
4
5.5 S .016

10%
0.1%

a s i m p l e r a y t r a c i n g program, and i t t u r n e d o u t t o be
56.64 cm. The f l u x i n t h e r e t u r n yoke was 13.6 kG a t
a t h i c k n e s s of 7.5 cm; t h e r e l u c t a n c e o f t h e i r o n was
3% o f t h e t o t a l , and t h e magnet r e q u i r e s 35,000 A t a t
maxi mum f ie l d.
Quadrupoles
Table 3 shows t h e requirements f o r quadrupole
magnets. Although an a p e r t u r e o f 1 0 cm would have
been s u f f i c i e n t t o h a n d l e t h e maximum e x t e n t o f t h e
beam i n t h e r i n g , t h e a p e r t u r e was i n c r e a s e d t o
12.7 cm f o r two reasons: (i)
Since t h e r i n g i s
designed t o h a n d l e e l e c t r o n s o f 100 MeV o r l e s s , t h e
p o l e t i p i n d u c t a n c e o f t h e quads a t t h i s energy would
have been v e r y l o w (300 gauss o r l e s s ) , and remanent
f i e l d prob'lems would p r o b a b l y be encountered w h i c h
would j e o p a r d i z e t h e f i n e t u n i n g o f t h e r i n g .
( i i ) The f i r s t harmonic produced i n a quadrupole due
t o t h e n o n - i n f i n i t e e x t e n t o f t h e magnet and t o t h e
n o n - h y p e r b o l i c shape o f t h e p o l e s i s t h e 1 2 - p o l e
( n = 6, which decreases w i t h t h e f i f t h power o f t h e
r a d i u s as one moves i n w a r d ) , t h u s an i n c r e a s e i n
a p e r t u r e t o 12.7 cm would c o n s i d e r a b l y decrease t h e
harmonic c o n t e n t a t t h e n o r m a l i z i n g a p e r t u r e o f 10 cm.
The p o l e p i e c e s can t h u s be c u t f r o m 6 i n c h d i a m e t e r
c i r c u l a r s t e e l rods, which s i m p l i f i e s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n
considerably. Further reduction o f h a r m n i c content
can be achieved by c a r e f u l assembly and machining,
chamfering t h e pole- edges a t t h e e x i t and e n t r y planes
o f t h e magnet and u s i n 3 m i r r o r - p l a t e s ( f i e l d - c l a m p s )
w i t h adjustable studs.
P r o t o t y p e magnet t e s t s w i l l
r e v e a l i f these s t e p s a r e necessary.

To meet r i n g t u n i n g requirements , t h e quadrupoles

must be d r i v e n i n f o u r groups ( t h r e e groups o f e i g h t
magnets and one group o f f o u r ) . The p o l e s o f a l l t h e
magnets o f one group must t h e r e f o r e be d r i v e n i n s e r i e s
by one power s u p p l y . Since we wanted t o a v o i d h i g h
v o l t a g e s , we decided t o use small w a t e r - c o o l e d c o i l s
o f l o w impedance.
Sextupoles
The r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s e x t u p o l e s a r e o u t l i n e d i n
Table 4. I t can be seen t h a t t h e p o l e t i p i n d u c t a n c e
o f t h e i r o n magnets i s q u i t e low even a f t e r an
i n c r e a s e i n a p e r t u r e ; t h u s f o r l o w energy o p e r a t i o n ,
remanent f i e 1 d problems c o u l d occur. Only e x p e r i e n c e
w i l l show t h e n e c e s s i t y o f adding a degaussing c y c l e
t o t h e power s u p p l i e s t h a t d r i v e them. Harmonic
c o n t e n t s h o u l d n o t be a problem, due t o t h e i n c r e a s e d
a p e r t u r e i n b o t h t h e iron- core and a i r - c o r e magnets.
The magnet c o i l s a r e a i r - c o o l e d and a l l o f t h e magnets
i n each o f t h e t h r e e groups i n d i c a t e d i n Table 4 w i l l
be d r i v e n i n s e r i e s .
Ref e r e n ce s

I R . Servranckx, Proceedings o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a T Conf e r e n c e on P h o t o n u c l e a r Reactions and A p p l i c a t i o n s ,

A s i l o m a r , C a l i f . , p.1039 (1973).
2Saskatchewan A c c e l e r a t o r L a b o r a t o r y , I n t e r n a l Reports
SAL-RING-16 t o -25, -27 ( u n p u b l i s h e d ) .
3Saskatchewan A c c e l e r a t o r L a b o r a t o r y , I n t e r n a l Report
SAL-RING-28 ( u n p u b l i s h e d ) .
'+R. Servranckx, P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r s ( i n p r e s s ) .
5J. S. Colonias and J . H. Cole, Proceedings o f t h e
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposi um on Magnet Technology ,
S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , p.188 (1965).
6W. V. Hassenzahl , Proceedings o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l
Conference on Magnet Technology , Brookhaven,
p.469 (1972).

621

-PRELIMINARY

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE STAGE I P E P LATTICE+

R. H. Helm and M. J. L e e
Stanford L i n e a r A c c e l e r a t o r C e n t e r
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305

Description and Summary

- 55a Ac/e2

A g e n e r a l description of the proposed P E P e+e- s t o r a e

r i n g m a y be found elsewhere132 and in these Proceedings.
In the p r e s e n t p a p e r , we d i s c u s s the lattice and i t s operating
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in m o r e d e t a i l , show how the design luminosity and o t h e r c r i t e r i a m a y be m e t and outline the l i m i t s of
the o p e r a t i v e regions of the beam p a r a m e t e r s in s e v e r a l
modes of operation.

8max

The r e l e v a n t design p a r a m e t e r s a r e :
Beam E n e r g y , E (each beam)

5to15GeV

Luminosity p e r Interaction Regions

a t 15 G e V , Y

32
-2
-1
10 c m sec

Number of Superperiods (number of

interaction regions)

Number of Stored Bunches, Nb (each b e a m )

Available Length p e r Interaction Region

20

32$

remi

2 4
fONb(Av) E
PO

w h e r e 8,,is
the maximum luminosity a t the beam- beam
tune shift A v , Rc/e2 = 137.0, re is the c l a s s i c a l e l e c t r o n
r a d i u s , me is the e l e c t r o n r e s t e n e r g y , fo is the o r b i t a l f r e quency, Nb is the number of bunches in e a c h b e a m , E is the
and p* a r e the horizontal and v e r t i energy of each b e a m ,
c a l betatron functions at the i n L r a c t i o n point,
is the
total t r a n s v e r s e emittance (i. e . , the s u m of the a r e a s in
r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l p h a s e s p a c e ) , q * is the d i s p e r s i o n function a t the interaction point, u E / E is the r e l a t i v e e n e r g y
s p r e a d due to quantum excitation,, po i s the magnetic r a d i u s
of the bending magnets and < H > IS defined by

&

Length of Straight Sections

130.416 m

Gross Radius A r c s

220.337 m

F i g u r e 1depicts schematically the basic elements of the

lattice a s p r e s e n t l y conceived and shows typical betatron and
d i s p e r s i o n functions. The 600 a r c of e a c h s u p e r p e r i o d cont a i n s eight cells, of which six a r e s t a n d a r d while in the two
end c e l l s the quadrupoles a r e independently variable. The
s t r u c t u r e is s y m m e t r i c about the interaction points and about
the c e n t e r s o f the 60 a r c s . The proposed Stage I o f P E P l i e s
in a horizontal p l a n e , although a future Stage I1 option with an
added 200 G e V proton r i n g would involve v e r t i c a l as we11 a s
horizontal bends.
Qualitativelv speaking, the four independe n t quadrupoles in the s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s Q3, Q2, Q1 and QF1
(see Fig. 1)provide matching of the betatron functions f r o m
the interaction point to the cells; the two modified cell quadr u p o l e s QD1 and QF2 provide for d i s p e r s i o n matching; and
the two sets of standard cell quadrupoles QD and Q F allow
a d j u s t m e n t of the betatron tunes.

w h e r e Ji denotes integration o v e r the i-th bending magnet

and 1: denotes summation o v e r a l l bending magnets.
The luminosity is limited by the maximum t o l e r a b l e
beam- beam tune shift which i s typically A umax = 0. 025 to
0.08 p e r interaction point in e+e- s t o r a g e r i n g s . 7,8 It is
evident f r o m Eqs. (1)and (2) that the i n t e r a c t i o n betatron
functions should be a s s m a l l a s possible. The minimum
value of p* h a s been chosen to be around 0.2 m e t e r s b e c a u s e
i t is felt txat the maximum p-value a t the n e a r e s t quadrupole,
1 0 m e t e r s f r o m the interaction point, should be not much
g r e a t e r than 500 m e t e r s in o r d e r to keep a p e r t u r e s and
c h r o m a t i c i t y within tolerable bounds. The m i n i m u m value
permitted for
is considerably l a r g e r b e c a u s e of the D- F
configuration of the Q3-Q2 doublet. (See Fig. 1. ) A s will
be s e e n l a t e r , useful r a n g e s of @ f o r the p r e s e n t design l i e
in the r a n g e of -3 to 5 m e t e r s .

&

A e r t u r e Limitation. Equation (2) shows that f o r a fixed

l a d e , luminosity v a r i e s as E4 and t h e r e f o r e falls off v e r y
rapidly a t low energy. However, i t is possible to modify the
lattice so that the beam s i z e is kept e s s e n t i a l l y constant as

Design Requirements
Luminosity Considerations. In o r d e r to define the lattice r e q u i r e m e n t s imposed by the luminosity specification,
we c o n s i d e r an idealized situation in which the s t o r e d e+ and
e- beams a r e equal, and the coupling between horizontal and
v e r t i c a l betatron oscillations is adjusted so that the horizontal and v e r t i c a l beam- beam tune shifts a r e equal (Avx = Avy
= Av). It then follows f r o m simplified theory5t6 that

a function of energy; then luminosity v a r i e s only as E 2 , as

may be s e e n f r o m Eq. (1). In the P E P d e s i g n , the a p e r t u r e s
a r e chosen f o r the design energy and luminosity a t 15 GeV
and the luminosity is t h e r e f o r e aperture- limited a t lower
e n e r g i e s with a n approximate E2 dependence.
Beam Enlargement. S e v e r a l s c h e m e s f o r beam e n l a r g e ment* have been studied f o r lower e n e r g y operation. Some
of the important f e a t u r e s of t h e s e s c h e m e s are d e s c r i b e d
below.

F u r t h e r , if the bending magnets are of equal s t r e n g t h and

zero- gradient ,

(1) Variable Tune. It c a n be shown that, a p p r o x i m a t e l y ,

ct Nc $-:
E2 w h e r e Nc is t h e number of bending cells and
$xc is the%orizontal betatron p h a s e advance p e r

+ Work supported by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

*
622

For another discussion of beam e n l a r g e m e n t s e e Ref. 9.

Thus in o r d e r to keep E 0 constant for different energies we

wish to make the lattice operable over some range of values
of qXc. In this design study we have considered only c a s e s
with v X x v Y and also have assumed that the vertical tunes
should be just sli htly above a n integer o r half-integer p e r
This means that for the P E P lattice
superperiod.
with superperiodicity of 6 , the desirable tunes a r e , e. g. ,
, 18, 2 1 , . - In the present P E P d e s i g n , the
vx 7Y ~ 1 2 15,
horizontal phase advance in the straight insertion is always
close to 3600, so that the design values of phase advance p e r
c e l l a r e $xc c45',
62.5O, 90, 1 1 2 . 5 , * * - .

(2) Energy Disperiosn (High *). A variable value of

the interaction point dispersion function 7~ * a l t e r s the luminosity limit through the factor v * ~ / & [Eqs. (1)and ( Z ) ] .
This scheme has been used successfully, e. g. a t SPEAR.7
(3) Mismatched Dispersion Function. In common practice the momentum dispersion function is matched so that it
repeats periodically from cell to c e l l i n the standard cells.
W e may, however, f o r low energy operation mismatch the
dispersion function in the standard cells a s described by

71 ( s ) = ' I o @ )+ r j l ( S ) ,

where r j o ( s ) , the matched dispersion function, is periodic

f r o m cell to c e l l , and r j l(s), the mismatch component, is
oscillatory a t the betatron wavelength. A s is shown-elsewhere, this results in an increase in the function < H > ,
described roughly by6

where the subscript s denotes the symmetry point (midpoint)

of the bending arc. That i s , the emittance is quadratic in
the mismatch amplitude.
A fourth method of beam enlargement, mis_matching the
betatron function p,, also affects the quantity < H > This
scheme was considered briefly in the P E P study but seemed
to offer no obvious advantages. It may be studied further if
serious difficulties a r i s e in other schemes.

Another possible method of beam enlargement consists

of altering the damping partition number J,, since E O a <H>/
J,.
In o r d e r to avoid complexity and expense, no special
insertion is planned for damping modification a s i s planned
in EPIC. l2 However, i t still would be possible to vary Jx
by varying the rf frequency from its nominal value; it may
be shown that the P E P lattice would require a frequency
change of about 2 p a r t s in lo5, resulting in a maximum orbit
shift of less than a centimeter, to reduce ,
J to zero.
Since the variable tune and the dispersion-mismatch
methods increase the transverse emittance they increase
the aperture requirements everywhere in the lattice. The
high-1) * method, on the other hand, enlarges the beam in
only the few quadrupoles nearest the interaction points,
which may be a significant advantage in t e r m s of sensitivity
ta orbit distortions. However it has been shown that the
high-rj * configurations may lead to a longitudinal instability
if 7~ * is too large. 8
We expect that practical operating configurations will
consists of combinations of variable-tune and high? *, o r of
high-7 * and mismatched-71 , although other combinations
may prove useful. Some of these configurations a r e discussed in a l a t e r section.
F i r s t Order Design
Summar of Constraints. The lattice requirements that
so far imply that the values of &, p;,
have been di:cussed
r ) * and the tunes v
and v should be independently adjustable. In addition, $e s y d m e t r y of the ring r e q u i r e s that

the slopes of the betatron and dis ersion functions vanish a t

the interaction regions; i. e. , p i = PI* = 7~ '* = 0. Thus,
eight mathematical constraints a r e idposed on the focusing
strengths, requiring a t least eight independently variable
s e t s of quadrupoles. A number of other important consstraints must also be considered. A twenty meter drift
space is required for experiments a t each interaction region.
The maximum values of the p-functions and 17 -function must
be kept everywhere within reasonable bounds in o r d e r to
minimize aperture requirements and to reduce chromaticity
and other aberrations. Magnetic field values must be kept
within conservative limits. Furthermore, sufficient d r i f t
space must be reserved for various components such a s rf
cavities, injection components (septum magnets and kickers),
rotated quadrupoles, sextupoles , beam monitors and control
devices, electrostatic plates for separating the beams and S O
on.

The geometry of the ring has been fixed by considerations

discussed in Ref. (1). Once the quadrupole locations have
been fixed and the quadrupole strengths have been specified
to satisfy the eight mathematical constraints mentioned
above, it will not always be possible for all configurations to
satisfy the additional constraints imposed by aperture and
quadrupole strength limits. Hence in the present study we
have mapped out the regions of beam parameters within
which all of the constraints are satisfied. Some of the r e sults will be described in a later section.
Computational Methods. Solutions for the quadrupole settings under a variety gf focusing configurations a s specified
have been found
by the values of pg, p , 11 *, r j s , u X and v
and
by use of the magnetoGptic programs
TRANSPORT. 14 MAGIC employs thin-lens approximations
for the transport elements, but has great flexibility and
speed, and has been used to survey a wide range of configurations. TRANSPORT has been used to obtain more prec i s e thick-lens solutions in a number of c a s e s , and the beam
tracing program SYNCH15y16 has been used to generate
emittances, beam s i z e s , luminosities, etc. , from the
TRANSPORT solutions. In all cases which have been
checked, the thin-lens MAGIC results* agree with the thicklens TRANSPORT-SYNCH results to within 5 to 10% in betatron functions, damping r a t e s , emittance and luminosity.
Typical Configurations. The MAGIC program has been
used to survey a large number of possible configurations.
Some of the interesting results a r e shown in Figs. 2 through
6.

*Figures 2 , 3 and 4 show the operative regions in the

tunes in the matched-rj
mode. The tunes of 18. 75, 15.75 and 12.75 have been
chosen for illustrative purposes; in practice, of c o u r s e , u x
and u would be split to avoid the linear coupling resonance,
Y.
and neither would be exactly on the quarter integer. The
operative regions in these plots a r e limited by regions in
which either the beam size becomes too l a r g e (aperture
limit) o r in which there a r e no mathematical solutions to the
non-linear s e t of equations which relate the constraints to
the variable quadrupole strengths. The luminosity contours
a r e plotted for the nominal energies of 15, 10 and 5 GeV,
respective1y;the beam-beam tune shifts p e r interaction r e gion a r e assumed to be Av, = A v Y = 0.06. Note that the
design luminosities given by gmax
a E2 a r e respectively
1032cm-2sec-1) for 1 5 ,
1 . 0 , 0.44 and 0 . 1 1 (in units of
10 and 5 GeV. F o r other values of tune shift and energy the
value of luminosity may be scaled according to Eq. (2).

(4, 71 *) plane a t several different

The luminosity contours and boundaries of the operative

region in the (&, 17 *)$lane may be shifted somewhat by
different choices of P y .

* In the computation a pair of

thin lenses is used for each

quadrupole magnet with a short focal length such a s QZ and
Q3. The thin lenses a r e symmetrically located about the
center of the magnet and separated by 1/2 of magnet length.

623

Table I shows values of some of the beam and machine

parameters for three typical matched-q configurations, a s
obtained by TRANSPORT and SYNCH.

or
DE
D x - -

Figure 5 illustrates the operative region in the (q s f q *)

plane f o r the mismatched-q mode of operation, for v = 18.75,
= 4 . 0 m and p* = 0 . 2 m. The contours represent the
= 1032(E/15 G e V p (in cm-2sec-1)
energies a t whicg 8a t tune shifts of A v x = A v = 0.06. Note that the full design
is covered in one continuous reenergy range of 5 to 15
gion of the ( q s , q *) plane, but that non-zero values of q * a s
well as q - mismatch are required a t the lower energies. In
the right-hand portion of Fig. 5, the beam size at the interaction point is dominated by the dispersion term for configurations near the lower operative boundary, and by emittance
(enhanced by the q -mismatch) near the upper boundary.

pl

&%

O1

In the matched P E P configurations, we typically have

250 to 300, with a! ranging from -0.004 a t tune 18 to
- 0.02 at tune 12. Hence the frequency change to produce
D
1 i s Afo/fo 2 2. 10-5. In the unmatched-configurations,
however, DE can be an o r d e r of magnitude g r e a t e r , and the
frequency stability required to keep the damping rate constant may be a problem.
DE

Conclusions
The present version of the P E P lattice is capable of
reaching the theoretical design luminosity by means of seve r a l alternative operating configurations, at least according
to first-order theory. Investigation of non-linear effects
may further delimit the choice of favorable operating configurations.

Second-Order Design
Chromaticity. Sextupole magnets will be placed near
some of the standard cell quadrupoles in o r d e r to control the
chromaticity. The uncorrected chromaticities when the
tunes a r e around 18 a r e tx N -35, ty =-lo0 where the definition is

Acknowledgments
Many of the features of the lattice design originated with
A. Garren, W. Herrmannsfeldt, P. Morton, B. Richter
and J. Rees. We are indebted to A. King and B. Woo for
computer programming as sis tanc e.

Overcorrection of the chromaticities by 1 0 to 20% will probably be used as at SPEAR, in order to take advantage of the
fast damping effect for coherent oscillations. 17 The sextupole strengths required for this correction have been found
to be quite modest.

References

Non-linear Stopbands. The sixfold symmetry of the ring

will tend to produce large sextupole Fourier coefficients
with indices which are multiples of 6. These will strongly
excite the stopbands a t tunes 12 and 18. To suppress these
coefficients we probably will need additional sextupoles in
the straight sections; e. g. , near QF1 and Q3.
Damping Variation with Frequency. The damping partition numbers (J, and JE)for an off-energy particle are determined by the value of the quantity

where, for a machine using rectangular zero-gradient bending magnets, 18

IDO\ < c l
and

in which G is the local quadrupole gradient and B is the

bending field. The damping r a t e s ,
and

fo

where Q is the momentum compaction factor. Thus a shift

in the rf frequency does affect the damping rate.

Figure 6 shows how the parameters Q (momentum compaction) rXxp,.

u x ~ and
, the energy for design luminosity vary
with the q - mismatch, along the particular path designated a s
Path A in Fig. 5.

ax a J x = l - D

hfg

a E a JE = 2 + D

a r e affected very little by the natural energy spread of the

beam because AE goes through many synchrotron oscillations
during a damping period. However, if the equilibrium
closed orbit is shifted by a change in orbital frequency (or
equivalently rf frequency), we have

1. P E P Study Group, A Proposal for a Positron-Electron

Colliding Beam Storage Ring Project, ed. J. Rees and
W. B. Herrmannsfeldt, Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center Report No. 171, Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center, Stanford, Calif. (1974).
2. J. Rees and B. Richter, "Preliminary Design of a 15GeV Electron-Positron Variable-Tune Storage Ring, 'I
PEP-NOTE 69, 1973 P E P Summer Study Report
(unpublished).
3. J. Rees, "The P E P Electron Positron Ring
P E P Stage
I , " invited paper to this conference.
4. L. Smith, "The Proton-Electron-Positron Project PEP," invited paper to this conference.
5. M. Sands. "The Phvsics of Electron Storage Rings. an
Introduction, I f Proceedings of the InternaGonal &do01 of
Physics "Enrico Fermi" , Course XLVI, ed. B. Touschek
(Academic P r e s s , 1971); also Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Report No. 121.
6. R. H. Helm, M. J. Lee and J. M. Paterson, "Beam Enlargement by Mismatching the Energy-Dispersion Function," published report to this conference.
7. J. Paterson, "SPEAR, Status and Future Developments, I '
invited paper to this conference.
8. F. Amman, "IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-20 No. 3 , 858
(1973).
9. M. Bassetti, "Beam Dimension Control in Storage Rings ;'
CNEN, Frascati Laboratories, published report to this
conference.
10. M. Bassetti, Proceedings of V International Conference
on High Energy Accelerators, Frascati, 709 (1965).
11. B. Richter, "Design Considerations for High Energy
Electron-Positron Storage Rings, Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Electron and Positron Storage
Rings (1966).
12. G. H. Fkes, "Aspects of P E P a s Compared to EPIC,"
PEP-NOTE 51, 1973 P E P Summer Study (unpublished).
13. M. J. Le. In'.;tT. Lee and L. C. Teng, "Magnet Insertion
Code,ff r. AOTE 61, 1973 P E P Summer Design Study
(unpublish
14. K. L. Brown, and S. K. Howry, 1'TRANSPORT/360 A
Computer Program for Designing Charged Particle Beam
Transport System, It Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
Report No. 91 (1970).

6 24

,.

15. A . A. Garren and A. S. Kenney, "A Computer Program

for Synchrotron Design and Orbit Analysis, Internal
note LBL 1968 (unpublished).
16. J. S. Colonias, IIParticle Accelerator Design; Computer
P r o g r a m s , I'
Academic Press (1974).

17. SPEAR Group, "Fast Damping of Transverse Coherent

Dipole Oscillations in SPEAR, published report to this
conference.
18. H. Wiedemann, "Scaling of FODO-CELL P a r a m e t e r s ,It
PEP-NOTE 39, 1973 P E P Summer Study (unpublished).

w,

TABLE I
Typical Beam P a r a m e t e r s
5 Gev

10 Gev

15 GeV

Total Betatron Tune

Horizontal

12.75

15.75

18. 75

Ver tic a1

12.75

15.75

18. 75

Momentum Compaction

0. 01668

0. 00759

0.00455

T r a n s v e r s e Damping Time

0.222

0.0278

0. 00823

sec

x-y Coupling Coefficient

0.249

0.294

0.280

Horizontal Emittance

1.730 x

2.149 X

2.297 x

cm- rad

1.796 x

cm-rad

Vertical Emittance

1.072

Number of Stored Particles

(each beam)

1.252

Synchrotron Radiation Power

(each beam)

0.0090

0.353

Horizontal

0. 06

0.06

0. 06

Vertical

0. 06

0. 06

0. 06

0.117 x

0.462

12
10

1.858

3.055

12
10

4.44 x 1012
Mw

2.596

Linear Tune Shifts p e r

Interaction Point

Luminosity (each interaction

point)
Cell P a r a m e t e r s

32
10

1.008

-2

cm s e c

oo

Horizontal Phase Advance

48.9'

72.9'

97.

Vertical Phase Advance

29.9"

56.5'

82.3'

Maximum Horizontal Beta

50.1

45.1

48.2

Maximum Vertical Beta

78.8

53.9

50.2

m
m

6.38

3.34

2.24

Horizontal Beta

4.6

0.16

4.0
0.20

4.0

Vertical Beta

0.20

-2.40

-1.20

Maximum Momentum Dispersion

Interaction %Region Parameters

Momentum Dispersion

0. 0892

0.0927

-0.73
0.0959

cm

Horizontal Beam Size (dispersion)

0. 0789

0.0789

0.072 0

cm

Horizontal Beam Size (total)

0.1191

0.1217

0.1199

cm

Vertical Beam Size

0.00414

0.00610

0. 00600

cm

Horizontal Beam Size (betatron)

U*

625

-1

Interaction
point
FIG. 1--Schematic of PEP lattice.

The typical betairon function9 shown are for a matched-q

configuration (see text for definition) with & =4.0 m , py = 0.2 m , q* = -0.73 m ,
v x = v y = 18.75.

-E

I .5

Aperture
Limit

F- 1.0

z-

0
I-

0.5

FIG. 2--Matched-q mode operative r e p n in the (&, v * )

plane with v x = v y = 18.75, p = 0.20 m. The
contours a r e luminosities in uHts of 1032cm-2
sec-l, computed a t energy E = 15 GeV and beambeam tune shifts Avx = A v y = 0.06.

0
-

cn
(r

w
n

22

D
IZ

0 -0.5
a.

z
E!
IO

a -1.0

IY

3
Solutions

k-

-1.5

INTERACTION POINT BETA FUNCTION

IO

pg

(m)
2,1211

626

I
0.5

No Matched
Solutions

E
-E

0
-

+
0
z

FIG. 3-- Matched-7 mode operative region in the &,q*)

plane with v X = v Y = 15.75, p* = 0.18 m . The
contours a r e luminosities in d i t s of 1032 cm-2
sec-1, computed a t energy E = 10 GeV and beambeam tune shifts A u , = A u y = 0.06.

LL

- 0.5

9
cn
E
W

'" -1.0
n
t-

a -1.5
Z

t
0

5t-

- 2.0

Aperture
Limit

Z
-

- 2.5
0

IO

INTERACTION POINT BETA FUNCTION

pg

(m)
Illlrl

0
I

No Matched
Solutions

ic

K-

z0

+
0

z -1.0
3
LL

FIG. 4--Matched-q mode operative region in the ( $ , q * )

plane with u x = u y r.12.75,
= 0 . 1 6 m . The
contours are luminosities in units of 1032cm-2
sec-1 computed at energy E = 5 GeV and beambeam tune shifts A u , = Auy = 0.06.

&

0
m

W
E

'"

n
I-

z
- - 2.0

xz
0

I0

L1:
W

I-

-3.0
0

INTERACTION POINT BETA FUNCTION

627

IO

P;

(m)

2112.5

z0
cn
CK
w

v
-,

n
I-1

z
0

a
Z

0
I

-2
-3

CK
W

z -4
-

I
2
3
4
5
6
7
SYMMETRY POINT DISPERSION FUNCTION,

(m)
,Il>8.

FIG. 5--Mismatched-q mode operative regions in the ( q s , q * ) plane with u X = u =18.75,

0; = 4 . 0 m , 0; 70.20 m. The contours a r e the energies EL (GeV) cor&srnd!ng
to luminosities given by 8,,
= 1 0 3 2 ( E ~ / 1 5GeV)2 (in units of cm-2sec- ), with
A v x = Auy = 0.06. The dashed curve labeled I 1 q -matched", near 7 = 2 , r e p r e sents solutions for which the dispersion function is periodic within t t e standard
cells. The line labeled "Path A" is for reference in Fig. 6 .

FIG. 6--Variation of beam parameters for different

mismatched-q configurations along Path A in
Fig. 5 cXpis r m s beam amplitude due to betatron motion; g x is
~ r m s beam amplitude due to
compaction factor; and I is the c u r r e n t in each
beam and grn, = 1032(EL/15 GeVp.

IO

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
SYMMETRY POINT DISPERSION FUNCTION,

7, (rn)
1,11..

628

- .

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR A HIGH ENERGY

ELECTRON POSITRON STORAGE RING
H. Wiedemann
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Hamburg, Germany
The shunt impedance per unit length for 5 0 0 Yc is
conservatively assumed to be I O MQ/m which could be
increased somewhat using other than iris structures
e.g. trift tube cavities. Since the production of the
latter are more costly one has to find a cost
optimum for the product Rc.Lc. The effect of the
rf-frequency has been studied in detail 3, with the
result of a very flat optimum in the range of
200 to 7 0 0 Mc depending somewhat on the energy for
which the design is made. In this note we assume
500 Mc. For these rf-parameters the maximum achievable
energies as a function of focusing power are calculated.
The focusing is varied by varying the cell length
keeping the phase advance percell constant at 90'. This
90 degree phase advance per cell is an essential for
the multibunch operation which is discussed later.
Characterising the focusing by the transition energy
ytr the maximum achievable energies using copper rfcavities are shown in fig.1. It becames clear from
fig.1 that the transition energy should be about 20 or
larger in order not to loose to much energypotential
of the ring. However, the gain between Ytr = 20 and
ytr = 30 is only 1 GeV if we use copper cavities.

The successfull operation of the electron positron storage ring

SPEAR
in the multi-GeV-range
encouraged the accelerator physicist to think about
the next generation of storage rings for energies Of
more than 10 GeV. We have learned from the presently
working storage rings that it seems not practical to
assume an artificial beam enlargement as an essential
design aspect. As is well known this artificial beam
enlargement was needed to get high luminosities at
medium energies where the beam intensities are limited
by the beam beam interaction at the collision points.
Therefore we have to find other means to increase the
luminosity in this energy regime. One possible way is
to vary the focusing of the periodic cell structure
of a storage ring with energy, thus varying the
quantum excitation of betatron oscillations.)',)I
This brings u s to the point where we should discuss
more general the influence of the beam optics in the
periodic cell structure on relevant storage ring
parameters. In this note this influence on the energy
will be discussed. This can be done in rather general
terms since the special design of the long straight
section on both sides o f the interaction point has no
effect on the beam parameters except the amplitude
functions at the point where the beams collide. For
these amplitude functions we assume values which we
know can be realized. Throughout this note we assume
only one ring where the two beams counterrotate in
the same vacuum pipe and collide head on in the
interaction points.

Designing storage rings of the next generation it

might be reasonable also to have a look at the next
generation technology which in our case means superconducting cavities. In this case the energy isn't
limited by cavity losses any more but by the minimum
reasonable luminosity which falls off like E-lo in this
energy regime. If we exchange the 2 4 0 m copper cavities
by 240 m of superconductin cavities the maximum energy
for a luminosity of t = 1031 cm-2sec-1 is computed and
shown in fig.2. Here we find a rather steep increase
in energy versus transition energy which calls for the
maximum reasonable focusing.

I. Storage Ring Parameters for Numerical Calculations

For numerical calculations in this note we assume
the following storage ring parameters which are close
to parameters assumed in different laboratories for
electron-positron storage ring studies of the next
generation:
circumference of the ring

2304 m

bending radius

206.8 m

average radius of the arcs

256.7

installed rf-power

Prf

5.0

totallength of cavities (copper)

Lc =

240 m

shunt impedance of the cavities

at 500 Mc

Rc

10 Wl/m

111. Luminosity

It has been shown that increased focusing in the

periodic cell structure leads to higher achievable
energies. This is a true reflection of the fact that
at a fixed energy in the rf-power limited case an
increased focusing also results in higher luminosities
(fig.3).

11. Maximum Energy of the Storage Ring

The maximum energy of a storage ring is given

when the total installed rf-power is dissipated in the
cavities. These cavity losses depend on the cavity
length, the shunt impedance per unit length, the rffrequency and on the necessary rf-voltages as given
by the focusing of the periodic cell structure.
The amount of cavity length depends on the
amount of money one wants to spend for them. It is
not intended to use this length as a parameter here
but rather use one length for which the necessary free
length in a ring of 2 km circumference can be realized.

B. Richter, Preliminary design of a 15 GeV

Electron-Positron Variable Tune Storage Ring,
PEP-Note 69; 1973 PEP-Summer-Study
2) H. Wiedemann, e-p Luminosity for different energies
in PEP, PEP-Note 5 8 , 1973 PEP-Summer-Study

At lower energies however, there is the problem

of the beam beam incoherent limit. So far it was
assumed that each beam is made up by only one bunch
or in case of more than two interaction points by half
as many bunches as there are interaction points. In
this case the bunches meet only at the interaction
points and nowhere else in the arcs where the betafunctions and by this the beam beam effect is larger.
In fig.3 the circles 0 show the maximum luminosities
for one bunch. For energies lower than those indicated
by the crosses the beam beam effect is effective. Here
the luminosity scales like L 'L A-y2, where A is the
beam cross section at the interaction point. If natural
beam sizes are used - A 'L y2 - the luminosity scales
like L 'L y 4 . To avoid this fast drop of the luminosity
toward lower energies the variation of the focusing was
proposed 1)2). In this note another mode of operation
is proposed.

1 ) J. Rees,

For this we divide the whole energy regime into

three parts:
3) M. Allen, G. Rees, CRISP-Note 72-68,Brookhaven

629

IV. Beam Separation

1. The rf-power limited regime

Here the luminosity is given by: 4 ,

1
p;
L1 =
4e2f U ~ R - B

--

(I)

where: P B the rf-power available per beam, U the energy

loss perturn, f the revolution frequency; A the beam
cross section and B the number of bunches. It is clear
that the number of bunches should be as small as
possible e.g. B = 1 . Also the beam cross section should
be minimized which requires strong focusing as has
been already discussed Using the scaling laws for
FODO-Cell structures 51 the luminosity scales like
~1
Vir.
Q

2 . The rf-power and tune shift limited regime

In this case the beam current per bunch is

limited by the incoherent beam beam effect.
e 14 = e'
'rf *
5 0.05
( 2 ) av = 2ef yAB
2ef YU
AB

>

(4: amplitude function at the interaction point,

B number of bunches).
Together with eq. (1) the luminosity is given by

If we use many bunches per beam we have to

separate them outside the interaction points. This
can be done with an appropriate number of electrostatic
separating plates. Many and strong fields however, are
needed if we do not match the separation to the
focusing structure of the ring. Since there is a small
beam beam effect left even if the beams are separated
one would like to have the points where the bunches
meet at similar places from the beam optics point of
view. The easiest way of separating the two beams is
given in the case where the phase advance per cell is
just 90. An electrostatic field introduces a regular
closed orbit oscillation with a wavelength equivalent
to two cell lengths (fig.4). The distance between
bunches cames out to be one cell length or a multiple
of that length. While for the arcs only one separating
plate on either end is needed one may need some more
in the straight sections due to the nonregular structure there.
The circumference of the storage ring has to be
a multiple of the cell length. Also the distance from
any "pass by point" in the arcs to the interaction
point has to b e a multiple of one half cell length.
In the numerical example a transition energy of
ytr = 31 is realized by a cell length of L = 14.4 m.
The maximum number of bunches then is 160.

Since we assume natural beam sizes the number of

bunches B has to be varied according to eq.(2) like:

If we find a way to increase the number of bunches

considerably the luminosity scales like L 2 % y-3 in
this regime. Here we neglected the rf-cavity l o s s e s .
Since it seems very advantageous to increase the
number of bunches, a way to do this is discussed in
this note. A s a result of this discussion we find a
maximum number of bunches Bma, which is much smaller
than the harmonic number.
3. The tune shift limited regime

V. Beam-Beam-Effect
Even with beam separation there is still an
electromagnetic interaction of one beam on the particles of the other beam the socalled long range forces.
It is well known from experience of running storage
rings that the beam separation has to be large
compared to the standard beam width (a horizontal beam
separation is considered). In this note a beam separation is assumed large enough that one beam sees only
a force from the other beam which falls off like the
inverse of the separation, F % I/x. This means the
separation x is at least 100,. For that large seuarations the linear tune shift turns out to be: 6 )
@ 1.c

At lower energies where we always have the

maximum number of bunches the total beam current is
limited only by the incoherent beam beam limit and
the luminosity is given by:

Since there is no easy way to have many bunches and a

variable focusing the beam sizes are given by the
y 2 and the luminosity then
quantum excitation e.g. A
y4.
scales as ~3
Q

Since this multi bunch mode requires only a phase

advance of 90 per cell in the arcs the lumiaosity can
be increased at very low energies by turning off
every second quadrupole in the arcs thus increasing
the cell length by a factor of two. By this the
product A*BmaX can be increased as will be shown later.
In principle this can be continued to increase the
luminosity at very low energies but doing so the
aperture limit is reached very fast.
4 ) M. Sands, Physics of Electron Positron Storage
Rings, SLAC-I2 1

5) H. Wiedemann, Scaling of FODO-Cell Parameters,

PEP-39, 1973 PEP-Summer-Study

(6) 6v

9 . 6 ~ 1 0 - ~ 5
cp x2

where B is the betatron amplitude at the "pass by

points", I the total beam current in amps, C the ring
circumference, cp the beam energy and x the beam
separation (C,@,x in meters).
To achieve the shown luminosity in fig.3 for
ytr = 31, a maximum current of I = 140 ma at 15 GeV
and Bx = 1 1 . 1 m at a pass by points the linear tune
shift is 6v-x2 = 0.023 cm2. For a separation of x = 1 cm
which is equivalent to a separation of x = 20.5 uX the
total linear tune shift outside the interaction points
is only 6v = 0.023. The total beam beam effect at a
separation of x = 20 ax is very much reduced to a mere
linear tune shift which can easy be corrected by
electrostatic quadrupoles. The nonlinear part of the
beam beam effect can be ne ected for the magnitude of
separation discussed here %$

The
only A =
however,
which is

total aperture requirement in this

x + 14 ax = 17 nun. This seems very
one needs more at higher energies.
the highest energy where the beams

case is
little
At 22 GeV
have to be

6) SPEAR-Group, Beam Beam Coupling in SPEAR,

Proceedings of this conference

630

separated the standard width is O X = 0.71 mm. A separation of x = l cm corresponds still to 14 ax and the
aperture requirement is only A = 20 mm. This small
aperture requirements show that the beam separation
may be easily increased to twice the assumed value to
be safe.
At energies below 15 GeV it i s advantageous to
double the cell length by turning off every second
quadrupole which gives a Ytr = 1 5 . 4 . Here the maximum
number of bunches is 80 and the maximum current at
12 GeV is I = 290 ma. With Bx = 3 3 . 2 m and x = 2 cm
corresponding to 10 ox the linear tune shift is
6 v = 0.044. In this case the maximum luminosity i s
for a total installed rf-power of
2 ~ 1 cm-2sec-1
0 ~ ~
5 MW (fig.3).

VI. Conclusion
To achieve the highest possible energy for a given
installed rf-power the focusing in the periodic cell
structure should be as strong as possible. For lower
energies where the beam beam effect is effective the
total beam current can be pushed up by filling many
bunches in one beam, which requires beam separation
outside the interaction points. The total linear tune
shift due to long range forces is small. Even with
beam separation the required apertures seem not to
be excessive due to the small beam sizes produced by
the strong focusing.
Acknowledgement
The author wishes to thank G.A. Voss for many
helpfull discussions.

1
24i

26-

E(L=

E,,

32

[ GeV I

30

22-

28

2 0-

26

18-'

21-

167

superconducting
cavities

22

-Ytr
I

Fig.2: Maximum energy for a luminosity o f

L = 1031 cm-2sec-1 vs. transition
energy.

Fig.1: Maximum storage ring energy vs

transition energy,

+PASS

BY POINTS
f

tFig.4: Separation of the beams in the multibunch mode.

631

p i = 15 cm
K =-=0,1
"Y

EX

A\) L

0.05
I

I 1'

copeer

superconducting
cavities

cavi ies

7.5

10

12.5 15 17.5 20

'

30 35 10 45 50

25

-E

[GeV]

Fig.3: Luminosities for different transition energies and numbers of bunches.

632

HIGH- INT fCNSITY STORAGE RINGS FOR MESON FACTORY

Batskikh G .I., Vasiliev A.A., Kuzmin A . A . ,

Murin B.P., Rybalko V.S.

Meshcherov R . A.,

Radiotechnical I n s t i t u t e o f the USSR Academy of Sciences

Moscow, USSR
Stavisskiy Yu.Ya.
I n s t i t u t e of Physics and Energetics

Abstract
Design aspects and basic parameters of
storage r i n g s are considered. Storage r i n g s
a r e designed t o s t r e t c h and t o bunch the beam o f t h e high- intensity linac-meson factory.
Continuous beam a s well a s intense short
( 25 nsec) proton pulses are provided. Beam
duty f a c t o r v a r i e s from
approximately
up t o 1. Peak current o f stored beam reaches

50 A .
A 600-MeV Linac

(meson f a c t o r y ) w i l l
provide a t i t s output high i n t e n s i t y beams
of accelerated protons and negative hydrogen
i o n s H- w i t h macropulse current o f 50 mA and
5 mA respectively, r e p e t i t i o n r a t e o f l o o Hz
and duty f a c t o r of l%[l].
I n f u t u r e it i s
supposed t o increase II--ions current up t o
t h e value o f proton current.
I n some physics experiments, where COu n t e r s a r e used, high beam pulse i n t e n s i t y
i s not acceptable due t o counting channels
overloading. For such experiments i t i s des i r a b l e t o have a time- stretched beam with
duty f a c t o r aproaching 10%. A t t h e same time a number of important applications i s
based on pulsed modes of accelerator operat i o n , when p r a c t i c a l l y t h e whole beam intens i t y i s concentrated i n s h o r t b u r s t s . TO
such a p p l i c a t i o n s one can a t t r i b u t e .
1. Neutron physics
2. Study of f a s t processes, induced by
protons, mesons, neutrons.
3 . Rare process experiments l i m i t e d by
background, not assosiated with t h e acceler a t e d beam.

In connection w i t h the development of

t h e atomic power production and adjacent
technology, t h e role o f applied neutron stud i e s i s increased.
The most e f f e c t i v e methods o f neutron
s t u d i e s a r e based on t h e "time of f l i g h t f t
technique, wich needs pulsed neutron sources
of high i n t e n s i t y . From t h i s point of view
t h e l i n a c current macropulse duration (100
psec) i s t o o l a r g e , and it i s necessary t o
use some equipment t o f o r m s h o r t i n t e n s e
bursts

This r e p o r t describes the p r i n c i p l e s of

construction and main parameters o f storage
r i n g s L 2 ] wich w i l l make it possible t o change l i n a c beam duty f a c t o r i n wide range and
t o provide both p r a c t i c a l l y continuous beam
and intense short pulses o f 25 nsec.
Storage ring-buncher
For neutron experiments based on the,
"time of f l i g h t " technique, i t i s supposed
t o use a strong focusing storage r i n g o f rel a t i v e l y small diameter. The magnet system
Of such a storage ring-buncher should first
o f a l l be compact, and a t t h e same time it
should provide s u f f i c i e n t space f o r various
systems, necessary f o r beam i n j e c t i o n , bunching, diagnostics and extraction.
Fig. 1 shows the chosen s t r u c t u r e o f
t h e magnet period, t h e amplitude functions
b%,pi and t h e closed o r b i t displacement f o r
an off-momentum p a r t i c l e (Ap/p=O.Ol)
The
magnet period c o n s i s t s o f three strong f o -

cusing magnets, placed s i d e by s i d e ( a t r i p l e t w i t h combined functions of focusing and

bending f i e l d s ) , and a f r e e s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n
of 2.38 m length.
Fig. 2 p r e s e n t s layout of main systems
and components of t h e storage ring-buncher.
The magnet system comprises 11 p e r i o d s of
t h e mentioned type. I n f r e e s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s
one can see t h e components of t h e charge-exchange i n j e c t i o n and f a s t e x t r a c t i o n system,
RF bunching c a v i t i e s and scrapers f o r removi n g t h e beam "halo". I n t h i s f i g u r e t h e r e axe
a l s o shown t h e main components of t h e systems
f o r beam diagnostics and correction.
For t h e chosen circumference t h e proton
r e v o l u t i o n period i s equal t o 200 nsec. The
i n j e c t e d H--beam macropulse duration equals
t o l o o p sex, t h a t i s t h e charge-exchange inj e c t i o n occupies 500 t u r n s .

The H--beam i s supposed t o be bunched

a t t h e l i n a c input and t o be a c c e l e r a t e d i n
groups of bunches, t h e frequency o f groups
being equal t o 40 MHz. Each group a t t h e same time c o n s i s t s of f i v e bunches i n correspondence with t h e frequency of t h e l-st linac s t a g e accelerating f i e l d (-200 fmz). I n
order t o avoid excessive momentum spread o f
s t o r e d protons and, consequently increase of
beam r a d i a l dimension, it i s expedient t o
choose t h e freqiiency of the bunching voltage
i n t h e storage ring-buncher equal t o 200 IvlIIz.
I n t h i s case each bunch w i l l be i n j e c t e d int o a s i n g l e bucket o f RF f i e l d , each f i v e
f i l l e d buckets being accompanied by f i v e empt y ones. Thus four 25-nsec groups o f bunches
a r e s t o r e d within t h e chamber of t h e storage
ring.
I n order t o decrease the amplitude of
t h e R F c a v i t y voltage, a debuncher i s inst a l l e d a t t h e output of t h e l i n a c . The debuncher decreases t h e i n j e c t e d beam momentum
spread down t o f O . l % .
The main problem of the i n j e c t i o n i s
t h e heating o f t h e charge-exchange carbon
f i l m t a r g e t , i n s t a l l e d a t some distance from
the chamber axes. I n order t o decrease t h e
heating it i s necessary t o l i m i t t h e time of
t h e s t o r e d beam passage through t h e t a r g e t .

I t i s achieved by two pulsed magnets which

provide beam bump a t t h e t a r g e t p o s i t i o n .
When t h e magnets a r e switched on t h e beam o r b i t i s s h i f t e d onto t h e t a r g e t . A t t h e end
of t h e i n j e c t i o n cycle t h e pulsed magnets
a r e switched out and t h e i r magnetic f i e l d s
decrease down t o zero simultaneously during
IO-20p sec. Thus an a d i a b a t i c and a t t h e same time r e l a t i v e l y f a s t removal of s t o r e d
beam from t h e charge-exchange t a r g e t i s provided. Calculations demonstrate, t h a t t h e
carbon t a r g e t temperature w i l l i n c r e a s e by
1200-15OO0C per one i n j e c t i o n cycle a t the
i n j e c t e d beam pulse of 50 mA. During i n t e r v a l s between i n j e c t i o n cycles t h e t a r g e t i s
qooled down by heat r a d i a t i o n , b u t t h e t a r g e t maximum temperature can t i s e up t o 200025OOOC. That i s why a p o s s i b i l i t y i s provided
t o change t h e t a r g e t a f t e r each i n j e c t i o n cycl e , f o r instance, by using a s e t of f i l m s ,
mounted on a r o t a t i n g d i s c [ 31.

I n t h e storage ring-bunchex two independent e x t r a c t i o n l i n e s are provided.Fast extr a c t i o n of t h e beam o r t h e s i n g l e group o f

bunches i n t o each l i n e i s achieved by two
kickers and a septum magnet (Fig. 2 ) . The
distance between kickers equals t o half o f
t h e wavelength of b e t a t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n s , s o
kicker p u l s e s have opposite p o l a r i t i e s . A
matched two-units f e r r i t e d e f l e c t o r with t r a v e l l i n g wave i s used a s a kicker magnet.These
u n i t s a r e powered from s p e c i a l pulsed generat o r s including a double pulse forming l i n e
and a shock f e r r i t e l i n e . Hydrogen t h y r a t r o n s
a r e supposed t o be used as current switches.
Tho chosen storage r i n g s t r u c t u r e makes
it p o s s i b l e t o use d i f f e r e n t modes of f a s t
e x t r a c t i o n . The minimum b u r s t d u r a t i o n (25
nsec) i s provided when e x t r a c t i o n r e p e t i t i o n
r a t e i s 400 Hz. High value of peak and average power, commutated i n t h e pulsed generators,
a r e needed for small rise and decay time i n
kickers ( 2 0 nsec) and f o r high r e p e t i t i o n
r a t e of cycles. Thus t h e e x t r a c t i o n system i s
one of t h e most complicated and powerful systems of t h e storage ring-buncher

During designing o f t h e vacuum chamber

and RF system t h e main a t t e n t i o n w i l l be paid
t o t h e problem of t h e i n t e n s e beam i n t e r a c t i o n
6 34

with RF c a v i t i e s and o t h e r chamber components. r a t e near t o optimum f o r neutron experiments.

I n f u t u r e it i s supposed t o s t o r e protons
The pumping system must provide IO-'
during t w o i n j e c t i o n cycles by very c a r e f u l
t o r r pressure within t h e chamber. The main
design o f t h e main systems of t h e s t o r a g e
parameters of t h e storage ring-buncher a r e
r i n g . Thus t h e s t o r e d beam i n t e n s i t y can go
presented i n Table I .
up t o 50 A .
Construction of storage ring-buncher i n
t h e meson f a c t o r y complex w i l l provide pulsed
neutron sources with neutron f l u x e s exceeding
those of t h e b e s t i n s t a l l a t i o n s , now operati n g o r being under construction.

TABLE I

Main parameters of t h e storage ring-buncher

N,N:

Par m e t e r

1. Energy of stored protons

2 . Orbit length
3 . Number o f magnet periods
4. Betatron o s c i l l a t i o n
number

Unit

600

47.5

11

2 *75

tance
17 Stored beam emittance
a ) ho r iz o n t a1
b) v e r t i c a l
18. Vacuum chamber
aperture
a ) horizontal
b) v e r t i c a l

Value

f~l
eV

5. Induction o f rnagnet i c Cield on t h e

equilibrium o r b i t
kG
6. Radius of o r b i t curvature
m
7 . Magnetic f i e l d index
8. Proton revolution
period
nsec
9. I n j e c t e d H--beam duration
pl sec
10. I n j e c t i o n cycles repetition rate
HZ
11. FI--beam pulse current m A
12. Charge-exchange t a r get thickness (carbon)
p gr /cm2
13. Charge-exchange i n jection efficiency
%
14. Proton current i n
A
storage r i n g
15- Incoherent b e t a t r o n
frequency s h i f t due
t o space-charge eff ect
16. I n j e c t e d beam emit-

A p o s s i b i l i t y t o s t r e t c h t h e meson
f a c t o r y beam by means of a s p e c i a l storage
r i n g - s t r e t c h e r was discussed e a r l i e r [ 21.
The main parameters o f such an i n s t a l l at i' o n
are presented i n Table 11. I n t h e storage
r i n g - s t r e t c h e r a p a s s i b i l i t y i s provided t o
s t o r e i n t e n s e beams a t d i f f e r e n t e n e r g i e s i n
t h e range of 300-600 MeV with following slow
e x t r a c t i o n during the i n t e r v a l s between l i nac a c c e l e r a t i o n cycles. Thus a p r a c t i c a l l y
continuous beam with duty f a c t o r of 98-99%
i s achieved.

72

3.39
19.3
200
100

I00

I n the storage ring- stretches i t i s

also supposed t o use very t h i n i n t e r n a l t a r g e t s , which w i l l be repeatedly crossed by
the s t o r e d beam. This w i l l make i f p o s s i b l e
t o perform thorough study of nuclear react i o n s by observation o f the y i e l d o f heavy
nuclei with s h o r t t r a c k s i n t h e t a r g e t .

5-50
2 00

95
2.4-24

0.02-0.2

rad.m

I.fi.10-5

rad.m
rad.m

fi.10-5

cm
cm

Storage r i n g - s t r e t c h e r

43.10-5

12

The s t o r e d beam i s e x t r a c t e d from t h e

storage ring-buncher on t h e e x t e r n a l uranium
t a r g e t i n pulses with duration and r e p e t i t i o n

A p e c u l i a r f e a t u r e of t h e s t o r a g e
r i n g - s t r e t c h e r magnet system i s i t s f o u r
matched s t r a i g h t sections, the total. l e n g t h
of which equals aproximatcly t o t h e h a l f
r i n g circumference. I n t w o of them, where
charge-exchange t a r g e t o f t h e i n j e c t i o n system and iriternal t a r g e t s f o r nuclear-phys i c s experiments a r e i n s t a l l e d , t h e r e i s a
deep minimum of t h e amplitude f u n c t i o n i n
both transverse d i r e c t i o n s with v a l u e s of
krnin=o.lkav, where Bav - average value of
amplitude function i n normal period. Thus
t h e influence of t h e multiple s c a t t e r i n g o f
protons i n t h e t a r g e t on t h e s t o r e d beam
emittance i s e s s e n t i a l l y reduced.

63 5

TABLE I1

Main parameters o f the storage ring- stretcher

N, N:

Parameter

Unit

1. Energy o f stored protons

MeV
2. Orbit length
m
3. Extracted beam mean
A
intensity
4. Duty f a c t o r
76
5. Proton current i n the
storage r i n g
A
6. Number of t u r n s
i n j e c ted
7. H--beam pulse current
mA
8. Momentum spread
( a f t e r debuncher)
%
9. Charge-exchange tarn
g e t thickness
y g r /cm'
I O . Charge-exchange
efficiency
%
11 Ehittance increase
due t o the multiple
passage through the
rad.m
target

12. Number of magnet

s t r u c t u r e superperiods
13. Number of normal
periods ( s t r u c t u r e
with separated
functions)
14. Number of matched
sections
15. M a x i m u m magnetic
f i e l d induction i n
dipole magnets
16. F i e l d gradient i n
quadrupole l e n s e s
17. Betatron o s c i l l a t i on number
18. Vacuum chamber
aperture
a) i n bending
magnets
hori eo n t a1
v e r t ic a1
b) i n quadrupole s- circular

Value

ximum o f
- function i n the e x t r a c t i o n plane
i s much more than the amplitude function value i n the main s t r u c t u r e . The storage rings t r e t c h e r has two such s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s
(brnax zz 5gav 1, and an e l e c t r o s t a t i c septum
of the extraction system i s i n s t a l l e d i n one
of them.

300-GOO

For slow extraction the 3-d order (Qx=m/3)

nonlinear resonance excited by the m-th
harmonic of the sextupole component of the
magnetic f i e l d , i s supposed t o be used. A
s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e o f the storage r i n g - s t r e t cher slow extraction i s t h e s i g n i f i c a n t eff e c t of the space-charge f o r c e s on t h e process o f resonant excitation. P a r t i c l e s , osc i l l a t i n g with increasing ainplitude, a r e movi n g i n an e s s e n t i a l l y nonlinear f i e l d o f
the c e n t r a l beam region, remaining i n the
nonlinear resonance separatrix. T h i s induces
nonlinear frequency s h i f t , which e s s e n t i a l l y
reduces t h e o r b i t separation a t septum a t
the beginning o f extraction. I n order t o reduce these l i m i t a t i o n s and achieve t h e ext r a c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y near t o 10W0a s p e c i a l
octupole correction i s introduced i n the storage ring- stretcher. A p o s s i b i l i t y of a part i a l compensation of the stored beam spacecharge by means of electrons i s also under
consideration.

236

45
98
0.38-0.46
80-1 00
5

t0.2
120-180
93

16

5.75

While choosing the parameters o f the storage ring- stretcher, the f u t u r e p o s s i b i l i t y

t o use i t f o r development of an accelerating
complex based on the l i n a c i n order t o r a s e
the proton energy up t o 5-6 GeV by a superconducting l i n a c o r by a l l f a s t t t proton synchr o t r o n w i t h charge-exchange i n j e c t i o n i s also
taken i n t o consideration.

cm
cm

15

The authors are g r a t e f u l t o V.A.Aksenov,

N.Ya.Basalaeva,V.A.Vizir,A.I.Dzergach,N.I.Kuzmina, V A .Osipova, V. A. Skuratov and A. P. Fedot o v f o r several discussions.

cm

15

kG

kG/m

8.864
50.6

7
References

The most e f f e c t i v e method of

p a r t i c l e losses a t extraction w i .
crease of the vacuum chamber ape]
main p a r t o f the r i n g i s introdu.
s p e c i a l matched s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n

5 ducing
) u t in.me i n the
i o n of
where ma-

636

1. Murin B.P. Vroc.of the 8-th 1nt.Conf.on

High-Eaergy Acc.",CERN,Geneva,I971 ,p.540.
2. Batskikh G . I . e t a l . "PToc.of t h e I11 Sov i e t Union Conf .on Acc.of charged p a r t i c l e s " ( i n Russian) .M O SCO W , 1973, v. 11,p .249.
3 . Gorka A.J. IEEE Trans. on Nucl. Sci.
v-NS-20, N 3, 1973, Pe 387.

I45

Pig. 2. Layout o f the main colnponents

of the storage ring-buncher

637

TRENDS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRONG CURRENT CYCLIC ACCELERATORS

MESON FACTORIES
v. p. Dzhelepov, v. P. Dmitrievsky, V. V. Kolga
J o i n t I n s t i t u t e f o r Nuclear Research, Dubna, USSR
1.Introduction
The a v a i l a b l e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s and
t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e modern t h e o r y of v a r i u 1 a r p r 9 c e q s e i n t h e e n e r g r e g i o n be!?
c o n v i n c i n g f y show t h a t ig 1 s n e c e s s a r Y . t o f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e t h e i n t e n s i t i e s of b o t h
r t o n beam
and s e c o n d a r
arti le
~ ~ % ~ r ~ n & u ?l p
r ioonn , and muon on&$ prosuced
by a c c e l e r a t o r s
A g r o u p of s c i e n t i s t s of t h e L a b o r a t o r y
of N u c l e a r Problems, J I N R , h a s been s t u d y i n g
700-900 MeV s t r o n g c u r r e n t p r o t o n c y c l i c accelerators.
Here t h e b a s i c r e s u l t s a s w e l l a s t h e conc l u s i o n s on t h e s e s t u d i e s a r e g i v e n . The f u t u r e development of t h i s b r a n c h of a c c e l e r a t o r s
h a s been c o n s i d e r e d on t h e p r e s e n t d a y l e v e l .
The r e s u l t s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on l i n e a r a c c e l e r a t o r s a r e compared.

9%

88

1I.Strong Current Phasotrons

The beam i n t e n s i t i e s of t h e 500-1000 MeV
o p e r a t i n g p h a s o t r o n s a r e w i t h i n 1-3
/"s iAt ib e s
The c u r r e n t l i m i t a t s u c h i n t e n
appears i n t h e accelerator c e n t r a l region
where t h e a x i a l r i g i d i t y dependent on t h e magn e t system i s minimal, w h i l e t h e beam p a r t i c l e
d e n s i t y ( ) ( ) i s maximal. I n o r d e r t o c o n s i d e r
t h e t h e o r e t i c a l l y p o s s i b l e ways of i n c r e a s i n g
p h a s o t r o n i n t e n s i t i e s , l e t u s a n a l y z e t h e expr e s s i o n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p h a s o t r o n beam c u r r e n t
( 11
1 = e X R ioCZ A t / T
I n t h e n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c approximation t h e l i m i t
p a r t i c l e d e n s i t i e s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e a c c e l e r a t o r magnet system
d QZaBz
% = mJ
(2*)
d o e s n o t depend on t h e a c c e l e r a t o r regime.Here
a 0 i s t h e r e s t mass of t h e g i v e n p a r t i c l e , E .
i s t h e vacuum d i e l e c t r i c p e r m i a b i l i t y , 0~ i s
a bunch a n g u l a r width d e t e r m i n e d by t h e angula r s i z e of t h e s e p a r a t r i x .
The a x i a l s i z e of t h e beam ( Z ) i s d e t e r mined by t h e e f f e c t i v e a p e r t u r e of t h e magneti c f i e l d , which d o e s n o t exceed some c m i n t h e
a r e a of t h e shimmed f r i n g i n g f i e l d . The magnitude

R6

E ;
--------2 2 2

is proportional t o t h e
e c B (l+n)
v o l t a g e a m p l i t u d e over t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g e l e c t r o d e (V) and i s p r a c t i c a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e
m a g n e t i c f i e l d c o n f i g u r a t i o n s i n c e 0 . 2 5 2 /n/;.O
f o r a l l phasotrons,where
=&
n J4
The e f f i c i e n c y of c a p t u r i n g t o t h e a c c e l e r a t o r
p h a s o t r o n regime which depends on t h e c a p t u r e
t i m e ( 4 t ) v s t h e modulation p e r i o d ( T ) i s det e r m i n e d by t h e phase mode and i s i n c r e a s e d
proportionally t o
V/K, where
E &2
/
K=---tl--,
rc, dE
'+e
B i s t h e i n d u c t i o n of t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n
T , Q, i s t h e a x i a l f r e q u e n c y of f r e e o s c i l l a t i o n s f o r t h e beam whose a m p l i t u d e i s s m a l l
compared t o t h e t r a n s v e r s a l dimensions.

pa

For p h a s o t r o n s h a v i n g t h e a z i m u t h a l l y homogeneous magnetic f i e l d t h e magnitude nnft i s

v a r i e d i n t h e above r a n g e and t h e magnitude K
i s p r a c t i c a l l y t h e same a l o n g t h e r a d i u s f o r
a l l t h e a c c e l e r a t o r s of t h e g i v e n e n e r g y .
T h u s , t h e problem of i n c r e a s i n g t h e phasot r o n i n t e n s i t y is o n l y t o i n c r e a s e t h e amulit u d e of t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e d e e
s i n c e t h e l i m i t p a r t i c l e density i n t h e centr a l r e g i o n ( X ) does n o t depend on t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e magnetic f i e l d v a r i a t i o n ( 2 ) .
T h i s method f o r i n c r e a s i n g t h e i n t e n s i 2 y
h a s been used f o r CERN p h a s o t r o n c o n v e r s i o n
where t h e
t e n s i t y may b e i n c r e a s e d a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e V3"
a s it f o l l o w s from ( 1 ) .
The second i m p o r t a n t improvement of phas o t r o n s i s t o i n c r e a s e t h e beam e x t r a c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y which i s based on t h e u s e of c u r r e n t
and i r o n - c u r r e n t magnetic c h a n n e l s . The septum
( t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e f r o n t p l a t e ) of such
c h a n n e l s d o e s n o t exceed 3 t o 6 mm, which prov i d e s t h e @60% c p e f f - c i e n k
beam e x t r a c t i o n from
e a c c e e r a t o r c am er when u s i n g
t h e r e g e n e r a t i v e system.
Such c h a n n e l s a r e under d e v e opment now
5
for t h e CERN, Columbia U n i v e r s i t y 4 and Dubna
phasotrons.
A s t h e a n a l y s i s of e x p r e s s i o n (1) shows,
t h e r e i s a n o t h e r way t o i n c r e a s e p h a s o t r o n i n t e n s i t i e s which c o n s i s t s i n a p p r o x i m a t i n g t h e
s t r u c t u r e of t h e p h a s o t r o n magnetic f i e l d t o
t h a t of t h e i s o c h r o n o u s c y c l o t r o n . The d e g r e e
of t h i s a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d numeri c a l l y by t h e parameter rtKIV whose v a l u e f o r
t h e i n c r e a s i n g a v e r a g e magnetic f i e l d a l o n g
t h e r a d i u s i s always s m a l l e r t h a n u n i t y .
The i n c r e a s i n g of t h e v a l u e f l K f l a l o n g
with i n c r e a s i n g t h e capture e f f i c i e n c y r e s u l t s
i n d e c r e a s i n g t h e r a n g e of a c c e l e r a t i n g f r e quency Bo/Bc t i m e s , where B and B a r e t h e
i n d u c t i o n i n t h e c e n t r e of ghe a c c k e r a t o r
b e f o r e and a f t e r t h e magnetic s y s t e m convers i o n (with t h e fixed f i n a l p a r t i c l e energy).
T h i s r e d u c t i o n of t h e f r e q u e n c y r a n g e
c o n s i d e r a b l y s i m p l i f i e s t h e problem of i n c r e a s i n g t h e a m p l i t u d e of t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g
v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e d e e which i s t h e b a s i c
problem f o r p h a s o t r o n s h a v i n g t h e a z i m u t h a l l y
homogeneous f i e l d , when r e a r r a n g i n g t h e f r e q u e n c i e s of t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g v o l t a g e a b o u t
fo/fK?=:2, t h e mechanical u n i t s of t h e f r e quency r o t a r y c a p a c i t o r p u t s t h e l i m i t t o obt a i n i n g t h e r e q u i r e d v o l t a g e a m p l i t u d e s . The
i n c r e a s e of t h e a v e r a g e i n d u c t i o n of t h e magn e t i c f i e l d along t h e phasotron r a d i u s t o a
n e c e s s i t y of u s i n g t h e s p a c e v a r i a t i o n of t h e
f i e l d i n t e n s i t y i n order t o provide t h e a x i a l
s t a b i l i t y of p a r t i c l e s i n a c c e l e r a t i o n .
The s t a b i l i t y t h e o r i e s f o r s u c h f i e l d
s t r u c t u es have been d e s c r i b e d i n many p u b l i g The s p i r a l s t r u c t u r e s of m a g n e t i c
cations
f i e l d s a r e u s e d i n t h e c o n v e r s i o n of t h e Dubna p h a s o t r o n and t h e Nevis L a b o r a t o r i e s (New
York) on0 too. The t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n
shows t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of s p i r a l s t r u c t u r e magnetic f i e l d s a s a means for i n c r e a s i n g

638

08

versa1 o s c i l l a t i o n s with a f i x e d amplitude

(rigidity increase);
b ) t h e comparison of a c c e l e r a t e d p a r t i c l e p u l ses which r e s u l t s i n t h e i n c r e a s e of t h e p u l s e
r a n g e i n t h e g i v e n volume of t h e magnetic
field;
c ) t h e weakening of t h e r e l a t i o n s between i o n
r o t a t i o n on c l o s e d o r b i t s and s t a b i l i t y conditions.
These t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c l u s i o n s have been
confirmed by two models of t h e i s o c h r o n o u s
c y c l o t r o n w i t h s p i r a l s t r u c t u r e magnetic f i e l d

t h e c u r r e n t of a c c e l e r a t e d p a r t i c l e s i s q u i t e
promising. T h i s p r i n c i p l e c a n b e used or crea t i n g a c c e l e r a t o r s having t h e quasi- continuous
regime of a c c e l e r a t i o n . T h i s regime i s possi b l e f o r t h e c a s e when t h e law o f v a r y i n g t h e
a v e r a g e i n d u c t i o n of t h e magnetic f i e l d a l o n g
t h e r a d i u s i s q u i t e c l o s e t o t h e isochronous
f i e l d . I f B . i s a function corresponding t o
t h e i s o c h r o h s m of c l o s e d o r b i t s f o r t h e whole
B i s t h e d e v i a t i o n from t h i s
energy range,
law i n t h e p h a s o t r o n regime of a c c e l e r a t i o n
a l o n g t h e r a d i u s , i t i s e a s y t o see t h a t w i t h
K < 1 w e have

c o n s t r u c t e d a t t h e L a b o r a t o r y of Nuclear Probl e m s , Dubna,USSR.

The f i r s t model was used t o a c c e l e r a t e
d e u t e r o n s up t o 1 2 MeV, t h e minimal rIf. amp l i t u d e a c r o s s t h e d e e was o n l y 2 kV
Thus, t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of c y c l i c a c c e l e r a t i o n d u r i n g over 2000 r e v o l u t i o n s was confirmed e x p e r i m e n t a l l y a t t h e p r e s e n t d a y l e v e l of
shimming and magnetic f i e l d s t a b i l i z a t i o n . The
g e n e r a l view of t h e p o l e p i e c e of t h i s a c c e l e r a t o r s i s shown i n Fig. 1.
The second model, an e l e c t r o n s t r o n g
f o c u s i n g c y c l o t r o n , was aimed a t e x p e r i m e n t a l
testing the possibility t o accelerate the
p r o t o n beam i n t h e c y c l o t r o n regime up t o
100 mA. The g e n e r a l view and model windings
a r e shown i n F i g s . 2 and 3.
I n a s t a t i c c a s e t h e dynamic s i m i l a r i t y
of t h e p r o t o n and t h e e l e c t r o n i n t h e magnetic
f i e l d i s based on t h e motion e q u a t i o n :

(3)
where

I f K i s not l a r g e r than

c-

r x.Y7

Y
where ) i s t h e f a c t o r b f t h e u n i t y s c a l e , w e
h a v e t h e qua i - c o n t i n u o u s p h a s o t r o n regime of
acceleration
The main p e c u l i a r i t i e s of such c y c l o t r o n p h a s o t r o n regime of a c c e l e r a t i o n a r e i t s nonc r i t i c a l b e h a v i o u r towards t h e a m p l i t u d e of
t h e accelerating voltage (within inequality
(4) ) and t h e e x t r e m e l y narrow band of f r e q u ency modulation:
rl

(5)
which i n many c a s e s can b e a c h i e v e d by means
of e l e c t r o n i c s .
Now t h e r e a r e no a v a i l a b l e e x p e r i m e n t a l
r e s u l t s on t h e a b o v e s a i d a c c e l e r a t i o n regime.

and hence

111. S t r o n g C u r r e n t I s o c h r o n o u s C y c l o t r o n s
T h e a b o v e s a i d p o s s i b i l i t i e s which can b e
e x p e c t e d from t h e p h a s o t r o n method of a c c e l e r a t i o n a l l o w even nowadays t o i n c r e a s e t h e
average p a r t i c l e c u r r e n t i n such a c c e l e r a t o r s
up t o 2 0 - 5 O p A .
The approximation t o t h e cyclotron-phasot r o n regime w i l l i n c r e a s e t h i s l i m i t about an
o r d e r of magnitude. A f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e of i n t e n s i t y i n p h a s o t r o n s h a v i n g a u - shaped magn e t meets p r i n c i p a l l i m i t a t i o n s which a r e due
t o t h e e f f e c t s of t h e beam s p a c e charge.
I n order t o r e d u c e t h i s l i m i t a new t y p e
of a c c e l e r a t o r s , t h e s o - c a l l e d s t r o n g - f o c u s i n g
c y c l o t r o n 9 , h a s been s u g g e s t e d a t t h e Laborat o r y of Nuclear Problems and a p o s s i b i l i t y of
combining t h e i s chronism of c l o s
o r b i t s and
s t r o n g focusing++?h a s been proven
for the
wide e n e r g y range.
The b a s i c r e s u l t s of t h e o r e t i c a l s t u d i e s
a r e a s f o l l o w s . I n t h e magnetic f i e l d s of t h e
type:

f o r t h e whole r a n g e of t h e v e l o c i t y m o d u l e / v /
The Coulomb f i e l d and t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n
p r o c e s s t a k e n i n t o account make t h i s s i m i l a r i t y c r i t e r i o n more complicated. However, f o r
each l i m i t i n g mechanism it can be f o r m u l a t e d
a t t h e c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l of t h e e f f e c t under
s t u d y . Thus, i f one assumes t h a t t h e b a s i c
e f f e c t l i m i t i n g t h e beam d e n s i t y i s t h e t r a n s v e r s a l r e p u l s i o n by t h e Coulomb f i e l d , t h e n
w i t h t h e e q u a l s t r e n g t h and geometry of t h e
beam t h e s i m i l a r i t y c r i t e r i o n f o r t h i s e f f e c t
w i l l be

r;

P8

Bz = &(zl&-rZ
where f

is t h e f i e l d v a r i a t i o n widths,

F(r,

v)

dynamics of p a r t i c l e motion i n azimuthally-homogeneous f i e l d s .

The main f e a t u r e s a r e a s f o l l o w s :
a ) t h e i n c r e a s e of maximal e n e r g y of t r a n s -

* ) The s t r o n g f o c u s i n g magnetic system is

t h a t f o r which Qr and Q,
a r e larger than
unity.

YCA

(9)

With t h e c u r r e n t of 1 mA12 produced by

t h e e l e c t r o n model of t h e s t r o n f o c u s i n g cycl o t r o n , a s it f o l l o w s from ref.!,
it i s pos
s i b l e t o g e n e r a t e c u r r e n t s up t o 200-300 mA
without t h e t r a n s v e r s a l space charge e f f e c t
limitation.
The l i m i t beam i n t e n s i t y o f 100 mA below
1 G e V r e s u l t s i n t h e appearence of a number of
s p e c i f i c problems. Among them is t h e problem
of 100% beam e x t r a c t i o n from t h e a c c e l e r a t o r
chamber, s i n c e t h e beam a c h i e v e s hundreds MW.
The e f f e c t of expanding
closed o r b i t s
i n t h e p e r i o d i c magnetic f i e l d
w i l l allow t o
s o l v e t h i s problem. T h i s e f f e c t i s based on
t h e dependence of t h e c l o s e d o r b i t e x p a n s i o n
) upon t h e magnetic f i e l d

ky%CJJ ( 6 )

i s t h e periodic f u n c t i o n s on r and y i s t h e

m!

,e,.

A =

tP3

639

variation (
i~?)k
y
G
*
) where 1 i s
t h e l e n g t h of t h e c l o s e d o r b i t .
I n t h e magnetic f i e l d s of ( 6 ) t y p e t h e
main r a d i u s of t h e c l o s e d o r b i t f o r t h e p a r
t i c l e h a v i n g t h e momentum P i s o b t a i n e d from
t h e expression

a ) t h e number of c a v i t i e s i s 50-100 t i m e s
sma 11e r ;
b ) t h e a m p l i t u d e of a c c e l e r a t i n g v o l t a g e i s
several t i m e s smaller;
c ) t h e c a v i t y s e l f frequency is small.
These c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h a v e been l a i d i n
t h e b a s i s of t h e s t u d i e s i n t h e development of
t h e 800 MeV s t r o n g - f o c u s i n g c y c l i c meson f a c tory
a 'supercyclotron",
t h e p r o t o n beam i n t e n s i t y b e i n g 10-100 mA.
A l i n e a r a c c e l e r a t o r of c o n t i n u o u s operat i o n i s assumed
b e used a s an i n j e c t o r for
t h i s accelerator

where Rm i s t h e mean r a d i u s of t h e c l o s e d orb i t ; A i s t h e parameter determined by t h e

P e r i o d i c (N) p a r t of t h e f i e l d s t r u c t u r e (6)
and c a n b e a s f o l l o w s :

$8

IV.

When d e t e r m i n i n g t h e l e n g t h of t h e c l o s e d
o r b i t by means of t h e mean r a d i u s from ( 1 1 ) it
follows t h a t

P dL

The r e s u l t shows t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of cons i d e r a b l e c o n t r o l l i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of o r b i t

expansion near t h e following values:

I n t h e s t a t i c regime
t h e s e p a r a t i o n of
c l o s e d o r b i t s i s i n c r e a s e d 20-50 t i m e s . Thus,
t h i s regime a l l o w s t o expand t h e c l o s e d o r b i t
w i t h o u t v a r y i n g t h e s h a p e of t h e beam e t t a n c e
When t h e r e s o n a n c e method of e x t r a c t i o n T i i s
u s e d , a s i s known, t h e s h a p e of e m i t a a n c e i s
changed.
The dynamic regime of t h i s e f f e c t d i f f e r s
somewhat from t h e s t a t i c one, however, t h e
main c o n c l u s i o n on t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of i n c r e a s i n g t h e e n e r g y s t e p of t h e c l o s e d o r b i t 20-50
t i m e s i s conserved.
A f u r t h e r i m p o r t a n t problem of such
strong- focusing a c c e l e r a t o r s i s t h e e f f i c i e n c y
For powers of t h e a c c e l e r a t e d beam c l o s e t o
100 MeV t h i s e f f i c i e n c y w i l l b e c o m p l e t e l y det e r m i n e d by t h e r.. power. The c o n t r i b u t i o n s
of a l l a u x i l i a r y energy s y s t e m s ( t h e magnet,
t h e vacuum system, e t c . ) a r e n e g l i g i b l y s m a l l .
The e f f i c i e n c y of modern lamp g e n e r a t o r s i
t h e f r e q u e n c y r a n g e of i n t e r e s t i s 70-75$ q 5
The r . f . l o s s e s i n c a v i t i e s w i t h t h e a m p l i t u d e
of 200- 400 kV of a c c e l e r a t i n g v o l t a g e a r e n o t
l a r g e r t h a n 50-200 KW and t h i s i s n e g l i g i b l y
s m a l l compared t o t h a t t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e beam.
Thus, t h e e f f i c i e n c y of t h e r i n g i s o c h r o n o u s
c y c l o t r o n w i t h s t r o n g f o c u s i n g must b e c l o s e
t o t h a t of t h e r . f . g e n e r a t o r .
The s i m i l a r p a r a m e t e r s of t h e a c c e l e r a t e d
beam can b e o b t a i n e d a t p r o t o n l i n e a r a c c e l e r a t o r s of c o n t i n u o u s o p e r a t i o n . It i s known
t h a t t h e b e s t l i n e a r p r o t o n a c c e l e r a t o r s even
28 p r e s e n t have p u l s e c u r r e n t s of a b o u t 2 0 0 mA
Howevf?, p u l s e l o s s e s f o r s u c h a c c e l e r a t o r s
a r e 40 MW
which c o n s i d e r a b l y a f f e c t s t h e
a c c e l e r a t o r e f f i c i e n c y and t h e c o o l i n g s y s t e m s
i n t h e c o n t i n u o u s a c c e l e r a t i o n regime.
Both f o r r i n g and l i n e a r machines t h e r e
a r i s e s a problem of p h a s i n g t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g
c a v i t i e s a t l a r g e beam l o a d s . T h i s problem,to
o u r mind, can b e s o l v e d c o n s i d e r a b l y e a s i e r
or r i n g machines t h a n f o r l i n e a r o n e s d u e t o
some r e a s o n s :

"K" Meson G e n e r a t o r s

The a b s e n c e of dynamic s i m i l a r i t y of orb i t s i n isochronous cyclotrons considerably

c o m p l i c a t e s t h e i r u s e i n t h e 1.6 G e V e n e r g y
r e g i o n . The a t t e m p t t o p a s s i n t e g r a l r e s o n a n c e
i n p a r t i c l e a c c e l e r a t i o n is d u e t o c o n s i d e r a b l e i n c r e a s e of t h e r . f . power system of t h e
a c c e l e r a t o r which s h o u l d p r o v i d e i n t h i s c a s e
t h e e n e r g y g a i n s c o r e s M e V a t each t u r n . The
c r e a t i o n of t h e system of some s u c c e s s i v e acc e l e r a t o r s of t h e energy g a i n 1 G e V r a i s e s t h e
whole c o s t t o o much.
However, t h e r e i s a c e r t a i n p o s s i b i l i t y
t o be c o n s i d e r e d s e p a r a t e l y , i f t h e problem of
s t r o n g c u r r e n t K-meson f a c t o r i e s becomes i m p o r t a n t . T h i s p o s s i b i l i t y i s a l s o b a s e d on t h e
p r o p e r t i e s of c l o s e d o r b i t s i n t h e p e r i o d i c
s t r u c t u r e s h a v i n g t h e magnetic f i e l d v a r i a t i o n

(r).

The main c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e v i o l a t i o n of
dynamic s i m i l a r i t y i n a c c e l e r a t i o n i s made by
t h e v a r i a t i o n of tlnll, which is d e t e r m i n e d by
t h e requirement of isochronism i n closed o r b i t s
Usually f o r isochronous c y c l o t r o n s a
d i r e c t problem i s p u t forward:with i n c r e a s i n g
t h e mean v a l u e of t h e i n d u c t i o n f i e l d a l o n g
t h e a c c e l e r a t o r r a d i u s t h e mean v a l u e of t h e
induction f i e l d along t h e a c c e l e r a t o r r a d i u s
t h e p r o p e r f F f u n c t i o n ( s e e ( 6 ) ) i s chosen
such t h a t t h e s p a c e s t a b i l i t y s h o u l d a p p e a r .
n a reHowever, f o r s m a l l e r changes of
v e r s e problem i s p o s s i b l e when t h e c o n d i t i o n
n = constant is t h e b a s i c requirement with
which t h e dynamic s i m i l a r i t y of o r b i t s i s obt a i n e d (Q,,
Qz = c o n s t . ) . I n t h i s c a s e t h e
c o n d i t i o n of i s o c h r o n i m s o f c l o s e d o r b i t s i s
b a s e d on t h e c h o i c e of t h e f u n c t i o n F and i s
d e t e r m i n e d by t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e s h a p e and
t h e c o e f f i c i e n t oE s t a c k e n i n g c l o s e d o r b i t s a t

flp

where f =
;L = 2 r R C
G is
c o e f f i c i e n t of o r b i t l e n g t h e n y n g d u e t o
periodic f i e l d structure.
As h a s been shown i n ref."
such a
b i l i t y e x i s t s and can b e implemented i n
c u r r e n t K. meson f a c t o r i e s .

the
the
possistrong

V. C o n c l u s i o n
The p r e s e n t p a p e r i s n o t i n t e n d e d f o r
c o v e r i n g a l l t h e v a r i e t y of problems a r i s i n g
i n t h e development of s t r o n g c u r r e n t meson
f a c t o r i e s . It c o n c e r n s t h e b a s i c , i n t h e

640

authors' opinion, problems on particle acceleration physics. A lot of technical problems

have not been touched upon. However, the
Table
Accelerated proton energy (MeV)
Accelerated proton current (MA)
Injected proton energy (MeV)
Axial oscillation frequency
Radial oscillation frequency
Injection radius (cm)
Mean field at the injection
radius (Gauss)
Full radius (cm)
Mean field at the injection
radius (G)
Energy gain per revolution (MeV)
Ion rotation rate (MHZ)
Acceleration voltage frequency(MHz)

experience of developing meson factories

shows that they can be solved at the present
day level.
1

Number of accelerating gaps

Voltage across the cavity(kV)
R.F. Power (MW)
Number of sectors
Yoke magnet diamter (cm)
Magnet height (cm)
Magnet weight (t)
Magnet power supply (KW)
R.F. losses in cavities (kW)
Beam power (MW)

00
10-100
50
1.3-1.4
2r q 1
240

4270

650
7500
2.0
6.2
49.6

8
250

76
8
1900
560

3450
1750
1000

8-80

Efficiency of beam extraction from

the accelerator chamber ($)

100

~ e a mintensity losses in acceleration

10-4

References

1. V.G.Vasilkov,V.I.Goldansky,V.P.Dzhelepov,
V.P.Dmitrievsky. JINR Publication
P9-5285(1970)
2 . G.Brianti, E.G.Michaelis, SC Improvements,
Rep. M53(1966).
3.V.P.hnitrievskyY B.I.Zamolodchikov,
V.V.Kolga.
AE, ~,303,1960.
4. K. Ziegler, E.Martin, R.Cohen. V 1nt.Cyc.
Conf., Oxford (1969) p.226.
5 . N . L.Zaplatin, A.F.Chesnov.Proc.111
Nation.
Conf. on Accelerators,Moscow,l972.
6. V. P. Dzhelepov, V. P. Dmitrievsky,B. I.Zamolodchikov,V.V.Kolga.
UFN,Q,651,1965.
7. John A.Matrin. V Int. Cyc. Conf. (1969)p.3
R.Cohen, E.Martin, S.Rainwater,K.Schneider,
K.Ziegler,S.Ohnuma.V
1nt.Cyc.Conf. Oxford
(19691p.699.
8.V. P.Dzhelepov, V. P. Dmitrievsky. Proc. I11
National Conf. on Accelerators, Moscow,1972
9. V.P.Dzhelepov et al. 1nt.Conf. on Isochronous Cyclotrons. Gatlinburg,USA (1966)p. 215.
10.V.N.Anosov,A.A.G1azovYYu.N.Denisov
et al.

641

11.A.A.Glazov,V.I.Danilov,V.P.Dzhelepov
et al.
8, No. 3,189 (1960).
1Z.~.A.GlazovYV. P. Dzhelepov et al. JINR Publication P9-6214( 1972 ).
13.V. P.Dmitrievsky,V.V.Kolga,N.I.Polumordvinova. JINR Publication P9-6733(1972).
14. W. Jog0.V 1nt.Cyc.Conf. ,Oxford(1969)p.159.
J. Reginald Richardson,M.K.Craddock,Oxford
(19691p.85.
15. K. L. Erdman,R. Roirier,O.K.Fredriksson,
S. F.Welton,W.A. Grundman. VI Int Cyc. Conf
Vancouver,l972.
16.I.Kapchinsky, V.A.Batalin,A.A.Kolomiets,
B.K. Kondratiev,R. P. Kuida,PTW, 5, 17(1972).
17. D.C.Hagerman,IEEE Trans. on Nucl.Sci.
NS. 13(4)~.277.
18.V.A.Teplikov,A.P.MaltsevYS.M.Ermakov,
A.V.Zotov,V.A.Yurchenko.
IFVE Ing-68-35-K
(1968 1
19.V. P. Dmitrievsky, V.V.Kolga, N.I. Polumordvinova. the VIIIth International Confer.
on High Energy Accelerators. CERN (1971),

Fig. 1
The g e n e r a l v i e w of t h e a c c e l e r a t o r p o l e p i e c e

Figs.

2,

The g e n e r a l model v i e w and t h e model windings

642

FIRST BEAM TESTS WITH THE 590 MeV RING CYCLOTRON AT SIN
J. -P. B l a s e r , 1I.A. Willax
'Swiss Institute f o r Nuclear R e s e a r c h , Villigen, Switzerland
Abstract
At t h e beginning of t h i s y e a r a few t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d with the SIN r i n g cyclotron, t h e f i r s t i s o c h r o nous cyclotron a c c e l e r a t i n g protons s u c c e s s f u l l y in
CW-mode to t r u l y r e l a t i v i s t i c e n e r g i e s ( y = 1.6 3).
T h e e x t r a c t e d proton beams, though s t i l l low i n i n tensity, w e r e u s e d f o r production of pions a t a n
e x t e r n a l t a r g e t . T h e r e s u l t s of t h e s e e a r l y t e s t s a r e
p r e s e n t e d and discussed.
Introduction and Brief H i s t o r y of the P r o j e c t

In the e a r l y s i x t i e s studies w e r e s t a r t e d at ETH

( S w i s s F e d e r a l Institute of Technology i n Z u r i c h )
about a high intensity proton a c c e l e r a t o r i n t h e " i n t e r m e d i a t e energy" r a n g e ( 0 . 5
1 GeV). The i d e a was to
develop r e s e a r c h i n the overlapping region of n u c l e a r
and p a r t i c l e physics by making available v e r y intense
b e a m s of pions and muons. T h i s new field, a l s o
pot entially r i c h i n applications, e. g., chemistry,
s o l i d s t a t e physics, biology and medicine, was cons i d e r e d v e r y suitable f o r a new national r e s e a r c h
f a c i l i t y i n Switzerland in o r d e r to continue a valuable
t r a d i t i o n i n n u c l e a r physics and to s t i m u l a t e p a r t i c i pation a t CERN. A s m a l l t e a m a t the physics
d e p a r t m e n t of ETH investigated different a c c e l e r a t o r
t y p e s p r i m a r i l y f o r production of pion b e a m s of high
i n t e n s i t y and good experimental quality. In 1 9 6 2
1963, a p r o p o s a l f o r a double s t a g e isochronous
cyclotron, a " meson factory", capable of providing
500 MeV p i n an e x t e r n a l c'w b e a m of up to 100 PA,
w a s worked out.2

T h e concept of a r i n g cyclotron with s e p a r a t e d

magnets, s e v e r a l r e - e n t r a n t R F c a v i t i e s providing
high a c c e l e r a t i n g voltages and " f r e e sections" i n s e r t e d between t h e magnets, a p p e a r e d beneficial f o r
t h e following r e a s o n s : At proposed e n e r g i e s t h e loss
of b e a m within t h e machine and b e a m t r a n s p o r t
s y s t e m s h a s to be minimized. Optimal b e a m t r a n s m i s s i o n through the a c c e l e r a t o r and high extraction
efficiency a r e m a i n design goals. T h e l a r g e operating
r a d i u s of t h e r i n g combined with a high e n e r g y gain
p e r p a r t i c l e revolution lead to t h e high e x t r a c t i o n
Good
efficiency achievable i n s u c h a machine.
focusing p r o p e r t i e s of s m a l l gap magnets a s well a s
p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r t a i l o r i n g t h e b e a m b e f o r e injection
a i d b e a m t r a n s m i s s i o n . The "open s t r u c t u r e " e a s e s
maintenance and r e p a i r s of activated machine components.
In t h e meantime, a committee of CERN m e m b e r
s t a t e s ( E C F A ) had recommended a s e r i e s of f u t u r e
a c c e l e r a t o r s in Europe. Complementing l a r g e p r o j e c t s
to b e r e a l i z e d on an i n t e r n a t i o n a l scale, s m a l l e r a c c e l e r a t o r s i n national c e n t e r s were c o n s i d e r e d as
e s s e n t i a l backup f o r t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l effort t o a s s u r e
t h e scientific r e s o u r c e s , available at t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s .
Among t h e s e p r o p o s a l s a ''meson factory" along t h e
l i n e of t h e ETH s t u d i e s was proposed.
Results of e a r l y beam dynamics studies and model
work on m a i n components of t h e proposed a c c e l e r a t o r
w e r e encouraging enough t o submit a p r o j e c t p r o p o s a l
t o t h e Swiss Government i n 1965. A development and
c o n s t r u c t i o n budget of 92 MSfr. w a s g r a n t e d

i n 1966. The decision on s t a r t i n g construction, however, was delayed until l a t e 1968, when a p r a c t i c a l
solution was worked out f o r a modification of t h e f i r s t
cyclotron s t a g e ( t h e i n j e c t o r cyclotron) to a m u l t i p a r t i c l e v a r i a b l e energy machine. In t h e design of
t h i s cyclotron, two modes of operation had to b e
considered:
a ) t h e i n j e c t o r mode, in which a 72 MeV p b e a m of
high quality and intensities up to 100 PA had to be
delivered a t 50 MHz pulse frequency (the c o r r e c t
frequency for full acceptance in t h e ring cyclotron),
and
b ) t h e v a r i a b l e energy mode providing b e a m s of d,
He3, a , heavy ions and polarized p and d t o b e
d i r e c t l y used f o r n u c l e a r physics experiments.
The difficult t a s k of building this machine w a s taken
up by Philips- Company Eindhoven i n f a l l of 1968.
At that t i m e the development of m a i n components of
the r i n g cyclotron, c a r r i e d out by t h e cyclotron group
of ETH4 had p r o g r e s s e d so f a r that p r o c u r e m e n t could
be s t a r t e d . T h e laboratory became an annex institution
of ETH with the name SIN (Swiss Institute for Nuclear
Research). In 1969, a f t e r good r e s u l t s with f u l l s c a l e
prototypes of a m a i n magnet and an a c c e l e r a t i n g
cavity had been achieved and a f t e r a thorough b e a m
d
limits, i t w a s
dynamical ~ t u d y ~ i n d i c a t estability
decided to i n c r e a s e the final energy f r o m 520 to
590 MeV without a l t e r i n g the design geometry of t h e
r i n g cyclotron a s f r o z e n in 1967. A calculated r i s k
was taken with t h i s decision s i n c e it entailed two
possible problems:
1) The betatron oscillations had to p a s s the condition
of the non- linear coupling r e s o n a n c e V r = 2 v z a t
l e a s t twice a t r a t h e r high energies, and
2 ) the magnets ( a l r e a d y in p r o c e s s of being o r d e r e d )
had to provide m o r e flux, s o that c r i t i c a l a r e a s in
the yoke c r o s s section b e c a m e s a t u r a t e d .

In s p r i n g of 1969 t h e building construction p r o g r a m

s t a r t e d a t Villigen with a tight schedule; t h e i n i t i a l
a s s e m b l y work of both a c c e l e r a t o r s began by s u m m e r
1971. A carefully scheduled mounting and t e s t i n g
period of two y e a r s l e a d to the f i n a l a s s e m b l y of the
machines by s u m m e r 1973. Already i n fall 1 9 7 2 the
testing and debugging of subsections of t h e r i n g m a chine w e r e started' (1/4 ring t e s t s ) . The f i n a l c o r rections of t h e magnetic field by c a r e f u l s h i m m i n g of
the individual magnet s e c t o r s r e q u i r e d s p e c i a l e f f o r t s
i n s u m m e r 1973, concentrated around t h e injection and
extraction region where p e r t u r b i n g effects of magnetic
b e a m guiding elements had to be compensated. W h i l e
the i n j e c t o r cyclotron 7 achieved f i r s t i n t e r n a l b e a m on
August 1, 1973 without t h e extraction elements installed, t h e r i n g cyclotron and b e a m t r a n s p o r t s y s t e m s
w e r e m a d e r e a d y f o r f i r s t beam t e s t s scheduled f o r
October 1973. A delay i n the f a b r i c a t i o n of t h e m a g netic deflector coil of the i n j e c t o r cyclotron's ext r a c t i o n s y s t e m brought a 3 month delay i n t e s t i n g the
a c c e l e r a t o r s y s t e m with p r o p e r b e a m (72 MeV p a t
50 MHz). In November 1973, a few p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s
of t h e b e a m t r a n s p o r t s y s t e m and injection into t h e
r i n g w e r e p e r f o r m e d s u c c e s s f u l l y with low e n e r g y
p a r t i c l e s ( 2 0 and 1 7 MeV p, 3 3 MeV d) which could be
extracted f r o m t h e f i r s t s t a g e cyclotron without the
magnetic deflector c o i l being mounted.

643

With t h e beginning of this y e a r an e x p e r i m e n t a l p

beam of p r o p e r injection energy (between 70. 5 and
72 MeV) and pulse frequency ( 5 0 . 7 MHz) could be
e x t r a c t e d at intensities of 1 2 u A. This t e s t b e a m
was used in six m a j o r t e s t r u n s to l e a r n about t h e
principle functioning of the a c c e l e r a t o r s y s t e m , the two
l a s t r u n s a l s o including the u s e of the f i r s t pion production t a r g e t with one s e c o n d a r y b e a m t r a n s p o r t
channel ( Il M3).

B e a m T e s t s with the SIN Ring Qclotron

t--

In Fig. 1 is s e e n the s t a t u s of a s s e m b l y i n t h e
e x p e r i m e n t a l hall of SIN ViUigen d u r i n g the first t e s t
period between J a n u a r y and A p r i l 1974. T h e i n j e c t o r
cyclotron, d u r i n g this period s t i l l u n d e r responsibility
of Philips, is shown in Fig. 2. I t s p r o p e r t i e s and
technical f e a t u r e s a r e d e s c r i b e d e l s e w h e r e . F o r the
initial t e s t s with a p beam of approximately c o r r e c t
injection e n e r g y and a pulse frequency c o r r e s p o n d i n g
to the 3rd h a r m o n i c mode, this machine s t i l l had an
improvised s h o r t i n g bar, providing the 50 MHz r e s o nant s t r u c t u r e within the main vacuum c h a m b e r . It had
to be s e p a r a t e l y mounted and manually adjusted to the
right position f o r the exact isochronous frequency
( t h e o r e t i c a l value 50.680 MHz). The magnetic deflect o r coil, the second e s s e n t i a l element of the b e a m
extraction device, had j u s t been installed in D e c e m b e r
1973. Operational experience on e x t r a c t e d beam and
its quality s t i l l had to b e gained i n t h e t i m e p e r i o d
d i s c u s s e d below. The r i n g cyclotron, a s d e s c r i b e d
elsewhere 6 and shown i n Fig. 3,was a l r e a d y equipped
with a l l e s s e n t i a l elements, including b e a m p r o b e s and
deflection devices. A double s e t of c a r b o n c o l l i m a t o r s
limiting the f r e e v e r t i c a l beam a p e r t u r e to 25 m m a t
injection r a d i u s and to 1 5 m m o v e r a r a d i a l r a n g e f r o m
490 to 590 MeV w e r e installed f o r p r o t e c t i o n of
c r i t i c a l components. T h e r e was no o p e r a t i o n a l exp e r i e n c e yet on the long t e r m stability of a l l f o u r
cavities working simultaneously, o r the R F induced
p e r t u r b i n g s i g n a l s on the probes.

_-

Ai.i14.

.._____
7

Fig. 1 SIN E x p e r i m e n t a l Hall

Scheme of the s t a t u s of a s s e m b l y d u r i n g the
f i r s t t e s t period between J a n u a r y and A p r i l
1974 is m a r k e d by h e a v i e r contours. The
l i g h t e r contours d e m o n s t r a t e the a s s e m b l y
goals of the end of 1974.
Injector cyclotron (2. 5 m pole d i a m )
Ring cyclotron ( 1 5 m o u t e r d i a m )
Analyzing s y s t e m f o r low e n e r g y b e a m s
E x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a s f o r low e n e r g y b e a m s
4)
590 MeV p beam line
5)
Pion production t a r g e t "M" (thin t a r g e t )
6)
Local shielding f o r thick t a r g e t "E"
7)
8)
Secondary beam bending magnet
9)
B e a m dump
E x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a f o r pion work
10)
E x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a , used f o r first pion de11)
tection and e x p e r i m e n t s ( n M 3)
Low intensity p b e a m ( f u t u r e )
12)
13, 14) Pion e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a
15)
Biomedical pion b e a m a r e a
16)
Muon e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a
17)
Superconducting muon channel
18)
Muon e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a
19)
Opening for neutron b e a m
u - neutrino m a s s e x p e r i m e n t
20)

The f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t a l t e s t r u n s w e r e handicapped
by the following f a c t o r s :
limited t i m e p e r i o d s of s i m u l t a n e o u s o p e r a t i o n of a l l
a c c e l e r a t i n g cavities in use, with i n t e r r u p t i o n s when a
cavity f e l l back into a m u l t i p a c t o r i n g condition. In the
c o u r s e of the runs, however, the a v e r a g e "on-off"-

1)

2)
3)

Fig. 2 Injector Cyclotron

Situation s h o r t l y b e f o r e final a s s e m b l y i n
s u m m e r 1973. The dee ( u n d e r p l a s t i c c o v e r )
and t h e connected R F r e s o n a t o r s f o r v a r i a b l e
frequency a r e withdrawn f r o m the m a i n vacuum
chamber.

64 4

In t h e second t e s t run of J a n u a r y 17/18, t h e f a i l u r e

of an R F power feed- through made it n e c e s s a r y t o
attempt a c c e l e r a t i o n i n t h e ring with t h r e e c a v i t i e s
only. Even though under those conditions (with t h e
injection elements adjusted t o a n "uncentered" equil i b r i u m o r b i t ) t h e problem of the f i r s t i n t e r n a l b e a m
c l e a r i n g a l l o b s t a c l e s is not trivial, t h i s r u n was
successful. With a 1 1 . 5 pA b e a m delivered f r o m
the injector, the t r a n s m i s s i o n through t h e b e a m line
could b e brought up t o 80 - 90 %. At injection a typical
loss of 20 70 had to b e taken into account. Immediately
after t h e c e n t e r i n g problems had been solved e x p e r i mentally, a b e a m of up to 0 . 7 LA could be brought out
to approximately 540 MeV without t r i m - c o i l c o r r e c tions t o the m a i n field. Some t r i m - c o i l a d j u s t m e n t s
w e r e n e c e s s a r y to t a k e the beam f u r t h e r out. A
c u r r e n t of 0 . 4 UA was achieved a t 570 MeV. However,
a d r a s t i c d e c r e a s e i n b e a m intensity, s t a r t i n g about
2 c m before extraction radius, could not b e overcome.
10 nA of c i r c u At t h e nominal extraction radius, 5
lating beam remained. The attempt to e x t r a c t p a r t of
that b e a m was successful: 4 nA of 585 MeV p w e r e
m e a s u r e d at t h e t e m p o r a r y beam dump, i n s t a l l e d i n
t h e cyclotron vault 5 m downstream f r o m t h e l a s t
extraction magnet. T h e r e a s o n f o r t h e d r a s t i c intensity
d r o p s h o r t l y before extraction r a d i u s was found during
t h e following v i s u a l inspection of the ring. V e r t i c a l
b e a m clipping had occured due to a Paulty mount of a
single t r i m - c o i l plate in one s e c t o r magnet. This fault
was quickly r e p a i r e d and the broken RF feed- through
was replaced by a s p a r e unit.

Fig. 3 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron

Situation during f i n a l a s s e m b l y i n s u m m e r 1973.
Between t h e eight 250 t s e c t o r magnets a r e
f o u r R F cavities providing voltages up t o
650 kV at 50 MHz. The e x t r a c t i o n b e a m path
( r i g h t foreground) is being installed.
t i m e r a t i o changed f r o m typically 50 70to 90 70 taken
o v e r 20 hours, with p e r i o d s of uninterrupted o p e r a t i o n
of up t o 6 hours.
p e r t u r b i n g s i g n a l s on probe c u r r e n t readings, induced by the cavities operating a t high voltages. Some
of t h e effects could b e eliminated o r diminished during
t h e c o u r s e of the t e s t s .
- u n c e r t a i n i t i e s i n t h e absolute value of t h e e n e r g y of
t h e i n j e c t o r b e a m of 2 1 MeV, and u n c e r t a i n i t i e s in the
reproduction of t h e i n j e c t o r settings, leading to a defined e n e r g y and optical b e a m c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Those
changes iln i n i t i a l conditions usually caused t i m e cons u m i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l s e a r c h f o r the p r o p e r s e t t i n g s of
t h e b e a m t r a n s p o r t s y s t e m and the r i n g injection p a r a meters.
fluctuations in intensity and ( s o m e t i m e s ) i n t h e intens i t y distribution within the useful emittance, e s p e c i a l l y noticed when t h e ion s o u r c e of the i n j e c t o r was s e t
f o r low intensities. This effect, in m a n y c a s e s , m a d e
optimizations on c e r t a i n p a r a m e t e r s e t t i n g s v e r y t i m e
consuming.

In the f i r s t night of t e s t s with a 1 pA b e a m of t h e

p r o p e r injection energy ( = 72 MeV) and t h e r e q u i r e d
pulse f r e q u e n c y ( 5 0 . 7 MHz) on J a n u a r y 11/12, 1974,
t h e b e a m t r a n s f e r f r o m t h e i n j e c t o r to t h e c e n t e r of
the r i n g cyclotron could b e accomplished with a 60
70 % t r a n s m i s s i o n . B e f o r e injection into t h e ring, t h e
p r o p e r position of t h e m a i n injection e l e m e n t s f i r s t
had to b e determined. The v e r t i c a l alignment of t h e
b e a m w a s found to be critical. We succeeded i n det e c t i n g t h e b e a m o v e r t h e first 5 to 7 a c c e l e r a t e d r e v o lutions. However, coherent oscillations of 10 1 5 m m
amplitude i n both directions w e r e observed. In t h e
following night ( J a n u a r y 12/13, 1974), t h e s e t t i n g s of
injection p a r a m e t e r s w e r e improved. R F pickup on
two e s s e n t i a l p r o b e s made m e a s u r e m e n t s difficult.
With t h e remaining, unaffected probe, t h e b e a m was
finally detected o v e r the r a n g e f r o m 72 92 MeV.
Fig. 4 shows t h e r a d i a l intensity distribution taken by
t h e 1 m m r a d i a l differential probe. Except f o r t h e two
i n n e r m o s t revolutions t h e t u r n spacing c o r r e s p o n d s to
a " peak t o peak" a c c e l e r a t i n g voltage i n each cavity of
480 kV. T h i s is within the 10 yo uncertainity of t h e
voltage calibration of the cavities, which w e r e s e t f o r
500 kV.

For t h e t h i r d m a j o r b e a m experiment on F e b r u a r y
the i n j e c t o r b e a m quality had improved, and
h i g h e r b e a m i n t e n s i t i e s could b e achieved. With a
s t a b l e 1 . 5 PA b e a m delivered f r o m t h e i n j e c t o r and
the f o u r r i n g c a v i t i e s operating stably o v e r p e r i o d s of
s e v e r a l hours, t r a n s f e r and injection of the b e a m into
t h e r i n g p r e s e n t e d no b a s i c problems. Even though
s o m e i n i t i a l coherent b e a m oscillations in t h e r i n g
0. 3 V A
could not completely be eliminated, a 0.2
b e a m was a c c e l e r a t e d to extraction radius, t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n f r o m injection to extraction being approximately 75 %.About 80 70of t h i s b e a m was e x t r a c t e d and
m e a s u r e d at the t e m p o r a r y e x t e r n a l beam dump in the
cyclotron vault. F o r a s h o r t t i m e t h e i n j e c t o r beam
intensity was i n c r e a s e d , and 0.6 p A w e r e r e g i s t e r e d
a t t h i s b e a m dump.
7/8,

current
1nA)
1
80.

Beam profile on aR-probe 3

(1 mm radial width 1
f172
7 2 .88 MeV

60 LO 20-

I '

2100

"

' ' . ' I "

2200

...

' . II

' . '

2300

Radius
(mm)

Fig. 4 P r o f i l e of s e p a r a t e d beam revolutions as

m e a s u r e d with a differential b e a m p r o b e of
1 m m when acceleration f r o m 72 to 92 MeV
was achieved f o r the f i r s t t i m e .

64 5

current

Resonances

InA
4

t a r g e t , a 0 . 5 c m carbon plate. Due t o a slight misalignment of a t e m p o r a r y c o l l i m a t o r t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n

in t h e p b e a m l i n e could not be i m p r o v e d beyond 50 7 0
that day, However, with a 50 100 nA b e a m o n t a r g e t
1 cm2, t h e f i r s t pions w e r e d e t e c in a spot size of
ted behind t h e pion channel, which w a s s e t t o a mom e n t u m of 300 t 3 MeV/c. In m o r e than s i x h o u r s of
b e a m on target, s e v e r a l v e r y i n f o r m a t i v e f i r s t
m e a s u r e m e n t s on pion production r a t e s , II 1-1 e
r a t i o s and t h e effectiveness of shielding could be
made. A f t e r r e a d j u s t m e n t s of t h e m a c h i n e s e t t i n g s
and an i n c r e a s e of i n j e c t o r beam i n t e n s i t y to % 5 PA,
1 UA was e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e r i n g and
a b e a m of 0.8
0 . 3 U A w e r e u s e d on t a r g e t f o r a s h o r t while.

V,: 2 Vz

eV

- -

w 00

4300

4200

Radhs

Imml

Fig. 5 Radial b e a m profiles a t high e n e r g i e s . T h i s

plot shows t h e i n t e r n a l b e a m c u r r e n t v e r s u s
r a d i u s f o r a well c e n t e r e d and a non- centered
beam. Initially, the b e a m was injected excent r i c a l l y into the r i n g cyclotron, giving r a d i a l
oscillations of about 15 m m amplitude. T h e s e
r a d i a l oscillations w e r e converted into v e r t i c a l
oscillations a t t h e coupling r e s o n a n c e v r = 2 v
which o c c u r s a t f o u r different e n e r g i e s before
extraction. Due t o t h e small v e r t i c a l a p e r t u r e
of b e a m c o l l i m a t o r s t h e r e r e s u l t e d a noticeable
b e a m l o s s a f t e r each c r o s s i n g of a resonance.
A f t e r c e n t e r i n g t h e injected beam by adjusting
t h e e l e c t r o s t a t i c inflector voltage no b e a m l o s s
w a s observed.
T h e fourth experiment, c a r r i e d through o n
F e b r u a r y 15, was mainly a i m e d a t c l o s e r investigations of t h e r i n g i n t e r n a l beam behaviour. With a
typically 0. 5 1 IJA beam, t h e build- up of coherent
b e a m oscillations and t h e i r effect on t o t a l t r a n s m i s s i o n
through the r i n g was m e a s u r e d . T h e following r e s u l t s
could be stated:
A f i r s t h a r m o n i c horizontal field component on the
o r d e r of a few G in the magnetic field n e a r injection
r a d i u s c a u s e s difficulties with the v e r t i c a l alignment
of t h e b e a m in t h e ring.
Depending on the c e n t e r i n g of the beam a t injection
( i n i t i a t i n g coherent horizontal oscillations), t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n of b e a m to extraction r a d i u s m a y b e affected
by t h e coupling r e s o n a n c e vy =IvZ which, i n o u r case,
without t r i m - c o i l corrections, o c c u r s a t e n e r g i e s of
490, 525 and 535 MeV. In Fig. 5 b e a m intensity p r o files v e r s u s machine radius a r e shown f o r t h e two
t y p i c a l c a s e s of a well c e n t e r e d beam, and a beam
, mm.
with i n i t i a l coherent r a d i a l amplitude of Q15

F o r the following t e s t on M a r c h 16/17, all f o u r

R F c a v i t i e s w e r e operational. F o r injection, a c c e l e r ation and extraction, no pole face windings had t o be
used. However, t h i s t i m e t h e i n j e c t o r b e a m showed a
l a r g e horizontal emittance (probably due t o a l a r g e
dispersion). 50 % of t h e beam available at t h e injection
point w e r e lost within t h e injection channels of t h e
r i n g ( w h e r e a s t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n through t h o s e channels
was m o r e than 80 90 % i n previous r u n s ) . I n t e n s i t i e s
had to b e kept low f o r t h i s reason. F o r a p e r i o d of
a l m o s t 1 2 hours, beam of varying i n t e n s i t i e s between
50 300 nA was delivered f o r optimization of t h e
590 MeV p b e a m line (which could be brought up t o
o v e r 90 70 i n r a t h e r s h o r t t i m e ) and f o r pion p r o duction on t a r g e t M. The e m i t t a n c e of t h e 590 MeV
b e a m was m e a s u r e d to be typically:
A, = n x 12 m m m r a d , AZ = n x 4 m m m r a d . A
r e s u l t of m e a s u r e m e n t s on t h e pion r a n g e taken a f t e r
t h e pion channel ( s e t f o r 200 MeV/c)is shown in Fig. 6.

Towards the end of t h i s e x p e r i m e n t a l " production

run", the intensity of the i n j e c t o r b e a m i n c r e a s e d t o
10 PA. With a c i r c u l a t i n g b e a m of 4
5 PA on t h e
f i r s t o r b i t in the ring, a 2 fi b e a m of 590 MeV w a s
e x t r a c t e d and used f o r a s h o r t t i m e o n t a r g e t M f o r
m e a s u r e m e n t s on background radiation.

F o r the beam t e s t s on F e b r u a r y 23/24 and M a r c h

16/17, t h e p beam line of 40 c m length, leading f r o m
t h e r i n g to t h e f i r s t pion production t a r g e t (housed i n
heavy l o c a l shielding) was i n s t a l l e d and operable. The
f i r s t pion channel EM3 with t h e length of 1 5 m was
a l s o r e a d y f o r t r a n s m i t t i n g beam (see Fig. 1). During
tune- up on F e b r u a r y 23, again one cavity of t h e r i n g
cyclotron failed due to a fault i n t h e g r i d c i r c u i t of the
power amplifier. With t h r e e c a v i t i e s o p e r a t i n g s t a b l y
a t o p e r a t i n g voltages between 450 and 500 kV p e r
cavity, a loss of 30 40 % a t injection had t o b e taken
into account. A coherent r a d i a l oscillation had to be
eliminated by excitation of pole f a c e windings i n two
adjacent magnets. Since the m a i n goal of t h e e x p e r i m e n t w a s t h e f i r s t production of pions i n an e x t e r n a l
t a r g e t , not m u c h t i m e was spent t o optimize injection
0.2 P A w a s brought to
p a r a m e t e r s . A b e a m of 0 . 1
e x t r a c t i o n r a d i u s and with an e x t r a c t e d b e a m of 50
100 nA, t h e 590 MeV p b e a m l i n e w a s t e s t e d f o r t h e
f i r s t time. T h e b e a m i m m e d i a t e l y was brought on

(reiotive Units1

1000

500 -

e
0

10
Length of the C-Absorber ( C m )

Fig. 6 Differential Range Curve ( p n = 200 MeV/c)

A r a n g e c u r v e was taken as a quick t e s t of t h e
predicted m o m e n t u m resolution and i n t e n s i t y
of t h e pion b e a m i n the ll M3 area. T h e p r e dictions w e r e confirmed within 30 %.
p intensity
: 200 nA d u r i n g 1 112 h
2 f carbon
pion production t a r g e t :
:
n:
pion s t o p r a t e
1.4 g / c m of c a r b o n
m o m e n t u m resolution : 2 % FWHM

iG6s~c$qs

646

Further Procedure
While the definite version of the 50 MHz shorting
b a r system is being installed in the injector at
present, the ring is being prepared f o r the next
operating period scheduled at the end of May 1974.
During the s u m m e r of this year the following main
activities a r e planned:

----Fig. 7 590 MeV p Beam

p beam observed through TV
T r a c e of a 1
on a movable quartz plate in front of the
entrance to the second internal deflection element of the ring cyclotron ( a magnetic quadrupole channel of 1 5 m m f r e e aperture). The
spot s i z e is about 6 m m x 8 mm. This beam
is well separated from the internal circulating
beam, having passed the electrostatic
deflector channel 45' upstream. The quadrupole channel had to be positioned slightly above
midplane for good transmission through the
following elements.

Education and training of personnel f o r operation

and maintenance of the accelerator system.

Beam development on both accelerators with the

special aim of improvement of the total transmission.

Delivery of low intensity beam (up to a few PA) on

pion production target M (thin target) f o r pion
experiments.

- Installation of target E (thick target),

the corresporr
ding secondary beam lines and the beam dump.
After a longer shut-down in the late s u m m e r of
1974, it is expected to bring the whole facility to a
condition where more than 10 p A can be usefully
produced.
Acknowledgment
As the main reason for a f i r s t success in the
start- up of this accelerator facility w e consider the
excellent work and high motivation of a l l the staff
m e m b e r s involved during i t s development,
construction and beginning operation, as well as their
dedication to their tasks, which often were difficult.
We hope the spirit of this great team can be kept up
during the difficulties of beginning operation. The
great effort of some industrial f i r m s which undertook to supply u s with reliable components of
unconventional features needs to be mentioned as an
essential part of the success. W e thank our authorities for their confidence and steady support in all
phases of the project.
References

Fig. 8 590 MeV p Beam

The intensity distribution of 1 D A beam in the
horizontal plane, measured by two " profile
monitors" (metal plates of 1 m m thickness
sweeping through the beam), about 3 and 6 m
after extraction from the ring.( Calibration on
abscissa in cm).

After this preliminary t e s t period, in which the

injector cyclotron under the responsibility of Philips
has produced valuable test beam with increasing
reliability and quality, this machine was prepared for
acceptance tests. On March 26, 1974 f o r the f i r s t
t i m e it produced slightly m o r e than 100 DA extracted
beam i n the injector mode. On April 18, measurements on the beam extracted from this machine at
72 MeV and 50.65 MHz showed the following results:
: 105 UA
Current
Emittance Ax, A, : ll x 5 m m m r a d (80 % of beam)
Energy spread A E : 200 keV (FWHM)
P h a s e width
: 2 0 0 R F at 50.65 MHz

6 47

1.

J. P. B l a s e r and I<. Steimel

Nucl. Instr. and Methods 18/19, p. 417 (1962)

2.

H.A. Willax
CERN 63-19, p. 386 (1963)

3.

G. Tripard, W. Joho
NucLInstr. and Methods 79, p. 293 (1970)

4.

H.A. Willax
Proc. Oxford Cyclotron Conference, p. 58
(1969) (Butterworth, 1971)

5.

W. Joho, Thesis (May 1970)

"Extraction of a 590 MeV Proton Beam from the
SIN Ring Cyclotron" (SIN Report TM-11-8)

7.

A. Baan et a1
IEEE Trans.Nuc1. Sci., NS 2 0 (3), p. 257 (1973)

BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ON AN ELECTRON BEAM STRETCHER

H. Herminghaus
Institut fur Kernphysik, D-6500 Mainz , West-Germany

This paper gives a brief description of some less conventional schemes for injection, extraction and spill out control to be used with an electron beam pulse stretcher ring.

In designing an electron beam stretcher for the 300 MeV

Electron Linac of Mainz University the main effort was made
to get low transversal beam emittance of the extracted beam
and to provide some means for flattening the beam intensity.
To be compatible with later recycling of the linac the
stretcher should be able to operate up to 600 MeV. The
magnet ring will mainly consist of two 180' bending systems
connected by two long straight sections. In this paper, however, only some as we think rather unconventional details
will be discussed.

energy side a small semiquadruple is situated inside the

vacuum (gap width about 5 mm). If the energy of the beam
is lowered slowly it drifts into the gap of the semiquadruple
and is bent out subsequently. Final extraction is done by a
magnetic septum a few meters downstream. The semiquadrupole is acting at a small fraction of the beam a t a
time only, causing a large Q-shift there of about 0.15 over
a few mm. It is believed that this extraction scheme is
scarcely affected by field e r r o r s in the ring.
The extraction has been computed by tracing many particles by a computer program, taking into account a field distribution in the semiquadruple as measured at a conductive
paper model. Figure 3 gives an example for such a computation. The extracted phase space shown had been obtained

Since the emittance of the extracted beam is in part

determined by the emittance of the circulating beam w e consider it to be of advantage to use a longitudinal stacking in
order to keep the emittance as small a s possible. The
stacking procedure is as follows : The beam is swept between
two deflecting cavities of mutual distance L through the aperture of a focussing lens , the focal length of which is L/4. By
correct phasing of the RF the beam will not move downstream the device (Fig. 1). The linac beam is fed in obliquely through the f i r s t deflector and bent to a regular orbit by

r-

& .

Po 0.072%

U
Lens

FIG. 1--longitudinal stacking scheme.

means of two septa. In this manner it is achieved that injection is not affected by the performance of the RF, provided
only that the beam passes behind the septa a t inflection and
in front of it at the successive turns. This scheme should
work with reasonable margins for bunch lengths of less than
loo over 6 turns of injection. To preserve the bunch structure sufficiently during injection the momentum compaction
factor should be less than
if an energy range of 2.5% is
to be captured. After about 100 turns after injection the
original bunch structure may be considered to be totally lost.
It is reckoned with a maximum injected linac beam of 170
mA, leading to a maximum circulating beam of about 1 A.

FIG. 3--Phase space of extracted beam a t location of semiquadrupole. Each area encloses electrons of equal
energy. The beam at lower left represents the
shadow of the septum. The dimensions of the phase
space areas a s indicated by arrows in the figure
represent 3% of the circulating emittance. Dispersion is assumed to be 4 . 5 cm/%. Total momentum
spread of extracted beam is less than 0.08%.

For extraction a t some location of the ring dispersion

will be provided and it shall have there a large horizontal
but small vertical p-function. This gives a flat beam, the
position of which is dependent of energy (Fig. 2). At the low

= 0 . 1 5 , C+ = 0.26, all other parameters a s indicated

with
in the igure. The emittance of any monochromatic part of
the extracted beam is about 3% o r less of the emittance of the
circulating beam in horizontal direction, while vertically the
emittance is enlarged by a factor of about 1.3. Extraction
efficiency is about 90%. Since all monochromatic parts can
be arranged to be of equal length and parallel in phase space
a s shown in Fig. 3 they can easily be brought to complete
coincidence by a chromatic deflection system. So the overall emittance is substantially less than the emittance of the
injected linac beam.

P+2%0

- ---._\
c----(

lcm

FIG. 2--Serniquadrupol used for extraction. Beam dimension and dispersion in correct scale.

The slow energy shift necessary for extraction may be

done by synchrotron radiation loss at an energy range of

64 8

and it is easily estimated that even for particles undergoing

betatron oscillations the energy gain comes to an average
rather quickly. Thus, the device described may be used b
accelerate an unbunched beam. Though the achievable acceleration is very modest, it is sufficient in our case to
compensate the radiation loss which amounts to about 6 keV
per turn for electrons at 600 MeV with 2 m bending radius.
The RF power requirement of the deflector cavities is in
our case mainly determined by the necessity to avoid transverse beam instabilities and amounts to several tens of kilowatts each. Moreover, the interaction of the beam with the
two outer deflectors tends to disturb the proper distribution
of RF power in these cavities. It is desirable, therefore,
to find a similar mechanism using less cavities. At the
moment, schemes are investigated in which the setup of a
small betatron oscillation by the transverse field of the R F
separator mode is used subsequently f o r acceleration by the
axial field of the same mode in a second cavity.

about 250 to 330 MeV. Below 250 MeV the electrons lose
their energy too slowly. This may be cured by inserting a
small accelerator cavity in the ring which w i l l periodically
accelerate and decelerate the electrons. Those particles
that have suffered enough deceleration w i l l be extracted, the
others will remain in the ring until, by a smalI phase slip
per turn, these will meet a decelerating field, too. The
process is controlled by proper variation of both amplitude
and phase of the RF, thus providing flattening of the extracted beam intensity. At energies higher than 330 MeV,
the following scheme may be used to compensate for too
quick energy loss by synchrotron radiation: In a R F separator structure there a r e always transversal and axial
forces related by
Ftr

- - grad Fa
j

j indicating a 90 phase shift in time.2 Thus, the inflecting

device shown in Fig. 1 may be converted into an accelerating mechanism by inserting a third cavity between the two
others. This cavity should be phased in such a way that
particles which have suffered maximum deflection in the
first cavity meet the accelerating field off axis in the middle
one at its maximum value. In this case, any closed orbit
particle being deflected at all will be accelerated. By providing a certain RF phase slip between turns a very smooth
acceleration of all closed orbit particles may be achieved

I am greatly indebted to Messrs. K. H. Kaiser, W. Manz

and H. Schier for their great help in doing the numerical
computations.

REFERENCES
1. R. Servranckx, Proc. Int. Conf. on Photonuclear Reactions and Applications, Asilomar , Calif. , March 1973,
p. 1039.
2. H. Hahn, Rev. Sci. Instr., Vol.34 No.10 (1963) p.1094.

649

THE NEXT STEP: ACCELERATORS VERSUS STORAGE RINGS

LeonM. Lederman
Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027
The reason I was willing to accept the invitation of Dick
Neal to come here was largely because of the opportunity i t
gave me to collectively pay homage to the community of
accelerator scholars for all the magnificent instruments
which have been provided to me and presumably the users I
represent here. Perhaps he picked me because I a m old
enough to have been through so many of these things, starting with a Nevis Cyclotron, and progressing through the
Cosmotron and the AGS, and recently, the ISR, and the
Fermi National Accelerator Lab with even occasional forays
to the Bevatron and PPA. The teamwork of the users and the
builders is part of our profession. We work hard in mutual
stimulation. You make the machines, and we try to use them
s o well that the need for more machines becomes selfevident. Both of us, of course, working so that Gell-Mann
and his friends become more and more famous. (That is not
really fair. It is really an unholy trinity, engaged in a more
o r less honorable endeavor, the significance of which for
history and for the future we do not have to elaborate here. )
My subject is to put the thing in perspective, and I have a
slide here for people who do not travel so much. This i s a
picture of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fig. 1)
where I have been spending most of my time. Let me just

FIG. 2--Air view of Stonehenge.

FIG. 1- - Air view of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory.

say that I a m very poorly prepared for these remarks, largely because of the fault of some of you here. I had planned to
prepare this talk in some detail during the breakdowns of the
FNAL accelerator, and for the last six weeks o r so there
It is really a thing of great beauty.
have been so few..
W e sit three kilometers from the accelerator and watch a
beam s i t steadily on a target which is only about 0.4 mm in
transverse dimension, and with a duty cycle and intensity
which is just positively embarrassing. This is, though, the
last word in accelerators, and I always wondered what future
and to illustrate that I
archeologists might make of this
have another slide, which might surprise you (Fig. 2). It is
clear to me the mystery of Stonehenge is solved! Some of you
might even appreciate the next figure (Fig. 3 ) , which shows
how this was built. You see your progenators, the accelerator builders of an early day - I do not know if you recognize
anybody.

..

In considering my assignment, The Next Step, I decided

to be as general as I could, considering configurations that
are thinkable in my lifetime as a physicist, which might not
last more than another fifteen o r twenty years. In reviewing

FIG. 3--Construction of Stonehenge.

the history, there were always two arguments used for a new
accelerator. One was to answer existing questions of the
kind Gell-Mann reviewed for us in beautiful detail, and the
other was that the accelerator should permit the kind of exploration that has always led to totally new questions
even
undreamed of, like C P violation, or strangeness, o r some of
the many other discoveries that were made in a totally

6 50

surprising context. And both these steps a r e quite important. I might give an example of something which is a little
bit out of context of here, but something I would like to bring
to the attention of this gifted group. Some of u s , a few years
ago, wrote little notes on the interest that might accrue to
collisions of high energy uranium with uranium. I wrote
such things, stimulated by some work we did with antiproton
production far below thresholds, a nuclear physics question,
and then I read a note by Francis Farley, who took off on
some speculations of Cocconi about the virtues of complexity.
These a r e highly speculative things, and therefore there was
no dream that one should actually spend real money on accelerating uranium to very high energies. But recently, starting from very abstract theoretical ideas, Lee and Wick have
produced a nuclear physics theory which has greatly stimulated the idea of going to many GeV per nucleon. It is just
these kinds of connections - remote connections - which
have made our subject so interesting.
Let me now talk about more relevant things. I was asked
to talk about storage rings versus accelerators, And much
to my surprise, I found that the ISR has been, in a sense,
too successful. Because if one looks a t the current listing
of unfunded projects, one finds six storage rings - that is
something people a r e thinking about - five a r e electrons,
one is a proton-proton storage ring, and no conventional
accelerators! How could this be? What happened to the conventional accelerator? Is a new, conventional accelerator
unthinkable in the time scale of the next ten-fifteen years?
Thus, in the time I had to prepare this, I considered whether
this is a wise thing - is it wise to forgo the opportunity for
conventional accelerators ?

In Fig. 4 , we have a review o f all possible experiments,

trying not to omit anything. We have lepton-lepton, leptonhadron, hadron-hadron interactions. We write %torage"
where it seemed obvious that a storage ring was the right
thing, and "accelerator o r storage" when that is possible,
and accelerator cleagly when you require secondary beams.
Now i t could be that pp could also go in storage rings, but
that is somewhat of a quibble. Here is then an almost complete list of the kinds of experiments you can do unless somebody finds something which is different from a hadron o r a
lepton. (I teach physics for poets, and I got an examination
paper last week in which a hadron was defined as "a no longer
active particle physicist.")

lepton-lepto n

lepton-hadron
ep

Aor S

PP

hadro n-hadro n
pp
pp

There a r e alternative reactions (Fig. 4 ) sometimes, which

a r e not totally obvious, but which permit the study of leptonlepton scattering using nuclei as observers - this works if
the incident energy is high enough. There are also some
interesting experiments certainly, like neutrinos going to
muon pairs, and other experiments which involve leptonlepton interactions, as we will s e e , where the leptons come
out of some complex and maybe not so pretty initial state.
In looking a t these experiments, one must remember that
there are deep interconnections - for example, there are
three which study hadronic electricity: the efe- goes to
hadrons, which is of enormous current interest today - i t is
worked on a t SPEAR; the deeply inelastic scattering; and
perhaps electron pairs coming out of what you have in the
way of hadrons, say proton-proton collisions. If you want to
test the complete theory of the electrical structure of
hadrons, presumably you need information on all three kinds
of reactions. And then, again, looking a t e'e- goes to
hadrons, the data look very much like pp goes to hadrons.
The hadronic things coming out look so much like the yields
we see a t the ISR, that clearly there is an important connection, and that further investigations of both will have t o go
hand-in-hand.

I will now survey briefly a set of experiments which one

would like to do. Most of these are extrapolations of currently active experiments. The extrapolations of expected
cross sections a r e made here in these next few charts, on
the basis of data a t lower energies, on the basis of models,
and sometimes dimensional scaling, and then maybe sometimes on the basis of just nothing a t all. In contrasting
storage rings and accelerators, I take 5 TeV as a thinkable
accelerator, largely because it fits on the Fermi National
Accelerator site and has roughly the same relation to a
thinkable storage ring (and here we have had a great deal of
thought) as ISR and FNAL, which are the complimentary
accelerators we a r e working with today. And clearly, as
we study FNAL and ISR, and the relationships of the two
kinds of experiments, we will learn more about the validity
of the kind of comparison I a m doing now. So my thinkable
accelerators from the point of view of hadron collisions a r e
a storage ring of a t least 200 GeV against 200 GeV, for Super
ISR, and say roughly 5 TeV for Super FNAL. These are
arbitrary numbers, if you like, but thinkable in the time
frame of the next ten o r so years and a t costs which very
probably do not exceed the annual construction costs we have
already inflicted on the U. S. taxpayers. I have made up a
report card, Table I , (this being the end of the semester),

TABLE I

A or S

Report Card
Super
ISR (SISR)

S = Storage
A =Accelerator

p++Z

+z-p

or

-p

+p

+ +P 8+

+ v +

+ 8- + junk

Z (tridents)

2 400

usable &
usable luminosity(a )

depends

B-

B+

C-

dwell time (c )
experimental area's
flexibility, cost
particle identification

B-

A?

backgrounds

secondary beams
interaction of expt.
and machine
sociology

D
P

C-

A-

A+

z
A or S

FIG. 4--All possible experiments to do a t accelerators and

storage rings.

651

Js

But there a r e alternative reactions, e. g.

+ + p - + P ++

Super
FNAL (SNAL)

--5 x lo7

100

100
12@)

10

Table I (cont'd)
(a)But don't forget Fermi motion.
@)Only for pp experiments.
(c)Compromises - energy, intensity, special tricks,
unequal energies.
where some entries are in the form of numbers and some are
just letter grades. In some cases, we use the pass-fail
option. The first entry is $s which is a ridiculous notation
for the energy available in the collision. Super ISR is listed
as more than 400 GeV and Super FNAL (5 TeV) about 100
GeV. But I also made a note here, "DO not forget about
Fermi motion", because for some special experiments 100
GeV can go surprisingly high paying a price in luminosity.
Another entry is usable energy in the center of mass. Usable
energy is not always all of the available energy and this depends, again, very much on the kind of experiment you do,
and also on what comes next, which is luminosity. I think it
is fair to say that a conventional accelerator can probably
exploit the full energy available, 100 GeV. It has not yet
been established a t FNAL, but we will see that it is not terribly f a r away. For the ISR, whether you can use the full
square root of s depends upon what you a r e talking about.
Certainly for the exploration of totally new physics, production processes, it does not seem as if you will ever use the
full energy unless luminosities are much, much higher than
are being talked about. On the other hand, for tests of scaling, where you have various scaling parameters, for
x , you want to make this vary over a very
example 2p/$s
then the mere fact that energy is available is
large range
useful.

spectrum of conditions you have to wait a long time. Someone every once in a while comes in and he says, "I only
want 1 A
today." If he is convincing, w e have to wait;
there's the usual compromise. Now a t NAL, for example,
there is the new technique of the front porch, where several
energies might be available a t one time; this can certainly
be a great help, and source intensities are no problem many more groups can more o r less control their own intensity, although that still needs some improvements. SNAL
gets good grades for this.
Then there a r e things like experimental areas and flexibility, which are really quite a problem at a conventional
accelerator. The bigger the accelerator, the bigger the
problem. The experimental areas a r e complex, and costly,
and not nearly as flexible as people hoped, certainly for NAL.
Whereas relatively, I think, the experimental areas a t the
ISR are fairly simple - they are much smaller, physically,
and more easy to rearrange. They also cost less.

Particle identification in doing experiments is a problem.

Using a many TeV beam, if one scales Cerenkov counters,
for example, one finds enormous lengths. A several mile
long Cerenkov counter boggles the mind a bit. On the other
hand, there may be other techniques that a r e , o r may become much more useful a t SNAL, e. g. , the relativistic rise
in the ionization loss, o r perhaps transition radiation; there
are techniques which are being developed and there is clearly
a lot of interaction between instrumentation and the exploitation of accelerators. Particle identification a t the ISR is easy
in the forward direction because you can use Cerenkov
counters of moderate length. Here, what is relevant is that
a t SNAL you are dealing with particles of many TeV, whereas a t SLSR one deals with particles of merely 100 GeV; now
we have learned how to deal with those particles. On the
The next entry in Table I is luminosity and I took for this
other hand, the need to exploit the limited luminosity a t ISR
what might be plausible, namely a beam of a few 1013 ppp
requires large aperture equipment and this means that i t is
interactions per second for SNAL. For
which gives
much more difficult, say, a t 90, to do particle identificathe Super ISR, Iassumed -1033sec-1, which gives 5 ~ 1 0 ~ tion; most of the good particle identifiers have small
interactions per second. That is luminosity. On the other
apertures.
hand, usable luminosity is a different thing. Usable luminosity for a conventional accelerator is relevant to experiments
Backgrounds : Well, I find everywhere I go there a r e lots
using primary protons which, if we look a t FNAL, is a small
of backgrounds. I do not give good marks to any machine.
fraction of all the experiments. Most of the luminosity a t
This is probably my problem. Maybe electron machines are
NAL is being used to generate secondary particles. That is
better. On the other hand, most of the cross sections I will
how you can compensate for the fact that you have to build a
show you that are of interest a t NAL, o r SNAL, are a much
5 TeV machine to get a mere 100 GeV available. You make
smaller fraction of the total cross section than they would
lots of secondary particles. Of course a t the ISR you use the
be a t SISR; so just the energy gives you a better grade for
full luminosity - to date only 5 X lo5 interactions/sec.
ISR's.
Experimental techniques for surviving a t the projected SISR
rates are in principle on hand but have yet to be proved
There is one thing that gives ISR types a bad grade, and
practical.
that is the interaction of the experiment and the machine
what I call "real life a t the ISR". You a r e very much coupled
Again, even in pp experiments, it is not a t a l l clear that
in with the machine a t a n ISR. It is well known that you canthe full luminosity a t NAL is usable. A t NAL recently, when
not keep these clumsy experimentalists away from the
the beam intensity reached 1 O I 3 particles, it was a t times
machine, and every once in a while they knock something
embarrassing, because if the proper experiments, f o r
that is hard to
over, and the machine goes out for months
example neutrino experiments, are not running, even though
avoid. Whereas a t NAL, close contact between experimenthe beam is split many ways, there are many experiments
talists and the accelerator proper is a t a minimum.
that cannot use the full luminosity. The apparatus just does
not work. It is not easy to make full use of primary protons
Sociology in Table I just means how many physicists can
a t the full intensity you have to use tricks. However, i t
you employ, and it is amazing how well the ISR does. But
has been done in special cases and the important thing to note
that is also because i t is in Europe, where large groups were
is that the intensity is there,
pioneered. We once counted 200 Ph.D. 's working a t one
time, and I do not think that NAL can beat that, although in
There are other entries like dwell time
how long do you
principle it should. So I gave that a better mark anyway.
s i t to do an experiment. You s i t as the ISR a long time because there are lots of compromises. Since you have many
Well, now I want to sort of back up this report card with
experiments around the ring, if one experiment wants high
some information. The effect of Fermi motion, if you like,
energy, and another experiment wants low energy, clever as
o r essentially the nuclear physics boost you get from hitting
the people a t the ISR are, they have not yet been able to
a nucleus instead of a free proton, scaled up from the work
change the energy as one goes from one crossing region to
we did a t PPA and the Bevatron to NAL, is given in Fig. 5.
the other. (I have a lot of confidence in them, and I expect
In one collision out of IO5, the 28 GeV that is usually availthat one of these days, they will solve the problem. ) But
able from a 450 GeV accelerator goes way up to 40 o r 50 GeV.
until they do, it is a problem and so you have meetings a t
This is not a n unmixed blessing, It is interesting for certain
which one has to make a compromise, and a t the ISR it is
explorations if you have a good signal you can then ask about
Usually what Carlo Rubbia wants. To get your particular

6 52

a particle whose mass is 40 GeV.. The same considerations

will enable SNAL to go to 140 GeV.

I talked about usable luminosity, o r using luminosity that

is available. Let me go through a quick history of the ISR to
illustrate this. Shown in Fig. 6 is a charged particle spectrometer, the Saclay-Strassbourg spectrometer, which has
produced some nice results on charged-particle yields at
90'.
You see the crossing region and you see the spark
chambers and the magnet, more spark chambers, and other
identifiers. The total solid angle of this apparatus is of the
order of 0.01 steradian. I would like to contrast it with
another approach a t the ISR, which was the so-called CCR
experiment, which insisted on having a very large coverage,
about 1 . 0 steradian on each side, This experiment was
interested in large, transverse momentum ?p's, and tracked
a yield curve out to a transverse momentum of 9 GeV. It
stopped running a t the end of 1972, and here it is in 1974 and
the spectrometers, of which there are several working a t the
ISR (one is shown in Fig. 7), have still not really gone beyond about 4 o r 5 GeV, to my knowledge. So the use of the
luminosity is not a trivial thing, and one pursues this
problem.

Here is a picture of what our groups hopes to do next a t

the ISR, which is essentially a 271 spectrometer (Fig. 8).
This is a now super-conducting magnet, with spark chambers
inside, and glass outside to look a t y rays, and a wall thickness of only -1 radiation length, so that one does not disturb the photons too much. This would help the ISR in achieving luminosity times solid angle, which might go up by a
factor of 50 o r so above the previous generation of experiments.

850

470

1300 Eo

EQUIVALENT ENERGY (GeV)

11.111

The same sort of thing happens a t NAL. The next figure,

Fig. 9 , is useful for comparing SNAL against the SISR. Here
is a Cronin-Piroue data on production of pions. Note that
they have, in fact, a rather small aperture but still they a r e
able, with some trouble, to achieve cross sections of the
order of < 10-37. In terms of exhausting the kinematic limit
you see data out to x
0. 7 where the maximum value of
1
the accelerator is 1; you see they are not too f a r away.

FIG. 5--"Fermi

motion boost" a t NAL (450 GeV).

FIG. 6--The Saclay-Strassbourg Spectrometer a t ISR.

653

SIDE VIEW

LE4L U

CERN -COLUMBIA

n
-

\:

- ROCKEFELLER

COLLABORATION

tl
hLAsC
, scuTILlAToRs

50 CH

WIRE

5wIu( C H M E R S

TOP VIEW

2l.l.l

*,

FIG. 7--The CCR Experiment Spectrometer a t ISR.

10-d

' Oll '

012

' 013 '

0!4

'

015

x 1 2 PI/Js

0!6 ' 017 '

o!,

21.1*1

FIG. 9--Cronin-Piroue data on pion production.

And this is a very early NAL experiment. The comparison
with data taken a t ISR is given in Fig. 9, where even though
the ISR energy is much higher, the luminosity is such that
with a reasonably good solid angle, one could not go above
xJ.
0.4. This is a good example. Energy you have, but
limited luminosity prevents you from exploiting it fully. Of
course, that was one stage. One hopes one will be able to go
on, in both experiments. We will always be more inhibited
a t the ISR. This is the luminosity price.

FIG. 8--A planned 21r Spectrometer at ISR.

Now let me go on to some other experiments. Figure 10

is the famous rising total cross sections. There is some
bubble chamber data from NAL and there are the famous ISR
experiments showing this rising cross section. New data
from the total cross section group a t NAL have experimental
points which also show a rise with statistical e r r o r s in this
region of the order of one o r two-tenths of a percent. So
here, again, you see a comparison between a n ISR experiment where you have difficult experiments with fairly large
e r r o r bars, but a big handle in s , as opposed to very precise
experiments over a more limited range of s. What is even
more interesting about the NAL approach is that they also
have cross sections (Fig. 11, 12), for iris K's, and antiprotons, incidentally all of which look as if they were rising

654

a
o
A

X
w

4 9 r

47

t.
s

$*

I IIIII

I 1 i I l 1 1 1

24

Galbraith e l al. 1965

Foley et al. 1965
Denisov et 01, 1971 a, 1971 b, 1973
Eramberg et al. 1973
Arnold1 et al. 1973
Amendolia et al. 1973
Charlton et al. 1972
Dao et 01. 1972
Gustavson et al. 1974
This Experiment
(preliminary, statistical errors)

f
0

Galbraith et 01. 1965

Denisov et 01. 1971a, 1971b, 1973
Thls Experiment
(preliminary, statistical errors only)

-n

20

a
a

PP

I
I50

I
100
p (GeV/c)

50

200
,j....

FIG. 12--The K p total cross sections.

75

>.....

p (GeV/cl

70
65

-n

FIG. 10--The proton-proton total cross section.

60

29 28

55

50

g2

Galbroith et 01. 1965

Foley et aI. 1967
Denisov et al. 1971 b, 1973
Bogert et al. 1973 (7T-p)
This Experirneni
Ipreliminory, statistical errors only)

T
-

45

40

35

30

102

103

104

105

22

FIG. 11--The

:4

106

,>....

s (GeV2)

FIG. 13--Model4ependent extrapolation of the protonproton total cross section.

-

&

p total c r o s s sections.

in this region. And it seems to me that in any incisive elucidation of this phenomenon, the need for secondary particle
cross sections is also important. And perhaps I ought to
leave this as a question: would theory be totally happy having
only the proton-proton data?

SNAL

The next Figure (13) deals with an extrapolation of total

cross sections under various current theories and some possible SNAL and SISR "results". Following this (Fig. 14) is a
multiplicity extrapolation and then (Fig. 15) a slope parameter in elastic scattering. The "stretch" in rapidity for
ISR, SNAL and SISR in two current models is given in Fig. 16.
Here was a clear JSR break since the NAL parameter s cannot extend f a r enough only the ISR could discover the
"central plateau".

ISA

IO2

103

io4

io5

IO6

s (GeV2)

FIG. 14--h s extrapolation of the particle multiplicity.

Let me go on to some other experiments, and extrapolations thereof. Figure 1 7 is a strong interaction experiment
which is a continuation of high p perpendicular, proton plus
pmton goes to pion plus anything. This is a n extrapolation of

65 5

Io7
1,...11

FIG. 15--Slope parameter in proton-proton elastic

scattering.

- Regge Model

----

Hydrodynornic Model

I
FIG. l'7--Cross sections a t Ocm = 90' for inclusive production of T mesons, as a function of the transverse
momentum of the T meson.

PI phenomena is the possibility of observing interference

effects between strong and electromagnetic, o r between
strong and weak interactions. One does not really know
they may take
where those interference effects take place
place near PL 15 GeV/c, o r maybe a little bit beyond. And
here you might, then, look a t strong interactions for violation of discrete symmetries in o r d e r to detect such interference. You might look for, s a y , parity violation, and so on.
For that reason, you are certainly led to a greater interest
in the high energy. And that will be primarily true, in
general, for weak interactions.

Figure 18 shows another way to look a t it. This is a s o r t

of kinematic region from the point of view of testing any
scaling laws for deep inelastic stuff, and clearly SISR takes
you out a long way in s; on the other hand, SNAL covers a
big chunk too.
I 1

PION RAPIDITY ( Y )

25
HIGH PL PHYSICS

20

1541A12

- 15

FIG. 16--Two model-dependent extrapolations of the pion

rapidity distribution a t ISR, Super NAL, and ISA.

-W2

ISR data, to SNAL and SISR and you see that 20 GeV c is
observable if one can go to c r o s s sections like lom3/, and I
think that is certainly possible for SNAL. On the other hand,
for an ISR I think it is very hard to go s a y , below 10-37, but
this also gets to
20 GeV/c.

The two machines in this particular piece of physics,

where the s dependence is not very dramatic, are roughly
equivalent. SNAL however permits additional information
to come from incident pions, kaons, and p's. On the other
hand, one of the things which is most intriguing to m e in high

.=0.05

o? 10
5
2
0
IO'

102

103

s- (GeV)2

104

I0 5

,,.., .

FIG. 18--mgions in (&v2) and pI (GeV) available to NAL,

ISR, Super NAL, and Super ISR.

656

Figure 19, shows a case of looking at electromagnetic

interactions with proton machines, again in a large storage
ring, one can (if one believes in these extrapolations which
are admittedly model dependent, maybe totally wrong, but
which are a t least thinkable) explore m a s s e s , look for things

p +p

L++L-+anything
Heavy Leptons

10-34

10-36

s=105

20

SISR

11

I \

40

60

80

100

120

mL (GeV)

*,.I.

FIG. 20--Heavy lepton production as a function of lepton

mass a t Super NAL and Super ISR.
Figure 2 1 shows that, a t 4 s = 400 you have a signal which
might be measurable out to beyond $ = (100 CeV)2.
Remember that i n number of events, one multiplies by 10
FIG. 19--Electromagnetic interactions with a proton machine;
p-pair production a t a 5 TeV NAL and ISA.
up to enormously large masses, because again if we can
we seem to have sensitivity out to a b u t 60 GeV
reach
of mass. Again, though, if you look down here at 10-39, you
see that you have about the same limit with a conventional
accelerator. Why would you want to do this s o r t of thing?
Well, there are several reasons. One is, you would like to
look for bumps, you would like to look for the Z I s , and a
Zo on a background of this kind would presumabfy show up as
some resonance in the effective mass of pp o r ee o r whatever
Also, if the continuum does have
lepton pair you look for.
some size which can be measured, one wants to answer questions of scaling, and you might also want to calibrate the
search for intermediate bosons, which presumably have the
s a m e hadronic part but a n interesting and new leptonic part.
Figure 20 shows one of a long s e r i e s of things that can be
made with the virtual photon f l u x discovered in Fig. 19.
These are heavy leptons. These curves are steep and so
SISR, for the first time, really takes over (up to mL 80
CRV). Other "things" calibrated by Fig. 19 are quarks,
monopoles and, in fact, anything that can be pair produced
a t s a y , PEP. We DO NOT discuss the relative experimental problems without bullet proof vests.

\a
\

= 100

'y
i

We now come b what could be the most interesting point:

weak interactions, The main point about pp collisions is, of
c o u r s e , that you have such high energy. Somehow we have
to be freed of the tyranny of doing neutrino physics. At the
moment we are stuck with i t , but it may be that one can
never do weak interactions with protons because the effective
signal is too small. One does not know yet. In perhaps two
o r three y e a r s , one will know whether this is a feasible react b n . There are two ends here: one is actual production of
the intermediate boson, and the other is weak interactions
without an intermediate boson.

657

--

t
10-40-

50

mpv (GeVv)

100
111,117

FIG. 21--Production of W boson o r p v in proton-proton

scattering.

i f one takes a reasonable bite in Am. So there are of the

o r d e r of a hundred events p e r day, and one can track this
thing out and answer one of the crucial questions of weak
interactions as to what happens a t very, very high values of
the effective lepton mass. Strictly, there is no unitarity
limit in this reaction. On the other hand, one knows that
for a four fermion interaction a t a center of mass energy of
some hundreds of GeV, unitarity breaks down. Whatever
physics intercedes should show up in a reaction of this kind
a t high masses. That is the force of this kind of research.
All of this is to say that ISR's may be useful for weak interactions. They may even be useful for such esoteric things
as neutral currents, e. g. , interference between virtual Zo
and y's to produce lepton pairs. We know NAL type
machines can also study these questions, but not much
beyond 50 GeV. Experimentally, there is reasonable hope
that backgrounds of -100 GeV/c transverse momentum
objects from non-weak sources will be manageable. Missing
transverse momentum signalling a neutrino will also be
helpful.

with the consequently much higher c r o s s sections might

permit more civilized detectors, detectors which may not
be so big. There is, of course, the problem of shielding,
which I have not solved with these high energy machines,
but somebody will solve them.
Let m e discuss electron-proton scattering. I did say
storage mechanism o r via
that ep can be done two ways
conventional accelerator. One usually looks a t a kinematic
domain, 92 vs u where we compare a 15 GeV e against 200
GeV p storage ring solution to the problem, with muon
beams of 3 TeV. Using I O 7 muons and a reasonable target
I get a muon luminosity of 5 x 1033, roughly get a factor of
5 0 improvement over storage ring in luminosity. Off hand,
in Fig. 23, it looks as if a very large kinematic range is

I2000

We now go to the report card about secondary beams.

There is simply a n enormous amount of stuff that still wants
to be done a t the next level of energies. For example (see
Fig. 22), elastic scattering of secondary particles, total
c r o s s sections, hyperon interactions, high PI events for not

9000

1.

T,

K,

2.

T ,

K,

5 elastic
6 total

3.

hyperon-nucleon scattering

4.
5.

high P for np
I
resonances Kp

6.

KO physics pp - hadron + anything

7.

muon beams

-+

-+

hadron

N,

->$

+ anything

hadron +anything
JS

- 80 GeV

107/sec up to 3 TeV

p p scattering

3000

Brems.

(&ED)

c1*

Prod.
etc.

Universality

8.

electron beams

9.

y-beams , even polarized!

10.

neutrino beams E v

prob. similar

0
0

2 TeV

9000
,,..*I1

FIG. 23--Availalbe v (GeV) - @ (GeV2) regions in leptonproton scattering: comparison of e p storage ring
(EA) and p p conventional accelerator (Super NAL).

more civilized detectors

up
ve!

FIG. 22--Secondary beam possibilities a t Super NAL.

6000

3000
v (GeV 1

very high u will permit

But: shielding!

6000

only protons but also the other particles because the quantum
number effects may be revealing. The resonances are things
which have to be pursued and which with storage rings will
be very difficult. There is I.@ physics, and maybe some
elucidation of the C P problem, maybe that we are stuck with
K mesons and have to do more experiments of that kind.
Then going to electromagnetic interactions there are photon
beams of interesting intensity and these may even be polarized by crystal techniques. There a r e muon beams of the
o r d e r of 107/sec, up to perhaps 3 TeV. Now that should be
a very beautiful thing f o r scattering, for tests of QED, a t
center of mass energies of the o r d e r of 100 GeV, for perhaps searches for heavy leptons, and tests of p e universality. And for some s o r t of clue to the Bjorken formula we
saw before. Presumably at these accelerators you could
also make electron beams, like muon beams, with similar
intensities. Then, of course, in weak interactions there are
neutrino beams, and to have a 2 o r 3 TeV neutrino beam

658

exposed by ep storage rings. On the other hand, if one

looks a t the numbers, one finds that in a large p a r t of this
plot the number of events per day is very small. So if one
s a y s , "Well, one can do good physics with a very small
number of events per day", then of course the whole thing is
relevant. If one says, "You really cannot learn anything
very incisive from a very small number of events p e r day",
then the two experiments look more competitive, with
greater flexibility, e. g. in secondary particle detection,
going to the muon approach.

I briefly considered alternatives to the e+e- storage question and could only come up with the " Fermi accelerator"
Fig. 24 to compete with 15 GeV x 15 GeV e'e-.
Conventional magnets a r e used. Rumor has it that Wilson wants
the real estate for 100 kG superconducting magnets. This
way he would feel challenged. F o r storage rings of course.

My conclusions are that a 10 y e a r program

include both proton storage rings and a fixed target proton
accelerator. The graphs here indicate that a good match
would have the Super ISR with 6 -10 times the <s as

DISCUSSION
Murray Gell-Mann,(California Institute of Technology):
you give some idea of the cost?

Can

Lederman: You want to know how much a 5 TeV accelerator

will cost. I have no idea. I don't think a reasonable estimate
is possible. I can give you a number that no one can prove
that's impossible, a number like 200 million dollars can not
be proven an impossible number.

FIG. 24

a "conventional" Super-NAL, that i s , the example I chose

finds the two machines too closely matched. Costs become a
crucial matter. We need e+e-, and probably in the form of
storage rings. A s NAL and ISR develop, in the next few
years we will see how sound the comparisons made here
turn out. I hope that in the next few years, also, that w e
will find enough things to shake what I thought was the great
complacency of Gell-Mann in saying that he sees in the air
the ultimate theory. I hope we can spoil that. We will
surely try.

659

PERSPECTIVES ON COLLIDING BEAMS

E. Keil

CERN
Geneva, Switzerland
2.1

Summary
The design and performance of colliding beam devices is restricted by two different kinds of limitations: those due to technology and funds, and those due
to space charge phenomena. Among the technological limitations are maximum magnetic fields, RF power, and the
stored energy of the beams. The space charge limits are
determined by single-beam and beam-beam phenomena, such
as the stability of coherent longitudinal and transverse
oscillations, or the incoherent beam-beam tune shift.
The aim in the design of a colliding beam device is to
achieve the best possible luminosity within all these
limits. Procedures for determining appropriate machine
parameters which include all constraints from the beginning, have been developed. The resulting parameter
sets will be compared to those of machines under study
at present. The design procedures also allow predictions how the parameters and luminosity of future colliding beam devices would change if some or all of the
technological limitations were to occur at a different
level.
1.

Introduction

The beam dynamics and technology on which the design of storage rings is based are essentially the same
for both electron and proton machines. There are,
however, important differences such as synchrotron radiation. The discussion will be presented under two
main headings

Luminosity and beam-beam tune shift

Apart from the energy of the colliding particles,

the luminosity per intersection L is the most important
parameter of a storage ring as far as its usefulness for
colliding beam physics is concerned. It is given by
L =

N2 f
4nkux*a *
Y

N is the total number of particles in one beam, f is the

revolution frequency, ax* and u * are the rms beam horiY
zontal (x) and vertical (y) radii at the interaction
point, k is the number of bunches in one beam. In (l),
the rms bunch half length u i does not appear because it
has been assumed that it is smaller than the amplitude
functions $,* and $ * at the intersection point.
Y
The beam-beam interaction at the crossing points is
usually accompanied by the electromagnetic effect of one
beam on the other. It has become customary to describe
the strength of this essentially non-linear perturbation
by the linear tune shift given to particles close to the
axis of the other beam.
The beam-beam tune shifts in the two directions
are given by

NreBx*

electron storage rings

An

proton storage rings.

Since no electron-proton machine has as yet been

built it would appear too early to make predictions for
the parameters of the next generation of these machines.
For each kind of machine, the requirements which
have to be satisfied in order to achieve a high luminosity will be reviewed first. They can be cast into a
series of design equations which link their design parameters. It turns out that a fairly detailed picture can
be obtained by choosing a rather small number of parameters. Their choice is guided by extrapolation and
scaling from existing machines. Finally, examples of
machines beyond those presently contemplated will be
shown which are designed according to these principles.

(3)

Here, r is the classical electron radius and y is the

usual rElativistic parameter,
The recent treatment5 differs from the previous onel
by assuming head-on collisions and, consequently using
products of beam radii in (2) and ( 3 ) . This reflects
the experimental observation in ADONE3 and in SPEAR'
that crossings at an angle do not yield a higher luminosity although in this case the product of beam radii is
replaced by a - bigger - effective beam cross section.
It is most instructive to eliminate one power of N,
from (1) by using (2). This manipulation yields

2. Electron storage rings

(4)

The principles for the design of an electron storage ring have been known for a long time1. The storage
ring SPEAR2 has been designed accordingly. The operating experience with ADONE3 and SPEAR' has recently led
to some changes in the design principles5 which are
being incorporated in the design of the electron-positron
part of PEP6. The following presentation follows essentially Ref. 5. It is assumed that the electron and
positron bunches collide head-on, i.e. they follow the
same trajectory in opposite directions in the vicinity
of the interaction point.

It has been assumed that a

>> a

*.

Equation (4) holds for any N and any AQ provided

that the approximations used in its derivatign are satisfied. However, it gains its full significance by interpreting it in the following manner: if AQ is replaced by its maximum permissible value AQ, agd if the
beam dimensions at the interaction point are chosen such
that ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) hold then (4) gives the maximum luminosity which can be achieved in an electron storage ring
with N electrons in each beam.

660

It is interesting to note how little one has to

know about a storage ring in order to estimate its 1Uminosity. The maximum beam-beam tune shift AQ is believed to be a universal constant. There are two lower
limits for 5 *, the bunch length and high values of 6
Y
Y
at the ends of the intersection region which are a consequence of low values of 5 *. The most important outY
standing parameter is N which is entirely determined by
single beam phenomena.
Looked upon in a different way, ( 4 ) is just a
formal expression which relates the luminosity to a
small number of as yet unknown parameters. A l l the difficulties of designing storage rings are hidden in these
parameters.
2.2

Synchrotron radiation

In addition, there is the contribution to Q from the

insertions which is not included here.
For a given Q and a chosen phase advance per period,
the parameters of the period are completely determined,
such as Bmax, Bmin, length, and quadrupole focal length.
The radial beam size in the cells follows from (7). To
complete the description of the machine, aYmax and Ox*
are still to be determined. They are related by (2) and
the usual scaling of G and 6, c Q 54:

Y
B *
=Bmax
a *a
x

ymax

(5)
x

If r is defined so that cymax = ruxmax, (2),

can be manipulated to give

(7)

and (8)

In electron machines the synchrotron radiation is

by far the most important single beam phenomenon. The
power loss P which has to be compensated is given by:

Here
mec2
tron
(4).

477
r m c2y4Nfp-
3
e e

Since only the product r2Bx* is fixed by ( 9 ) , r and

hence the vertical beam size can be chosen freely, and
BX* fixed afterwards t o maximize the luminosity. In
II is the bending radius of the electron beam and
order
to save vertical aperture, uymax is fixed at
is the electron rest mass. It is customary in elecstorage ring design to use ( 5 ) to eliminate Nf from G~~~~ = 1 mm, resulting in a vertical aperture Ay of
40 mm, half of which is for closed orbit errors. AllowIn this case the luminosity becomes:
ing 20 uYmax for the beam gives a good beam lifetime
and ample allowance for the change in the beam size due
L=l-AQ?P
to the beam-beam interaction. The horizontal aperture
8n re2mec2y3~
Y*
A, i s determined in the same way.
=

The interpretation of this equation is the same as that

of ( 4 ) .
Clearly, there are many space charge phenomena in
electron storage rings which have caused difficulties
in their initial operation, but, which on the whole
have been overcome later on. For this reason, they have
not been included in the design procedure.
2.3
2.3.1

Design procedure
Outline

For a given energy y, the luminosity (6) depends

Fixing all of
only on 4 parameters: AQ, p , P, B
them determines L. If R / p is fixe$, N follows from ( 5 ) .
Fixing k and imposing upper limits on AQ and AQ,, gives,
from ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) , upper limits on 5 * / ( a z * o *) and on
f i , * / ~ ~ * ~ . These expressions are tazen at tge interaction
point. In order to obtain a machine design, they have
to be related to the beam size and lattice parameters in
the normal machine lattice. If one assumes that there
are no dispersive elements - and also no dispersion
between the machine lattice and the intermatching
action point, then the ratio Bx/ux2 is an invariant. It
is, in fact, given by quantum fluctuations in synchrotron
radiation and becomes approximately1

*.

m. Since all parameters

where C = 3.84 x
9
except Q are known, this equation determines the
Q-value Qmax in the machine lattice. The actual
and be compatible
of Q must be smaller than Q
the requirements on the wore%g point.

in ( 7 )
maximum
value
with

The peak RF voltage V required is determined by the

radiation loss/electron U which follows from the total
power P and the number of electrons. V has to be higher
than U by the overvoltage ratio q required to achieve
a given quantum lifetime T ~ . The latter is related to
the damping time T~ by a pair of transcendental equationsl.
2.3.2

Results

A machine designed according to the procedure just

described is the preliminary design of a 15 GeV electronpositron storage ring5 which is compatible with the
current PEP design6. Its parameters are summarized in
Table I .

In order to demonstrate where electron storage ring

design may lead to in the future, the parameters of this
machine are scaled to an even higher energy. Consider
a step in energy by a factor 104, i.e. from 15 to about
50 GeV. In order to keep the luminosity constant which
is the bare minimum in view of the rapid decrease of
most of the cross sections involved, the radius of the
machine is assumed to go up by a factor of 1074, and
the RF power by a factor 10%.
This choice fixes the
machine design apart from the RF parameters which are
chosen to yield a constant quantum lifetime. The results are also shown in Table I.

TABLE 1
Comparison of electron storage ring parameters

15

Here c is the velocity of light, X is the line (number)

density of protons, and a. is the crossing angle. It
has been assumed that the rms beam radii ax* and uy*
are equal to a*.

50

1032

1032

220

1240

318

1790

Under the same assumptions, the beam-beam tune shift

in the x direction is:

0.75R

0.75R

0.06

0.06

5 0.06

2 0.06

0.2

2.77

15.6
x

10-5

3.0

OF

10-5

2 5.4 x 10-5

3.0 x 10-5

4 . 2 5 x 10l2

7.56

10

27

59

127

10.1

21.8

6.3

6.2

144

40

40

3.7

3.7

104

104

2.2
60

10l2

The above expressions are all approximations. They

are valid for beams which are well separated at the end
of the free space around the intersection point, and for
values of @*which are not too small. The optimum choice
of B* will be discussed below. Accurate formulae for
round beams11,12 and for elliptic beams13 are available.
I.f the tune shift (11) is again used to replace one
power of A in (10) the following formula is obtained:

6.21

146

27

a0

Here, r is the classical proton radius and a* is the

B, and By at the interaction point. It has
value
been assumed that the crossing takes place in the vertical plane. In this case lAQy/ I IAQxl always holds for
a round beam.

26.7

0.2

5.21

=(f)&hrp8*
YO

150

2 5.4

AQ

Although this is valid for all values of X and AQx

it may again b e interpreted as an expression for the
maximum value of the luminosity which can be obtained
in a proton machine, if the crossing angle andfor the
beam dimensions are adjusted so that (11) holds with
AQx replaced by its maximum permissible value.

480
1.36
650

It can be shown" that the luminosity L reaches an

asymptotic value when B* decreases, and that 9 3 of that
luminosity are obtained when a* is chosen as follows:

It may be seen that a machine at 50 GeV energy requires a very large RF voltage and RF power, and that
it has a very large radius. This may indicate that the
technological limit for ,,Iectron storage is below 5o GeV. ere Et = ~ ~ ~ B Y u *is
~ /the
B * normalised transverse emitSince this limit is s o much influenced by synchrotron ra- tance, and I. is the free length around the interaction
point. With the choice (13) for B* the luminosity
diation it appears rather difficult to overcome.
becomes :
3.

Proton storage rings

4 ($357

(14)
L =
cy
Practical experience on proton storage rings is
available from a single machine, the ISR7. In addition,
3
there have been a few design s t ~ d i e s ~ but
~ ~ there
* ~ ~ is
,
no established design procedure for this type o f machine. 3 * 2 Sing1e beam limits
Below, an outline of such a procedure is presented. It
In proton machines there is no one phenomenon which
i s assumed that the proton beams are unbunched and colis clearly more important than all the others. Therelide at a small angle.
fore it is appropriate to include many of them in the
design procedure right from the start and to let the
3 . 1 Luminosity and beam-beam tune shift
latter itself find out which are the most important.
discussion below is based on present knowledge of
menthe proton beams collide at an angle such that The
these phenomena, i * e *any new developments which may
they are well separated at the ends of the free intermake them less severe are not taken into account.
section space, the luminosity
obtained is given by:

662

3.2.1

Incoherent tune shift

In the highly relativistic limit where the contribution of the direct space charge effect to the incoherent tune shift is negligible compared to the contribution of images, the standard formula14 may be
written as follows:

Here the amplitude function has already been replaced

by its average value R/Q, r) = yt-2 - Y - ~ , yt is the
y-value at transition, Q' = dQ/dp/p is the absolute
chromaticity and Ap is the momentum spread in the beam.
The above equation must be satisfied for the total transverse impedance 2 , in the machine, for all combinations
of I and Ap/m c which occur during its filling, and for
every n > Q. 'If stacking in momentum space is used, as
in the I S R , then I and Ap/mpc grow roughly in proportion
and in (18) may be interpreted as the total current and
the total momentum spread in the beam.

AQ 1

Here, h is the half aperture of the vacuum chamber and

g is the half height of the magnet gap, and magnets are
supposed to occupy only a fraction p/R of the circumference. E 1 and E2 are image field coefficients which
depend on the shape of the vacuum chamber and magnet
polepieces, respectively. For the parallel plate geometry of a separated function machine one has14:

El

lT2
48

E2

In the special case of the resistive wall impedance

the following expression applies, neglecting the smaller
capacitive impedance:

712
24

Here Z o i s the impedance of free space and 6 is the skin

depth measured at the frequency w = (n-Q) c/R and
hence :

Assuming that g and h are equal and calling the

half aperture b, (15) can be brought into the form:

Here E = mpc2 is the rest energy of the protons and BH

P
is the field strength in the bending magnets. The somewhat strange form of (17) i s chosen because it will
turn out to be rather convenient to write the design
constraints in a form which links the beam dynamics
parameters directly to engineering parameters which by
experience only take values within rather narrow limits.
It will turn out throughout that the aperture of
the vacuum chamber and hence of the magnets is not determined by the space required for the beam proper or
for closed orbit errors, but is necessary to remove the
walls far enough from the beam so that their effects
become small. This, naturally, leads to a circular or
nearly circular vacuum chamber. Its cross section
should have as few variations as possible in order to
avoid the inductive impedances and the cavity resonances
associated with them.

In the case of a beam centered in an exactly circular chamber the first term in the bracket vanishes.
Hence (17) is pessimistic. This has been confirmed by
~ ~the image field coefficient
a recent c a l c ~ l a t i o nof
E1 for a beam with an arbitrary position in an elliptic
chamber.
In the design of a storage ring one wants the
single beam tune shift to be below a given limit. Hence
(17) is a design constraint which the machine parameters
must satisfy. In particular, it may be considered as
an equation for the current Iq which can be stored in a
machine.
3.2.2

Transverse resistive wall instability

The resistive wall instability16 is the best known

example of a transverse coherent instability. The stability criterion can be expressed in the following
fo m 1 7 :

u is the conductivity of the vacuum chamber material.

At low mode numbers n, just above Q , the Q' term in (18)
dominates and the tune spread required to Landau damp
the instability becomes:

SQ

Q '

AP 2
P

-rc)'R(?)
2

TC

PBM

3h

~(7)
10
1

y
n-Q

(21)
In a real machine, the tune spread which can be
accommodated is below a given limit. Hence (21) is
another design equation for it, giving the current It
which is transversely stable.

In an actual machine there are many more transverse

impedances apart from the resistivity of the vacuum
chamber walls. In principle, all have to be included in
the stability considerations and designed accordingly.
However, there is this difference between isolated objects and the vacuum chamber that the former can be modified as required whereas the latter cannot easily be
changed.
In the ISR, a transverse feedback system has been
used successfully1* to counteract the effect of the wall
impedance for the two lowest modes. A similar system
could also be used in future machines.
3.2.3

Longitudinal resistive wall instability

The traditional stability criterion for the resistive wall instabilityl9 can be written in the following
fom20 9 2 1:

6 63

Here 2 is the tolerable coupling impedance, and n is the

mode number. Ap is the full width of the momentum
spread at half height of the distribution function.
Again, (22) must be fulfilled for all combinations of
I and Ap which occur during the filling process. When
stacking in momentum space is used the most severe conditions apply to the beginning of the filling.
For a beam in a circular vacuum chamber of radius
b, the coupling impedance, neglecting the small capacitive contribution and putting in the worst n = 1, is
given by:

Furthermore, all the collective effects mentioned

have in common that, when the other parameters are fixed,
then the aperture radius b must be bigger than some limit.
Hence, for a given wavelength there is always an aperture
radius b for which the machine works,
The question arises quite naturally whether there
are upper limits to the aperture. It turns out that the
maximum poletip field of the quadrupoles is one of them.
Stored energy in the beam

3.3.1

If one considers proton machines at several hundred

GeV energy and with several amperes of circulating
current one finds that the stored energy of the beams
may take values which are much bigger than those in the
ISR23 or the large proton synchrotrons at NAL or at
CERN. It therefore appears most suitable to include it
as a design constraint. It is given by the following
expression:

Assuming that the current/pulse is I , the momentum spread necessary for longitudinal stagility of a
single pulse becomes, combining ( 2 2 ) and (23):

*
2n(5-)
-m c

R 1y2
BM

There are two reasons why the stored energy in the

beam may be dangerous. In emergency cases, the beam
must be deflected in a beam dump system by fast ejection
and the whole energy in the beam is deposited in a long
thin cylinder of material creating problems of local
heating and stress. Water has been suggested as a possible material for the absorber24.

In the derivation it has been assumed that y >> yt

and hence 11 2 Q-2 has been used.

If one assumes that the aperture taken by the momentum spread of the stacked beam should not exceed the
vacuum chamber radius b (this leaves another radius b
for manipulations, betatron oscillations, closed orbit
In superconducting machines, in particular, the
distortions etc.), then one can calculate an upper limit beam power deposited near to the vacuum chamber is equal
111for the stored current which is longitudinally stable:
to the stored beam energy divided by the beam lifetime.
If this power has to be removed at cryogenic temperatures it may constitute a significant heat load. Attempts
to localize the beam l o s s have not yet been successful
in the ISR.
This is the third design constraint for a proton machine.
In an actual machine there are many more longitudinal
impedances apart from the resistivity of the vacuum
chamber, the most conspicuous of these being the shunt
impedance o f the RF system. The RF system of the ISR
contains a feedback loopz2 which reduces its shunt impedance at the cavity resonances by a large factor. The
elements in question must be designed so that their total impedance is small compared with the vacuum chamber
walls o r their impedances have to be included.
3.2.4

The stored energy equation (26) may be considered

as an equation for the maximum current Iw which can be
stored in a machine.
3.3.2

Limits on the quadrupole strength

Calculating the properties of a separated function

FODO lattice in thin lens approximation5, one finds that
for 90 phase advance per period the focal length of the
quadrupoles is given by

Synopsis of single beam limits

f = L f2fi

Many single beam phenomena have been considered

which limit the total current which can be stored in a
proton storage ring. There are even more phenomena
which have not been mentioned at all. Hopefully, they
are l e s s restrictive than those mentioned. However, the
important thing to be demonstrated was that one should
adopt an open-ended approach to the design of these
large machines which has been shown here by way of a few
examples.
3.3

(27)

Here R is the length of a period which is related to

R/Q byp

The relation between focal length and gradient is

Technical limits on proton storage rings

The question arises whether there are technical

phenomena in proton machines which take the place of the
synchrotron radiation in electron machines. It turns
out that the stored energy in the beam may be such a
phenomenon. It will be considered below.

where Bp is the magnetic rigidity of the protons, and

RQ is the length of the quadrupoles, and BQ is their
field at a distance b from their centre. Since the
value of R / p has already been used in several places,
the quadrupole length LQ cannot exceed the space left
free by bending magnets. One can introduce an adjustable

6 64

n-Q = '4. Experience with the ISR suggests that nonlinear resonances must be avoided in order to obtain a
good lifetime of the stored beam, and a low background
from beam-wall events in the experiments. The working
space in the tunes is restricted to the range between
the 5th order resonances at Q = n + 3/5 and the 3rd order
resonances at Q = n + 2/3. This leaves a free space Of
AQ = '115 which includes the 8th order resonances at
Q = n + 518

parameter CQ which just describes the fraction of the

straight sections in a period occupied by the quadrupoles.
The above formulae can be combined and manipulated
to finally take the form:

This free space must be large enough to include the

tune spread required for transverse stability, the tune
In a real machine, an upper limit for BQ is deterspread in the single beam and the sum of all the tune
mined by the type of magnets used for the construction
of the magnet lattice. Therefore (30) is an upper limit spreads due to the beam-beam interactions. Replacing
the tune spreads by the corresponding tune shifts yields
for the aperture radius b, and as such it complements
the design equations given by the collective phenomena. 'roughly
It may be considered a fortunate accident that the
upper limit for b (30) increases more steeply with R/Q
than the lower limits for b determined by the collective
phenomena (17) and (21). Hence there is always a s o l u tion to the combined equations.
3.4

Proton storage ring design

3.4.1

The maximum permissible value AQZmax for the beambeam tune shift has been the subject of much speculation26*27*28, Experimental information from the ISR
suggests that no bad effects are observable with
AQz
7 x
if the tunes are chosen as described
above. In addition, a special experiment at 2 G ~ V / C ~ ~
has shown that there is no detectable lifetime reduction
for a beam lifetime of about 30 minutes at AQ2 = 5 x
In this experiment the short lifetime was entirely due
to single beam effects, most likely intra-beam scattering30231. An experiment using a non-linear lens to Simulate the second beam has not yet given conclusive results.

Outline of the procedure

The design equations (17) , ( 2 1 ) , (25) , (26) and

(30) involve only 16 parameters which can be grouped as
follows:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

Machine energy y
Injected beam parameters, given by injector:
Ip, Et, (AplmPc)i
Magnet lattice parameters R l p , BH, BQ, CQ, b,
Wmax
Space charge parameters u, n-Q, 6Qmax, AQlmax

Choosing AQ2max
tice6 ,25,32,

0.005 has become standard prac-

Intersection parameters II, AQ2max

The most transparent way of proceeding consists in

choosing first these parameters, then to calculate the
maximum currents Iq, It, IL, In permitted by ( 1 7 ) , (Zl),
( 2 5 ) , (26) and the corresponding luminosities. This
'yields a clear picture of which luminosity can be obtained with a given set o f machine parameters. It is
then quite easy to choose a good set of parameters for
which many more derived quantities can be obtained.
3.4.2

Here N 2 is the number of crossing points. On the basis

of this argument, the values 6Qmax = AQlmax = 0.02 were
used in the examples.

Choice of parameters

The choice of the parameters must be guided by extrapolation and scaling from existing proton synchrotrons and storage rings. As examples, machines will be
used which are under study at CERN, using the CERN SPS
as an injector, and therefore operating with known and
fixed injected beam parameters. The choice of the magnet lattice parameters R/p, %, BQ, CQ can be guided
by a comparison with the large proton synchrotrons at
NAL and CERN, for a conventional copper-steel magnet
system. For the supraconducting magnet system, parameters in the vicinity of the ISABELLE proposalz5 are
used.
The aperture radius b and the stored energy in the
beam WqaX are used as parameters for the time being.
They wlll be fixed later.
The choice of the vacuum chamber material fixes u ,
the conductivity. It is advantageous to work in the
half-integral range o f Q just above an integer. Hence

Choosing the same size of the working region as in

the ISR and the standard value for the beam-beam tune
shift is not necessarily a satisfactory method of extrapolation. An argument against this choice is that a
beam-beam effect which is an order of magnitude stronger
will excite non-linear resonances more strongly and hence
the invisible 8th order resonances may become harmful.
There are two arguments in favour of this scaling:
Firstly, future machines will have a higher luminosity
than the ISR at roughly the same number of protons, and
are, therefore, relatively less sensitive to beam-wall
background. Secondly, the "feeding" of particles into
the resonances by intra-beam scattering is slower at
higher energies. The balance between the arguments
against and in favour of the choices made can only be
arrived at by more detailed calculations.
The last parameter to be fixed was the free length
around the crossing points. It was chosen as II = 30 m.
3.4.3

Results

Using these parameters, the stored current and the

luminosity were calculated, employing the accurate formulae12 for the beam-beam tune shift and the luminosity.
The results are displayed in Figs. 1 to 4 . The energy
(y) is used as abscissa. Each graph contains 4 sets of
curves. One set has W as a variable parameter, the other
3 sets the aperture radius b; they apply to the single
beam tune shift, and the transverse and longitudinal
stability limits. For smaller values of y, the longitudinal phase space density limit may be independent of b.

665

This means that the momentum spread of the injected beam

is stable and hence no aperture dependent blow-up is required.
It may be seen that usually the single beam tune
shift and the stored energy in the beam present the most
serious limitations. A superconducting machine needs a
smaller stored energy in the beam and a smaller aperture
radius b for the same luminosity than a conventional
copper-steel magnet machine.
Proton machines in the energy range up to 1000 GeV
which correspond to accelerators in the energy range up
to 2130 TeV appear to be technically feasible. However,
they are very large and correspondingly expensive.
In order to simplify the presentation, the operation at only one energy has been considered. This excludes machines such as ISABELLEZ5 in which the stored
beam has to be accelerated to the design energy, and the
operation of a given machine over an extended energy
range. Both these problems can be tackled within the
formalism presented by scaling the parameters y , % and
BQ accordingly. It turns out that the stored current
is proportional to y when the tune of the machine is
kept constant. According to ( 1 4 ) this would result in
a luminosity variation like yVZ. The operating range
of the machine can be extended towards lower energies by
using a larger aperture than is required at maximum
energy.
3.4.4

Specific machines

Table I1 (cont'd]
Maximum poletip
field in quadrupoles

The important conclusion from Table I1 is that it

is possible to design stable machines with a good luminosity. They compare favourably with the ISR because
the collective effects are of the same order of magnitude and the luminosity is much higher.
Comparing the conventional and superconducting
machines in Table I1 shows that in the latter one
reaches the same luminosity with a smaller radius, aperture and stored energy.
Much work still has to be done before the feasibility of these machines can be established, in particular
in the following areas: design of intersection regions,
RF acceleration, beam transfer from the SPS and injection, beam dumping, and site layout.
TABLE I1

Maximum momentum

Maximum field in
bending magnets

BM

conv ,

S.C.

400

400

GeV/c

1.8

4.0

conv.
0.6

S.C.

1.3

1.6

2.0

Bending radius

741

333

Average radius

964

533

Quadrupole
filling factor

0.5

0.2

Aperture radius

30

20

mm

Average wavelength

R/Q

36.4

17.9

Betatron wavenumber

26.5

Phase advance/
period

iJ

Period length

Quadrupole length

Injected current/
pulse

I
P

Injected phase
space density

Injected normalised beam emittance

Et

Number of injector pulses

Stored energy in
the beam

wB

Single beam tune

shift

AQl

Vacuum chamber
conductivity

Resistive wall
mode number

n-Q

Required tune
spread in beam
Total stored momentum spread
Free length in
crossing regions

Rms beam radius

at crossing point
Beam-beam tune
shift/crossing

Luminosity/crossin

666

TI2

n12

57.2

28.1

3.3

1.1

0.07

0.07

1 .3x1020

1 . 3 ~ 1 0 ~m-3
~

301~

301~*10-~
m

72

72

40

22

0.015

0.008

106

106

0.75

0.75

0.007

0.005

MJ

A/Vm

3.6~10-~ 4.2~10-~

Amplitude function at crossing

point

Crossing angle

Comparison of 400 GeV proton storage ring parameters

using conventional and superconducting magnet

Circumference
factor

Stored current
On the basis of the results displayed in Figs. 1
to 4 a parameter list for a 400 GeV/c conventional machine has been worked out which is being used to design this machine in more detail. It is shown in Table
11. All the derived parameters can be obtained from the
formulae given earlier in this paper. For comparison,
I have included the parameters of a superconducting
machine with the same energy and luminosity. In these
machines, round numbers were chosen for the aperture
such that the actual values of AQ, and 6Q were below
the limits imposed.

=0

AQ2

30

30

2.0

2.0

0.2

0.2

mm

0.005

0.005

A. Delizde et al., 7th Int, Conf. High Energy

Acc., Yerewan, Vol. 2, 183 (1969)

4. Conclusions
A comparison between the extrapolations for electron and proton machines in Tables I and I1 shows that
an electron machine at 50 GeV is significantly bigger
than a proton machine at 400 GeV. This i s even more
true when one considers the superconducting version of
the latter. Hence, there is a distinct difference in
the maximum energy which one can hope to achieve in
electron and proton machines. Whether this difference
is significant or not must be decided on the basis of
experiments which can be performed with these machines.

B.W. Montague, private communication

H. Hahn, this conference
B.V. Chirikov, Inst. of Nucl. Phys., Novosibirsk,
Preprint 267, Section 4.3 (1969)

E. Keil, 8th Int. Conf. High Energy Acc., C E M ,

372 (1971)
L . J , Laslett, this conference

References
M. Sands in Physics with Intersecting Storage
Rings, editor B. Touschek, Academic Press,
New York (1971)

K. Hiibner, this conference

J. Rees et al., 8th Int. Conf. High Energy Acc.,

CERN, 143 (1971)

A . Piwinski, this conference

C.

Pellegrini, Frascati Report LNF-68/1 (1968)

G.H. Rees, this conference

F. Amman, 8th Int. Conf. High Energy Acc., CERN,

63 (1971)
H. Wiedemann et al., 1973 Particle Acc. Conf.,
San Francisco, 838 (1973)
J . Rees and B. Richter, SPEAR-167 (1973)

L. Smith, this conference

K. Johnsen, this conference
Proton-Proton Colliding-Beam Storage Rings f o r the
Natl. Acc. Lab., Design Study 1968
J.P. Blewett and H. Hahn, editors, BNL 16716 (1972)
A.N. Skrinsky et al., 8th Int. Conf. High Energy
Acc., CERN, 72 (1971)

E. Keil, C. Pellegrini and A.M. Sessler, to be

published in Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
E. Keil, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
B.W.

E,
333

(1973)

Montague, private communication

L.J. Laslett, BNL 7534, 324 (1963)

B. Zotter, Report CERN/ISR-TH/74-11 (1974)
L.J. Laslett, V.K. Neil, A.M. Sessler, Rev. Sci.
Instr. 3, 436 (1965)
H.G. Hereward, private communication

L. Thorndahl and A. Vaughan, 1973 Particle Acc.

Conf., San Francisco, 807 (1973)

V.K. Neil and A.M. Sessler, Rev. Sci. Instr.

36,

429 (1965)
V.K. Neil, D.L. Judd and L.J. Laslett, Rev. Sci.
Instr. 32, 267 (1961)

E. Keil and W. Schnell, Report CERN/ISR-TH-RF/

69-48 (1969)
F.A. Ferger and W. Schnell, USSR 2nd Natl. Conf.
Particle Acc., Moscow, Vol. 2, 128 (1972)

6 67

.rl

4
I

N
.rl
M

B
al

9
m

H
U

9
U
3

I
rl

.rl
M

Fn

668

+
h

a,

I
I

ffl

?
rl
M
.A
G
v)

ffl

U
h

.A
ffl

0
.rl

El

r7

I
-3

M
.A
Fri

- a J

+
11

2
aJ

a,
ffl

>

H
U

u
c)

M
.A
G
U
4

2
.rl

m
M

.rl

r.v

669

DISCUSSION
Rae Stiening (NALL: How does one avoid 5th - o r d e r resonances- in other words, can you make magnets of good
quality a t that high energy?
Keil: That is a good question. I'll answer the second
part first. I don't think that the magnet tolerances influence the o r d e r of resonances which one can stand in a
machine more than the beam-beam effects in the machine;
that is to say that if you make a lousy magnet, then you

may get single-beam difficulties. However, if you want to

run the machine as a colliding beam device,. then the twobeam situation is bound to be worse even under these
conditions.
Matt Allen (SLACJ: Just an engineering detail- the 50-GeV
machine would need about 1 km of R F cavities. The wall
losses would be about 20 MW f o r copper cavities. This
might be a possible application for superconducting cavities
which would require a lot of niobium.

670

SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCES

S.P,Rapitza
I n s t i t u t e for Physical Problems
Moscow, USSR

(presented by V. V. Elyan)

t h e c r i t i c a l wave length h e = 2,42 1 OX

introduced i n most t h e o r e t i c a l papers on SR.
S R is highly polarized, its plane of
p o l a r i s a t i o n being t h a t of the o r b i t . I n a
f u l l revolution of a charge
quanta
a r e emitted with a t o t a l r a d i a t i o n loss of A E

Synchrotrons and
storage
r i n g s a8 sync r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n sources i n the
vacuum u l t r a v i o l e t and s o f t X-ray region are
discussed. Comparative consideration of sever a l s p e c i a l p r o j e c t s of dedicated SR storage
rings is given.

==??

g.r

Synchrotron r a d i a t i o n ( S R ) i s w e l l known
t o the a c c e l e r a t o r community mainly as an unwelcome refuse of synchrotrons and e l e c t r o n
storage rings. Following the modern trend i n
u t i l i z i n g a l l products t h a t appear i n an ind u s t r i a l process much use has been recently
found f o r t h i s by-product of a c c e l e r a t o r technology.
SR span$ a very broad band of the e l e c t romagnetic spectrum p r a c t i c d l l y s t a r t i n g i n
the i n f r a r e d and usually terminating somewhe=
i n t h e X-ray region. Certainly from t h e point
of view of energy 10 keV quanta, even 100 keV
ones cannot compete w i t h the GeVs and TeVs
t h a t tend t o dominate the minds of those present, But it i s the technology and expertize
developed f o r high energy physics t h a t compels
us t o consider S R sources. Thus a new challenge to the accelerator designer i s open
and a new dimension f o r the use o f high energy p a r t i c l e accelerators i s added i n providiog
a most powerful t o o l of research i n a diverse
number of f i e l d s .
M a y be it i s t h i s d i v e r s i t y of applicat i o n s t h a t presents one of the major d i f f i c u l t i e s , f o r we could c e r t a i n l y leave t h e development of t h i s f i e l d t o the f u t u r e user who
could make t h e decision, what s o r t of machine
i s considered t o be t h e best. But when a numb e r of f i e l d s f r o m s o l i d s t a t e physics t o biology, from diagnostic medicine t o astropbYsics
a r e involved, who then should take t h e lead?
I n t h i s case I think it i s for t h e machine
b u i l d e r t o get an understandin@; of the users
needs and by combining them w i t h t h e current
p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f accelerator technology make
the proper s t e p i n building a new machine.
Before considering this next s t e p I w i l l start
w i t h reminding you of the main properties of
SR
SR i s primarily produced when a f a s t
is
e l e c t r o n w i t h an energy E ))Eo = mC2
d e f l e c t e d i n a strong magnetic f i e l d H
Radiation i s emitted t a n g e n t i a l l y t o the orbit
and is s p a c i d l y confined t o a small angle
.$.%
= /E
typically l e s s than
1 mrad f o r energies above 1 GeV. The spectrum
is continuous, passing through the millimeter,
submillimeter, IR, o p t i c a l , UV i n t o the X-ray
region. The number of quanta gradually decreases with photon energy & as &93 up t o a
Cut off frequency, where the spectrum
iS
r a p i d l y terminated, The cut of wave l e n g t h
X m w i s determined by the e l e c t r o n energy
E (GeV) and the radius R(m)
1,7 R

(kev} =

88,5

E 4 (Gev)

R (m)

(2)

Thus the SR power i s P s = I a E

where I is
the e l e c t r o n beam current. F o r a l l p r a c t i c a l
purposes the e l e c t r o n s p i n and quantum phenomena do not a f f e c t the S R spectrum, although
the beam cross s e c t i o n is determined by quantum fluctuations. The c l a s s i c a l electrodynamic
theory i s i n f u l l agreement with all observat i o n s and the appropriate treatment can be
found i n most modern textbooks (see a l s o ill,.
S R from a high energy e l e c t r o n beam
presents a source of highly collimated, polar i z e d r a d i a t i o n w i t h a well defined continuous
spectrum. Its s p e c t r a l i n t e n s i t y i n the W
and X-ray region i s f a r g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t of
any other sources. Moreover, even i n t h e inf r a r e d the i n t e n s i t y is higher than that of
heated bodies usually used as sources i n I R
spectroscopy. These well defined properties
of S R have l e d t o consider an e l e c t r o n beam
radiating i n a uagnetic f i e l d as a primary
r a d i a t i o n standard, being a t 1 GeV more or
l e s s s i m i l a r t o a black body a t a temperature
SR standards are f i n d i n g use i n calo7
l i b r a t i n g W and X-ray instruments f o r space
astronomy
Most of the work w i t h S R has been done
on e x i s t i n g synchrotrons and storage rings.
T h i s extensive experience i s well summed up
i n a number of conference r e p o r t s 121 and
referen e s can be found i n an extensive b i b l i ograph&. The first experiments were mainly
done p a r a s i t i c a l l y on l a r g e synchrotrons, t h e
most prominent being the DESY 7 GeV synchrot r o n at Hamburg. Later a s u b s t a n t i a l project
had also been s t a r t e d a t Daresbury on t h e
NINA 4 GeV synchrotron where a n a t i o n a l SR
f a c i l i t y i s now operating.
Although much work i s s t i l l being done
on most e l e c t r o n synchrotrons, SR f a c i l i t i e s
are now provided also on the l a r g e modern
electron storage rings. The Stanford S R Proj e c t (SSIIP) at SPEAR descr bed i n d e t a i l elsewhere i n these P m ~ s e d i n g s ~ ~ 1 p m v i daenas
t i o n a l US f a c i l i t y mainly f o r the W and
X-ray region with a high f l u x down t o 1 8.
Up t o seven experiments can share a beam run,
which accepts l l , 5 mrad SR emitted horizonta l l y . A broad ranging program o f research
w i l l be pursued includiag s t u d i e s of UV and
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, extended
X- ray absorption edge f i n e s t r u c t u r e s , X-ray
U f r a c t i o n on biological s y s t e m , Compton
s c a t t e r i n g X- ray absorption, X-ray induced
luminiscence, sub-nanosecond time constant
measurements on s o l i d s , chemical k i n e t i c stud i e s and W r e f l e c t i v i t y , thus covering most
~m,, =
of the probzems requiring t h e s h o r t wavelength
p
a r t of the SR spectrum.
We w i l l consider Amax the wave length at
A most powerful f a c i l i t y is t o be prot h e maximum of the power spectrum as the main
vided
a t t h e DESY-DORIS storage r i n g , where
parameter of the SR spectrum, r a t h e r than

/s

k3

671

two l a r g e SR bunkers are b u i l t in a d d i t i o n

t o those t h a t were primarily used on t h e DESY
synchrotron. One of these new bunkers i s oper a t e d by the European Molecular Biology Oxgan i z a t i o n (-0)
and w i l l be devoted t o s t u d i e s
of complex biological s t r u c t u r e s
enzimes,
muscles, e t c .
P a r a s i t i c S R f a c i l i t i e s are a l s o envisaged on the new l,7 GeV D C I storage ring a t
Orsay (France) operated by the Laboratoire
pour 1 ' U t i l i s a t i o n du Rayonnement Electromagnetique (LURE) group, working a t present on
the 5% MeV ACO ring. F r o m 1975 ACO w i l l De
used only f o r SR work.
I n the Soviet Union at Novosibirslr SR
work is a c t i v e l y being done both on t h e
670 MeV VB?P-2B6 storage ring and t h e l a r g e
VXPP-3 couplex. A summary of d a t a on these
machines that a l l provide p a r a s i t i c SR f a c i l i t i e s i s given in the first half of Table I.
The work on these machines w i l l certainl y l e a a t o rapid and iuunediate progress i n
the whole f i e l d of 8R research. T h l s W i l l
provide f o r a uew opportuulty t o reaccess she
merits of various SR sources and w i l l contribute t o the demands that a SR source should
comply with, although even now we can consider these aeuands and envisage the p a r m e t e r s
of a d e b c a t e d SR source.
The f u t u r e S R source w i l l c e r t a i n i y be
a storage ring. Work on ssorage r i n g s has
shown them t o be idea3 sources of radiation.
They are fret: from v i b r a t i o n s that so complic a t e s experiments on l a r g e synchrotrons,
provide great s p a c i a l and temporal s t a b i l i t y
of the beam, l i t t l e if any r a d i a t i o n dauger,
which LS a constant hazazd on l a r e syncbrot r o m . On large synchrotrons the R beam i s
p r a c t i c a l l y available some 20 t o 30 meters
f r o m the beam, when with storage rings work
in the immediate v i c i n i t y of t h e machine is
possible
A t present the only storage r i n g f u l l y
committed t o S R work is the Wisconsin Tantal u s I f a c i l i t y l a j l t s remark b l e success i n
t h e SR f i e l d down t o -100
has l e d t o a
p r o j e c t of converting the o l d 180 MeV PTBC
synchrotron i n t o a 240 MeV storage ring, d scribed i n more d e t a i l i n these Proceedingsh.
The conversion w i l l include a 10 MeV i n j e c t o r
mimotron, a new vacuum chamber, c o i l s and
supplies necessary f o r the operation of t h e
synchrotron as a storage ring. A 300 MeV SR
storage r i n g i s being c u r r e n t l y b u i l t In
Japan. These SR sources w i l l provide for
work i n the 10%
energy p a r t of the spectrum,
down t o -100 A , whereas the l a r g e c o l l i d i n g
beam machines w i l l be supplying the s h o r t e r
wave lengths down t o - 1 .!A
"he next s t e p is the d e s i g n o f dedicat e d SR storage r i n g s produci
SR down to
the s h o r t e s t limit oP p r a c t i c z importance
should now be considered. A critical accessment of 'Xrnax in this case leads one t o t h e
conclusion t h a t 1,5 + 1 3 is t h e l i m i t i n g
value this f i g u r e being of c r u c i a l importance $or the design of a SR storage ring.
The next parameter of importance i n t h e
d e s i m is the mametic f i e l d . Modern t r e n d s
i n the designing-of high energy synchrotrons
and storage rings f a v o r low f i e l d s . In t h e
case of SR sources j u s t the opposite is r i g h t t h e f i e l d should be as lvgh as possible.
The storage r i n g is bes conceived 88
a s e p d d d function m u w 1 7 Momover, th0
separation of functions takes a s t e p f u t h e r

by introducing s p e c i a l magnets designed solev

l y f o r the production of SR. These multiple
wigglers were f i r s t introduced
gap magnets
t o increase SA dampi n t h e CEA c o l l i d i n g
beam e-eriment.
How these inagnets operated
a t as high a f i e l d BB reasonable w i l l be used
as a l o c a l means of generating SR. Thus the
magnetic system i s t o be made up of bending
dipole magnets, focussing quadrupoles and SR
magnets, plus a u x i l i a r y uagnets for tmmg
the system and compemating higher order
gradients. The focussing l a t t i c e o f t h e magn e t i c system i s o f r a t h e r straightforward
design t h a t alLows one t o a d j u s t t h e P -func t i o n and 3 r and SX within c e r t a i n m r g i n s .
The main bending magnets a r e t o be of the
C-type where access t o the vacuum chamber and
S R l i g h t tubes is simpler. This concept is
used i n a l l t h r e e major p r o j e c t s of SR soarces which we w i l l now consider i n more d e t a i l
(see Table I).
The most ambitious p r o j e c t i s t h e 2 GeV
e l e c t r o n storage ring, proposed by t h e Daresbury laboratory group t o take place of t h e
NINA synchrotron 899. This lari?ge storage
ring is designed t o xun with a 1 I current
and w i l l c e r t a i n l y be the most powerful dedicated SR source with 240 kw in SR power.
U s i n g a 5 T s u p e r c o n d u c t 7 wiggler insex$
the ,Amax can be s h i f t e d own from 2,5 A t o
0,8 A with a c o r r e s p o m b g increaae in flux.
The design of superconducting wigglers using
the available superconducting cables is quite
straightforward f o r f i e l d s up t o 5 T and nay
be 6 T. Future developments w i l l raake the
construction of wigglers with f i e l d s up t o
10 T possible.
A t l e a s t 10 beam l i n e s a r e envisaged
w i t h the machine t h a t w i l l use most of the
support f a c i l i t i e s of the N M A synchrotron.
The SR storage r i n g is suitably placed i n
the h a l l t h a t at present houses the uain HINA
magnet. The i n j e c t o r t o the storage ring i s
t o be a booster 500 MeV synchrotron with
e l e c t r o n s primarily accelerated by a 8 MeV
microtron o r l i n e a r accelerator.
Next one should mention the Tantalus 11,
the f x r s t l a r g e dedicated SR f a c i l i t y , a proj e c t that w a s
posed by t h e Wiscoasl-p Univ e r s i t y GroupLfg A t flrst t h i s p r o j e c t t n a t
draws much from che experience gained with
the 240 MeV Tantalus I r i n g was designed f o r
960 PdeV, but l a t e r the elusrgy w a s kncreased
t o 17fiy MeV with B corresponding increase i n
s i z e 1 The be&
f i e l d is r a t h e r low 1,2T
and nigh f i e l d w i g 3 e r s e c t i o n s are also envisaged. (che c i r c u l a t i n g current is t o be 1OOmA
and t h e m j e c t o r to the storage ring w i l l be
a 35 MeV microtzon.
The p r o j e c t proposed i n the design study by o u r group a t the I n s t i t u t e f
hysical
Problems follows a similar p a t t e m & f I t
is
to be a separated function machine operating
at l , 3 5 GeY with a r a t h e r high bemtLng f i e l d
of 1,8 T. A s a next s t e p i n t h e development
program superconducting high f i e l d section8
are a l s o suggested. We plan f o r a 100 mB circulating current and propose t o use a 30 MeV
micmtron i n j e c t o r . The general. design has
some s i m i l a r i t y t o the vEpp-2M storage r i n g
and w i l l d r a w on the experience with t h a t
machima
In comparing the intensity of SR souces
it i s important t o mt;e that the e f f e c t i v e SR
l d m s i t g is d i r e c t 1 proportiional t o %he
current, r a t h e r than The number of p a r t i c l e s

67 2

circulating, and inversely proportional t o

the beam hight. The beam cross s e c t i o n i s
ultimately dependent on the beam current tuning of t h e ring and coupling of verticai
and horizontal motion, so it is r a t h e r d i f f i cult t o calculate the e f f e c t i v e SR luminosity
of a storage r i n g and t h e flux finally e n t e r
ing t h e d e t e c t o r of the e x p e r b e n t a l s e t up.
That is why o n l y the t o t a l SR power i s given
in Table I without taking i n t o account the
beam s i z e and t h e divergence of t h e e l e c t r o n
beam i n the SR storage r i n g as determined by
i t s 9 -function, To g e t an idea of the intens i t i e s available, recent experiments on
VEPP-3 have shown t h a t w i t h o n l y a 20 mB stored beam and operating a t 3 m from t h e e l e c t ron beam a t least a 100 f o l d decrease in exposure time w a s obtained in a comparative experiment on molecular biology X-ray s t r u c t u r e
work at l , 5 A t h a t w a s t o determine t h e relative merit of storage r i n g s as compared t o
modern high i n t e n s i t v f i n e focus r o t a t i n g
anode X-ray tubes. 'Pbe o p t i c a l brightness o f
t h e e l e c t r o n beam SR souTce can be enhanced
by adjusting the l o c a l p value so that the
beam w i l l converge at the point of o r i g i n of
t h e SR. The image of the r a d i a t i n g beam can
be transported by an o p t i c a l e l l i p s o i d mirror
r e f l e c t i n g X-rays a t grazing incidence and
leading t o a g r e a t increase i n flux available
f o r experiments.
The vacuum systems of all p r o j e c t s propose t o use t h e now standard a l l metal techniques developed on storage r i n g s t h a t can
lead t o an expectant beam l i f e time of some
hours a t high energies and beam u r r e n t s ,
requiring a base pressure of 10-8 t o r r .
B e r i l l i u m windows can be used t o separ a t e the storage s i n g vacuum system f o r X - w
s h o r t e r than 4 7 A. For expejiments w i t h longe r wave lengths up t o 10% A where o p t i c a l
LiF windows become transparent a common vacuum system f o r t h e u s e r and t h e machine becomes
necessary. It may be worth noting t h a t much
surface physics and other work also demands
u l t r a high vacuum conditions, compatible w i t h
t h a t of a storage ring, and appropriately
d e a l t w i t h i n a l l the design studies.
We thus see t h a t a l l these p r o j e c t s
have much i n common, the differences m a i n l y
stemming from prototypes used and technical
circumstances of s e c o d a r g importance t h a t
govern the d e t a i l e d decisions made.
These p r o j e c t s do not approach the
l i m i t of modern storage ring design, f o r both
in current and energg thw are surpassed by
t h e most advanced e x i s t i n g e l e c t r o n storage
rings, where t h e operation i s f u t h e r complicated by all t h e problems brought i n by a
c o l l i d i n g beam experiment
These specialized storage r i n g s nay be
Considered as r a d i a t i o n devices where the
a c t i v e body is a highly confined r e l a t i v i s t i c
e l e c t r o n beam. It is f a s c i n a t i n g t o inquire
on o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s of inducing this highl y excited state of matter to radiate. One
of t h e s e p o s s i b i l i t i e s i s t h e undulator, cons i s t i n g of an extended region of a p e r i o d w
magnetic f i e l d . If the period of t h e f i e l d
along the beam i s
t h e wiggling motion
of t h e e l e c t r o n leads t o a dLpole r a d i a t i o n
whose wave length i s primarily determined by
a Doppler e f f e c t ShQrtening

e ,

For a 2 GeV e l e c t r o n and t = 4 c m , X 5 3 1 f .

For a pure dipole r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n t h e magn e t i c f i e l d has t o be l e s s than the f i e l d
t h a t produces the same SR, i n this case l e s s
than 0,6 T. A t higher f i e l d s the r a d i a t i o n
p a t t e r n i s complicated by l o c a l synchrotron
radiation, t h a t can also be considered as
Doppler s h i f t e d multiple radiation. In t h e
case of s t r o n g f i e l d s the momentary synchrot r o n r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n manages t o develop and
the whole device can be considered really t o
be a wiggler. Unfortunatbly the r a d i a t i o n
from the undulator i s not monochromatic, being broadened by t h e angular Doppler e f f e c t
factor.
It has a l s o been suggested t o use Compton s c a t t e r i n g f r o m laser beams. In this case
the s c a t t e r e d beam wave length i s primarily
determined by a formula similar t o ( 3 )

l e

-,T2
Thus for a CO2C.LKlaser

(4).

and already
w i t h a beam o f elec$ron a t E = 100 MeV one
obtains X = 0,6 A . The angular dependence
term again leads t o a r a t h e r bmad spectrum,
i d l u e n c e d a l s o by the angular convergence
of the l a s e r beam as determined by the diffrac t i o n p a t t e r n of the o p t i c a l beam forming system i n s e t t i n g up a s p a c i a l standing wave patt e r n i n t e r a c t i n g with the stored e l e c t r o n
beam.
Unfortunately the i n t e n s i Q f r o m all
these C.W. devices is not large. Without go*
i n t o d e t a i l e d calculations it i s w o r t h noting
t h a t all processes considered could r e a l l y be
thoueht of as differen% cases of Compton scat t e r i n g . Compton e f f e c t is the b a s i c i n t e r a c t i o n of an electromagnetic f i e l d w i t h the
f r e e electron. S R r a d i a t i o n can a l s o be considered- Compton s c a t t e r i n g i n a frame of
reference where the electromagnetic wave has
been transformed t o a constant magnetic f i e l d .
A t present a constant magnetic f i e l d provides
the g r e a t e s t macroscopic density of electromagnetic energy and thus it is t h e best means
for producing s c a t t e r e d radiation, i n t h i s
case SR. M a y be i n the f u t u r e high power C . W .
l a s e r technology w i l l provide a b e t t e r opport u n i t y but a t present superconducting c o i l s
seem t o be the b e s t way of producing the high
f i e l d i n t e r a c t i n g w i t h the electron.
Certainly the most f a s c i n a t i n g thing t o
do would be t o make coherent synchrotron radiation, but no one has y e t suggested a way of
doing this w i t h f a s t electrons, although
devices t h a t can be considered as SR l a s e r s ,
or r a t h e r masers, operating i n the millimeter
and submillimeter band have been described.
SR storage rings at present should be
considered as a multiple purpose broad band
sources o f radiation. F o r t h i s new generation
of machines one can suggest t h e building of
a r a t h e r simple storage r i n g t h a t w i l l lead t o
immediate progress in a diverse number of
f i e l d s . Moreover, i n analysing tihe p o s s i b i l i t i e s of these f a c i l i t i e s it seems t h a t the
n e w techniques and instrumentation which w i l l
have t o be developed w i l l demand more e f f o r t
and even g r e a t e r expenses than t h e design and
operation of a SR storage ring. Mirror for
c o l l e c t i n g and focussiog the S R from the O r b i t s have t o be designed. New monochromators
w i l l have t o be developed, new opportunities
i n X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n work explored. The pola-

673

~ ~ = ~ o - c m

r i s a t i o n of S R m a y lead t o n e w p o s s i b i l i t i e s
able in e x i s t i n g high power storage rings,
operating a s centralized f a c i l i t i e s , producing
i n ESCA work, as b e t t e r monochromatisation
may be the s h o r t e s t wave length and/or the
w i l l lead t o g r e a t e r d e t a i l s i n the e l e c t r o n
spectrum studied. The b e n e f i t of the f i n e ad- g r e a t e s t flux. But p a r a s i t i c operation w i l l
always limit the opportunities of an e n t e r
justment of the wave length near the K-edge
of a s c a t t e r i n g atom m a y lead t o methods of
p r i s i n g experimentalist, f o r in these condidetermining t h e phase of t h e d i f f r a c t e d wave
t i o n s it i s d i f f i c u l t t o a d j u s t the j3
funct i o n or introduce s p e c i a l S R magnets without
i n X-ray c r y s t a l studies, eliminating the
d r a s t i c a l l y i n t e r f e r i n g with the i n t r i c a t e adphase ambiguity i n reconstructing the strucjustments needed f o r c o l l i d i n g beam experiture. I w i l l not dwell on the p o s s i b i l i t i e s
ments. A dedicated machine o f f e r s g r e a t e r
of g r e a t l y enhancing the c o n t r a s t in medical
freedom f o r SR research, freedom t h a t w i l l
diagnostic work t h a t seems s o promising by
surely lead t o new and unexpected developments.
operating near the K-edge of iodine, i r o n o r
The SR storage ring i s a specialized
o t h e r elements, nor on the f a s c i n a t i n g development of a novel X - r a y scanning microscope. machine. a source o f auanta t h a t can be aDtlv
I n s p i t e of i t s s i z e
Much w i l l depend on the extent t o which c a l l e d a photon f a c t o SR research w i l l develop and w i l l the necessi- and complexity it w i 1 F c e r t a i n l y produce more
photons a t a cheaper price than ahy e x i s t i n g
t y i n a S R storage r i n g lead t o recognize it
as a f a c i l i t y s i m i l a r t o nuclear research re- device. From a human point of view atoms and
molecules, not t o speak of the complex struca c t o r s , powerful e l e c t r o n microscopes, etc.
t u r e s discovered i n modern molecular biology
It w i l l be g r e a t l y s u r p r i s i n g if a
i n these f i e l d s are just a s fundamental as tbe
source of r a d i a t i o n many orders of magnitude
more powerful w i l l not lead t o n e w departures remote depths of space and inanimate matter
penetrated by o u r most powerful machines of
i n science and may be the most e x c i t i n g uses
research: telescopes and accelerators. I n SR
of S R a r e s t i l l not recognized f o r i t i s i n
p r i n c i p l e impossible t o plan f o r the unknown. one can see a novel agent t h a t strangely
u n i t e s these f r o n t i e r s of s c i e n t i f i c adventum
I n a l l dedicated storage r i n g p r o j e c t s
considered the mima- f l u x and i n t e n s i t s of made possible by t h e advances of modern technology.
SR w i l l be less- than 'that immediately avgilStorage Rings a s SR Sources
Table 1.

Facility

1.

2.

GeV

SPEAR

295

DORIS

4.

5.
6.

I
mA

250

AE
keV
270

Amax.

90

240

120

3 ,8

30

200

375

75

2396

6000
200

D C I

1,8

1,6

1,5

VEPP-3

2,25

1,26

Tantalus I

0,24

l,5

90

10

NBS

0,24

0,96

140

100

VEPP-2M
0,67
Tantalus I1 1,76

1,8

10

loo

15

1,24

100

New NINA

1.2

1,6

I P P

1935

198

2,4

m
60

70
1100

5,3

12, 7
12,l

0,65

1,2

%end.

65
420
220

1,75
3,5

REFE
A.A.Sokolov and 1.M.Ternov. Synchrotron
Radiation, Pergamon Press, 1960
Notes of the Annual SR Users Group Conference published by the SR Center, Phssical
Sciences Laborato ma University of W Pscons i n , 1968-1973.
DPNL Synchrotron Radiation Bibliography,
1972.
H.Winick. The Stanford Synchrotron Radiat i o n Project (SSRP), These Proceedings,
1974
E.M.Rowe and F.E.Mills.
T a n t a l u s I: A dedicated storage r i n g S R source, P a r t i c l e Acc.,
211-227 4, 1973
E .M Rowe M,A Green. W. S Trze ciak. W .R. Wint e r Jr. h e conversion of the NBSr180 MeV
e l e c t r o n synchrotron t o a 243 MeV storage
r i n g f o r SR research, These Proceedings,

2R

0,65
0,48
0,96

__

3.

H
T

- v

55

o,Y+

0183

1,5

1,22

597

180

20

495

26

1000

240

240

5,55

30

100

110

10

295

10

0,55

0,0055

0935 0,035

RENCES
7. S.Kapitza. Synchrotron r a d i a t i o n as a new
t o o l of research, i n Russ., Priroda, 10,
1971. See a l s o Proc. I11 All-Union P a r .
Aco.CO~~.,MOSCOW, Oct.,l972,~.I,pp.ll-l6.
8. P. J.Thompson. DNPL, TM-105, 1973.
9. D. J.Thompson, GoSaxon, N.Marks, V.P.Suller
and T.E.Swain. A 2 GeV 1 A e l e c t r o n storrim dedicated to t h e production of SR.
These Proceedings, 1974.
10.E.Rowe e t al. IEEE Trans.on Nucl.Sci.NS-18,
3.210-212. 1971.
11.E;Rowe Psoc. I11 &ll-Union P a r t .Acc.Conf.,
Moscow, October 1972, v.l,.pp. 25-30.
12.S.Kapitza, L.Lugansky, L.Zlkin. Design study of a 1,35 GeV synchrotron r a d i a t i o n source, Proc. I11 All-Union Part.Acc.Conf.,
Moscow, October 1972, v.1, pp.82-84.

1974.
674

'

ASTROPHYSICS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS*

Rem0 Ruffinif
Joseph Henry Laboratories, Princeton University, Princeton, New J e r s e y

08540

AB STRA C T
Recent developments of relativistic astrophysics allow
the observation of regimes in which all existing field theories
have never been tested. In the description of these regimes,
unreachable in any experiment performed in a laboratory on
the Earth, our current knowledge of electrodynamics o r elementary particle physics has to be extrapolated by many
o r d e r s of magnitude. For the f i r s t time, we are able to obs e r v e phenomena in which a fully relativistic treatment of
gravitational interactions is mandatory.
1. INTRODUCTION

There is a major difference between astrophysics and

usual experimental physics. In the usual experiments p e r formed in a laboratory on the Earth, a physical phenomenon
is isolated f r o m all kinds of inessential and competing proc e s s e s and reproduced in i t s most simple and c l e a r f o r m in
o r d e r to be directly submitted to measurement and inquiry.
Once the possibility of a new physical phenomenon is theoretically envisaged, a suitable experiment is designed in
o r d e r to focus on this specific process. The strength and
power of an experiment is such that on the basis of its result, the theory is confirmed o r disproved. The success of
an experiment is g r e a t e r the most scientists succeed in
focusing on a direct and c l e a r measurement of the effect
under consideration. In this interplay between the theory
and the experiment and their possible feedback lies the ent i r e dynamics of human scientific knowledge as postulated
by Galileo.
In astrophysics, this program cannot be applied
straightforwardly, mainly because some of the phenomena
we a r e interested in do take place on time scales much too
long to be recorded by a human observer (the lifetime f o r
the thermonuclear evolution of a s t a r of one s o l a r m a s s is
expected to be
101O years!)and the size of the "objects"
under investigation involves m a s s e s o r d e r s of magnitude
g r m a s s of a
2 x
l a r g e r than that of the earth (M,
galaxy
1012 MQ, estimated mass of a quasar
1O1O Mg).
The corresponding densities and p r e s s u r e s reach limits unthinkable in any earth-bound experiment (the c o r e of a m a s sive neutron s t a r can reach hundred times nuclear densities).
However, although the approach i s h e r e different, yet
the final result, namely the "isolation" of a specific phenomenon in an "experiment" i s quite the same. In astrophysics,
we are dealing with a very large number of entities ( 1OI2
stars in a galaxy, 104 galaxies in a cluster of galaxies, etc.).
Between these entities, we can make classifications and
divide them with respect to some "equivalence relation" into
"equivalence classes." In the c a s e of s t a r s , e.g., these
equivalence relations can be the mass, the luminosity, the
surface temperature, the radius of the s t a r , any special
periodicity o r any combination of these parameters. F r o m
these classifications, a certain regular pattern often emerges
and relations can be established between the different equivalence classes. By far the most successful of these classifications in the c a s e of s t a r s has resulted in the HertzsprungRussel diagram. In the c a s e of s t a r s after the endpoint of
thermonuclear evolution, a corresponding diagram is c u r rently being constructed f r o m a direct observation of pulsars
and binary x-ray sources.

*Summary of a talk delivered at the International Accelerator

Conference a t the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, May
1974. An extended version is to appear in the "American
Scientist. I t
fWork partially supported by NSF Grant GP30799X to
Princeton University.

67 5

One of the greatest successes of theoretical astrophysics

has been to relate through detailed theoretical models the
regular pattern appearing in the classification with the
temporal evolution of a s t a r . It is difficult to overemphasize
the importance of this essential step. Thanks to this, it
i s then possible to reconstruct the effective evolution of a
single s t a r by observing s t a r s belonging to different equivalence classes. Although, therefore, we will never be able
to follow each s t a r ( o r galaxy o r quasar) through i t s evolution, we can in principle, by looking a t a large enough
sample of s t a r s , find one which a t the moment of observation indeed performs for us the "experiment" we a r e interested in, in order to isolate and probe a new physical phenomenon. This, in a few words, i s the methodology which
govern the dynamics in the processes of acquiring knowledge
in astrophysics.
The recent enormous success of this entire field of research stems from the very important interplay between so
many different experimental techniques ranging f r o m ob s e r v atories working a t radio and optical wavelengths on the Earth
and telescopes for Y and x-ray observations on artificial
Earth satellites, to the field of burst astronomy which is
still in its infancy. Still all these observations would have
produced very small progress if a deep theoretical understanding of these experimental data would not have occurred
simultaneously- that i s , if the theoretical framework would
not have made comparable progress. Essential in the interplay between theoretical work and experimental r e s e a r c h
has been a very effective u s e of numerical analysis on computers which on one side has allowed a drastic reduction in
the time of analysis of the experimental r e s u l t s and on the
theoretical side has enabled one to overcome a t once some
OP the gravest difficulties in the solution of the field equations
governing the phenomena.
In particular, in the l a s t forty years, the profound progress made in nuclear physics has allowed one to gain a much
deeper understanding of thermonuclear evolution of s t a r s .
It has also become c l e a r that during i t s entire thermonuclear
evolution, a s t a r radiates on the o r d e r of a few percent of
i t s mass by burning light elements (H, He) into heavier elements. Only in the last four o r five years, however, it
has become c l e a r that by f a r the most energetic epoch of the
life of a s t a r is reached after the exhaustion of its thermonuclear sources of energy has occurred and the s t a r has
undergone gravitational collapse. The interest in the latest
stages of the evolution of a s t a r i s also dictated by the large
amount of the new physical processes expected to be encountered in the description of gravitationally collapsed objects. Magnetic fields of the o r d e r of 1 0 l 2 gauss a r e expected to be developed in the magnetosphere of a neutron
star. During the few milliseconds in which gravitational
collapse occurs of the o r d e r of
nucleons are expected
to undergo a t once transformations dominated by weak interactions of the form
e

+ p-n+

e+ + n - p +

ve

-V e

The neutron s t a r , expected to be the outcome of this process,

has an average density which can be as high as ten times
nuclear densities. This density, together with the fact that
the material in the s t a r is degenerate ( n = 0), implies that
the F e r m i energy of the particles is so high as to generate
all the resonances and particle spectra observed in earthbound accelerators (CERN o r other). The other aspect, of
course, which has generated so much interest, s t e m s f r o m

the possibility of being for the first time ultrarelativistic

gravitational fields at work and have not only the first clear
evidence for the existence and possibility of a direct detection of gravitational radiation but also the formation of a
completely collapsed object or a "black hole." We have,
therefore, the opportunity of testing the validity, under a
variety of regimes, of the two best field theories known in
theoretical physics: Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism
and Einstein's theory of gravitation. On the other hand, we
have the possibility of learning much new physics about the
weak and strong interactions from the analysis of neutronization of,yatter and the equilibrium configurations of neutron
stars.
In all these respects, the process of gravitational collapse and the physics of gravitationally collapsed objects
has an enormous potential for a deeper understanding of
nature and physical processes. A comparable amount of
knowledge could be gained, in principle, only from another
phenomenon: the collapse o r the initial explosion of the
Universe itself.
2.

For a degenerate Fermi gas, the density of particles

is simply given by

and the Fermi momentum

1/3
PF = (3n2 )13 N/V)

The kinetic energy of a particle is given by

2
E=p/2m

The total energy is then, simply,

4

x.!?-dp
h3
0

THE BASIC THEORETICAL WORKS

ON GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE

and the pressure8

The entire area of research of the physics of collapsed

objects was started by a few fundamental works both in the
theoretical and experimental fields. Nothing can illustrate
better the motivation behind these pioneering theoretical
works than the words of Landau3 at the beginning of his
classic paper, "On the Theory of Stars, "The astrophysical methods usually applied in attacking the problems of
stellar structure a r e characterized by making physical assumptions chosen only for the sake of mathematical convenience
It seems reasonable to try to attack the problem of stellar structure by methods of theoretical physics,
i. e., to investigate the physical nature of stellar equilibrium. For that purpose we must at first investigate the
statistical equilibrium of a given mass without generation of
.I1
energy
This way of attacking the problem of the equilibrium
configuration of a s t a r at the endpoint of thermonuclear
evolution by using the tools of quantum mechanics and
Fermi statistics was first proposed by R. H. Fowler 4 and
E. C. Stoner5 but it was not until the decisive contributions
of Chandrasekhar' and Landau7 that the central role played
by special relativity in the solution of this problem was
recognized. The understanding of this key factor led directly to the novel concept of a critical mass against gravitational collapse.
We can here summarize the main points of the reasoning that led to this conclusion. The description of a star in
this approach follows very much along the lines of the
Thomas-Fermi treatment of an atom.
In the model of the
atom, the electrons a r e described by a degenerate Fermi
gas constraine to a finite volume by the Coulomb attraction
of the nucleus.
At the endpoint of thermonuclear evolution, the composition of a star is expected to be of nuclei embedded in a gas
of electrons (all the orbitals having been detroyed by the
great compression of the material, white dwarf s t a r p
105 gr/cm) or, alternatively, a gas of neutrons, protons,
and electrons in beta equilibrium (the matter having undergone neutronization under the effect of pressure, neutron
1015 gr/cm3). In both cases, the material of the
star p
star is simply describable by a degenerate Fermi gas, constrained to a finite volume by the self-gravitation of the
system. The pressure to keep the system from collapsing
i s simply given, in both cases, by the quantum pressure
due to the Pauli exclusion principle. In the case of the
white dwarf stars, the pressure is mainly due to the gas of
degenerate electrons while the nuclei mainly contribute to
the density distribution; in the case of neutron stars, both
pressure and density a r e generated by the gas of neutrons.lt2
The main formulae can be obtained most straightforwardly.

...

..

676

2/3
P = - a E/a V=(3?r2) (-h2/5m)(N/V)5/3

(2)

If, however, the kinetic energy at the top of the Fermi sea
becomes comparable to the rest energy of the particle,
then the particle energy is no longer given by Eq. (1)but by
the usual relativistic relation

E = c( p2 + m2 c 2

o r in the extreme relativistic regime by

E=cp.
The pressure is then in this limit given by

The increase of pressure corresponding to an increase in

density is clearly much smaller in Eq. (4) than in Eq. (2).
To have clearly understood and expressed this relativistic
softening of the equation of state and have focussed the essential role the transition to a relativistic regime plays in
the physics of a degenerate s t r have been the basic contribution of S. Chandrasekhar and L. Landau, which led
to the revolutionary concept of a critical mass against gravitational collapse.
There exists, therefore, a fundamental difference
between the theoretical description of an atom and that of a
degenerate star. Never do the electrons in an atom reach
energy so relativistic a s to be in the regime described by
Eq. (4). Their pressure, given by Eq. (Z), reacts to a
density change in such a way as always to balance the attractive effects of the electromagnetic field of the nucleus.
In a s t a r at the endpoint of thermonuclear evolution, on the
contrary, the conditions under which Eq. (4) applies a r e always reached if the s t a r is massive enough as a direct consequence of the non-screening and long-range character of
gravitational interactions. The more massive the star is,
the more it contracts, the more the spatial volume of the
phase space occupied by the system is reduced and correspondingly the volume in the momentum space expanded8 so
that the Fermi momentum of the systemcan always reachrelativistic regimes. In the transition from Eq. (2) to Eq. (4), the
pressure dependence on the density softens considerably and
the system is not able to hold itself up in equilibrium, then
gravitationally collapses. Practically in free fall the star
should shrink down to a point, Landau said, if some new
physical phenomena would not occur!

Following these pioneering works, the systematic analysis

and detailed computations of the c o d igurations of equilibrium
~
of white dwarfs were presented by S. C h a n d r a ~ e k h a rand
the ones f o r neyvon s t a r s by R. J. Oppenheimer and
The value of the critical m a s s f o r white
G. M. Volkoff.
1.39 Mg, the one f o r
dwarfs was found to be M
neutron s t a r s Merit
0.5 M
What was the relation of tR'ese theoretical works with
reality? White dwarf stars had indeed been observed for
many years11 and the theoretical work of Chandrasekhar
was in splendid agreement with experiments. For the discovery of neutron stars, we have to wait still a few decades
(see Section 3). The key idea leading to their identification
was presented as f a r back as 1934 by Baade and Zwicky12
in a very compact paper.
"With all reserve we advance the view that supernovae
represent the transitions from ordinary s t a r s into neutron
s t a r s which in their final sta e s consist of extremely
closely packed neutrons. 1 1 16
It was not until 1939 with the work of Oppenheimer and
Snyder13 that attention was focussed not on the stable equilibrium configurations of degenerate matter (neutron s t a r s
and white dwarfs) but on the process of gravitational collapse
itself. Then for the first time it became self-evident how
the analysis of this phenomenon was so important and revolutionary for o u r understanding of the nature of space and
time. It became clear that the phenomenon of gravitational
collapse with its processes of time dilatation, light deflection,
and gravitational red shifts, was a most unique place where
a fully relativistic theory of gravitation could be seen at work
and the validity of general relativity confronted with experimental evidence. The work of Oppenheimer and Snyder
appears today one of the most important cornerstones of
relativistic astrophysics and one of the most mature and
profound works ever written in gravitation physics. In that
paper, the authors not only give the basis f o r the entire
field of what will be later known as "black hole" physics,
but they also give a fully analytic solution of the collapse of
a cloud of dust (pressure zero o r f r e e fall, very good approximation to a realistic gravitational collapse) with a detailed
analysis of the self-closure of the system from a faraway
observer as a consequence of the general relativistic effects.
Still more time was needed to realize that the process
of gravitational collapse was the ideal place to generate a
theoretically detectable amount of gravitational radiation. l4
The reason for this delay is simply explained: Since the
f i r s t days of general relativity, Einstein himself15* had
shown that gravitational fields, like any other relativistic
mass zero field, had to propagate with the speed of light and
that energy could be carried by gravitational waves. It was
not conceived, however, even by a gedanken process, how
gravitational radiation could indeed be detected. This key,
a fundamental contribution, was made by Joseph Weber in
1960. l7 It was in a much detailed article18 and in an extensive book19 that Weber presented not only the main principles on which the detectability of gravitational radiation
should be based, but also presented the technical details on
the ground of which a detector of gravitational radiation
could be built. This detector was made operational by
Joseph Weber himself. 1 The relevance of this paper, quite
apart f r o m its impact on experimental techniques, h a s been
also very large in generating in the theoretical field, in the
following years, much thinking on astrophysical processes
to produce detectable amounts of gravitational radiation.
With this paper, we can conclude the set of "heroic"
works which were destined to open a new era in relativistic
astrophysics.

3. THE DISCOVERY OF COLLAPSED OBJECTS

After the flourishing of the fundamental theoretical works
between 1931 and 1939, the progress of relativistic astrophysics was dramatically slowed down due to many diverse
social and scientific interests. It was not until 1957 that
work in this field started again to develop, thanks mainly
to the contributions of Ambartsumian, 2o Cameron,

Wheeler, 22 Zel'dovich, 23 and their students and collaborators. The major emphasis in their work was directed
toward critically reconsidering the assumptions made in
the classical works of Oppenheimer and his students. 10, 13
Alternative models of neutron stars were advanced, the
emphasis being directed at times toward a better treatment
of the surface layers, at times toward the understanding of
the role played by nuclear interactions in the treatment of
the core. Different models lead to different ranges of
masses, radii, and density distributions for the neutron
stars' equilibrium configurations. l4
S1owly the maturity of a "critical" interest of research
was regained and new fresh ideas started again to flourish.
In 1962 a new program of research started by R.
Giacconi, H. Gursky, F. Paolini, and B. Rossi gave the
first evidence for the existence of x- ra sources outside
the solar system. In 1964 Zel'dovicha8fo1lowing an earlier
suggestion of Shklovsky developed a model giving a c l e a r
evidence for the possibility of x-ray generation by a plasma
accreting into a neutron star. Then in 1968, Shklovskya5
presented a totally new and original idea: Scorpius XI, the
first and most powerful source of x-rays observed in the
galaxy is most likely, Shklovsky suggested, a close binary
system in which one of the members is a neutron s t a r and
the other member a cool dwarf star. "A s t r e a m of gas flowing out of the second component is permanently incident on
the neutron s t a r , this accreting material enormously compressed should then emit x- rays; "the optical object accompanying the x-ray source might be a cool dwarf s t a r with
half of its surface heated by a strong flux of hard x- rays
from the source." A s we shall see, this article will become
a few years later the leading work for the understanding of
one of the most exciting discoveries of modern astrophysics:
the binary x-ray sources.
1968 is the year i n which an enormous momentum is
gained in this entire field of research.. .the first clear
evidence for the existence of neutron stars is given. This
conclusion clearly follows from the discovery of pulsarsa6*27
and the observation of the pulsar NP0532 a t the center of the
Crab Nebula. 28 The hypothesis advanced in 1939 by Baade
and Zwicky12 of the possible connection between neutron
s t a r s and supernova remnants is spectacularly confirmed.
This discovery naturally led to an in-depth search for pulsars
inside our own galaxy; of the order of 105 of them a r e kept
today under constant observation and much has been learned
about their pulsed radiation, spectra, and time variabilities. 29
Unfortunately the theoretical feedback has not yet been as
strong a s one could have possibly wished. One of the most
important by-products of the discovery of puIsars has been,
however, to have dramatically brought back to the attention
of a large section of theoretical and experimental astrophysicists the basic issues of the physics of gravitationally
collapsed objects.
The clear evidence for the existence of neutron stars,
together with the unavoidability of the existence of a critical
mass against gravitational collapseHO made the existence of
"black holes" inside our galaxy inescapable. On the other
side, the theoretical picture to be expected a t this ultimate
endpoint of gravitational collapse appeared more and more
complex and presented fundamental issues on the physical
processes occurring in theseultrarelativistic regimes. 3 1 3 32
From all this naturally developed the need for launching
a realistic effort in order to detect and differentiate the
two families of collapsed objects: neutron stars and black
holes. The simple idea was advanced by Ruffini and Wheeler32
of capitalizing on the Shkovsky accretion picture not only in
the case when a neutron s t a r is a member of a close binary
system but also in the case where a black hole attracts and
pulls material from the companion star. The short time
variability of the x-ray source and the statistical analysis
involved would then be a most powerful tool for the determination of the "form factor" of a black hole. l4
The discovery and systematic analysis of the binary
x-ray soj5ces started in 1971 by the group led by Riccardo
Giacconi using the Uhuru satellite came in the most mature
moment to have the maximum exploitation and better theoretical

677

understanding of the experimental results. 34 The success

of this discovery has been certainly enhanced by the resonance with so many different observational techniques. 35*36
In the theoretical field, the feedback of these observations has been very impressive. Essential to the understanding of these binary systems is first of all the understanding of the process of gravitational collapse itself
through which these systems have to be formed. 37 On the
other side, to understand the process of x- ray emission, a
fully relativisitic magnetohydrodynamics has to be developed38 together with more classical analysis of disc-like
structures around the collapsed object in equilibrium under
the two opposite effect of gravitational attraction and
centrifugal forces. 39-'1 The physics of binary star syst e m s is essential in reaching the understanding of the evolution of these binary systems. 42 An accurate analysis of
the gravitational and electromagnetic structure of the collaped objects is essential for the understanding of the "core"
of these x-ray sources. Finally, c r i t e r i a to differentiate
between the two classes of collapsed objects are much
needed. 34
The great progress currently being made in all these
theoretical fields, together with the possibility of having
in the forthcoming year, satellites with x- and Y-ray telescopes with larger collecting areas and better time resolutions, as well as pointing facilities, make one hope that in
the next five, o r at most, ten years, a complete understanding of the final configuration of gravitationally collapsed
s t a r s will be gained.
Each one of these X-ray binaries i s much like a highenergy accelerator. Here the acceleration process i s done
by gravity and we have to infer from the scattering of the
imploding material the "form factor" of the collapsed object.
If we now turn from this program of research to be
achieved in the next few years to a much larger program on
longer time scales, two different directions of research
naturally present themselves to our attention. The f i r s t is
clearly to try to directly observe the transition from a
normal s t a r into a collapsed object by observing "the moment of gravitational collapse." See Figure l. This prog r a m points to the clear need f o r developing an entirely new
branch of theoretical and experimental astrophysics, what
In this sense, the recent
we should call "burst astronom
results obtained by I. Strong, 48ihe preliminary work of
K. Lande and a t the University of tor in^?^ the large effort
being made in building a new, more sensitive, set of gravitational wave detectors a t the Universities of Louisiana,
can only be viewed with the greatest
Rome, and Stanf01-d~~
expectation and excitement.
The second direction points toward even a l a r g e r program: capitalize on what we are learning in the physics of
collapsed objects for gaining a deeper knowledge of the
fundamental field equations governing physical processes.
It i s conceivable that the analysis of these fully relativistic
processes will be of great help in the understanding of other
apparently disconnected fields of physics, like, e.g.,
elementary particle physics. It i s very likely that this will
be by f a r the most exciting long-range frontier!
References
1. F o r a review of the current status of the theoretical and
experimental research in this field, we suggest Black
Holes, Gravitational Waves and C o s m o l o a by M. Rees,
R. Ruffini, and J. A. Wheeler, Gordon and Breach,
New York, London, 1974, o r
2. Neutron Stars, Black Holes and Binary x-ray Sources,
H. Gursky and R. Ruffini, eds., Reidel, Dordrecht,
Holland, 1974.
3. L. D. Landau, rrOnthe Theory of Stars," Phys. Zeit.
d e r Sowiet 1, 285 (1932).
4. R. H . Fowler, "On Dense Matter," Mont. Not. of
RAS XXXVII, 114 (1926).
5. E. C. Stoner, "The Limiting Density in White Dwarf
Stars, Philosophical Magazine 77, 63 (1929).

6. S. Chandrasekhar, Mon. Not. of RAS 91, 456 (1931).

See, e.g., L. D. Landau and E. M. LTshitz,
Mecanique Quantique, MIR, MOSCOW, 1971.
8. See, e.a., L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz..
Physique Statistique, MIR, Moscow, 1970.
9 . S. Chandrasekhar, Mont. Not. of RAS 95, 207 (1935).
10. R. J. Oppenheimer and G. M. Volkoff, Phys. Rev. 55,
374 (1939).
.
.
11. See, e.g. , A. S. Eddington, The Internal Constitution
of Stars, Cambridge University Press, 1926.
12. W. Baade and F. Zwicky, Phys. Rev. 45, 138 (1934).
13. J. R. Oppenheimer and R. Snyder, Phys. Rev. 56,
455 (1939).
14. See, e.g., R. Ruffini, "Neutron Stars, Black Holes and
Binary X-ray Sources," invited talk a t the 1973 Solvay
Conference on Relativistic Astrophysics.
15. A. Einstein, Sitzber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 588 (1916).
16. A. Einstein, Sitzber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 154 (1918).
17. J. Weber, Phys. Rev. 117,306 (1960).
18. J. Weber, General Relativity and Gravitational Waves,
Interscience Pub., Inc., New York, 1961.
19. See, e.g., J . Weber, Phys. Rev. Letters
795 (1964).
20. See, e.g., V. A. Ambartsumian and G. S. Saallyou,
Soviet Astr. 5, 601 (1961) and references mentioned
there.
21. A. G. W. Cameron, "Neutron Star Models, Astrophys.
J. 130,884 (1959).
22. See, e.g., J. A. Wheeler etal.
report a t the Solvay
Conference, 195 8 .
23. See, e.g., Ya. B. Zel'dovich, Soviet Phys. J. E.T.P.
14, 1143 (1962).
24. Fa. B. Zel'dovich, Soviet Phys. Dokl. 9, 246 (1964).
25. I. S. Shklovskii, Soviet Astron.
749 (1968).
26. A. Hewish etal.,
Nature 217, 709 (1968).
27. T. Gold, Nature 218, 731 (1968).
28. D. H. Staelim, E. C . Reifenstein, Science 162,1481
(1968).
I
,
29. See, e.g., E. Groth, "Observational Properties of
Pulsars" in ref. 2.
30. The unavoidability of the existence of a critical mass
for the equilibrium configurations of neutron s t a r s has
been proved independently from any detail of the equation
of state a t nuclear o r supranuclear densities by
C. Rhoades and R. Ruffini, Phys. Rev. Letters 32,
324 (1974).
31. R. Penrose, Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, Numero
Speciale, Vol. I, 1969.
32. R. Ruffini and J. A. Wheeler, Physics Today 2, 30
(1971).
33. See, e . g . , R. Giacconi in "Binary X-ray sources,"
invited talk delivered a t the Solvay conference on
relativistic astrophysics, in press, 1974.
34. See, e.g., R. Ruffini, "The Physics of Gravitationally
Collapsed Objects" in ref. 2 .
35. See, e.g., P. Boynton, "Optical Observations of X-ray
Sources1' in ref. 2.
36. See, e.g., R. H. Hjellming, Ap. J. Letters 182,L29
(1973).
37. See, e.g., S. Colgate, "Supernovae" in ref. 2.
38. See, e.g., ref. 34 and references mentioned therein.
39. V. F. Schwartzman, Astron. 2. 15,377 (1971).
40. J. E. Pringle and M. Rees, Astron. and Astrophys. 21,
1 (1972).
41. Shakura and Sunyaev, Astron. and Astrophys.
42. See, e.g., R. P. K r a f t , "Evolution of Binary Systems:
Neutron Stars and Black Holes" in ref. 2.
43. See, e.g., R. B. Partridge, "Burst Astronomy" in
ref. 2.
44. See I. Strong, "Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts" in ref. 2.
45. See, e.g., Editorial Report in Physics Today, July 1974.
46. See, e.g., W. Fairbank etal.
in the Proceedings of the
Varenna Summer School, 1972, B. Bertotti, ed.,
Academic Press, New York, 1974.
47. B. Paczynski, Annual Review of Astron. and Astrophys.
9 , 183, 1971, and references mentioned therein.
48. E. D. Arnett, Astrophys. and Space Sci. 5, 180 (1969).

6 78

7.

E,

u,

20

NEUTRON
STAR

IO

BLACK
HOLE
SINGULA R ITY

3
Fig. 1

Figure 1. Recent theoretical work by A r x ~ e t and

t ~ ~P a c ~ i n s k yhas
~ ~shown that s t a r s in a large range of m a s s e s 2 <, M/%
5 50 toward the endpoint of their thermonuclear evolution develop a degenerate c o r e of white dwarf material. Once this
c o r e reaches the critical value of 1.39 Mg (Chandrasekhar limit), the s t a r undergoes gravitational collapse. It is extremely important to prove by experimental evidence the validity of this theory postulating a "standard" starting point f o r
the process of collapse to occur. The "moment of gravitational collapse," much shorter than a second, leads the collapsing c o r e either to a neutron s t a r or to a black hole o r to a still theoretically unconceived configuration which we label
most generally as a "singularity." The key factor in determining which of the different outcomes will in fact occur appears
to be more and more controlled by the value of the critical m a s s of neutron s t a r s . l3

679

lA ELECTRON STORAGE R I N G DEDICATED TO THE

PRODUCTION OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION

A 2 GeV

DARESBURY SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCE DESIGN GROUP*

Daresbury Laboratory,
Daresbury , Warrington, England

Summary
An e l e c t r o n s t o r a g e r i n g i s being designed t o rep l a c e t h e 5 GeV e l e c t r o n synchrotron N I N A as a source
of synchrotron r a d i a t i o n . The new machine w i l l be used
s o l e l y f o r this purpose and i t s d e s i g n is being o p t i mized t o the needs of the experimenters. The 9 a r a c t e r i s t i c wavelength o f t h e r a d i a t i o n w i l l be 4 A and
the flux a t thatwavelength about 3 x 1013 photons/s/mr
( h o r i z o n t a l ) i n 0.1% bandwidth. Design c o n s i d e r a t i o n s
i n c l u d e long beam l i f e t i m e , s m a l l s o u r c e s i z e and
l a r g e a v a i l a b l e s o l i d angle f o r most beam l i n e s .
Assuming a bending f i e l d o f 1.2 T t h e beam i n the
s t o r a g e r i n g w i l l have an energy o f 2 G e V and t h e
design value of t h e c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t w i l l be 1 A.
The mean r a d i u s w i l l be about 15 m and t h e r e w i l l be a t
l e a s t 10 beam l i n e s . Superconducting wavelength
s h i f t e r s o r "wigglers" can be i n c o r p o r a t e d t o o e x t e n d
t h e u s a b l e spectrum on two beam l i n e s t o 0.1 A.
The
new machine w i l l f i t i n t o t h e e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s a t
Daresbury.

beam c r o s s s e c t i o n a t t h e tangent p o i n t s (% 2 m m 2 ) ;
l i f e t i m e of s t o r e d beam a t l e a s t 8 hours; f a c i l i t y t o
c i r c u l a t e only one bunch, f o r time- resolved measurements i n t h e nanosecond region ( a t reduced mean i n t e n s i t y ) ; and space f o r a t l e a s t 10 beam l i n e s of up t o
40 m r h o r i z o n t a l a p e r t u r e and with good a c c e s s w h i l s t
a beam i s c i r c u l a t i n g ( b u t n o t n e c e s s a r i l y w h i l s t
filling).

Introduction
A t t h e p r e s e n t time, t h e 5 G e V e l e c t r o n synchrot r o n N I N A provides two synchrotron r a d i a t i o n beam l i n e s
s u p p o r t i n g nine experiments. These a r e p a r a s i t i c on
t h e high energy physics programme, which i s expected t o
cease i n about f o u r y e a r s ' t i m e .
To continue t o prov i d e a synchrotron r a d i a t i o n f a c i l i t y it i s estimated
t h a t a purpose- built d e d i c a t e d source w i l l n o t only b e
more s u i t a b l e b u t w i l l be cheaper t o o p e r a t e than a
h i g h energy synchrotron, saving t h e c a p i t a l c o s t a f t e r
about f i v e y e a r s of operation.
S t u d i e s have t h e r e f o r e
been c a r r i e d o u t t o determine t h e requirements and
f e a s i b i l i t y of such a machine and a d e t a i l e d design i s
now emerging.

Specification
A considerabbe p r o p o r t i o n of experiments use radi a t i o n down t o 1 A (0.1 nm) i n wavelength, and a few
such a s s c a t t e r i n g experiments and radiometry r e q u i r e
wavelengths down t o 0.1 A o r l e s s .

For reasons of i n t e n s i t y , duty c y c l e , beam stab i l i t y , and access, t h e source should c l e a r l y be a

s t o r a g e r i n g , and it has t h e r e f o r e been de2igned f o r a
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c wavelength ( A c ) of about 4 A, with t h e
understanding t h a t wavelength s h i f t e r s ' "
(or
" wigglers" ) w i l l be i n s e r t e d i n two s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s
t o provide s h o r t e r wavelengths.
High i n t e n s i t y i s most important f o r many experiments and i s necessary t o j u s t i f y t h e f a c i l i t y . This
design w i l l provide 3 x01013 photons/s/mr ( h o r i z o n t a l )
i n 0.1% bandwidth a t 4oA wavelength and 5 x 1 0 l 3 a t
t h e spectrum peak (10 A ) .
With a 1.2 T bending f i e l d
and a 2 GeV beam t h i s w i l l r e q u i r e a c i r c u l a t i n g
c u r r e n t of 1A. Other user requirements are: small
*The p r i n c i p a l persons concerned w i t h the machine
design a r e :
D. J. Thompson ( p r o j e c t l e a d e r ) , V.R. Atkins,
J.C. Hopkins, E.A. Hughes, A. Jackson, J . B . L y a l l ,
N. Marks, P. Moore, D.E. Poole, M.W. Poole, G. Saxon,
V.P. S u l l e r , T.E. Swain, K. T a r r y , D.G. Taylor,
B. T r i c k e t t .

'I

0.1

1Q

10

Wavelength

100

( 18, -0.1

1000

10,000

mrn)

Fig.1 shows t h e s p e c t r a 3 f o r t h e two types o f beam l i n e .

Some Machine Design F e a t u r e s
Choice o f energy and f i e l d
Unlike an a c c e l e r a t o r o r s t o r a g e r i n g used f o r
high energy p h y s i c s , i n a synchrotron r a d i a t i o n source
it i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c wavelength X c r a t h e r t h a n t h e
energy which i s a prime parameter. The number of
photons/s/mr ( h o r i z o n t a l ) i n 0.1% bandwidth a t a wavelength A i s given by3 N = F(h/Xc) x beam energy (GeV)
x beam c u r r e n t ( A ) , where F i s an a l g e b r a i c f u n c t i o n
involving no o t h e r machine parameters, and hc = 18.6/BE2
where B i s t h e bending f i e l d ('E) and E i s t h e energy
(GeV)

I f t h e d i p o l e magnetic f i e l d i s i n c r e a s e d , t h e
r a d i a t i o n spectrum can be k e p t c o n s t a n t by decreasing
t h e p a r t i c l e energy, which r e s u l t s i n a r e d u c t i o n i n
the bending r a d i u s and i n t e g r a t e d f i e l d l e n g t h o f t h e
magnets, though it i s a l s o necessary t o i n c r e a s e t h e
c i r c u l a t i n g beam current. The r e d u c t i o n i n i n t e g r a t e d
f i e l d l e n g t h decreases both t h e c a p i t a l and running
c o s t s o f the magnets, and it has been found4 t h a t t h e
combined c o s t s a r e a minimum when a d i p o l e f i e l d of
about 1.7 T i s chosen. Above t h i s v a l u e s a t u r a t i o n
e f f e c t s dominate t h e magnet design and cause t h e c o s t s
t o i n c r e a s e sharply. However t h e loss o f a p e r t u r e ,
a l s o due t o p o l e s a t u r a t i o n , a t f i e l d s above 1.4 T cannot be t o l e r a t e d i n an e l e c t r o n s t o r a g e r i n g , and t h e
f i n a l choice of f i e l d w i l l be i n t h e region of 1 . 2 t o
1.3 T. A t such l e v e l s t h e loss of a p e r t u r e i s small,
and the t o t a l magnet c o s t i s only 6% above optimum.
The h i g h e r energy and lower c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t b e n e f i t
t h e r . f . system through r e d u c t i o n of beam loading and
provide b e t t e r high energy f l u x from a g i v e n wiggler
For 1 . 2 T t h e energy w i l l be 2 GeV and t h e
magnet.
bending r a d i u s 5.55 m.

6 80

more s u s c e p t i b l e t o s a t u r a t i o n e f f e c t s than t h e 'h" or

'window frame' designs, it i s r e q u i r e d i n o r d e r t o
allow t h e connection of a l a r g e number of beam l i n e s
i n c l u d i n g those from "wigglers". The magnets w i l l be
b u i l t from t h i c k laminations r a t h e r than machined from
s o l i d blocks. This n o t only allows complete s h u f f l i n g
o f t h e s t e e l but a l s o e l i m i n a t e s t h e small eddy
c u r r e n t s which occur i n a s o l i d magnet when rise times
of t h e o r d e r of a few minutes a r e used.

The magnet l a t t i c e
Having chosen t h e energy and bending r a d i u s , t h e
magnet l a t t i c e must be s e l e c t e d . A s e p a r a t e d f u n c t i o n
design i s e s s e n t i a l i n a s t o r a g e r i n g t o provide r a d i a l
damping. A n & c e l l FBODBO l a t t i c e (F, D = quadrupoles,
B = d i p o l e , 0 = s t r a i g h t ) was chosen f o r t h e following
reasons :it g i v e s good access t o t h e synchrotron r a d i a t i o n ,

it has economy of components,

The s i x t e e n quadrupoles w i l l a l s o b e laminated

and t h e r e w i l l be s e p a r a t e power s u p p l i e s f o r t h e
d i p o l e s and f o r t h e focusing and defocusing magnets s o
as t o c o n t r o l the radial and v e r t i c a l Q values
separately.

it provides ease of chromaticity c o r r e c t i o n ,

Injector

it r e q u i r e s reasonable quadrupole f i e l d g r a d i e n t s ,

I n o r d e r t o accumulate a high c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t
it i s e s s e n t i a l t o i n j e c t many p u l s e s i n t o t h e s t o r a g e
r i n g . The i n j e c t i o n energy must t h e r e f o r e b e high
enough f o r r a d i a l damping of b e t a t r o n o s c i l l a t i o n s t o
t a k e p l a c e between i n j e c t i o n p u l s e s . An energy of 600
MeV has been chosen, giving a damping t i m e c o n s t a n t of
400 m s and an adequate Touschek l i f e t i m e of 50 mins.

it has adequate length and numbers of s t r a i g h t

sections,

t h e t r i p l e t l a t t i c e i s anti-damping t o e l e c t r o n s
with r e l a t i v e l y small energy d e v i a t i o n s .
The requirement f o r 2.3 m of c l e a r space i n each
s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n , a f t e r allowance f o r s e x t u p o l e s , then
f i x e d t h e mean radius.
There w i l l b e 16 sextupole magnets, i n d i v i d u a l l y
energized, f o r chromaticity c o n t r o l and f o r l o c a l sext u p o l e f i e l d c o r r e c t i o n . Other c o r r e c t i o n elements
i n c l u d e skew quadrupoles and an octupole magnet.
S t a b i l i t y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r e s t r i c t t h e Q- values t o
less than 3.5 Within t h i s region t h e s t r u c t u r e resonances c e n t r e d on Qv = QR = Z 2 / 3 ( i . e . p = 8) dominate
t h e diagram and need t o be avoided. The regions
c e n t r e d on Qv = QR = 2% and 3% are reasonably f r e e of
lower o r d e r resonances and i n t h e i n j e c t i o n process
allow t h e maximum f l e x i b i l i t y i n k i c k e r timing. A s 2%
i s much f u r t h e r from t h e s t a b i l i t y l i m i t it i s pref e r r e d f o r t h e s t o r a g e r i n g to o p e r a t e i n t h e region
2&
Q,,
Q < 24. However, t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l dimens i o n s of tfie damped beam, which a r e determined by t h e
quantum e x c i t a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from synchrotron radiat i o n emission, and t h e r e f o r e i n c r e a s e with energy, a r e
smaller f o r a given l a t t i c e when operated a t h i g h e r QR
values. For t h i s reason t h e s t o r a g e r i n g w i l l be
o p e r a t e d a t t h e h i g h e s t f e a s i b l e QR value. The s t o r a g e
r i n g w i l l have t h e c a p a b i l i t y of o p e r a t i n g a t any p o l n t
w i t h i n the s t a b l e a r e a i n t h e Q-diagram so t h a t s u b j e c t
t o i n j e c t i o n l i m i t a t i o n s t h e tune can be changed t o
f i n d t h e optimum working p o i n t .

The i n j e c t i o n method i s a conventional multi- turn

system using a septum magnet and a f a s t l o c a l i z e d o r b i t
bump produced by two f a s t k i c k e r s . The e x a c t rate a t
which i n j e c t i o n can t a k e p l a c e i s determined by t h e
acceptance a p e r t u r e of t h e s t o r a g e r i n g , t h e emittance
of t h e 600 MeV beam and t h e r a d i a l Q value a t i n j e c t i o n . These parameters a r e not y e t f i n a l i z e d , b u t S O
f a r it appears t h a t i n j e c t i o n can be a t a r a t e of up
t o 6 Hz when QR is i n t h e v i c i n i t y of 2%.
The 600 MeV e l e c t r o n s f o r i n j e c t i o n i n t o the s t o r age r i n g w i l l be provided by a l i n e a r a c c e l e r a t o r i n
t h e range 10-15 MeV followed by a b o o s t e r synchrotron.
This w i l l have a mean r a d i u s one t h i r d t h a t of t h e
s t o r a g e r i n g . E x t r a c t i o n and t r a n s f e r t o t h e s t o r a g e
r i n g w i l l t a k e p l a c e over t h r e e t u r n s though i t i s n o t
considered necessary f o r each i n j e c t e d p u l s e t o f i l l
t h e s t o r a g e r i n g uniformly.
E x t r a c t i o n from t h e b o o s t e r w i l l be by a simple
shaving technique with a f a s t o r b i t bump and a septum
magnet. With a c i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t of 20 mA i n t h e
b o o s t e r t h i s w i l l l e a d t o e l e c t r o n s being accumulated
i n t h e s t o r a g e r i n g a t between 1 and 5 mA p e r p u l s e ,
and a t a t r a n s f e r r a t e o f 5 H z t h e 1000 mA s t o r e d beam
w i l l be reached i n % 3 minutes.

Alternatively e f f i c i e n t single- turn extraction

using an i n t e g e r resonance system could be developed.

F- Quad gradient= 2.1 T/m

D-Ouad a r a d i e n k 3.5T/rn

The b o o s t e r synchrotron i s a combined f u n c t i o n

machine of t h e FODO t y p e t o provide m a x i m u m l e n g t h of
useful s t r a i g h t section. I t too w i l l contain 8 u n i t
cells and t h e f i e l d on t h e e q u i l i b r i u m o r b i t w i l l be
0.785 T. Each magnet w i l l bend through an angle of
224' and w i l l be curved. The bending r a d i u s i s 2.546 m
and t h e gaps i n t h e c e n t r a l o r b i t between t h e i n d i v i dual laminated blocks reduced by i n s e r t i n g p r o f i l e d ,
laminated s t e e l packets, bonded to the n e a r e s t magnet
block.

Fig.2.

Storage r i n g l a t t i c e

The l a t t i c e parameters assuming Q,

shown i n f i g . 2 .

Q,

2.25 a r e

The s i x t e e n d i p o l e bending magnets have a magnetic

length of 2.18 m and are of a ' C c o r e ' design. Whilst
this design has a s m a l l e r good f i e l d a p e r t u r e and i s

681

The r e p e t i t i o n r a t e of t h e b o o s t e r w i l l be 10 Bz,
b u t i n j e c t i o n i n t o t h e s t o r a g e r i n g can be a t any subm u l t i p l e by a p p r o p r i a t e p u l s i n g of t h e gun. A t 10 Hz
i t i s c a l c u l a t e d t h a t both t h e dipole and s e x t u p o l e
f i e l d s due t o eddy c u r r e n t s i n t h e corrugated s t a i n l e s s
s t e e l vacuum v e s s e l ( w a l l t h i c k n e s s 0.2 mm) w i l l be
acceptably small.

L.H. Scale

The radio- frequency system

a) detuning MHz
b! Ptot = P b + Pc Mw

S i n c e t h e beam loss due t o synchrotron r a d i a t i o n

a t 2 G e V , 1 A i s 255 kW t h e r . f . system forms a major
F a c t o r s t o be
p a r t of t h e s t o r a g e r i n g equipment.
taken i n t o account i n t h e design of such a system a r e
i) quantum l i f e t i m e s with i m p l i c a t i o n s i n t h e choice of
c a v i t y v o l t a g e i n t h e s t o r a g e mode; and ii) s t a b i l i t y
of o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s with heavy beam loading. I t i s
a l s o necessary t o l i m i t the synchrotron o s c i l l a t i o n
frequency, p a r t i c u l a r l y a t i n j e c t i o n .

c)

R. H.Scale
d) p m
e) ES GeV

1 ) VepMv

g)
Variable
Current

QsxlO
Variable

The r a d i a t e d beam power w i l l be i n c r e a s e d by about

10%i f two "wigglers" a r e added (without reducing t h e

beam c u r r e n t ) . The t o t a l power requirement w i l l t h e r e f o r e be around 400 kW. I t i s judged prudent n o t t o

exceed 50 kW p e r c a v i t y window, so t h a t t h e r e w i l l be
8 s e p a r a t e s i n g l e c e l l c a v i t i e s . I n o r d e r t o maintain
the low s h u n t impedance (10-15 MS2) r e q u i r e d from s t a b i l i t y and beam loading c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a t an acceptable
peak v o l t a g e , t h e unconventional technique of f a b r i c a t i n g t h e c a v i t i e s from s t a i n l e s s s t e e l w i l l be adopted,
although t h i s i n c r e a s e s t h e d i f f i c u l t y of achieving a
h i g h coupling f a c t o r t o t h e feeder waveguide. The
c a v i t y frequency i s n o t f i n a l l y decided b u t w i l l be
e i t h e r 428 MHz o r 499 MHZ depending mainly on economic
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o r . f . power sources.
For r e s i s t i v e matching t h e coupling B i s l + P b / P c
where Pb i s t h e r a d i a t e d power and Pc i s t h e power d i s s i p a t e d i n t h e c a v i t i e s . Reactive compensation of t h e
beam loading induced v o l t a g e i s o b t a i n e d by detuning
t h e c a v i t y by an amount
fo Io
bf

COS

$s ZT2Q

P cot.$s
b
2Qo pc

' Q o 'ep

where I o , i s t h e mean beam c u r r e n t , Ve i s the e f f e c t i v e

peak c a v i t y v o l t a g e , ZT2R i s t h e t o t 9 t r a n s i t time
c o r r e c t e d s h u n t impedance and $s i s the phase angle of
t h e beam r e l a t i v e t o t h e voltage zero.
I d e a l l y t h e beam loaded c a v i t y should p r e s e n t a
match t o t h e a m p l i f i e r a t a l l e n e r g i e s and beam currents. This can only be achieved i f b o t h t h e c a v i t y
tuning and t h e coupling f a c t o r a r e v a r i e d and it i s
hoped to go some way towards achieving this. I t i s
necessary t o work w i t h a system s t a b l e i n t h e presence
of coherent synchrotron o s c i l l a t i o n s .
To ensure this
the ' s t a b i l i t y f a c t o r ' 6 m u s t b e less than u n i t y . For
the r e s i s t i v e l y matched system 6 = 1/(1 + 2Pc/Pb) which
i s always l e s s than one i f there a r e c a v i t y l o s s e s .
I f t h e beam loaded c a v i t y i s n o t r e s i s t i v e t h e n t h e
more g e n e r a l expression f o r s t a b i l i t y i s

t a n J, Z T ~ R

> o

tan2 ~lr

(1 + 8 )

vep

cos $

where J, i s t h e detuning angle.

I t may b e noted t h a t
s t a b i l i t y i s aided by over coupling (high B ) and by det u n i n g t o a h i g h e r frequency (high t a n $) t h a n would
g i v e e x a c t compensation.
A t i n j e c t i o n (600 MeV) t h e beam b u i l d s up i n small
increments t o 1A. The beam power i s low so s t a b i l i t y
is easy t o achieve. However t h e beam induced voltage
i s high and a l a r g e c a v i t y detuning must be used. To
keep t h i s t o a reasonable amount a high c a v i t y v o l t a g e
m u s t a l s o b e employed, w i t h due r e g a r d , hauever, t o t h e
frequency and amplitude of the synchrotron o s c i l l a t i o n s .

On a c c e l e r a t i n g t o 2 GeV the r a d i a t e d power inc r e a s e s . I t is proposed to vary the v o l t a g e , t h e

coupling and the detuning during a c c e l e r a t i o n and f i g . 3
shows a s u i t a b l e programme.

-0.2

Accumulation

kceleratian

Fig. 3 .

R.f.

parameters

Other Design Features

Vacuum.
The high value of r a d i a t e d power i n t h e
s t o r a g e r i n g (255 kW excluding wiggler l o s s e s ) d i c t a t e s
a well- cooled vacuum chamber. Because of t h e l a r g e
number of branches, ease o f f a b r i c a t i o n o f complex
shapes i s e s s e n t i a l and s t a i n l e s s s t e e l w i l l be used.
Because of l i f e t i m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , t h e emphasis w i l l
be on a clean bakeable vacuum system, g i v i n g a p r e s s u r e
of
t o r r a t f u l l beam c u r r e n t . There w i l l be d i f f e r e n t i a l pumping between t h e s t o r a g e r i n g and each
experimental beam l i n e , and i n t h e t r a n s f e r p a t h from
t h e b o o s t e r synchrotron. There w i l l be d i s t r i b u t e d ionpumping i n t h e d i p o l e magnets g i v i n g a t l e a s t 1000 Q/s
pumping speed p e r dipole.
Radiation.
Personnel s a f e t y p r e s e n t s a problem
i n t h a t t h e u s e r s must be able t o s e t up equipment
w h i l s t a beam i s c i r c u l a t i n g , and be i n c l o s e proximity
t o their equipment w h i l s t data- taking. Radiation l e v e l s
around a s t o r a g e r i n g a r e i n h e r e n t l y low except w h i l s t
f i l l i n g , a t which t i m e t h e b u i l d i n g w i l l b e evacuated.
By using s c r a p e r s and an emergency beam dump it can be
arranged t h a t most of the beam i s l o s t i n pre- determined
a r e a s which a r e adequately s h i e l d e d . The remainder of
the r i n g w i l l have a modest s h i e l d w a l l of l e a d , i r o n
o r concrete, and t h e vacuum chamber w i l l b e designed t o
prevent high energy photons from going down t h e beam
l i n e s t o experiments.
This w i l l be r e q u i r e d by
S i n g l e Bunch Operation.
experimenters i n t e r e s t e d i n measurement of l i f e t i m e s of
e x c i t e d s t a t e s . I t w i l l provide 300 ns between p u l s e s .
I t w i l l r e q u i r e a low frequency chopper t o i n j e c t a
s h o r t b u r s t of p u l s e s i n t o t h e synchrotron, followed by
a h i g h e r frequency device (QJ 35 MHz) t o reduce t h i s t o
a s i n g l e bunch.
Using a s u i t a b l e synchronizer t o
t r i g g e r t h e e x t r a c t i o n system, a s i n g l e bunch w i l l be
stacked i n t h e s t o r a g e r i n g .
Controls.
The whole machine complex w i l l be cont r o l l e d through a network o f computers. A t t h e lowest
l e v e l , t h r e e minicomputers, one each f o r l i n a c , b o o s t e r
synchrotron and s t o r a g e r i n g , w i l l be i n t e r f a c e d t o t h e
p l a n t v i a CAMAC. A l l l o c a l c o n t r o l s w i l l o p e r a t e via
t h e s e t o permit independent t e s t i n g o f t h e t h r e e accele r a t o r s . These minicomputers w i l l be connected v i a
p a r a l l e l d a t a l i n k s t o a more powerful machine forming
the c e n t r a l c o n t r o l f a c i l i t y . T h i s machine w i l l cont a i n t h e main database f o r t h e system, and w i l l support
t w o i d e n t i c a l c o n t r o l c o n s o l e s , a i d e d by a f o u r t h minicomputer. It w i l l a l s o be l i n k e d t o an o n - l i n e t a s k i n
t h e Daresbury c e n t r a l computer, an IBM 370/165, which
w i l l make very powerful computation f a c i l i t i e s a v a i l a b l e

682

Parameter L i s t

on- line f o r a c c e l e r a t o r physics work.

The Wavelength S h i f t e r o r "Wiggler"

Injector

To accommodate t h e srnal; number os u s e r s who req u i r e r a d i a t i o n between 0.1 A and 0.8 A it is intended
t o i n s e r t "wiggler" magnets1 l 2 i n t o s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n s
i n t h e s t o r a g e r i n g l a t t i c e . I n view of t h e development of superconducting technology it i s c e r t a i n l y
f e a s i b l e t o provide a s u f f i c i e n t l y high f i e l d over t h e
f u l l a p e r t u r e . The use of l a r g e numbers of p o l e s i n
t h e s e magnets t o enhance t h e r a d i a t i o n i n t e n s i t y i s und e s i r a b l e because of t h e l a r g e i n c r e a s e i n r . f . power
Use of a small number of p o l e s with t h e
required.
h i g h e s t f i e l d s p r a c t i c a b l e i s t o be p r e f e r r e d , as t h i s
b e n e f i t s t h e u s e r a t s h o r t wavelengths most economicall y . I t i s t h e r e f o r e intended i n i t i a l l y t o use only
t h r e e p o l e s i n each wiggler magnet and t o design f o r a
peak f i e l d o f 5 T. Recent improvements i n supercond u c t i n g c o i l design i n d i c a t e t h a t f i e l d s i n excess of
6 T may e v e n t u a l l y b e o r e a l i s e d , and t h i s w i l l enhance
t h e i n t e n s i t y a t 0.1 A by an o r d e r of magnitude.
Design work on a superconducting wiggler magnet i s proceeding a t t h e Rutherford Laboratory of t h e Science
Research Council. These magnets w i l l be f u l l a p e r t u r e
s o as n o t t o a f f e c t i n j e c t i o n o r beam l i f e t i m e , b u t
w i l l only be energized a f t e r t h e beam has been s t o r e d
and a c c e l e r a t e d .
Installation
The l a y o u t ( f i g . 4 ) has been chosen with t h r e e
t h i n g s i n mind - t o provide f o r many experiments with
good a c c e s s , t o allow t h e maximum amount of i n s t a l l a t i o n t o proceed p r i o r t o t h e c e s s a t i o n o f high-energy
physics using N I N A , and t o minimise c i v i l engineering
work. A l l t h e s e p o i n t s r e s u l t i n t h e s t o r a g e r i n g
being placed approximately c e n t r a l l y i n t h e " Inner Hall"
of t h e N I N A building.
A t l e a s t one q u a r t e r of t h e r i n g
can b e constructed without i n t e r f e r i n g with t h e operat i o n of NINA.
Reduction of t h e high energy physics
experimental areas from f i v e t o t h r e e w i l l r e l e a s e suff i c i e n t space t o b u i l d t h e i n j e c t o r (perhaps without
a l l i t s s h i e l d i n g ) , and a t t h e same time o t h e r space
w i l l become a v a i l a b l e f o r c o n t r o l s and f o r some of t h e
a n c i l l a r y p l a n t b e f o r e N I N A c l o s e s down.
I,

,I

NINA

Electron Beam
Synchrotron Radiation Beam

Energy
Energy spread (maximum)
Emittance (maximum)
Current (within above l i m i t s )

10-15 MeV

* 0.5%

10-5 m - r
20 mA

Booster Synchrotron
Peak energy
current
Peak magnetic f i e l d on o r b i t
Bending r a d i u s
Mean o r b i t r a d i u s
Betatron Q-value, both planes
Period s t r u c t u r e
No. of periods
F i e l d index i n F- sector
F i e l d index i n D-sector
Field gradient i n F
Field gradient i n D
Magnetic length of s e c t o r magnet
Aperture
Repetition rate
R. f , frequency
R.f. power

600 MeV
20 m~ ('L 1010 e-/
pulse)
0.785 T
2.546 m
5.02 m
2.25
FOE6 (Comb. Func.
Lattice)
8
-5.2
6.2
2.04% per cm
2.44% p e r cm
1.0 m
120x35 mm (approx.)
10 Hz
4 2 8 MHz o r 499 MHz
< 1 kW peak

Storage Ring
Energy
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c wavelength
Maximum c u r r e n t
Beam l i f e t i m e a t maximum Current
Peak magnetic f i e l d
Bending radius
Mean o r b i t r a d i u s
Betatron Q-value ( e i t h e r plane)
Peak quadrupole g r a d i e n t
Period s t r u c t u r e
No. of periods
Dipole magnetic length
Quadrupole magnetic length
No. of sextupoles/period
Clear length of s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n
Good f i e l d a p e r t u r e
Maximum p r e s s u r e with 1A beam
Vacuum chamber a p e r t u r e
D i s t r i b u t e d pumping capacity/dipole
Radiation damping time, 600 MeV

'\\

Touschek l i f e t i m e , a t 600 MeV

Radiation loss from normal
d i p o l e s , a t 2 GeV
R. f
frequency
T o t a l r . f . power
No. of c a v i t i e s
Cavity m a t e r i a l
Cavity shunt impedance
( t r a n s i t time c o r r e c t e d )

'\

2 GeVo

3.88 A
1 A (" 2 x 101* estored)
8 hours
1.2 T
5.55 m
15.05 m
2.0
3.5
4.5 T/m
FBODBO (Sep. FWC.
Lattice)
8
2.18 m
0.5 m
2
2.3 m (approx.)
150x40 mm (approx.)
torr
200 x 45 mm
1000 l/s
440 m s ( r a d i a l
betatron)
50 min

255 keV/turn
428 MHz o r 499 MHz
'L 400 kW
8
Stainless s t e e l

1 . 2 5 t o 2.0
'L

QS

0.05

Programme

Fig.4.

The o f f i c i a l design study o f t h e dedicated Synchr o t r o n Radiation Source w i l l be complete by t h e end of

1974. I t i s expected t o show t h a t the c a p i t a l c o s t
w i l l be about E2M (1973 p r i c e s ) . Approval f o r cons t r u c t i o n w i l l then be sought, and i f t h e p r e s e n t i d e a s
f o r t h e N I N A programme t u r n o u t t o be c o r r e c t , t h e SR5

Layout

683

will come i n t o o p e r a t i o n during 1979.

References
W.S. Trzeciak.
" A "wavelength s h i f t e r " f o r t h e
University of Wisconsin e l e c t r o n s t o r a g e ring" .
IEEE Trans. Nucl. S c i .
(1971) 213.

e,

R . J . A v e r i l l , R.D. Hays and H. Mieras.

"Wiggler
magnet design". CEAL-TM-199 (January 1973)

V. P. S u l l e r .

"Comparative Synchrotron Radiation

Spectra" . D a r e s b u q Laboratory I n t e r n a l Report,
DL/TM 118 (December 1 9 7 3 ) .

N. Marks and M.W. Poole.

"The choice of d i p o l e
magnetic f i e l d f o r t h e SFS". D a r e s b u q Laboratory
I n t e r n a l Report t o be published.

684

THE

STANFORD SYNCHROTRON RADIATION PROJECT( SSRP)'

H. Winick
Stanford University
S t a n f o r d , C a l i f o r n i a 94305

Sununary

The S t a n f o r d Synchrotron R a d i a t i o n P r o j e c t i s a new

n a t i o n a l f a c i l i t y f o r UV and X- ray r e s e a r c h u s i n g s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n from t h e s t o r a g e r i n g SPEAR. T h i s r i n g
now o p e r a t e s i n c o l l i d i n g beam mode w i t h E ( s t o r e d beam
energy) v a r y i n g from 1.5 t o 2.5GeVand w i t h 15 t o 45 mA
i n each beam.
Improvements i n mid-1974 w i l l r a i s e t h e
e n e r g y t o >, 4 GeV with expected c u r r e n t s o f up t o 100 mA
i n each beam. The c r i t i c a l e n e r g y o f t h e s y n c h r o t r o n
r a d i a t i o n s p e c t r u m v a r i e s a s E3 and i s 11 keV f o r E = 4 GeV.
Up t o seven experiments can s h a r e a beam r u n which a c c e p t s 11.5 mrad of r a d i a t i o n .
The UV and s o f t x - r a d i a t i o n
are d e f l e c t e d a t g r a z i n g i n c i d e n c e o n u l t r a s m o o t h p l a t inum p l a t e d copper b l o c k s and focused on custom hilt,
h i g h vacuum, high r e s o l u t i o n monochromators. X-radiation
above a b o u t 3.5 keV emerges from a 630~t h i c k b e r y l l i u m
window assembly.
Sensors i n t h e beam run d e t e c t h i g h
p r e s s u r e o r contamination and c a u s e v a l v e s t o c l o s e i s o l a t i n g t h e beam runs from each o t h e r and from theSPEAR
vacuum system.
S h i e l d i n g and i n t e r l o c k s p e r m i t e x p e r i m e n t e r s t o a d j u s t t h e i r equipment w i t h beam s h u t t e r s
c l o s e d and t o be w i t h i n about 1 m of t h e i r equipment
A broad r a n g i n g
d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n w i t h s h u t t e r s open.
program o f r e s e a r c h w i l l be p u r s u e d i n c l u d i n g s t u d i e s of
W and x - r a y p h o t o - e l e c t r o n spectroscopy, e x t e n d e d x - r a y
a b s o r p t i o n edge f i n e s t r u c t u r e , x - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n on b i o l o g y systems, compton s c a t t e r i n g , x - r a y a b s o r p t i o n x r a y induced luminescence, sub-nanosecond t i m e c o n s t a n t
measurements on s o l i d s , and UV r e f l e c t i v i t y .

p a r t i c u l a r parameters of SPEAR t h a t are relevant to synchr o t r o n r a d i a t i o n a r e l i s t e d i n Table 11. The s p e c t r a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the r a d i a t i o n i s shown i n Fig. 1. The
d a t a given i n T b l e I I a n d Fig. 1 are o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h e
SPEAR h a s a bending r a d i u s o f 12.7 m.
r e s u l t o f Mack.
The r a d i a t i o n i s h i g h l y p o l a r i z e d w i t h t h e E v e c t o r i n
t h e p l a n e of the a c c e l e r a t i o n .

it

BASIC SYNCHROTRON RADIATION RELATIONSHIPS

ELECTRON ENERGY:

E (GeV)

RADIUS OF CURVATURE:

R (METERS)

ELECTRON CURRENTf

I (AMPERES)

TOTAL RADIATED POWER = 8 8 i 4 x I ( k W )

Introduction
SSRP u t i l i z e s s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n f r o m c i r c u l a t i n g
e l e c t r o n s i n t h e s t o r a g e r i n g SPEAR. SSRP h a s been funded
s i n c e June 1973 by t h e N a t i o n a l Science Foundation and
i s a d m i n i s t e r e d by t h e W. W. Hansen L a b o r a t o r i e s
o f
Physics a t Stanford University.
SPEAR i s a h i g h energy
electron- positron collidingbeam storage ring located a t
t h e S t a n f o r d L i n e a r A c c e l e r a t o r C e n t e r ( SLAC), funded by
:he Atomic Energy Conmission. P r o s p e c t i v e u s e r s of SSRP
s h o u l d c o n t a c t t h e D i r e c t o r , P r o f e s s o r S. Doniach o r
t h e Deputy D i r e c t o r , P r o f e s s o r W. S p i c e r , a t t h e W . W.
Hansen L a b o r a t o r i e s o f Physics.

NY
TURN-ELECTRON

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f SPEAR
Some b a s i c s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e
g i v e n i n T a b l e I. A d d i t i o n a l s y n c h r o t r o n a d i a t i o n rel a t i o n s h i p s are given by Rowel and Winick.'
The s t o r q e
r i n g SPEAR h a s been d e s c r i b e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e . 3
The

= 4o E

E,

TABLE

SSRP i s open t o all q u a l i f i e d u s e r s . Experimental

p r o p o s a l s are reviewed by t h e D i r e c t o r , a d v i s e d by aProp o s a l Review Panel, o u t s i d e r e f e r e e s , and t h e SSRP s t a f f .
E a r l y submission of p r o p o s a l s i s recommended.
SLAC exe r c i s e s c o n t r o l o v e r r a d i a t i o n s a f e t y and a l s o s e t s
vacuum s t a n d a r d s f o r experiments which w i l l c o n n e c t o n l i n e t o t h e SPEAR Vacuum System.

t S u p p o r t e d by N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e Foundation Grant No. GH

39525, i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e S t a n f o r d L i n e a r A c c e l e r a t o r C e n t e r and t h e Atomic Energy Commission.

-- AE/TURN-ELECTRON
I

SPEAR now o p e r a t e s f o r c o l l i d i n g beam experiments

w i t h one RF bunch p e r b e a m a t e n e r g i e s up t o 2.5 GeV per
beam ( l i m i t e d by RF v o l t a g e ) .
The c u r r e n t i s l i m i t e d by
t h e maximum a l l o w a b l e i n c o h e r e n t t u n e s h i f t (Av Z .O5)
due t o beam-beam i n t e r a c t i o n .
This l i m i t i n c r e a s e s w i t h
i n c r e a s i n g energy.
With t h e p r e s e n t SPEAR o p e r a t i o n a l
configuration, t h e currents corresponding t o t h i s l i m i t
are shown i n T a b l e 11. Machine s t u d i e s on SPEAR are i n
p r o g r e s s t o i n c r e a s e t h e beam c r o s s - s e c t i o n a t t h e i n t e r a c t i o n p o i n t so t h a t l a r g e r c u r r e n t s and l a r g e r i n t e r a c t i o n rates ( luminosity) c a n be achieved, e s p e c i a l l y a t
t h e lower e n e r g i e s .
L a r g e r c u r r e n t s can o f c o u r s e b e
s t o r e d i n a s i n g l e beam ( o v e r 200 mA h a s been s t o r e d i n
one e l e c t r o n bunch and even more i s p o s s i b l e i f more o f
t h e 40 RF bunches are f i l l e d ) b u t p r e s e n t p l a n s c a l l f o r
synchrotron r a d i a t i o n operation only during c o l l i d i n g
beam e x p e r i m e n t a l runs.
The w a t e r - c o o l i n g of t h e SPEAR
vacuum chamber i s adequate f o r s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n
l o s s e s o f up t o 150 kW p e r beam.
The beam d e c a y s w i t h a l i f e t i m e t h a t depends on

68 5

e n e r g y and c u r r e n t . A t 2 . 5 GeV t h e l i f e t i m e i s 2 h o u r s
w i t h 45 mA i n each beam and i n c r e a s e s t o 4 hours w i t h
y mA p e r beam. T y p i c a l l y i t t a k e s 15 t o 9 minutes t o
f i l l SPEAR w i t h 2 beams, followingwhich beams a r e s t o r e d
and made t o c o l l i d e f o r s e v e r a l hours, a f t e r which t h e
c y c l e i s repeated.

PARAMETERS OF SPEAR

U N T I L 7/74

51

ACCELERATING FREQ. (MHz)

PULSE DURATION (l6"secl
(FWHM)
ORBITAL FREQ. (MHz)

AFTER 11/74

8 to 16

1.28

ultra- smooth platinum- plated copper b l o c k s 5 placed 6.5 m

from t h e source point.
One o f t h e s e m i r r o r s i n t e r c e p t s
t h e o u t e r 2 m r a d of s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n a t a h o r i z o n t a l
g r a z i n g a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e of 2 O r e s u l t i n g i n a h o r i z o n t a l l y focused bo d e f l e c t e d beam c o n t a i n i n g photons w i t h
A plane mirror intercepts
energy up t o about 2 keV.
t h e i n n e r 3 t o 6 mrad a t a v e r t i c a l g r a z i n g a n g l e of i n cidence of '
4 causing t h e beam t o r i s e a t 8 from t h e
median plane.
T h i s r i s i n g beam c o n t a i n s photons up t o
9 0 eV.
Since SPEAR can produce up t o 25 W of synchrot r o n r a d i a t i o n p e r mrad t h e s e m i r r o r s a r e cooledtkermoelectrically.

358

I t o 2.4

1.28

lo,2

SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION

-E
f

E,

(GeV)

I, ( m A )

1.5 2.0 25

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

20

50

75

75

45

12

28

78

135

130

I 4 2.7

4.7

7.4

II

15.7

25 45

RADIATION LOSS (kW) 0.70 2.8

eC (keV)

0.58

,
1010
0.001

z 1

,,,,,,,/
0.01

, ,,,,,,,I
0.1

, , , ,I

I
PHOTON ENERGY (KeV)

$ \

,,,,

1
IO

\ \ \ \ I
\\,!
100

Figure 1

TRANSVERSE ELECTRON BEAM SIZE AND DIVERGENCE AT

SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCE POINT (TYPICAL AT 2 5 GeV)

FWHM

x (rnrn)

x'(mrod)

y (mrn)

y'(rnrod)

3.22

0.566

1.59

0.266

TbBLE 1
1

During t h e summer of 1974 themagnetpower s u p p l i e s

and t h e RF system w i l l be modified t o permitbeam s t o r a g e
The new W system w i l l produce
up t o 4.2 GeV o r more.
500 kW a t 358 MHz. The p r e s e n t RF system produces 163 kW
a t 51 MHz. Higher c o l l i d i n g beam c u r r e n t s a r e p o d s i b l e
a t t h e h i g h e r e n e r g i e s r e a c h i n g a n e x p e c t e d peak of 100 mA
a t 3.8 GeV.
Above 3.8 G e V t h e expected beam c u r r e n t
In a d d i t i o n t o t h e
f a l l s o f f due t o RF v o l t a g e l i m i t s .
d r a m a t i c improvement t h e h i g h e r c u r r e n t s and energy w i l l
make i n synchrotron r a d i a t i o n p o w e r and c r i t i c a l energy,
cC, as shown i n Table 11, t h e h i g h e r frequency w i l l reduce t h e synchrotron r a d i a t i o n l i g h t p u l s e t o 1 O - l o s e c
makingpossibleexperiments r e q u i r i n g f a s t t i m e c o r r e l a tions.

The c e n t r a l p a r t o f t h e beam c o n t a i n s 3 t o 10 mrad

of r a d i a t i o n which i s n o t d e f l e c t e d by m i r r o r s .
This
r a d i a t i o n p r o c e e d s d o w n t h e h i g h vacuum beam pipe, p a s s e s
through a p a i r of water- cooled 6% t h i c k b e r y l l i u m f o i l s
and e x i t s from t h e vacuum system 10.5 m from t h e source
p o i n t through a p a i r of 2.501~.b e r y l l i u m windows.
Signifi c a n t t r a n s m i s s i o n begins a t about 3.2 keV. Thiswindow
system h a s been used s u c c e s s f u l l y over extended running
p e r i o d s w i t h SPEAR o p e r a t i n g a t 2.4 GeV w i t h c u r e n t s
In-vacuum water- cooled carbon f o i l s g a r e
up t o 50 mA.
being considered t o h a n d l e t h e h i g h e r power d e n s i t i e s
t h a t w i l l be p r e s e n t when SPEAR o p e r a t e s at h i g h e r energy.
A f t e r emerging from t h e SPEARvacuumsystem t h e xrays t r a v e l i n a helium atmosphere i n t o a s h i e l d e d a r e a
i n which s e v e r a l c r y s t a l monochromators andexperiments
w i l l be i n s t a l l e d . Someof t h e s e d i r e c t t h e monochrom a t i c r a d i a t i o n upwards t o an upper l e v e l experimental
a r e a a s shown i n Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.

Plan of t h e Synchrotron R a d i a t i o n F a c i l i t y
A prefabricatedsteelbuilding 1 2 m wide, 24 m l o n g
and 7.3 m h i g h h a s been c o n s t r u c t e d a d j a c e n t t o SPEAR a s
shown i n Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. The b u i l d i n g i s w e l l i n s u l a t e d and temperature c o n t r o l l e d and h a s a t h i c k (30 cm)
concrete floor f o r stability.
Vibration sources (such
as compressors) a r e l o c a t e d o u t s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g and decoupled from t h e b u i l d i n g and f l o o r .
About 11.5 mradians of synchrotron r a d i a t i o n , c o r responding t o 15 cm o f curved p a t h i n a SPEAR benPing
magnet, emerges t a n g e n t i a l l y i n t o a h i g h vacuum pipe.
T h i s h o r i z o n t a l f a n of r a d i a t i o n i s s p l i t t h r e e ways by
r e f l e c t i o n a t g r a z i n g i n c i d e n c e on two remotely movable

IO

15

METERS
SSRP @ClLITY LAYOUT

Figure 2

68 6

_-

An e l e v a t e d c o n c r e t e s l a b 4.5 m wide, 12 m long,

and 2.4 m above t h e f l o o r s e r v e s as a second l e v e l f o r
i n s t a l l i n g experimental apparatus.
The r i s i n g 8' beam
l i n e vacuum p i p e p e n e t r a t e s t h i s s l a b as shown i n Fig. 3.
E l e c t r i c a l s e r v , i c e s , compressed a i r , helium and w a t e r
s e r v i c e s are i n s t a l l e d a t s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s a l o n g t h e
p e r i m e t e r o f t h e s l a b . Vacuum c o n t r o l s , r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n c o n t r o l s , and s i g n a l s t o and from t h e SPEAR and
SLAC c o n t r o l rooms are c e n t r a l i z e d i n an a d j a c e n t cont r o l room.

worse case e v e n t t h a t i n j e c t e d o r s t o r e d beams are l o s t

i n S P E A R i n c e r t a i n c r i t i c a l l o c a t i o n s . With a p p r o p r i a t e
beam s t o p p e r s c l o s e d , o c c u p a n c y i s s a f e i n t h e immediate
v i c i n i t y o f experiments d u r i n g a l l p h a s e s o f SPEARopera t i o n . With beam s t o p p e r s open e x p e r i m e n t e r s are a b l e
Access
t o occupy areas w i t h i n a b o u t 1 m o f beam l i n e s .
t o t h e SPEAR t u n n e l and t o t h e primary x - r a y beam l i n e
i n t h e SSRP b u i l d i n g i s r e m o t e l y c o n t r o l l e d by SLAC ope r a t o r s . Access t o s m a l l s e c o n d a r y b e a m areas i s e x p e r i menter c o n t r o l l e d .
S t a t u s of t h e P r o j e c t
A t t h i s w r i t i n g ( A p r i l 1974) a p i l o t p r o j e c t beam
run h a s been i n o p e r a t i o n s i n c e J u l y , 1973, p r o v i d i n g
r a d i a t i o n t o an x- ray p h o t o - e l e c t r o n s p e c t r o s c o p y (XPS)
experiment and a n extended x - r a y a b s o r p t i o n f i n e s t r u c t u r e (EXAFS) experiment.
T h i s equipment i s now b e i n g
removed and t h e f u l l f a c i l i t y w i t h a l l beam runs, cont r o l systems, p e r s o n n e l p r o t e c t i o n systems, s h i e l d i n g ,
etc., i s b e i n g i n s t a l l e d .
Operation with f i v e experiments i s planned f o r May and June, 1974.
Following
t h i s t h e SPEAR r i n g w i l l be down f o r s e v e r a l months f o r
t h e improvement program which w i l l allow s t o r a g e of
beams w i t h e n e r g y i n e x c e s s of 4 GeV.
Some s y n c h r o t r o n
r a d i a t i o n s h o u l d b e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e l a t t e r p a r t of 1974
and r o u t i n e o p e r a t i o n f o r c o l l i d i n g beam and s y n c h r o t r o n
r a d i a t i o n experiments i s s c h e d u l e d t o commence i n l a t e
1974 o r e a r l y 1975.

SSRP FACILITY LAYOUT. SlDE VIEW

IO

15

hu<300eV

Experimental Program

20

25

METERS FROM SOURCE POINT

X-ray Beam L i n e ( h v

> 3 keV)

S e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t groups w i l l set up s p e c t r o m e t e r s
u s i n g t h e x - r a y s a v a i l a b l e i n t h e main beam l i n e .
The
a c t i v i t i e s i n t h i s beam l i n e i n c l u d e :

Figure 5

The s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n beamcan be i n d e p e n d e n t l y
s t e e r e d so t h a t i t can be reproduced s p a t i a l l y , c o r r e c t i n g f o r v a r i a t i o n s t h a t may o c c u r from run t o run, o r
v a r i a t i o n s t h a t may be r e q u i r e d f o r p o s i t i o n i n g t h e two
collidingbeaminteraction points.
T h i s i s accomplished
by powering s t e e r i n g c o i l s some of which a ' r e a r r a n g e d i n
p a i r s t o produce l o c a l o r b i t d i s t o r t i o n s ( b e a m bumps) i n
t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n s o u r c e p o i n t .
Vacuum System
The vacuum system i s b u i l t t o SLAC s p e c i f i c a t i o n s 7
and i s a l l m e t a l and bakable. T h e c e n t r a l beam p i p e e x t e n d s t o 10.5 m from t h e s o u r c e t e r m i n a t i n g a t t h e
b e r y l l i u m window assembly w i t h i n t h e SPEAR tunnel.
The
'
4 and 8' beam r u n s c o n t i n u e in vacuum i n t h e synchrot r o n r a d i a t i o n b u i l d i n g a n d e x t e n d t o 16 m and 23 m from
t h e s o u r c e point.
A l l metal ultra- highvacuumgate valves i s o l a t e t h e
beam r u n s f r o m e a c h o t h e r and from t h e SPEAR vacuum s y s tem.
Synchrotron r a d i a t i o n s t r i k e s only w a t e r - c o o l e d
s u r f a c e s and movable water- cooled a b s o r b e r s may be remotely i n s e r t e d t o block the radiation.

I o n i z a t i o n gauges and f a s t sensors 8 are used t o det e c t l e a k s and d e s o r p t i o n diodes9 s e n s e c o n t a m i n a t i o n .

These d e v i c e s are monitored by a vacuum c o n t r o l system
which c a u s e s v a l v e s t o c l o s e a u t o m a t i c a l l y i n t h e e v e n t
o f vacuum problems.
F a s t i s o l a t i o n from SPEAR i s p r o v i d e d by a vane which c l o s e s i n 9 msec."
R a d i a t i o n P r o t e c t i o n System

A s y s t e m o f b e a m s t o p p e r s , a permanent magnet, r a d i a t i o n m o n i t o r s and i n t e r l o c k e d g a t e s i s i n s t a l l e d t o

p r o t e c t p e r s o n n e l fromexposure t o s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n
o r t h e h i g h e n e r g y r a d i a t i o n t h a t could r e s u l t i n t h e

X- ray P h o t o - E l e c t r o n S p e c t r o s c o p y (XPS). A +-tal

monochromator designed t o produce i n t e n s e r a d i a t i o n a t
8.0 keV w i t h a bandwidth of 0.1 e V h a s been b u i l t by P.
P i a n e t t a of S t a n f o r d and h a s been o p e r a t e d i n a double
c r y s t a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n . A h i g h vacuum sample chamber and
e l e c t r o n e n e r g y a n a l y z e r b u i l t by I. Lindau of S t a n f o r d
i s a l s o c o m p l e t e . Theequipment w a s used i n a p i l o t p r o j e c t x - r a y beam and h a s produced i t s f i r s t d a t a on t h e
Lbf l e v e l s o f m e t a l l i c gold.
A broad- ranging program
o f r e s e a r c h i n t h e f i e l d s of s o l i d s t a t 9 m a t e r i a l s s c i ence, i n o r g a n i c and o r g a n i c c h e m i s t r y w i l l be l e d by W,
S p i c e r , I. Lindau and S. Doniach of S t a n f o r d .
Extended X-ray A b s o r p t i o n F i n e S t r u c t u r e (EXAFS) ,
I n i t i a l l y one EXAFS c h a n n e l - c u t s i n g l e c r y s t a l x - r a y
s p e c t r o m e t e r w i t h a s s o c i a t e d d e t e c t o r s and d a t a p r o c e s s i n g equipment i s b e i n g assembled. S e v e r a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s
( i n c l u d i n g A. Bienenstock, S. Doniach, S. Hunter, B.
Kincaid, and M. Weissbluth of S t a n f o r d , D. S a y e r s and E.
S t e r n of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Washington, F. L y t l e o f t h e
Boeing Aerospace Company and P. E i s e n b e r g e r o f t h e B e l l
Telephone Research L a b o r a t o r i e s ) w i l l use EXAFS s t u d i e s
t o determine the r a d i a l s t r u c t u r e f u n c t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h s p e c i f i c e l e m e n t a l c o n s t i t u e n t s i n a v a r i e t y o f comp l e x materials i n c l u d i n g gases, l i q u i d s , g l a s s e s and e r t a i n complex c r y s t a l l i n e materials i n which t h e e n v i r o n ment of one p a r t i c u l a r k i n d o f atom i s i m p o r t a n t ; e.g.,
t h e i r o n atom i n hemoglobin.
X-ray D i f f r a c t i o n . A group from t h e C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Technology (J. Baldeschweiler, R. Stroud, and
N. Webb) are b u i l d i n g a f o c u s i n g monochromator w i t h low
a n g l e d i f f r a c t i o n camera f o r x - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n s t u d i e s
of b i o l o g i c a l systems i n c l u d i n g t i m e dependent d i f f r a c tion.
Samples to b e s t u d i e d i n c l u d e p r o t e i n s , enzymes,
muscle, and membrane systems.

A group c o n s i s t i n g o f K. Hodgson and E. S h o o t e r of

S t a n f o r d and L. J e n s e n of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Washington,

687

S e a t t l e , a r e proposing t o i n s t a l l a d i f f r a c t o m e t e r a t
the focus of t h e monochromator t o do s t r u c t u r a l s t u d i e s
on p r o t e i n s i n g l e c r y s t a l s .
P. Eisenberger of t h e Bell
Compton Scattering.
Telephone Research L a b o r a t o r i e s i s planning t o b u i l d a
t r i p l e a x i s monochromator - energy a n a l y z e r system t o
measure x- ray i n e l a s t i c s c a t t e r i n g .
This i s planned
f o r use i n SPEAR 11 ( e a r l y 1975). Among o t h e r measurements t h a t o f t h e Comptonprofile i n s o l i d s and molecular
systems g i v e s very d e t a i l e d information a b o u t e l e c t r o n i c
charge d i s t r i b u t i o n s which can be used t o t e s t s p e c i f i c
t h e o r i e s of chemical bonding.

bo Beam Line (25 < hv < 2 9 0 eV), A f l e x i b l e f a c i l i t y , e n t e r e d a r o u n d a s p e c i a l l y designed grazing i n cidence monochromator w i t h a f i x e d e x i t s l i t , w i l l be
s e t up i n t h i s beam l i n e under t h e d i r e c t i o n of F. C.
Brown, R. Bachrach, and S. Hagstromof t h e Xerox Research
A beam
Center a t Palo Alto and Stanford U n i v e r s i t y .
s p l i t t i n g m i r r o r w i l l provide about2mrad t o t h i s l i n e ,
focused i n t h e h o r i z o n t a l d i r e c t i o n .
Research on t h i s
beam l i n e w i l l include s t u d i e s on high r e s o l u t i o n s o f t
x- ray a b s o r p t i o n spectroscopy, x-ray induced luminescence,
photo- emission spectroscopy by time of f l i g h t measurement and subnanosecond time c o n s t a n t measurements on
solids.

R. F i l i p p i , G. Fischer, A. Gallagher, F. Generali, F.

Hall, J. Harris, E. Hoyt, B. Humphrey, J. Jurow, R. Larsen,
R. Melen, J. Miljan, R. Messimer, W. M i h e r , H. Morales,
J. Paterson, J. Pope, W. Porter, R. Robbers, W. Savage,
T. Taylor, A. Tseng, G. Warren, and J. Wehner, The beam
l i n e vacuum system was drawn w i t h meticulous c a r e b y F.
Johnson. Our d e b t i s p a r t i c u l a r l y g r e a t t o N. Dean f o r
t h e genuine i n t e r e s t , guidance and support h e provided.
References

The d e d i c a t i o n o f t h e SSRP s t a f f , R. Dannemiller,

A. Golde, and B. Salsburg, t o g e t h e r w i t h Mark Baldwin of
SLAC, h a s been v i t a l t o t h e progress of t h i s p r o j e c t .
Invaluable a s s i s t a n c e h a s Seen received from many o t h e r s
a t SLAC, p a r t i c u l a r l y R. Baker, W. Basinger, M. Beck,

Figure

-I

3,

NO.

3,

Ednor M. Rowe, D E E Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-&

P. 973, June 1973.

2.

Herman Winick, E E E Trans. Nucl.

p. 984, June 1973.

3-

Paterson, Proc. of t h i s Conference. Also B.

Richter, Proc. of 1973 P a r t i c l e Accel. Conf., San
IEEE Trans. on Nucl. Sci. N S - a No. 3,
Francisco.
p. 752, June 1973.

4.

R. A. Mack, S p e c t r a l and Angular D i s t r i b u t i o n

Synchrotron Radiation, CEAL-1027 ( 1966),

5.

S. Holmes, A. Klugman, and P. Kraatz:

t i c s , 3 No. 8, p. 113, Aug. 1973.

6.

E. W.

8 O Rising Beam Line (hv < 300 eV). A s p e c i a l l y a dapted u l t r a - h i g h vacuum normal incidence monochromator
f o r t h i s energy range i s now being b u i l t by t h e McPherson
Company under subcontract from China Lake f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n i n t h e beam run. A group from t h e Michelson Labo r a t o r y a t China Lake, l e d by V. Rehn ( o t h e r s include
A.
Baer, T. Donovan, D. Kyser, and J. Stanford), i n
c o l l a b o r a t i o n with a Stanford group, w i l l make r e f l e c t i v i t y and photo-emission measurements.
Differential
r e f l e c t i v i t y ( e l e c t r o - and p i e z o - r e f l e c t a n c e ) measurements are being planned.
Acknowledgments

NO.

1.

Sei. N S - 3

J. M.

of

Applied Op-

Hoyt and P. P i a n e t t a , SLAC TN-73-10,

Sept.

1973.

7.
8.

G. W.

McClure, Appl. Phys. L

No.

12, p. 2

33

1963).

9.

E. Garwin, E. Hoyt, J. Jurow, M. Rabinowitz, Proc.

4 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Vacuum Congress, Apr. 1968, Manc h e s t e r , England.

10.

This f a s t c l o s i n g vane i s of t h e type used on the

ISR a t CERN and was k i n d l y supplied t o us by CERN.

11.

I. Lindau, P. P i a n e t t a , S. Doniach and W. Spicer,

X- ray Photo-Emission Spectroscopy a t t h e Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation P r o j e c t . Accepted f o r public a t i o n i n Nature.

Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Project

Aprll 1974

688

Y t~V0lSUI

THE CONVERSIONOFTHE NBS180MEVELECTRONSYNCHROTRONTO

A 240 MEV ELECTRON STORAGE RING FOR SYNCHROTRON RADIATION RESEARCH
E. M. Rowe, M . A . Green, W. S. Trzeciak, and W. R. Winter, Jr.

Physical Sciences Laboratory University of Wisconsin

Stoughton, Wisconsin
Introduction

I.

The National Bureau of Standards 180 MeV electron

synchrotron was used for the first investigations Of the
optical and electronic properties of solids, liquids, and
gases utilizing synchrotron radiation1 Since the time Of
this pioneering work, other sources of far greater brightness such as DESY, the Tokyo Synchrotron, and Tantalus 1
have come into use as synchrotron radiation sources. Thus
several years ago, it became evident that in order to maintain a viable vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray research
program at the NBS utilizing this machine as a synchrotron
radiation source a considerable increase in source brightness would be necessary.
Two alternatives were considered. The first of these
was to increase the beam brightness through a hundredfold
increase in beam current, from 1 mA to 100 mA, by
means of a new injector operating at 6 MeV. The machine
would have remained a synchrotron and, hence, the duty
factor would remain unchanged, i .e. no more than 0 . 2
assuming that useful synchrotron radiation is produced
only at electron energies between 150 and 180 MeV and
sinusoidal magnet excitation. The beam cross section area
would have been 3 71 mmz at an absolute minimum at full
energy and current because only adiabatic damping could
occur in this mode of operation.
Operation of the synchrotron as an electron storage
ring was then considered. In this mode of operation a
beam cross sectional area of less than 0.65IT mm2 could
be expected after damping, and the duty factor would be
1.O. A brightness figure of merit, defined by S = ID/A,
where I is the beam current, D is the duty factor, and
A is the electron beam cross sectional area, can be used
to compare the two alternatives. Taking a circulating
current of 10 mA, and the storage mode duty factor of 1,
gives a value for S = 1.54 mA/mm2. A similar calculation for synchrotron operation at 1 0 0 mA circulating
yields S = 2.1 mA/mm2. Thus, 10 mA at 180 MeV, which
represents minimal operation of the machine as a storage
ring, would give about the same brightness as synchrotron
operation at a very high beam current. Further, whereas
100 mA operation of the machine as a synchrotron is the
best that could be expected, operation of the machine as a
storage ring would probably not be limited to beam currents
of 1 0 mA. In addition, with relatively simple modifications,
the machine energy could be raised, probably to a s much
as to 240 MeV, which would result in a considerable increase in the range and intensity of the synchrotron radiation spectrum. Finally, the storage mode of operation
also offered
to 10-10 torr internal pressures and
close access to the machine by the investigators; that is
right up to the vacuum chamber. These are qualities of
synchrotron radiation sources that have come to be expected by vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray experimentalists .2 On the basis of these considerations, the
decision was made to proceed with the conversion project.

689

Scope of the Conversion Project

During the study of the conversion project, it became

clear that the only component of the original machine that
could be preserved was the magnet. Other components
such as the magnet coils, radio frequency system, magnet power supply and vacuum chamber could not be used
in the converted machine.
Furthermore , the field index of the synchrotron magnet was greater than 3/4, a condition that leads to overdamping of the synchrotron motion and, therefore, antidamping of the radial motion3. Thus, besides a higher
energy injector and injection system, the project required a vacuum chamber capable of supporting vacuua in
range, a radio frequency system and
the 10-9
accelerating cavity, magnet coils and magnet power
supply and, finally, means for adjusting the field index of
the magnet to a value below . 7 5 .
Interestingly, increasing the source brightness of
the synchrotron by the first alternative would also have
required a new vacuum chamber, accelerating cavity and
magnet correction coils Subsequently, investigation of
the condition of the synchrotron indicated that the main
magnet coils would also have to be replaced because of
their advanced state of deterioration.
A plan view of the converted synchrotron is shown in
Fig. 1, and operating parameters a r e given in Table I.
In what follows, the components necessary for the conversion project will be described.

Table I
Converted Synchrotron Parameters
MAGNET
Field Index
Radial Tune
Vertical Tune
Field at Injection
Field at 180 (240) MeV
Orbit Radius
Useful Radial Aperture
Useful Vertical Aperture

0.70
0.54
0.83
0.044T
0 . 7 3 (1.O) T
0.84 M
5.00 cm
2.50 cm

INJEC TI0 N
Type
Source
Inflector
Pulsed Field Bump

RF SYSTEM
Frequency
Harmonic Number
Number of Cavities
Maximum Volts Per Turn
Maximum Power Available

Multi-turn
1 0 MeV Microtron
Shorted Coaxial Line,
0.15 T, Nominal
1.1 x1O-3 TM,
Turning Off
in 0.12 w sec

113.6 MHz
2
1
10
kV
3 kW

Table I (cont'd.)
VACUUM SYSTEM
Construction
Pumps

with nearly 100% efficiency. The operation of this microtron is characterized by simplicity, reliability and, above
all, stability.

Stainless Steel, Bakeable

One 200 R /sec-Sputter Ion
Holding Pump Plus
Sixteen 50 Liter Sputter
Ion Pump Elements
Mounted Internally

Pressure (average,
without beam)

III.

The beam transport system consists of two quadrupole doublets, a beam stop mounted at the focus of the
first doublet and a chopper positioned upstream from the
beam stop. The chopper deflects the electron beam so as
to miss a 5 mm aperture in the beam stop by means of a
DC electric field. During injection a radio frequency
electric field, synchronized with the storage ring radio
frequency accelerating system, is superimposed on the DC
field so that approximately 100 pulses of 2.5 nsec length
pass through the beam stop aperture to the next doublet
and, thence, to the inflector.

5 x 10-10 Torr

E. Injector
Based on experience gained during the development
of the 44 MeV microtron previously constructed at the
Physical Sciences Laboratory as an injector for
Tantalus I , the decision was made to employ a 10 MeV
microtron as the injector for the converted synchrotron.
The operating parameters of this machine are given in
Table 11.

IV.

Table I1
Microtron Parameters
Accelerating Frequency
Cavity Gradient
Repetition Rate
Energy Gain P e r Turn
Number of Turns
Beam Pulse Length
Pulse Beam Current
Vertical Emittance
Radial Emittance

Beam Transport System

2.998 kmHz
515 kVcm-1
15-60 HZ
1
MeV
10
1
ysec
30
mA
< 0.13 i~
mrad cm
(1.1 71 mrad cm

The microtron, shown in Fig. 2 with its beam transport line, is mounted vertically so as to present its
small vertical emittance to the radial admittance of the
converted synchrotron in order to simplify multi-turn
injection. Pumping is supplied by four internally
mounted sputter ion elements operating in the magnet
fringe field. The base pressure achieved with this system
is 3 x 10-8 torr.
Radio frequency power for the microtron is supplied
by a two M W tunable magnetron (English Electric Valve
Co M5015) driven by a conventional storage line and
thyratron modulator. The radio frequency system consists of the magnetron, a 25 db isolator, a remotely
controlled attenuator and a dual 70 db directional coupler.
The use of the attenuator allows adjustment of cavity
excitation while the magnetron operates at fixed output
power for frequency stability.
Electrons are supplied by a L a 6 pellet 2 mm in
diameter mounted in a tantalum support which is also the
cathode heater. Cathodes, which have a lifetime of
approximately 100 hours, can be replaced in less than
one hour inclusive of the time required to achieve
operating vacuua (10-6 torr) in the microtron.
The accelerating cavity is of cylindrical geometry
and is constructed of OFHC copper. An unloaded Q of
11,000 was obtained for the cavity in spite of the fact
that the front and back cover plates are simply bolted on.
A cavity coupling coefficient of B = 3.5 permits pulse
beam currents in excess of 50 mA.
Electrons a r e extracted from the microtron by
means of a compensated iron channel on the tenth orbit

690

Inflector and Pulse Bump System

In order to achieve the design circulating beam

current, multi-turn injection w i l l be carried out. The coaxial inflector produces a field of .15 T which is sufficient
to bend the electrons through r/4 radians against the magnetic field of the storage ring and place them on an orbit
2 cm displaced outward from the central orbit. Excitation
for the inflector is provided by a thyratron discharging a
capacitor through a 48:l low leakage inductance matching
transformer. The current flowing through the inflector
during the pulse is 7550 amperes. The current pulse i s
sinusoidal and its length is 50 psec.
Located diametrically opposite from the inflector is
a pulsed magnetic bump capable of displacing the orbit by
two cm at the inflector. During injection the bump is
pulsed,displacing the orbit SO as to be tangential to the
inflector. During the decay of the bump field the orbit
moves back to its unperturbed position. The time required
for the bump field to decay is .12 p sec, during which time
twelve beam pulses will be injected. Assuming 25%
efficiency for injection and capture, stored beam currents
of greater than 15 mA should be possible with a microtron
beam current of 30 mA.
The bump field is produced by a thyratron discharging a two section energy storage line of 10 n impedance through the bump inductance. A capacitor and a
1 0 resistor terminate the circuit and thus reflections are
eliminated. Fig. 3 shows the bump structure and Fig. 4
shows the bump magnetic field a s a function of time.
V.

Vacuum System

range pressures
In order to achieve the required
in the storage ring vacuum chamber an all stainless steel
system is required. Space limitations in the magnet do not
permit bellows, thus the chamber will be a rigid annulus
of 1.66 meters mean diameter with a 20 cm x 9 cm rectangular cross section. Sixteen dual sputter ion pump
elements will be mounted along the inner wall of the
vacuum chamber to handle the synchrotron radiation induced outgassing under stored beam conditions.
To pass photon beams for the two research areas to
be serviced by the storage ring, a total of eleven, 4 cm
diameter ports, tangential to the central orbit, will be
provided. A s an aid to injection system adjustment, one
of these ports will be positioned so a s to allow observation
of a Be02 scintillator plate which may be positioned by
remote control, either directly in front of the inflector so

VIII.

as to intercept the injected beam o r further in so a s to

intercept the injected beam after one revolution.
VI.

At an energy of 180 MeV the synchrotron magnetic

field was at the central orbit .73 T Since the original
coils could not operate continuously at the excitation
necessary to produce this field, new field coils were
necessary. Because of this and because compensating
coils to control the field index were also required, the
decision was made to construct field coils capable of operating at an excitation sufficient to produce a field of
1.2 T at the central orbit. Thus, the maximum energy that
will actually be reached by the converted synchrotron will
depend on the capability of the compensating coils to control
the field index.
The magnet coils are excited by a n SCR controlled,
current regulated power supply. Peak voltage and current
ratings of this supply are 1250 amperes at 400 volts. Long
term current regulation of the supply is k 0 .Ol% against
line and load fluctuations combined. The control signals
for the magnet power supply are generated by digital
techniques, thus computer control of the converted
synchrotron will be possible.

Radio Frequency System

The electron revolution frequency in the storage

ring is 56.8 MHz In order that the accelerating cavity,
which must be mounted internal to the vacuum chamber,
not take up an unduly large portion of the circumference of
the vacuum chamber, second harmonic operation of the
accelerating system has been chosen. The accelerating
cavity, which is a x/4 coaxial resonator, is constructed
of OFHC copper and exhibits an unloaded Q in excess of
2000. Provisions for cavity tuning by means of a remotely
controlled capacitance probe near the accelerating gap have
been included and the cavity is water-cooled. The cavity
is also shown in Fig. 3 .
The power amplifier is a conventional push-pull tetrode amplifier capable of 3 kW output. This is sufficient
power to drive the accelerating cavity to voltages in excess
of 1 0 kV. A t a beam ener-9 loss of approximately 350 eV
per turn at 240 MeV this accelerating potential will insure
adequate lifetime against quantum fluctuations and
Touschek effect. Beam loading of the cavity at currents a s
high a s 100 mA are not expected to be a problem.

VII.

Main Magnet Coils and Power Supply

IX.

Current Status of the Conversion Project

The 1 0 MeV microtron and most of the electron

beam transport system a r e complete and have been tested.
The main magnet coils and the compensating coils a r e also
complete. The vacuum chamber and radio frequency
accelerating system a r e under construction. Installation
at the National Bureau of Standards of the major components of the converted synchrotron is scheduled to begin
in June 1974.

Magnet Correction Coils

To reduce the field index of the synchrotron magnet

to a value below 3/4, four pair of coils will be mounted on
the magnet pole faces. These coils will be energized
independently to maintain a field index of 0.70 over the
whole range of magnet excitation. The maximum MMF
required of any of the compensating coils is 3000 ampere
turns; however, field measurements indicate that at fields
greater than about .8 T the current flow in the coils must
reverse due to saturation effects in the magnet. Since the
rate of rise of the magnet field between injection and full
energy will be rather low (0.1 T sec-1). a system utilizing
relays rather than bipolar supplies will be used to reverse
the polarity of the compensating coils.
Excitation of the compensating coils will be controlled by signals derived from the magnet current.

References

1.

Madden, R. P. and Codling, K . , New Autoionizing

Atomic Energy Levels in He, Ne, and Ar,
Phys. Rev. Letters,l_O, 516 (1963).

2.

Rowe, E . M . and Mills, F . E., Tantalus I:

A Dedicated Storage Ring Synchrotron Radiation
Source, Particle Accelerators 1973, Vol
pp. 211-227.

3.

Bruck, H., Accklkrateurs Circulaires de Particules, P r e s s e s Universitaires de France,

1966, Chap. 24.

FIG. 1--Plan view of converted synchrotron,

691

FIG. 2--10 MeV Microtron and beam transport line. Units

shown are (from left to right) microtron, steering
magnet, chopper, quadrupole doublet, beam stop,
beam current monitor transformer, quadrupole
doublet and steering magnet.

FIG. 4--Pulse bump magnetic field as a function of time.

Sweep speed 10-7 sec cm-1.

FIG. 3--Section of vacuum chamber during construction

showing pulse bump, internal sputter-ion pump
elements and radio frequency accelerating cavity.

692

LIST O F PARTICIPANTS BY COUNTRY

AUSTRIA
CERN
W e r n e r Kubischta

EAST GERMANY
Karl- Marx- Universitat
Johannes Ranft

International Atomic Energy Agency

Alexander V. Shalnov

WEST GERMANY
Physikalisches Institut, Bonn
D i r k Husmann
Wolfgang Paul
Helmut Pie1

CANADA
University of British Columbia
Michael K. Craddock
B r u c e L. White
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
J.A. Hulbert
C a r l H. Westcott
McGill University
R o b e r t B. Moore
University of Saskatchewan
Leon Katz
R o g e r Servranckx
CERN
J a m e s V. Allaby
F r a n k Beck
Philippe B e r n a r d
Roy Billinge
M. Hildred Blewett
F r a n c o Bonaudi
Michael Crow ley -Milling
F r i t z Ferger
Hans F i s c h e r
Jacques Gareyte
Werner Hardt
Mervyn Hine
J. T r e v o r Hyman
Willibald Jentschke
Kjell Johnsen
E b e r h a r d Keil
H e r b e r t Lengeler
E r n e s t G. Michaelis
Boris Milman
K a r l H. Reich
Lorenzo Resegotti
Frank Sacherer
K a r l Heinz Schindl
Wolfgang Schnell
B r i a n Southworth
Peter Wolstenholme
FRANCE
Institute National De Physique
A n d r e Chabert
J e a n Yoccoz
Universite Paris- Sud , C e n t r e D O r s a y
P a u l Brunet
J e a n Buon
Pierre Lehmann
M a r i e Paule Level
Pierre Marin
H e n r i Zyngier
C e n t r e D'Etudes Nucleaires De Saclay
Gaston Bronca
H e n r i Bruck
Jean Faure
Maurice Gouttefangeas
Marcel Jablonka
Jean- Louis L a c l a r e
Jean- Marie Lefebvre
F r a n c i s Netter

Max-Planck-Institut f u r Plasmaphysik
Claus Andelfinger
Peter Merkel
DESY
Donatus Degele
Arno Febel
H o r s t Gerke
Guenter H e m m i e
Anton Piwinski
Klaus Steffen
Gustav-Adolf VOSS
Institute f u r Experimentelle , K a r l s r u h e
A n s e l m Citron
Helmut Krauth
Michael Kuntze
Peter Turowski
Institute f u r Kernphysik, Mainz
Helmut Herminghaus
GREECE
N. R. C. Demokritos
T a s s o s A. Filippas
ITALY
L a b o r a t o r i Nazionali Di F r a s c a t i
Ubaldo B i z z a r r i
Aldo Cattoni
Massimo Placidi
Alberto Renieri
Sergio T a z z a r i
Angelo Turrin
JA PAN
National Laboratory f o r High
Energy Physics
Motohiro Kihara
Yoshitaka Kimura
Tetsuji Nishikawa
Institute f o r Nuclear Study,
University of Tokyo
H i r o sh i Tsu jikawa
Kazuo Huke
NETHERLANDS
I. K. 0.
Conrad De V r i e s
SWEDEN
C h a l m e r s Technical University
Gosta B r o g r e n

W I T ZERLAND
Swiss Institute f o r Nuclear R e s e a r c h
Jean-Pierre B l a s e r
Rolf Wideroe

693

UNITED KINGDOM
Daresbury Nuclear Physics Laboratory
Alick A s h m o r e
David E. Poole
Michael W. R o l e
David J. f i o r n p s o n
Rutherford High Energy Laboratory
James R. J. Bennett
Peter Clee
Martin H. R. Donald
David A. Gray
N. Marshall King
Alfred R. M o r t i m e r
Grahame R e e s
David B. Thomas
H a m m e r s m i t h Hospital
Geoffrey Burton
UNITED STATES O F AMERICA
Argonne National Laboratory
Lowell M. Bollinger
Edwin A. Crosbie
Tat K. Khoe
R o b e r t L. Kustom
Lloyd G. Lewis
Ronald L. Martin
L a z a r u s G. Ratner
James Simpson
Austin R e s e a r c h Associates Corporation
Millard L. Sloan
Brookhaven National Laboratory
M a r k & . Barton
John Blewett
Renate W. Chasman
Gordon T. Danby
George Kenneth Green
Harold Hahn
Alfred W. Maschke
Melvin Month
George P a r z e n
Eugene C. Raka
R. Ronald Rau
William B. Sampson
Theodorus J. M. Sluyters
J u l i u s Spiro
A r i e Van Steenbergen
California Institute of Technology
M u r r a y Gell-Mann
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
R o b e r t Avery
W a r r e n Chupp
Bruce Cork
Tom Elioff
R o b e r t J. F o r c e
AIper G a r r e n
William Gilbert
Michael G r e e n
H e r m a n n Grunder
Walter Hartsough
Edward Hartwig
John M. Hauptman
Paul Hernandez
David Judd
John A. Kadyk
Dennis Keefe
Glen L a m b e r t s o n

UNITED STATES O F AMERICA (cont'd)

Lawrence Berkeley Lab0 ra tory
University of California
L. J a c k s o n L a s l e t t
Christoph Leemann
Kenow Lou
Richard Mobley
Richard Morgado
Jack Peterson
J o s e p h B. Rechen
F r a n k Selph
Andrew M. S e s s l e r
Lloyd Smith
John W. Staples
Lynn Stevenson
J a c k Tanabe
Ralph Thomas
Ferdinand Voelker
W i l l i a m Wenzel
Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory
University of California
V. Kelvin N e i l
University of California, Los Angeles
D a r r e l l Drickey
University of California, Santa C r u z
Matthew Sands
Columbia University
Leon L e d e r m a n
Laboratory of Nuclear Studies
Cornell University
J o s e p h L. K i r c h g e s s n e r
Raphael M. Littauer
k y c e McDaniel
Gerald Rouse
Ronald M. Sundelin
Maury Tigner
Harva r d University
K a r l Straucb
University of Illinois
Alfred 0. Hanson
Meson p h y s i c s Facility
Los Alamos Scientific L a b o r a t o r y
Donald C. H a g e r m a n
James Halbig
Willard E. J u l e
Edward Knapp
J a m e s E . Spencer
University of Maryland
Martin P. Reiser
Gus T. Zorn

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (cont'd)'

National A c c e l e r a t o r Laborator;
H. Eugene F i s k
J a m e s E. Griffin
Edward Hubbard
Philip V. Livdahl
F r e d e r i c k E. Mills
Shigeki Mori
Shoroku Ohnuma
C u r t i s W. Owen
Robert Peters
Paul Reardon
Alessandro Ruggiero
R a e Stiening
L e e C. Teng
Donald E. Young
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
C h a r l e s hL J o n e s
Robert S. Livingston
Physics International
Bruce E c k e r
Sidney Putnam

Cyclotron L a bora tory

Michigan State University
Henry G. B l o s s e r
National A c c e l e r a t o r Laboratory
F r a n c i s Cole
Donald A . Edwards
Helen Edwards

P r i n c e ton University
Rem0 Ruffini
Milton G. White

Plasma Theory Division

Sandia Laboratories
Glenn Kuswa
C r a i g L. Olson
Stanford L i n e a r A c c e l e r a t o r Center
Stanford University
Matthew A. Allen
Joseph Ballam
K a r l Brown
Joseph K. Cobb
Kenneth F. Crook
Sidney D. D r e l l
Z . David F a r k a s
Gerhard E. F i s c h e r
John L. H a r r i s
Richard H. Helm
William B. Herrmannsfeldt
H a r r y A. Hogg
Roland F. Koontz
C h a r l e s J. K r u s e
J e a n V. Lebacqz
Martin J. L e e
Alexander V. Lisin
Gregory A. Loew
Kenneth B. Mallory
Roger H. Miller
Philip L. Morton
Richard B. Neal
Wolfgang K. H Panofsky
James M. P a t e r s o n
Vernon G. Price
Daryl D. Reagan
J o h n R . Rees
Burton Richter
Andrew P. Sabersky
Steven J. St. L o r a n t
Richard T a y l o r
D i e t e r Walz
Alan Wilmunder
P e r r y B. Wilson

694

U. S. Atomic Energy Commission

Division of Physical R e s e a r c h
John T e e m
George Wheeler
William A. Wallenmeyer

National Bureau of Standards

Center for Radiation R e s e a r c h
J a m e s E. L e k s
Texas Instruments
Richard Sah

University of Massachusetts
R o b e r t Gluc ks te r n

UNITED STATES O F AMERICA (cont'd)

Stanford High Energy P h y s i c s Laboratdry,
Stanford University
Ilan Ben-Zvi
R o b e r t Hofstadter
Michael S. McAshan
Roy E. Rand
H. Alan Schwettman
Todd Smith
John P. T u r n e a u r e
H e r m a n Winick

University of Wisconsin
Ednor M. Rowe
Yale University
Klaus Peter Schuler
UNION O F SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
Institute of High Energy Physics
Se rpuko v
Y u r i Ado
Institute of High Energy P h y s i c s , Moscow
USSR Academy of Sciences
Nicolai V. L a z a r e v
Leonid Ivanovich Sokolov
Joint Institute for Nuclear R e s e a r c h , Moscow
Vatali P. Dmitrievsky
Vladislav P. S a r a n t s e v

P. N. Lebedev Institute, Moscow

USSR Academy of Sciences
A n d r e i A. Kolomensky
Physical Engineering Institute, Moscow
USSR Academy of Sciences
Oleg A. Valdner
Radiotechnical Institute, Moscow
USSR Academy of Sciences
Vladimir V. Elyan

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS - ALPHABETICALLY

Yuri Ado
Institute of High Energy Physics
Moscow District
Serpukov, USSR

Ubaldo B i z z a r r i
Laboratori Nazionali Di F r a s c a t i
Box 70
F r a s c a t i 00044, Italy

Geoffrey Burton
Hammersmith Hospital
Synchrotron Unit
London, England

J a m e s V. Allaby
NP Division - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

Jean- Pierre BIaser

Ecole Polytechnique Federale
Institut De Physique
CH-5234 Villigen, Switzerland

Aldo Cattoni
Laboratori Nazionali Di F r a s c a t i
Box 70
F r a s c a t i 00044, Italy

Matthew Allen
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305

John Blewett
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long Island
New York 11973

Andre Chabert
Institut National de Physique
11, Rue Pierre- et-Marie- Curie
F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France

Claus Andelfinger
Max Planck Institut Fur
Plasmaphysik
8046 Garching
Germany

M. Hildred Blewett
ISR - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

Renate W. Chasman
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Cpton, Long Island
New York 11973

Henry G. Blosser
Cyclotron Laboratory
Michigan State University
E a s t Lansing, Michigan 48823

Warren Chupp
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720

Lowell M. Bollinger
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439

Anselm Citron
I n s t i k t F u r Experimentelle
Kernphysik
Postf. 3640
Karlsruhe, Germany

Alick Ashmore
Daresbury Nuclear Physics
Laboratory
Daresbury, N e a r Warrington
Lancs., Great Britain
Robert Avery
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
Joseph Ballam
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Mark Q. Barton
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long Island
New York 11973

Frank Beck
Laboratory 11 - CERN
1 2 1 1 Geneva 23
Switzerland
James R. J. Bennett
Rutherford High Energy
Laboratory
Chilton, Didcot
Berkshire, England

Ilan Ben-Zvi
Stanford High Energy Physics
Laboratory
Stanford University
Stanford, California 94305
Philippe Bernard
TC Division - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

Roy Billinge
Laboratory - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

Franco Bonaudi
ISR - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland
Gosta Brogren
Chalmers Technical University
Gothenburg, Sweden
Gaston Bronca
Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires
de Saclay
BPno. 2
F -9 1-Gif -sur -Yvette, France
Karl Brown
Stanford Linear Accelerator Cente r
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Benri Bruck
Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires
de Saclay
BPno. 2
F -91-Gif -sur -Yvette, France
Paul Brunet
Lab. d e I'Accelerateur Lineaire
Universite Paris-Sud, Centre
d'Orsay, Batiment 200
F-91405 Orsay, France

Jean Buon
Lab. de 1'Accelerateur Lineaire
Universite Paris-Sud, Centre
d'Orsay, Batiment 200
F-91405 Orsay, France

695

P e t e r Clee
Rutherford High Energy
Laboratory
Chilton, Didcot
Berkshire, England
Joseph Cobb
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
F r a n c i s Cole
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box 500
Batavia, Illinois 60510
Bruce Cork
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
Michael K. Craddock
Physics Department
University of British Columbia
Vancouver 8, British Columbia
Kenneth Crook
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Edwin A. Crosbie
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South C a s s Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439

Michael Crowley-Milling
C ERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland
Gordon T . Danby
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long Island
New York 11973
Donatus Degele
DESY
Notkestieg 1
Hamburg 52, Germany
Conrad De Vries
I. K. 0. Oosterringdijk 18
Amsterdam-0, Netherlands
Vitali P. Dmitrievsky
Joint Institute f o r Nuclear Res.
101000 Moscow Head Post Office
P.O. Box 79, USSR
Martin H. R. Donald
Rutherford High Energy
Laboratory
Chilton, Didcot
Berkshire, England
Sidney D. Drell
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box4349
Stanford, California 94305
Darrell Drickey
Department of Physics
University of California
Los Angeles, California 90024
Bruce Ecker
Physics International
2700 Merced St.
San Leandro, California 94577
Donald A. Edwards
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box500
Batavia, Illinois 60510
Helen Edwards
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box500
Batavia, Illinois 60510
Tom Elioff
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720
Vladimir V. Elyan
Radiotechnical Institute
USSR Academy of Sciences
125083, Moscow, USSR
David Farkas
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305

Jean Faure
Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires
de Saclay
BP no. 2
F-91-Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
Arno Febel
DESY
Notkestieg 1
Hamburg 52, Germany
Fritz F e r g e r
ISR - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

Maurice Gouttefangeas
Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires
de Saclay
BPno. 2
F-91-Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
David A. Gray
Rutherford High Energy
Laboratory
Chilton, Didcot
Berkshire, England
George Kenneth Green
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long Island
New York 11973

T a s s o s A . Filippas
N. R. C. Mocritus
Aghia Paraskevi-Attikis
Athens, Greece
Gerhard E. Fischer
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Hans Fischer
TC Division - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

H. Eugene Fisk
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box 500
Batavia, Illinois 60510
Robert J. Force
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
Jacques Gareyte
MPS Division - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

Michael Green
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
J a m e s E. Griffin
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box 500
Batavia, Illinois 60510
Hermann Grunder
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720

Donald C Hagerman
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Meson Physics Facility
Los Alamos. New Mexico 87544
Harold Hahn
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long Island
New York 11973
J a m e s Halbig
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Meson Physics Facility
Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544

Alper Garren
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720

Alfred 0. Hanson
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 61801

Murray Gell-Mann
California Institute
of Technology
Pasadena, California 91109

Werner Hardt
MPS Division - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

Horst Gerke
DESY
Notkestieg 1
Hamburg 52, Germany

John H a r r i s
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305

William Gilbert
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720

Walter Hartsough
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720

Robert Gluckstern
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts 01002

Edward Hartwig
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720

696

John M. Hauptman
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
Richard Helm
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Guenter Hemmie
DESY
Notkcestieg 1
Hamburg 52, Germany

Marcel Jablonka
Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires
de Saclay
BPNo. 2
F -91-Gif -Sur-Yvette , France
Willibald Jentschke
CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

Joseph L. Kirchgessner
Laboratory of Nuclear Studies
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York 14850
Edward Knapp
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Meson Physics Facility
Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544
Andrei A. Kolomensky
Lebedev Physical Institute
USSR Academy of Sciences
Leninsky Prospect 53
MOSCOW, USSR

Kjell Johnsen
ISR - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

Helmut Herminghaus
Institut Fur Kernphysik
Postf. 3980
Mainz, Germany

Charles M. Jones
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830

Paul Hernandez
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720

David Judd
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720

William Herrmannsfeldt
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305

Willard E. Jule
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Meson Physics Facility
Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544

Merrvyn Hine
C ERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

John A. Kadyk
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720

Robert Hof stadter

Stanford High Energy Physics
Laboratory
Stanford University
Stanford, California 94305

Leon Katz
Accelerator Laboratory
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N O W 0
Canada

Harry Hogg
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box4349
Stanford, California 94305

Denis Keefe
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720

Edward Hubbard
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box500
Batavia. Illinois 60510

Eberhard Keil
CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

Kazuo Huke
Institute f o r Nuclear Study
University of Tokyo
Tanashi, Tokyo, 188, Japan

Tat K. Khoe
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439

J. A. Hulbert

Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited

Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories
Accelerator Physics Branch
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada

Motohiro Kihara
National Laboratory for High
Energy Physics
Oho-Machi, Tsukuba-Gun
Ibaraki-Ken, 300 3 2 , Japan

Dirk Husmann
Physikalisches Institut
Nussallee 12
Bonn, Germany

Yoshitaka Kimura
Energy Physics
Oho -Machi , Tsukuba-Gun
Ibaraki-Ken, 300-32, Japan

Trevor Hyman
Laboratory - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

N. Marshall King
Rutherford High Energy
Laboratory
Chilton, Didcot
Berkshire, England

697

Roland Koontz
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Helmut Krauth
Institut F u r Experimentelle
Kernphysik
Postf. 3640
Karlsruhe, Germany
Charles K m s e
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box4349
Stanford, California 94305
Werner Kubischta
CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland
Michael Kuntze
Institut Fur Experimentelle
Kernphysik
Postf. 3640
Karlsruhe, Germany
Robert L. Kustom
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439
Glenn Kuswa
Sandia Laboratories
Division 5245
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87115
Jean-Louis Laclare
Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires
de Saclay
BPno. 2
F-91-Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
Glen Lambertson
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
L. Jackson Laslett
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720

Nicolai V. Lazarev
Institute for Theoretical &
Experimental Physics
Moscow, USSR

Jean Lebacqz
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Leon Lederman
Physics Department
Columbia University
Irvington-On- Hudson
New York 10025
Martin Lee
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Christoph Leemann
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
Jean-Marie Lefebvre
Commissariat A 1'Energie Atomique
B-P-2 cen-Saclay 91-Gif
Yvette, France
P i e r r e Lehmam
Lab. de l'Accelerateur Lineaire
Universite Paris-Sud, Centre
d'Orsay, Batiment 200
F-91405 Orsay, France
James E. Leiss, Director
National Bureau of Standards
Center f o r Radiation Research
Washington, D. C. 20234
Herbert Lengeler
N P Division - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland
Marie Paule Level
Lab. de 1'Accelerateur Lineaire
Universite Paris-Sud- Centre
#Orsay, Batiment 200
F-91405 Orsay, France
Lloyd G. Lewis
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439
Alexander Lisin
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Raphael M. Littauer
Laboratory of Nuclear Studies
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York 14850
Philip V. Livdahl
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box 500
Batavia, Illinois 60510

Robert S. Livingston
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
Gregory A. Loew
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Kenow H. Lou
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
Michael S. Me Ashan
Stanford High Energy Physics
Laboratory
Stanford University
Stanford, California 94305
Boyce McDaniel
Laboratory of Nuclear Studies
Cornel1 University
Ithaca, New York 14850
Kenneth Mallory
Stanford Linear Accelerator Cent'er
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
P i e r r e Marin
Laboratoire de 1'Accelerateur
Lineaire
Batiment 200
Orsay, France
Ronald L. Martin
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439
Alfred W. Maschke
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long Island
New York 11973
Peter Merkel
Max-Planck-Institut Fur
Plasmaphysik
8046 Garching
Germany
Ernest G. Michaelis
MSC Division - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland
Roger Miller
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Frederick E. Mills
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box 500
Batavia, Illinois 60510
Boris Milman
Laboratory I1 - CERN
1211 Geneva 2 3
Switzerland

698

Richard Mobley
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
Robert B. Moore
Foster Radiation Laboratory
McGill University
Montreal, Quebec
Canada
Melvin Month
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long Island
New York 11973
Richard Morgado
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
Shigeki Mori
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box 500
Batavia, Illinois 60510
Alfred R. Mortimer
Rutherford High Energy
Laboratory
Chilton, Didcot
Berkshire, England
Phil L. Morton
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Richard B. Neal
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
V. Kelvin Neil
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
University of California
Livermore, California 94550

Francis Netter
Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires
de Saclay
BPno. 2
F-91-Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
Tetsuji Nishikawa
National Laboratory
Of High Energy Physics
Oho-Machi, Tsukaba-Gun
Ibor aki -Ken, Japan
Shoroku Ohnuma
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box 500
Batavia, Illinois 60510
Craig L. Olson
Plasma Theory Division
Sandia Laboratories
Albuquerque, New Mexico

87115

Curtis W. Owen
National Acc'elerator Laboratory
P.O. Box 500
Batavia, Illinois 60510

Eugene C. Raka
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long Island
New York 11973

Burton Richter
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box4349
Stanford, California 94305

Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305

Roy E. Rand
Stanford High Energy Physics
Laboratory
Stanford University
Stanford, California 94305

Gerald Rouse
Laboratory of Nuclear Studies
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York 14850

George Parzen
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, LOG Island
New York 11973

Ednor M. Rowe
University of Wisconsin
P.O. B o x 6
Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589

James Paterson
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P . O . Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305

Remo R u f f h i
Physics Department
princeton University
P.O. Box 708
Princeton, New J e r s e y 08540

Wolfgang Paul
Physikalisches h s t i b t
Nussallee 12
D 5300
~ o n n ,Germany
Robert P e t e r s
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box 600
Batavia, Illinois 60510
Jack Peterson
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720
Helmut Pie1
University of Wuppertal
Wuppertal, Germany
Anton Piwinski
DESY
Notkestieg 1
Hamburg 52, Germany
Massirno Placidi
CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland
David E. Poole
Daresbury Nuclear Physics Lab.
Keckwick Lane
Daresbury, Warrington, 3WA4 4AD
England
Michael W. P O O l e
Daresbury Nuclear Physics Lab.
Keckwick Lane
Daresbury, Warrington, 3WA4 4AD
England
Vernon G. P r i c e
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P. 0. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Sidney putnam
Physics International
2700 Merced St.
sari Leandro, California 94577

Lazarus G. Ratner
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South C a s s Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439

R. Ronald Rau
D i h t o r , Physics Department
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long Island
New York 11973
Daryl Reagan
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Paul Reardon
National Accelerator Laboratory
p.0. Box 500
Batavia, Illinois 60510
Joseph B. Rechen
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
Grahame Rees
Rutherford High Energy
Laboratory
Chilton, Didcot
Berkshire, England
John Rees
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P. 0. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
K a r l H. Reich
MPS Division - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland
Martin P. Reiser
University of Maryland
College P a r k , Maryland 20742
Albert0 Renieri
Laboratori Nazionali Di F r a s c a t i
Box 70
F r a s c a t i 00044, Italy
Lorenzo Resegotti
ISR - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

699

Andrew Sabersky
Stanford Linear Accelerator c e n t e r
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Frank Sacherer
CERN
1 2 1 1 Geneva 23
Switzerland
Richard Sah
Texas Instruments
p . 0 . Box5012 Station Z
Dallas, Texas 75222
William B. Sampson
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long Island
New York 11973
Matthew Sands
University of California
Santa C ~ Z California
,
95060
Vladislav P. Sarantsev
Joint Institute f o r Nuclear Res.
101000 Moscow Head P o s t Office
P.O. Box 79, USSR
K a r l Heinz Schindl
MPS Division - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland
Wolfgang Schnell
ISR - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland
Klaus P e t e r Schuler
Yale University
New Haven, COnnetiCUt 06520

H. Alan Schwettman
Stanford High Energy Physics
Laboratory
Stanford University
Stanford, California 94305
Frank Selph
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720
Roger Servranckx
Accelerator Laboratory
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7NOWO
Canada
Andrew M. Sessler, Director
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720
Alexander V. Shalnov, Director
Div. of Research and Laboratories
International Atomic Energy Agency
P.O. Box590
A1011 Vienna, Austria
J a m e s Simpson
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South C a s s Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439
Millard L. Sloan
Austin Research Associates Corp.
600 W. 28th St.
Austin, Texas 78705

John W. Staples
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
Klaus Steffen
DESY
Notkestieg 1
Hamburg 52, Germany
LYM Stevenson
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720
Rae Stiening
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box 500
Batavia, Illinois 60510
Steven St. Lorant
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305
Karl Strauch
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
Ronald- M. Sundelin
Laboratory of Nuclear Studies
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York 14850

David J. Thompson
Daresbury Nuclear Physics Lab.
Keckwick Lane
Daresbury, Warrington, 3WA4 4AD
England
Maury Tigner
Laboratory of Nuclear Studies
Cornel1 University
Ithaca, New York 14850
Hiroshi T sujikawa
Institute f o r Nuclear Study
3-2-1, Midori-Cho, Tanashi
Tokyo, 1 8 8 , Japan
Peter Turowski
Institut fur Experimentelle
Kernphysik
Postf. 3640
Karlsruhe, Germany
John P. Turneaure
Stanford High Energy Physics
Laboratory
Stanford University
Stanford, California 94305
Angelo Turrin
Laboratori Nazionali Di Frascati
Box 70
Frascati 00044, Italy

Jack Tanabe
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720

Oleg A. Valdner
Physical Engineering Institute
Imeni A. F. I offe
USSR Academy of Science
Moscow, USSR

Sergio Tazzari
Laboratori Nazionali D i Frascati
Box 70
F r a s c a t i 00044, Italy

Arie Van Steenbergen

Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long Island
New York 11973

Richard Taylor
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305

Ferdinand Voelker
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720

Todd Smith
Stanford High Energy Physics
Laboratory
Stanford University
Stanford, California 94305

John Teem, Director

Division of Physical Research
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission
Germantown, Maryland 20545

Gustav-Adolf Voss
Desy
Notkestieg 1
Hamburg, 52, Germany

Leonid Ivanovich Sokolov

Institute f o r Theoretical &
Experimental Physics
Moscow, USSR

Lee C. Teng
National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box 500
Batavia, Illinois 60510

William A . Wallenmeyer
Asst. Dir., High Energy Physics
Division of Physical Research
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission
Washington, D. C. 20545

Brian Southworth
Editor, CERN Courier
CERN
1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland

David B. Thomas
Rutherford High Energy
Laboratory
Chilton, Didcot
Berkshire, England

Dieter Walz
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P. 0. Box4349
Stanford, California 94305

Ralph Thomas
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720

William Wenzel
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720

Theodorus J. M. Sluyters
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long Island
New York 11973
Lloyd Smith
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley , California 94720

J a m e s E. Spencer
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Meson Physics Facility
Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544
Julius Spiro
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, Long ldand, New York 11973

700

C a r l H. Westcott
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
Chalk River Nuclear L a b o r a t o r i e s
Accelerator Physics Branch
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada

H e r m a n Winick
Stanford High Energy P h y s i c s
Laboratory
Stanford University
Stanford. California 94305

George Wheeler
Division of Physical R e s e a r c h
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission
Germantown, Maryland 20545

Peter Wolstenholme
ISR - CERN
1211 Geneva 23
Switzerland

B r u c e L. White
University of B r i t i s h Columbia
Vancouver 8, British Columbia
Canada

J e a n Yoccoz
Institut National d e Physique
11, Rue Pierre- et- Marie- Curie
F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France

Milton G. White
Princeton University
P.O. Box 708
Princeton, New J e r s e y 08540

Donald E. Young
National A c c e l e r a t o r Laboratory
P.O. Box 500
Batavia, Illinois 60510

Rolf Wideroe
Swiss Institute f o r Nuclear R e s e a r c h
CH 5234 - Villigen
Switzerland

GUST. Zorn
University of Maryland
College P a r k , Maryland

Alan Wilmunder
Stanford L i n e a r A c c e l e r a t o r C e n t e r
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305

Henri Zyngier
Lab. d e 1'Accelerateur L i n e a i r e
Universite Paris- Sud, Centre
d'Orsay, Batiment 200
F-91405 O r s a y , France

P e r r y B. Wilson
Stanford L i n e a r A c c e l e r a t o r Center
P.O. Box 4349
Stanford, California 94305

701

20742

Appendix

CATA LOG UE
of
High Energy Accelerators

FOREWORD
It has become customary to issue an up-to-date catalogue of the parameters
and performance of high-energy accelerators at the time of the International
Accelerator Conferences. Accordingly, we have sent out data sheets to the
various laboratories, requesting their cooperation in obtaining this information.
The forms a r e identical to those used for the 1971 CERN conference and we
thank M. H. Blewett for her kind permission to use them again.
We would like to express our warmest thanks to all those who have returned
the filled-out data sheets that include considerable new information.
Unfortunately, sheets for a few of the machines were not returned to us, at
least by the publication deadline. Rather than publish out-of-date o r incorrect
material, we have not included any data for these machines.

(They are shown

with an asterisk in the Table of Contents.)

In contrast to previous years, you will find in this catalogue a new section

listing parameters of a few new major projects that are not yet funded. Realizing
that such information is at best tentative, reply to our questionnaire w a s left as
an option for the laboratories contacted and is therefore in no way complete.
Further, the authors of these pages which were returned wish u s to emphasize
that their data is subject to change; however, we feel that this information may
reflect the direction in which the High Energy Accelerator field is currently
moving.

G. E. Fischer
Ruth Thor Nelson

Note added for revised Proceedings edition:

Since the Conference, we have received two additional data sheets. They

are included in this revised Proceedings edition of the Catalogue of High Energy
Accelerators. Several data sheets remain outstanding. We regret that we are
unable to include a complete listing of the data sheets in this revised edition.
Editors
July 1974

705

CONTENTS
Page

I.

Proton Synchrotron (E )1 GeV) and Boosters

1. CERN, Geneva, 400-GeV PS

- SPS

709

- CPS

2.

CERN, Geneva, 28-GeV PS

3.

CERN, Geneva, 0.8-GeV Rooster for CPS - PSB

7 10
711

4. France, CEA Saclay, 3-GeV PS - Saturne

5. Japan, Nat. Lab. Tsukuba, 10-GeV PS
6 . Japan, Nat. Lab. Tsukuba, 0.5-GeV Booster for 10-GeV PS
7. UK, Rutherford, 8-GeV PS - Nimrod

7 14
7 15

8.

USA, Argonne, 12.7-GeV PS

9.

USA, Argonne, 0.2-GeV Booster for ZGS

717

9A.

USA, Argonne, 0.5-GeV Booster for ZGS

7 18

10.

USA, Brookhaven, 33-GeV PS

11. USA, Lawrence, 6.2-GeV PS

12.

716

ZGS

- AGS

7 19

- Bevatron

720

USA, NAL Batavia, 200/500-GeV PS

721

13. USA, NAL Batavia, 8-GeV Booster f o r 200/500-GeV PS

722

14. USSR, IHEP Serpukhov, 76 -GeV PS

15. USSR, ITEP MOSCOW, 10-GeV PS

723

16.

724
725

USSR, JINR Dubna, 10-GeV Synchrophasotron

726

17. USSR, R I Moscow, 1-GeV Cybernetic Accelerator

11.

7 12
713

Electron Synchrotrons (E 31 GeV)

72 7

1. German Fed. Rep., Bonn, 2.5-GeV Synchrotron

2.

German Fed. Rep. , Hamburg, 7.5-GeV Synchrotron

- DESY

728

3. Italy, Frascati, 1.1-GeV Synchrotron

729

4. Japan, INS Tokyo, 1.3-GeV Synchrotron

5. Sweden, Lund, 1.2-GeV Synchrotron

730

6.

UK, Daresbury, 5.2-GeV Synchrotron

706

- Nina

731
732

II.

Electron Synchrotrons (E 31 GeV)

7.

Cont.

USA, Cornell, 12-GeV Synchrotron

733

- Syrius
Synchrotron - ARUS

8. USSR, Tomsk, 1.5-GeV Synchrotron

9.

111.

USSR, Yerevan, 6.1-GeV

( *)

(*)

Electron Linear Accelerators (E 21 GeV)

1. France, Orsay, 2-GeV Linear Accelerator

734

2.

USA, HEPL Stanford, 1.2-GeV Mark III Linear Accelerator

735

3.

USA, HEPL Stanford, 2-GeV Superconducting Mark III

Linear Accelerator

736

4.

USA SLAC Stanford 22-GeV Linear Accelerator

737

5. USSR Kharkov, 2-GeV Linear Accelerator

N.

Proton Linear Accelerator (E >_ 500 MeV)

1. USA, Los Alamos, 800-MeV Proton Linear Accelerator

V.

738

- LAMPF

739

Proton Linear Accelerators used a s Injectors for Synchrotrons

1. CERN, Geneva 50-MeV injector for CPS

(*)

2.

France, Saclay, 20-MeV injector for Saturne

740

3.

Japan, Nat. Lab. Tsukuba, 20-MeV injector for 8-GeV PS

74 1

4.

UK, Rutherford, 15-MeV injector for Nimrod

742

4A. UK, Rutherford, 70-MeV injector for Nimrod

743

5. USA, Argonne, 50-MeV injector for ZGS (Polarized)

5A. USA, Argonne, 50-MeV injector for ZGS (Unpolarized)

744
745

6. USA, Brookhaven, 200-MeV injector for AGS

746

7. USA, NAL Batavia, 200-MeV injector for 200/500-GeV PS

8. USA, Lawrence, 19-MeV injector for Bevatron

747

8A. USA, Lawrence, 50-MeV injector for Bevatron

8B.

USA, Lawrence, 8.5-MeV SuperHILAC injector for Bevatron

707

748
749

750

Page Page
V.

Proton Linear Accelerators used as Injectors for Synchrotrons Cont.

9.
10.

USSR, IHEP Serpukhov, 100-MeV injector for 76- GeV PS

75 1

USSR, ITEP Moscow, 24.6-MeV injector for 10- GeV PS

752

11. USSR, JINR Dubna, 9.4-MeV injector for Synchrophasotron

VI.

(*)

Storage Rings
1. CERN , Geneva, 1 0 to 28-GeV, proton-proton

- ISR

2.

France , Orsay, 1.8-GeV, electron-positron

- DCI

753
754

3.

France, Orsay, 0.5-GeV, electron-positron

- ACO

755

4.

German Fed. Rep.

, Hamburg, 3-GeV electron-positron - DORIS

5. Italy, Frascati, 1.5-Gev, electron-positron

- ADQNE

6. USA, SLAC Stanford, 2.6-GeV , electron-positron

7.

757

- SPEAR

USA, Wisconsin, 0. 24-GeV, electron (storage only)

758

- Tantalus I

8. USSR, Novosibirsk, 25-GeV, proton-antiproton VAPP-4

9. USSR, Novosibirsk, 3-GeV, electron-positron - VEPP-3

759
(*)
(*)

10. USSR , Novosibirsk, 1.8-GeV, antiproton (storage) - NAP

VII.

756

(*)

Unfunded Projects
1. Italy, Frascati, Super Adone , 10- 12 GeV, electron-positron

760

storage ring
2.

UK, Daresbury, 2-GeV, electron storage ring for synch. rad.

761

3.

UK, Rutherford-Daresbury , 14-GeV, electron-positron

storage ring - EPIC

7 62

4. USA, Argonne, 12-GeV, Superconducting Stretcher Ring (ZGS

- SSR)

7 63

5. USA, Brookhaven , 200-GeV, proton-proton storage rings -ISABELLE

7 64

6. USA, LBL- SLAC , 15-GeV, electron-positron storage ring

P E P - Stage I

765

7.

USA, Wisconsin, 1.7-GeV, electron storage ring for synch. rad

Tantalus I1

708

766

CERN SPS
CERN Laboratory I1
Geneva - Pays de G e d F )

NAME OF MACHINE
INSTITUTION
LOCATION

DATA SUPPLIED BY
DATE

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY A N D STATUS
CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

1971

FIRST BEAM OBTAINED.

end of 1976

OR GDAL ( d a t e )

TOTAL COST OF FACILITY

FUNDED BY 11 Member

J . B . Adams
G. von Hol tPv
J a n u a h 1974

PERSON I N CHARGE

Normal

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

ENERGY (GeV)
RESOLUTIDN AE/E (%)

S t a t e s of CERN
6

Maximum
Achieved

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e l s e c )

O ~ l l T - -

PULSE WIDTH
DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( X I

*12(22.5

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS
CURRENT

(mA)

'

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )
"ON BEAM"

69.5
0.2
71

BEAM EMITTANCE (mn-mrad)

% OF SCHEDULED TIM

Some Typical External and Secondary &am

PART1 CLE
FLUX
BEAM AREA
ENERGY
(part/sec)

Magnet System
FOCUSING
TYPE
h t g h%% ! ? ! ! No.
- - SMAG.
T I NU

AG s e p a r a t e f u n c t i o n
7
( e a ) 6 *26/3*085

STRAIGHT SECT.*Total
FOCUSING ORDER

S.S.

FODO

BETATRON OSC. FREQ. v&

, vV
FIELD, AT I N J . ~ ~ ~a t Gmax.

MAG. WEIGHT (tons)

POUER INPUT (MU)

--RESEARCH PROGRAM

la
kG
0 7 t 0 2 Qsec
l4Oo
9

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

BEAM LINES TO

ca 27000

mz
Stations

STATIONS SERVE0 AT SAME TIME

PEAKAMEAN
BEAM SEPARATORS
SPECTROMETERS
Inputs

ON-LINE COMPUTERS WITH

Acceientlon System
HARMONIC No.
RF RANGE.

4620

ORBIT FREQ.
ENERGY GAIN

(%)

-.

Fern, t u

AEIE

(GeV)

---------

Lengthm

RISE T I M E A s e c ; F l a t - t o p t i m e

(cm')

No. C a v i t i e s

300 .?

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, in- house-

MHz

1.6 MeVltum

RF POUER INPUT (kW) PEAK

1.0

Other Rekvant Parameters or Notable Features

Mw

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

No. USER GROUPS: in- house-

keV1turn
RADIATION O
LS-

Users'
outside

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, in- house-

outside

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, hours/week

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS T O MACHINE

f o r 0.7 s e c (2.0 s e c ) f l a t t o p .

Published Artlcks Describg Machlne

The 300 GeV Programme, CERl?/lO5O, January 1972.

CERN Proton Synchrotron (CPS)

anizaxion TO r Nuclear

"'%%::!

N
INSTITUTION
AME OF

DATA SUPPLIED BY

S w i m d

evr-:

LOCATION

PERSON I N CHARGE

@g

DATE

HISTORY AND STATUS

ACCELERATOR PERWMANCE

1955

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

FIRST BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL ( d a t e ) November

TOTAL COST OF FACILITY
200 MFr. %v- (1 954-1
FUNDED BY
CERN Member States
ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

24. 1959
959)

*".

OUTPUT

BEAM EMITTANCE

10.0

15.0

cm

70

130

x 13

mn-mrad
turns

and pulsed mag n e t i c k i c k e r o r septum and pulsed k i c k e r

Magnet System

TYPE

AG

Fie1 d index. n= 288

No. MAG. UNITS=

STRAIGHT SECT.

(a)
'
BEAM EMITTANCE (mn-mrad)
I
s-CURRENT

91

PARTICLE

311

INJECTION P E R I 0 D 2 0 / 2 s 5 u s e c I o r
TYPE e l e c t r o s t a t i c dc

FOCUSING

- m L e x C l u d i n a a r l y shutdown)

I OF SCHEDULED RME

FLUX

BEAM AREA

(part/sec)

(cm')

Slow eiected
protons
A 4 -lo5

o
m

ENERGY

AE/E
(X)

--0.1

~+1.2.1062

24
6
6

1.0
4
2

on 3 t a r g e t s

Length ( e a ) 4 . 3 f i m

100

T o t a l S.S.

L e n g t h L r n

FOFDOD

FOCUSING ORDER

BETATRON OSC. FREQ. vH=vv&

FIELD, AT

K'

--

2 -10

-0

sec; F l a t - t o p t i m e

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) F e

3ooo

POWER INPUT (MU) PEAK

41

0.5-0.7

sec

, CuMEAN

2.8

17

10

NO. C a v i t i e s

20. Oo0

m2

3 tests
Stations
STATIONS SERVED AT SAME TIME 10 + I SR + t e s t s
SEPARATED BEAMS 10
SPECTROMETERS
10

BEAM LINES TO

ISR

ON-LINE COMPUTERS

Acceleration System
HARMONIC NO.
20

1
3

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e L U s e r s '

TOTAL POWER USED
FOR RESE&CH

37
2.9
t o 9.55~~~
No, USER GROUPS: mixed - o u t s i d e
15
ORBIT FREQ. RANGE#&
-t
ENERGY GAIN
(max) 80
TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF: i n - h o u s e = o u t s i d e 6 2 0 + 0 0
RF RANGE.

--

RADIATION LOSS
RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK

keV/ t u r n

1000

MEAN 300

(average)
+

40

**

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, in-houseSCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s / w e e k

Bubble chamber

125

i c t u r e anal s i s

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS &R M ~ ~ ~ F I C A T I TO

~NS
MACHIM

Other Relevant Parameters or Notable Features

Including developments, Liriac and Booster

PUBLl SHED ARTICLES DESCRI E l N G MACHINE

w*

Regenstreif,.

RESEARCH PROGRAM

INJ.LG,
a t max
14
kG
TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

RISE TIMEO.7'1

t h Booster)
3.1012

Sane Typical E x t m d a d Secondary k r r m

0.5

*/5-(wi

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )

o r Booster

70

0.05

(part/sec)

A p e r t u r e A x ] 4 . c m

LiQLUhd

t
.v

20 5

(x)

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )

"ON BEAM"

Inkctor System
TYPE
Linac

2538

ENERGY (GeV)
RESOLUTION AE/E ( X )

DUTY FACTOR. m c r o s c o p i c

Physical Dimenslorn (Mean)

RING D I A M . x m ; T u n n e l s e c t .
MAGNET1
6 ~ 0 - 9 4in; Mag. Gap

Maximum
Achieved

PULSE WIDTH

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

~ 1 5 Qcm;
.

Nom1
( o r Goal)

REPET. RATE ( p u l s c / s e c )

460
52 MFr.Sw.

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)

"DONUT 17.4

G'L. Munday
0. Barbal a t - t. Hoffmann
February 1974

, CEFiN

- 800 MeV Booster I n j e c t o r

- Transformations for use as SPS i n j e c t o r

59-29,CERN 60-26,
CERN 62-3.
* F o r the whole o f CERN
Hine,M. G.N., Int. Conf. Instrum. for High
Energy Accel. ,LRL,Sept. 60,214-222.
PUBLISHED ARTICLES (cont.)
Lapostolle,P.,Onde B l e c t r i q u e 40,
F.S Staff, N i n t h I n t . Conf. High Energy Accelerators
489-504 (1 560).
Stanford 1974
Adams, J.B., Nature 185,568-72 (1960).
Germain,P. , I n d u s t r i e s Atomiques 7,
3-1 0/01-73 (1 S 6 3 ) .
R e i ch, K. H., Kerntechni k 3, (8)345-55(1961)
Hereward,H.G. ,Mucl. Insir.Meth.20,9-11 (1S63).
Standley,P.H. ,Fourth Int.Conf.High Energy Acc.
Dubna 1963,99-109 {USAEC Conf.114)
F i f t h Int.Ccnf.High En.Acc.Frascati ,1965,80-85.
Eaconnier e t a l . Seventh Int.Conf.High En.Acc.
7 10
Erevan 1969, 565-575.
E x o n n i e r e t a l . U.S.Nat.Aec.Conf.Chicago
lG71.

HISTORY AND STATUS

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

Januarv 196 8
FIRST BEAM OBTAINED. OR GOAL ( d a t e ) .
Mav 1972
TOTAL COST OF FACILITY 6o MFr (swiss)
FUNDED BY
CERN Member S t a t eS
TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)
72
ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET
8 MFr
n c l u d i n g develop, )

( P r e s e n t , a t 800 MeV)

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

ACCELERATm PARAMET&

0.800

RESOLUTION

APID k 1 3 ~ 1 0 - ~

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )

as CPS, max 0.87

4 x 0.622

PULSE WIDTH
DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c

7x1Q.1

BEAM EMITTANCE (nm-mrad)

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )

(Mean)

--T:

'km;

Aperture

cm

PS L i n a c
50 MeV
30nX30lT695% of

E
-+~

(W
* 3x10

(part/sec)
CURRENT ( m A ) '

"ON BEAM"

Injector System
TYPE
Improved CERN
OUTPUT
50 mA at
BEAM EMITTANCE

LULLQ-~L

(x)

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )

"DONUT '

Achieved

ENERGY (GeV)

(width X h e i g h t )
RING DIAM.-m; 50
T u n n e l sect.- 4.05
x 5.15
MAGNET 0 . 7, 1 52m
~ a p24 1
7.0 cm

PhyakaI Dfmensiom

~~,,,,,i b x i m u n

(or G o a l )

PPP)

400 mA

H: 281T; v: 13.rr
l974 : 'L 3000 h
OF SCHEDULED T'IME

Some Typical External and Secondary Beams

PARTICLE
mn-mrad

FLUX

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

AE/E

(part/sec)

(cm')

(GeV)

(X)

4 x 15 t u r n s
INFLECTOR
TYPE m a n n e t i c ( 1 f o r m u l t i t u r q ,
1 f o r monoturn)

N
I JECTO
IN

or

PERIOD>Qsec,

b g n e t System
FDCUSING T Y P E

AG,sep_.functions:triD

No. MAG. UNITS

32 L e n g t h ( e a )
STRAIGHT SECT.-Total S.S. L e n g t h

3)

BETATRON OSC. FREQ. v

FIELD, AT INJ.-G, 1253

4 to 5

RISE T I M E . 0 . 6 0 , s e c ;
MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) Fe
POWER INPUT (MU) PEAK

Acceleration System
HARMONIC NO.
RF RANGE.
2.99
ORBIT FREQ.
ENERGY GAIN
RADIATION LOSS

uv

a t max

lets
.

4 t 0 5.3
5-93

RESEARCH PROGRAM
kG

F l a t - t o p time-sec

580
m'

m2

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

BEAM LINES TO

Stations

STATIONS SERVED AT SAME TIME

BEAM SEPARATORS

SPECTROMETERS

Inputs
ON-LINE COMPUTERS WTIHN ~ .C a v i t i e s

1 per ring:

8.071

0.599
1

MHZ

1.607 m z
keV1 t
keV/ turn

AF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK

4 x 7

Mean

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, 1n-house-Users'-

FIW

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

No. USER GROUPS: in- house-

outside

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, in- house-

outside

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s l w e e k

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS TO MACHW

4 rings
s t a c k e d on t o p of each o t h e r . Bend- Mobile c o n s o l e i n PSB equipment rooms
i n g magnets and quadrupoles comg i v i n g f u l l a c c e s s t o c e n t r a l c o n t r o l computer.
b i n e d t o 4-gap u n i t s . Linac beam
section
a p e r t . (und,vac.)
switched t o 4 r i n g s by v e r t i c a l de- '1
i
n
bend.mag.
13.8x6.8
13.2x6.1
f l e c t o r . A t 800 MeV t h e 4 beams are
in triplet
13.8x12.4 13.5x12.1
e j e c t e d s e q u e n t i a l l y and combined
i n L1
8 12.3
!l1 2 . 0
by v e r t i c a l bending septum and
2)Data
f
o
r
quadrupoles
k i c k e r rnagne t s
F
D
P u b l i c a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g machine:
number
32
16
Proc. I n t . A c c e l e r a t o r Conferences:
magn, l e n g t h (m)
0.59
0.88
V I (Cambridge): Bovet, Reich (p.315)
VII(Yerevan): B i g l i a n i e t a l . (p.433)
bore radius
0.06
(T/m)
0
.8l(inj)
g
r
a
d
i
e
n
t
VIII(Geneva): Bovet e t al.(p.102,380)
3.83
(rnax)
I X ( 1 9 7 4 ) : Baribaud e t a l . ; Reich
3 ) L :16x2.54m;L ,L :16x0.28m;L3,L4:16~0.59m;
1
2 5
Proc. Nat. A c c e l e r a t o r Conference:
4)At o u t p-------u t of power supply.
4 t h (Chicago):Asseo e t a 1 ; B i g l i a n i ;
B i g l i a n i e t a1;Brzckner; Kozio1,Reich; Publ. (cant,) 1nt.Conf .Magnet Technology:
3rd(Hamburg) :Asner e t a l . (p.418)
R u f e r , U n t @ r l e r c h n e r ;S a c h e r e r ,Shemood. 4 t h (Brookhaven) :pahud ( p , 7181,
Sth(S an F r a n c i s c o ) :Bovet ;B a r i b a u d ,
Metzger; Rabany.
711

Other Rckvant Parameters or Notable Features

--------

HlSTORY AND STATUS

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

19 5 5

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

-A

FUNDED BY=

3.4

RESOLUTION AE/E (I)

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e l s e c )
PULSE UIDTH
DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( I )

ANNUAL OPERATING BUffiET

naxinwn
Achieved

ENERGY (GeV)

1 c!?

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)

Iloml
(or G o a l )

058

FIRST B E N OBTAINED. OR GOAL ( d a t e ) w

t '1
TOTAL COST OF FACILITY 1 n 19 7
8 7 ?4F

0.22with
0.45

Flat top

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

(Mean)

Physkal Dhemiom
RING o I N . 2 2 - m ;
H A C N E $ ~ I I I ;

=DM

ln)cctor System.
Wlr

x 2 8 /nvR

1
1
31
8
,

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )

A p e r t u r e 1 0 . 6 x a c m

Linac

emn.&%

OF SCHEDULED

nnL

Some Typical E x t r t u l and kcondary Beams

PARTICLE

FLUX

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

Ax10

n+

INFLECTOR TYPE.

Hagme System

W eak

0 7
a

2x109

--

Fern,C

z4

HEAN-

STATIONS

SERVED AT SAME M
TIE?

8.44

TOTAL POUER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

HHZ

ENERGY G
NA-I
RF POUER INPUT (kU) P

Inputs
Users'

22

M1

No. USEK GROUPS: i n - h o u s e 2 o u t s i d e

12

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, i n - h o u s e -

outside

keV/turn
E

BUBBLE CHAMBERS. in- house-

ORBIT FREQ.
RADIATION LOSS

Stations

BEAH SEPARATORS , i S P E C T R O M E T E R S -

NO. cavities-

1.6

in2

M - L I N E COMPUTERS U I T H

2,

n 10-6

3480

TOTAL EXPERIHENTAL AREA

BEAH LINES TO

A c c e l e r a t i o n System
NO.

0.05

mmAd*emittance

RISE T I M E , u s e c ; F l a t - t o p timel)&sec

HARMONIC
RF RANGE.

0.884

uv

FIELD. AT I N J . ~ n . G , a t m

POYER INPUT (HU) PEAK

r3.2

S.S. L e n g t h L m

STRAIGHT S E C : . L T o t a l
FOCUSING ORDER

W G . UEIGHT ( t o n s )

6X10l
6x10-

No. MAG. U N I T S 4 L e n g t h em
(-a)

BETATRON OSC. FREQ. uH

AEIE

(part/sec)

FOCUSING TYPE

011

(a)
'

BEAH EHITTANCE (mn-mrad*

Mag. Gap-xl-an

'DONd->cm;

2.61012-1

(prt/sec)
CURRENT

Tunnel sect.

Other Relevant Parameters or Notable Featuru

a c c e l e r a t i o n of deutons
5.1811 d / p u l s e a t 2 , 3 C e V

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET. i n - h o u s e

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r r l w e e k q ?

- a1.2c c ellOe rl laat /i Do nu l os ef pa at r 1t .i 2c l e s a

- da o suubpl ee rt c o n d upcet ri nmgi t qs utaod r iunpcorl ee a s e

RECENT lMPROVEMENTS.OR MODIFICATIONS T O MCHM

CeV/A

O?A

Publlrhed Arr)ckr b s a l b l n g &&he

Onde e l e c t r l q u e no 387 ( j u i n 5 0

t h e num5er of p i o n s by a f a c t o r 4

- s t ur edni eo dv .a t Vi oint h o af
A

S a t u r n e i s beinR
new n a s n e t a n d t h e

same i n , j e c t o r , o n e s h o u l d o b t a i n

1,1012 p / s e x t e r n a l in 3 mmmrad a t
1 G e V (max. e n e r g y 2.7
3 GeV)

GeV P r o t o n S
v-

mcHInEIO

for

INSTITUTION-

PERSON I N CHARGE

Hleh~~lerrrPy~ S Y.

TCllkuba, -'Vn

LOCATION

T' Nishikawa

DATA SUPPLIED BY
DATE
March.

1974

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY A N D STATUS
CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

Normal
( o r Goal)

FIRST BEAM OBTAINED. OR GOAL ( d a t e )

TOTAL COST OF FACILITY
4 x

ENERGY (GeV)

FUNDED BY

RESOLUTION AE/E ( I )

10 Yen
Javanese G o v e r m n t

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

o
y

ln*

Yen

8 (12)
0 . 2 (0.1)

1/2

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )

0.4

PULSE WIDTH
DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c

Waximum
Achieved

25

(z)

2' ~:'
1
(>10
(5x10
( p a r t/ s e c )
CURRENT (d)
''2-1L

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

INTERNAL BEAH ( p a r t / p u l s e )

J - ~ ' R s L Z U ~ ~ ~

BEAM EMITTANCE (mn-mrad)

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r l w k )

Linac
OUTPUT (max) 1.6+O-3
BEAM EMITTANCE
7 5 r !HI
INJECTION

500 MeV Booster

-at

PERO
ID&d&w!c,

LOX !V!

Some Typlcal External and Secondrry b a r n s

PARTICLE
FLUX
BEAM AREA
ENERGY

mn-mrad

or

turns

magnetic

INFLECTOR TYPE

MAG.

S.S.

FODO

7.25
~1~~0.5(0.85&;
Flat- top

MAG. WEIGHT (tons) Fe,-

C u ? n

RF R

NO. ~

ORBIT FREQ.
ENERGY GAIN

AEIE

(XI

-----

-----

3500

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

BEAM LINES TO

C a vOi t i e

mr
Stations

STATIONS SERVED AT SAME TIME

ON-LINE COMPUTERS WITH

---------

MEANG.OBEAM SEPARATORS 3
SPECTROMETERS

13 ( 2 5 )

(MW) PEAK

Acceleration System
HARMONIC

(GeV)

RESEARCH PROGRAM

kG

POWER N
I PUT

(cm')

---

AG s e p a r a t e d f u n c t i o n
U N I T S 4 8 ( b n 8 3 e n g t h ( e a ) 3 . 2 (bn?)

STRAIGHT S E C T . 4 ( 1 O n g % t a l
FOCUSING ORDER

RISE

(partlsec)

I
-

Magnet System
TYPE
NO.

I OF SCHEDULED T'IME

"ON BEAM"

Injector System
TYPE 20 MeV

2
Inputs

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e l u s e r s '

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR

RES

No. USER GROUPS: i n - h o u s e ? ; o u t s i d e . a

-0-

12.6

RADIATION LOSS
--19
RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK46

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, i n - h o u s e a o u t s l d e h n

(I6 7,

mean

Other R e k v a n c Paramcrerr ar Notable Features

keV/ turn

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET. i n - h o u s e

26.5

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME. h o u r s l w e e k

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS

Published Artkler Dtrcrlbin; M a d m

713

OR

MODIFICATIWS TO M A C H M

Booster Synchrotron
f o r 10- GeV PS
NAME OF M C H I N E
INsTITuTIoNNat.Lab. f o r High Energy Phys
LOCATION
Tsukuba , JaDan

PERSON I N CHARGE

DATA SUPPLIED
DATE

By

T. Nishikawa

T Nishikawa
March. 1974

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY AND STATUS

April, 1 9 7 1

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

Maximum
Achieved

Normal
( o r Goal)

1974

FIRST BEAM OBTAINED. OR GOAL ( d a t e )

0.5
0.3
20

ENERGY (GeVl
. .
RESOLUTION AE/E (%)

TOTAL COST OF FACILITY

FUNDED BY J a D a

nese G o v e r m t

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)-

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS
Physlcal Dhnensbnr
RING D I A M . 6 m ;
MAGNET0'7
"DONUT *

(Mean)
Tunnel s e c t .

O.8;

7.2

Mag. Gap
Qm; A p e r t u r e

x
x

I4.O

Ic.a:;

Linac

OUTPUT ( m a x ) i l Q Q A -

713

at

PARTICLE
mn-mrad

INJECTION P E R I O O5L u5s e c , o r

turns

magnetic

INFLECTOR TYPE

Magnet System
TYPE

X OF SCHEDULED T W E

Some Typical External and Secondary Beams

1nTr (nnrm.1

BEAM EMITTANCE

FOCUSING

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )
"ON BEAM"

1n)actor System
TYPE

combined f u n c t i o n

FDDFo
BETATRON OSC. FREQ. v
2 75
FIELD, AT INJ. 1-97 G.'at max
RISE TIME 0.025 sec; F l a t - t o p

FLUX

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

(part/sec)

(cm')

(GeV)

88'1

2
.
2
5
11.0

, Cu
MEAN

-------

---

RESEARCH PROGRAM
TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

m2

BEAM LINES TO

Stations

STATIONS SERVED AT SAME TIME

BEAM SEPARATORS

SPECTROMETERS

ON-LINE COMPUTERS WITH

HARMONIC NO.
1
RF RANGE. 1.616
ENERGY GAIN
RADIATION LOSS

sec

6.57
0 5

Acceleratlon System

ORBIT FREQ.

kG

time

(%)

---------

FOCUSING ORDER

VV

AEIE

_.__--

No. MAG. U N I T S L - L e n g t h ( e a ) 2 . 6 m
STRAIGHT SECT.-Total
8
S.S. L e n g t h
17

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) F e
POWER INPUT (MU) PEAK

7 5 7 L @ k ? f n(
L

BEAM EMITTANCE (mn-mrad)

NO.

Cavities

to

6.077

MHz

max. 7

Mu

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

No. USER GROUPS: in- house-

1.61606.027

RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK

Inputs

BUBBLE CHAMBERS. i n - h o u s e -Users'

outside

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, in- housekeV/turn

mean

40

outside

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, hours/week

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS TO MACHINE

Other Rekvant Parameters or Notable Features

Published Artkler Dercribln; Machine

7 14

M E OF MUCHIHE

I~STITUT

PERSON I N CHARGE

RUTHERFORD LABORATORY
CHILTON, DIDCOT, BERKS.,

1ON

D A
DATA SUPPLIED BY
DATE
January

UK

GRAY

1974

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY AND STATUS

1957

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

FIRST BEAM OBTAINED. OR GOAL ( d a t e )

TOTAL c0s.r OF FACILITY
z1OM to f i r s t operation
FUNDED By
Science Research Council
TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)

RESOLUTION

380 i n c l d g e x P m

22

450

PULSE WIDTH

20

12- *
XF

3
4.2 x 10
!..I x 1 0 l 2 1.7 x 1 0 l 2

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )
(part/sec)
CURRENT

"DONUT

116
loo

Aperture

.,cm;

BEAM EMITTANCE (nm-mrrd)

2o

cm

SCHEDULED OPERATION (hr/wk)

development
"ON BEAM"
B8
% OF SCHEDULED T w f o r r e s e a r c h .

at

14.9

At

lo'$in 5 0

PARTICLE
mn-mrad

1 20

INJECTION P E R I O D L u s e c , o r

STRAIGHT S E C T . 8 T o t a l S.S.

FOCUSING ORDER
BETATRON OSC. FREQ. vH

(part/sec)

(cd)

(Gev)

7.8
-0.1
1-4

AE/E
(X)

0.7

Zxtracted beam.

--

K?

l 4 * 7 5 I m3.44

Length

---

___-

0.87

0'71

O.75

to

sec; F l a t - t o p t i m e u p

7?Ooo

POWER INPUT (MU) PEAK

160

''95

sec

NO. C a v i t i e s

ORBIT FREQ.

-354

ENERGY GAIN

5 -5

to

BEAM SEPARATORS
ON-LINE COMPUTERS WITH

1 unit 2

RADIATION LOSS

RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK

45

MHz

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

No. USER GROUPS: in- house4

Inputs

24

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, i n - h o u s e x o u t s i d e

keV/turn

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e

Mean '2

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, hours/week

Mu

outside l2

keV/turn

141

94 average in I973

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS TO MACHINE

a ) Vicuun v e s s e l i s double glass-epoxy

laminate system.
b ) Magnet,is C - t pe w i j h f i e l d c o r r e c t i o n
using c r e n e l l a t i o n s

1) Second-harmonic c a v i t y commissioned i n
1973 gave 40% i n c r e a s e .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c of cavity:
Harmonic No.8.
D r i f t tube a c c e l e r a t i o n .
RF Voltage 6 W peak.
RF power kW 2 1 peak 1 2 mean.

Published Artlcles Detcrlbing Machlne

A 7

9
SPECTROMETERS

MHZ

Other Rekvant Parameters or Notable Features

S t a t i ons

BUBBLE CHAMBERS. i n - h o u s e L U s e r s '

RWS

7 980
1.995

Negligible

mz

STATIONS SERVED AT SAME TIME

2.5

MEAN

7300

BEAM LINES TO

250

, Cu

Accelcration 5y stem
HARMONIC NO.
RF RANGE.

RESEARCH PROGRAM

INJ.LG,
a t max
"'14.2
kG
TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

Nimrod

M"$omentum
m
B
Y

_I_-

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) F e

ii)

BEAM AREA

2-10
0.2
10
3 x 103
1.0-2.0
2
6 x l o ? ( K = = 0 . 4 - 1 . 0 6

K+

n = 0.6

Weak

No. MAG. U N I T S L L e n g t h (ea)

RISE TIME

and machine

- _ I _ - -

FOCUSING TYPE

i)

FLUX

4.5 x loll

turns

static

Magnet System

FIELD, A T

aver%e for research

12'

Some Typlcnl External and Secondary B

45

INFLECTOR TYPE

cm

Alvarez l i n a c

BEAM EMITTANCE

(d)
'

28.4

lnjtctor System
TYPE
OUTPUT (max)

8.0

AE/E (%)

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( % )

Mag. Gap

7.1

o .015

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

y2*74m;

Maximum
Achieved

ENERGY (GeV)

ANNUAL OPERATING BUOGET

MAGNET3*15

Normal
( o r Goal)

GeV proton synchrotron.

Ruth. Lab. Report ilIRL/R/44 (1965).

The work of t h e Rutherford Laboratory 1972.
Ruth. Lab. Report RH!?.L/R270

(1973).

715

2 ) New 7 0 MeV i n j e c t o r being b u i l t ready f o r

1975. Should g i v e x 5 beam.

Zero G r a d i e n t Synchrotron
Argonne N a t i o n a l Laboratory
Argonne, I l l i n o i s USA

iCIACHINE
InSTITUTION

LOCATION

HISTORY AND STATUS

S e p t . 1963

*0.01

RESOLUTION AEIE ( % )

AEC

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e l s e c )
PULSE WDITH
(set)

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( % )

MAGNET1.4

y 2

( p a r t / s e c ) X 10

(Mean
Tunnel Sect.

- 6 m ; Mag. Gap

"DONUT'14- 6x8222 cm; A p e r t u r e

12*7 l 0 . 4
14.6 .136.5
13 3 x 81 3

FOCUSING ORDER
BETATRON OSC. FREQ.

PARTICLE

50 MeV

at

489
O.85 sec;

0.83

FIELD, AT INJ.-G,

POWER INPUT (MW) P

21.5

,c
L

0-1
u

135 ave f o r y e a r

6
A

KV
-n -

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

(cm')

(GeV)

AE/E

(%)

1
0.5-8 T 7 5 - 2 )
0.5-6 *2
0.2- 2.5

1
200
106 6

n'i
2x105

_ I _ -

2- 11

-----

kG

PROGRAM

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

BEAM LINES TO

sec

8
N

FLUX

STATIONS SERVED AT SAME TIME

BEAM SEPARATORS

13000
m2
17 S t a t i o n s
average
'3 peak*

'1( 1 streamer chamber)

SPECTROMETERS

ON-LINE COMPUTERS WITH

NO.

Cavities

to
0.55 t o
lo k e V / turn

1 ( 3 5aps)
l4.0
MHz
1.75 MHz

Inputs

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e L U s e r s '

_ _

30 Mw

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

No. USER GROUPS: in- house-

30

outside

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, in- house-o u t s i d e

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e

keV/turn

RADIATION LOSS
RF POWER INPUT (kW) P

Flat- top time

Acceleratlon System
HARMONIC NO. 8
RF RANGE. 4.4

ENERGY GAIN

LL.WL

(part/sec)

IT

0 81 ( a t i n j AESEMCH

uv

a t max

4700

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) F e

ORBIT FREQ.

12

2.5
0.8

Some Typlcal E x t e r n a l and Secondary & m r

40

25 TT
mn-rnrad
100
60 turns
INJECTION PERIOD-usec,
or
INFLECTOR TYPE dc magnetic
M a g n e t System
f i e l d index,
FOCUSING TYPE weak
n = 0 (wedge foe)
16 - 3 ,
8
No. MAG. UNITS- Length ( e a )
8
S.S. L e n g t h
41*45rn
STRAIGHT SECT.-Total

RISE TIME

Y
i

(max f l a t t o p )

1.0

77r(d)
*
BEAM EMITTANCE (mn-mrad)(int)
25
SCHEDULED OPERATION h r / w k )
8o
"ON BEAM"
96 X OF SCHEDULED T'IME

cm

20
3.8
1.5
1000

CURRENT

m
cm

In)sctor S s t e m
TYPE
Linac
OUTPUT (max)
BEAM EMITTANCE

0.70
20

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e F l d 2

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

*0.01

0.300.5

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (nw)

230
SlO.5

Maximum
Achieved

(e)
12,O
12.7

ENERGY (GeV)

$40 M

TOTAL COST OF FACILITY

Physical Dlrnensionr
RING D I A M . 5 M r n ;

1
Normal

FIRST BEAM OBTAINED. OR GOAL d a t e )

us

DATE

Ronald L . Martin
Ronald L. Martin
February 1974

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

June

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

FUNDED BY

pERSON I N CHARGE
SUPPLIED
BY

Mean

30

$3

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s l w e e k

I 2 O ave

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS TO MACHINE

Other Relevant Parameters or N o t a b l e Features

2 s i m u l t a n e o u s external beams
Resonant E x t r a c t i o n - 90% (40 p s e c - 700 msec)
Titanium vacuum chamber i n s t a l l e d 1972
P o l a r i z e d p r o t o n s t o 8.5 eV/c 1973
70% p o l a r i z a t i o n - 5 x 10 / p u l s e i n t e r n a l
Published A r t k l e s Descrlbing Machine
200 MeV i n j e c t i o n from b o o s t e r 1974
L.C. Teng, " S t a t u s of the Argonne 12.5-BeV Zero G r a d i e n t Synchrotron,"
Dubna
1963 P r o c e e d i n g s , pp. 223-232.

Only h i g h energy s y n c h r o t r o n u s i n g
wedge f o c u s i n g

716

'Pchrotron
I PERSON I N CHARGE Ronald L. Martin
I N S T I ~ U T I Arnonne
~~
N a t i o n a l Laboratory DATA SUPPLIED BY James D . Simpson
Argonne , I l l i n o i s USA
DATE
February 1974

ZGS Booster

E OF MACHINE

Former 2.2 GeV

ACCELERATOR
C
o
r
n
e
l
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
Syn.
(date)
lg7'
OR GOAL ( d a t e ) October

HISTORY AND STATUS

CONSTRUCTION STARTED
F I R S T BEAM OBTAINED,

PERFORMANCE
~ o m l
( o r Goal)

RESOLUTION AEIE ( % )

(Development and A I )

30

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )
TOTAL ; ACCELERAiOR
)
w o STAFF
n
(

PULSE WIDTH

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

RING DIAM.-m;

12

"DONUT ' 2 - 5 xR .o cm; A p e r t u r e

(H- Ion)

5mA

(a)

5.0 TT

% OF SCHEDULED T'IMF.

Some Typrcrl External and Seconbry Berms

50 MeV

at

PART I CLE

FLUX

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

(part/sec)

(cm')

(GeV)

AEIE

n c

LJ

mn- mrad

300

INJECTION P E R I O O x u s e c , or
INFLECTOR
TYPE None. S t r i p

+turns

s H to H
a f t e r in.i ec t i on.

Magnet System

3.375
1 . 7 Hk a t m a r

F I E L D , AT INJ.-G,

RISE TIME

msec;

3.375
3*5

Flat- top time

6O

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) F e
POWER INPUT (MW) PEAK

vy

, Cu
MEAN

NO.

Cavities

sec

Za7
0 15

---

-----

_ _ I -

m2

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

Stations

BEAM L I N E S TO
BEAM SEPARATORS

SPECTROMETERS

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e -Users

3.3

MHz

Inputs

ORBIT FREQ.

(max)
-.keV/

RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK

50

USER

GROUPS: in- house-

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, i n - h o u s e -

turn

'
Mw

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

No.

RADIATION LOSS

STATIONS SERVE0 AT SAME TIME

to

RF RANGE.

- _I_

ON- LINE COMPUTERS WITH

___.-

RESEARCH PROGRAM
kG

Acceleration System

ENERGY GAIN

--

f i e l d index, n = 26 .I
3.16
m
13.2

FOCUSING ORDER
ODF0
BETATRON OSC. FREQ. v

-----

TYPE AG
No. MAG. U N I T S A L e n g t h ( e a )
STRAIGHT SECT.- TotalS . S . L e n g t h
FOCUSING
-.

HARMONIC NO.

CURRENT

"ON BEAM"

Inlector System
TYPE
Linac
OUTPUT (max)
BEAM EMITTANCE

BEAM EMITTANCE (mn- mrad)

3.5
lo*ocm
2.8 :Tcm
SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r l w k )

;Mag.Gap

1.510

(part/sec)

T u n n e l Sect.-

MAGNET

loL'

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )

(Mean

Phyrkal Dimensions

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( % )

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

0.2

0.2

ENERGY (GeV)

TOTAL COST OF F A C I L I T Y
By U S AEC

Maximum
Achieved

outside
outside

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, in-house

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s l w e e k

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS TO MACHINE

Other Rekvant Parameters or Notable Features

Published Articles Describing MachAe

R. L. M a r t i n , Proceedings 1 9 7 1 P a r t i c l e A c c e l e r a t o r Conference,
Chicago, I l l i n o i s , "The Argonne ZGS Booster," p . 957.

717

(accel)

ZGS B o o s t e r Synchrotron 11

N m E OF WCHINE

I N S T I T u ~ ~ Argonne
~~

PERSON I N CHARGE
DATA SUPPLIED BY

LOCATION

DATE

N a t i o n a l Laboratory
Argonne , I11i n o i s USA
Procurement begun
February 1974
( d a t e ) January

HISTORY AND STATUS

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )
FIRST BEAM OBTAINED. DR GOAL

A C C E L E R A T O R PERFORMANCE
Normal
( o r Goal)

TOTAL COST OF FACILITY

FUNDED BY

US AEC (AI)
8

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)

Ronald L . M a r t i n
James D . Simpson
February 1974

ENERGY (GeV)

0.5

RESOLUTION AE/E ( X )
REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )

60

'

PULSE WIDTH

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

.-.

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( % )
A C C E L E R A T O R PARAMETERS

I part/sec )

RING D I A M . a 7 m ; T u n n e l s e c t .
MAGNET
x
m; Mag. Gap
"DONUT '

3 -1

10

x.-cm

(H- I o n )

cm

at

50 MeV

i n j e c t 'Lon.

mn-mrad

400 ,turns
H- t o Ht a f t e r

AG

No. MAG. UNITS- Length ( e a )

STRAIGHT SECT.-Total S.S.

19.8

Length

msec;

kG
sec

cu

AEIE

(part/sec)

(cm')

(GeV)

(X)

-----

--

--------TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

m2

BEAM LINES TO

Stations

STATIONS SERVED AT SAME TIME

MEAN

BEAM SEPARATORS

SPECTROMETERS

ON-LINE COMPUTERS WITH

Acceleratlon System
HARMONIC NO.
RF RANGE. 2 * 2

ENERGY

RESEARCH P R O G R A M

10

Flat- top time

POWER INPUT (MW) PEAK

m
m

2.32

vv

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) F e

BEAM AREA

___-- - - -

FIELD, AT I N J . ~ . ~ G , a t max
RISE TIME

FLUX

--

Magnet System

FDFoDo
FOCUSING ORDER
BETATRON OSC. FREQ. vH

% OF SCHEDULED TIME

PARTICLE

.5

INJECTION P E R I O D a u s e c , o r INFLECTOR
TYPE None. S t r i p s

ORBIT FREQ.
ENERGY GAIN

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )

:om, T y p i c a i E x t e r n a l a n d Secondary B e r m s

BEAM EMITTANCE

FOCUSING TYPE

(a)
'

REAM EMITTANCE (mn- mrad)

"ON BEAM"

1n)ector System
TYPE
Linac
OUTPUT (max)

CURRENT

cm; A p e r t u r e

5x10LL

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )

(Mean )

Physkal Dmenrlw

Maximum
Achieved

NO.

Cavities

to-

3a3

MHz

10 keV/turn (max)

Mw

IOTAL. POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

do. USER GROUPS: in- house-

RADIATION LOSS

Inputs

8UBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e -Users'

outside

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, in- housekeV/ t u r n

outside

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e

RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, hours/week

Other R e k v r n t P a r a m e t e r s or N o t a b l e Features

R E C E N T IMPROVEMENTS OR M O D l F l C A T l O N S TO M A C H I N E

Publlskd A r t i c l e s DescrlMng Machlne

7 18

A l t e r n a t i n g Gradient Synchrotron
NAME OF M C H I N E
N
I STTIUTD
IN
Brookhaven
LOCATION
Upton. New

PERSON I N CHARGE
BY

N a t i o n a l LaboratoryATA SUPPLIED
York
DATE

HISTORY AND S T A T U S

A C C E L E R A T O R PERFORMANCE

1953

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )
BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL ( d a t e )

FIRST

R o R * Rau
A . van S t e e n b e r g e n
January 78, 1974

TOTAL COST OF FACILITY

$30.65 M

FUNDED BY

USA-AEC

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)

538
$17 M

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

Normal
~ryboslf-

D6'

Maximum
Achieved

- 0.5
33

0.1

ENERGY (GeV)AEIE (%I

RESOLUTION
REPET. RATE ( p u l s e l s e c )

1.2 s e c f l a t t o p

PULSE WIDTH
DUTY FACTOR, macroscopic ( % )

5
0

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

(Mean)

Physlcal Dimensions
256 9
RING DIAM.&m;

Tunnel sect.OMag.
O %Gap
~;

~GNETO.~~~
"OONUT

17.9

m c m ; Aperture

5.49 x 5.49
5-67
3l.75
6 35 X u c
X

(part/sec)

CURRENT

Cm
m

Linear Accelerator
100
a t 200.3
10

'

s 30

l5
INJECTION PERIOO-usee,
or
pulsed

INFLECTOR TYPE

Some Typlcal External and Seco&ry

PARTICLE

mn-mrad

TT

ux-

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r h k )
( 6 d / 7 4
"ON BEAM"
loo
% OF SCHEDULED T'IME

I n p c t o r System
TYPE A l v a r e z
OUTPUT (max)
BEAM EMITTANCE

(mA)

BEAM EMITTANCE ( m - m r a d )

$ 4 1

-.*w

FLUX

ENERGY

AEIE

turns

ma!Znetic

Magnet System
FOCUSING TYPE
No. MAG. UNITS
STMIGHT
SECT.

AG
240
-k

FIELD,

RSIE

FREQ.

VH

TIME

')

251 G, a t max
0.45
sec; F l a t - t o p

POWER INPUT (MU) PEAK

4000
30

Acceleratlon System
HARMONIC NO.
12
RF RANGE.
ORBIT FREQ.

'

1391

RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK

time
s

MEAN

24

m;

72

4.46

15Ooo
a
t6

MHz

Inputs

Mw

TOTAL. POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

54

No. USER GROUPS: i n - h o u s e i o u t s i d e

63 i n v o lved

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF , i n - h o u s e 1 ' 8 o u t s i d e

keV/ turn

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUOGET, in- house

looo

SCHEOULEORESEARCH TIME, hours/&

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS

0.6

Publlshed Articles Describing Machine

G.K. Green, E.D. C o u r a n t , "The P r o t o n

S y n c h r o t r o n , " Handbuck d e r P h y s i k 4 4 ,
218- 340 ( 1 9 5 9 ) .

7 19

SPECTROMETERS

2 7

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, in- house -Users'

0,380

1 . 5 m; 144

m2

STATIONS SERVED AT SAME TIME

BEAM SEPARATORS
12

12 double

____
3- 20

RES~ARCHPROGRAM
BEAM LINES T

O t h e r Relevant Parameters or Notable Features

JC

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

400
*4

cu

No. C a v i t i e s

RADIATION LOSS

kG
Sec

ON-LINE COMPUTERS WITH

0 210

ENERGY N
-G
IA

io7
-R 3 10"
n

Vy

AT INJ.

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) Fe

--------3
-f2

'> !n/7wn/
*75

7?0
8*75

FOCUSING ORDER
BETATRON OSC.

L e n g t h (ea)2-28*L93.resRm
T o t a l S.S. Length-m

s5

4 weeks

TOO h r s .

OR MODIFICATIONS TO MACHINE

50-MeV L i n a c i n j e c t o r r e p l a c e d by 200MeV L i n a c . New magnet s y s t e m power

s u p p l y and r f s y s t e m f o r d o u b l i n g rep e t i t i o n r a t e . New r i n g vacuum s y s t e m .
Magnet s y s t e m m o d u l a r i z e d . New e x t e r n a l beam b r a n c h e s , SEB system. A d d i t i o n
o f t h i r d FEB system f o r
physics area.

PERSON I N CHARGE

Ber k e l e y Laboratory
Calif..Berkeler,Calif.

DATA SUPPLIED
DATE

INSTITUTIONmenCe

LO CAT ID NU^ v

nf

Edward J * Lofgren
~~Kenneth
C. C r e b b i n
February, 1974

Revs t rnn

NAME OF M C H I N E

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY A N D STATUS

194g

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

Normal
(or G o a l )

F I R S T BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL ( d a t e )

5.4- 6.1

ENERGY (GeV)

TOTAL COST OF F A C I L I T Y
RESOLUTION AEIE ( % )

11.wc

FUNDED BY

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

RING 0 I A M . u ;

M n G N E T & - L X 2 ~ m ; Mag. G
"DONUT'

**

--

--cm;

m
c

BEAM
"ON

Injector System
TYPE Cockroft-Walton

and Linac
W)at19.214.8/wMeV

BEAM*^^^^%

* FLUX

PARTICLE

Magnet System

Weak F i e l d index n=O.67

144
0.66
m
T . L T o t a ! S.S. L e n g t h 5 . 1
m

FOCUSING
TYPE
No. MAG. UNITS- Length( e a )

STRAIGHT S E C

+ E.S

i p

FOCUSING ORDER

- I - - -

BETATRON O X . FREQ. vH=vV

F I E L D , AT INJ.&G,

at m

R I S E T I M E A 7 s e c ; F l a t - t o p t i m e D '?

+2. Q s e c

OF SCHEDULED TM
IE

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

(cm')

(GeV)

(part/sec)
or-turns

Some Typical External and Secondary Berms

BEAM EMITTANCE -mn-mrad

INJECTION P i R I O D h n C ) W e c ,
INFLECTOR TYPE-

6i.&cLd

0 . 7 5 x 1 0 1.5x10
CURRENT (d)
'1
2.4x103
' L 7 7 uad 1' 2 1
EMITTANCE (inn- mrad)

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )

A p e r t u r e J - x L L c m

OUTPUT
I .&JEL)xm
a(

4XdQE1

(partlsec)

--

T u n n e l sect.-

25

(z)

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )

(Mean )

Physical Dimensions

%l5-s.u I t G e V

PULSE WIDTH

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET-

12,75/Am~)

'6.2

~~

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )

135

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF ( n o w )

Maximum
Achieved

4 . 5 ~ 1 0 ~0.18
'

- - 2 H ~ ~ l O ~ j n

4He'Lmg

AE/E

(%)

6.zw-n~~
<i 5,~ '
m ~2

11%J.

12CrL-7-

- L ! 9 L % W 7l2kI.d- -2dL.S~'"OrL-6
___ 44.o%dQ.L
' o N e % W 4
L L . 4 . ~
"These v a l u e s f o r t h e 19.2 (4 8/Amu) i n j e c t o r .

RESEARCH PROGRAM

m2
'L 7000
5 P r i m (6 s e c from 2 Rim) S t a t i o n s
SERVED AT SAME TM
I E-.
+ 6 sec.

TOTAL E X p E R I M ~ N T A LAREA

BEAM L I N E S TO

F
cu*147
STATIONS
P E
BEAM A
11
SPECTROMETERS
K
- -- ~ ~
Acceleration System
ON- LINE COMPUTERS
-8;l-PDP-9;2-PDP-ll
HARMONIC No.
No. C a v i t i e s 1 ( 2 gaps)
BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e R U s e r s 'A
RF RANGE. O . 24
2.50
M H ~
TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR R E S E A R C H ~ ~ M W
No. USER GROUPS: i n - h o u s e X o u t s i d e L
ORBIT FREQ. * 497 ( 2521 t o 2 . 47 12 - 4 1 ) MHz
l(eU/turn
TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, I n - h o u s e - o u t s l d e
ENERGY GAIN 1 5- (0 75)

MAG. WEIGHT

(tons)

POWER INPUT (MU)

RADIATION O
LSkeV/turn

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET. in-house

RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK-

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s / w e e k

I - - - - - -

4td,VteieYZtSPa%SA

----

for pro'

o % ~ a & 5 ! ~ ~ ~

** Four i n j e c t o r systems.

See approp r i a t e one f o r more d e t a i l s .

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODlFiCATlONS T O M A C H I M

I n S t a l l a t i o n Of cryogenic vacuum pumping

reduced base p r e s s u r e t o % 3x10'' Torr from
2 ~ 1 0 'T
~ o r r and reduced pumpdown time
r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h f u l l beam i n t e n s i t y .

Publlshed Articles Dercrlbing Machlne

With t h e completion of t h e Bevalac p r o j e c t ,
l)F.G.H. Lothrop,D.M.Evans, D i g i t a l
t h e r e w i l l be t h r e e d i f f e r e n t i n j e c t o r s
a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e Bevatron,
Control of Bevatron Accel. Cycle,
Vol. NS-18 Number 3, June 1971.
2)D.M.Evans, e t a l , Bevatron Guide
F i e l d C o n t r o l , Vol. NS-18 Number 3,
J u n e 1971.
3)R.A.Byms, J.T.Tanabe, The Bevatron
Cryopump, Vol. NS-20 Number 3,
J u n e 1973.
4)K.C.Crebbin e t a l , First Phase of
Heavy Ion A c c e l e r a t i o n a t t h e
Bevatxon, Vol. NS-20 Number 3,
June 1973.
720

2 0 0 / 5 0 0 GeV Synchrotron
National Accelerator Lab.
Batavia, Illinois U. S. A.

OF McHINE
INSTITUTION
LOCATION

H I S T O R Y ?ND S T A T U S
C0I;STRUCTION

DATA SUPPLIED

BY

DATE

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

STARTED ( d a t e )

FIRS( BEAM OBTAINED,

p* J - Reardon
F. T. Cole/H. T i . A l l en
March 1. 1 9 7 4

PERSON IN CHARGE

OR GOAL ( d a t e )

TOTAL COST OF F A C I L I T Y
FUNDED BY
TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)

1969
March
- 1, 1 9 7 2
$230M
USAEC
2 75

Normal

Maximum

Achieved

400

$b;al)

ENERGY (GeV)
RESOLUTION A E I E ( I )
REPET, RATE ( p u l s e l s e c )
PULSE WIDTH

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p l c ( % )

ACCEL E RA TOR P A R A M E T E R S
Physicai Dlmemionr
RING 0 ,2OOO,,.
MGNFT

8n.m*m?&.

2*7m54 2m;

"OONUT1

(part/sec)

2 A 4 - m

ne1 s e c t . 3 . 0 5
G~~

Aperture

at 300 GeV

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )

(Mean )

13

-x

12,

5. 2

cm

CURRENT (d)0.
BEAM EMITTANCE (mn- mrad)
Q - l'?T

cm

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )
"ON BEAM"

60

PAHl I L L L

l
,
a
-&-b--

w e m e r a g e )

% OF SCHEDULED T l M L

r LYA

(I)

(GeV)

to200 L 3 . L
t d k 0 Q.-4
tQ 300

2.1
- 1. 0

L___

u p t o 0 F i

w
- 400 L

0
0
500

protons
rd! in eractin
300 Ce%

5 Internal Ta
6 Primary TargetsP%?iOns
I
STATIONS
SERVED AT SAME
BEAM SEPARATORS
0 TIME S P E 20
C T R O M E T E R S ~
"9

OTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

POWER INPUT (MW) PEAK

60

ON- LINE COMPUTERS MITH

Accelerarion System
HARMONIC NO. 11
RF RANGE.

ORBIT FREQ.
ENERGY GAN
I

1 3 No. C a v i t i e
53.08
0 . 0 4 7 6 9 i - ,.
2. 6 MeV/ L U L ' K I

RADIATION LOSS

RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK

2-usersl

rUIUOCDC

l",flL

RLJLr.,\L,,

~p
I II
ncccmru

keV/turn

..,.,

.,

,..

RI InCFT .

Inputs

. ~ .
~~

in-house

m
p
,

l8Oo
R E C E N T I M P R O V E M E N T S OR M O D I F I C A T I O N S TO M A C H I N E

Other R e l e v a n t P a r a m e t e r s or N o t a b l e Features

Publlshed A r c l c l e s D e s c r l b h g Machine

1. Operating results from NAL, D. E. Young, National Accelerator

Conference, IEEE Transactions NS- 203, p. 191, (1973).

721

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY AND STATUS

1969
lg7I

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )
F I R S T BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL ( d a t e )
TOTAL COST OF F A C I L I T Y

FUNDED BY

Normal
( o r Goal)

BUOGETACCP~
Pra+nr n l u-)

PULSE WIDTH

0
.
1

RESOLUTION AE/E (I)

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e h e c )

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)ANNUAL OPERATING

ENERGY (GeV)

0 0 0 ' 000
USAEC

Maximum
Achieved

15

psec)

1. 6

15
1.6

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

(Mean

Physical Dhenrlonr
RING D1AM.-m;

151

3 0

Tunnel sect.

M A G N E T 4 6 m m ; Mag. G a p ]

2 4

V O N U T * ~ O cm;
? ~& 1 6 . . 5 x U c m

era+nr

TYPEOUTPUT ( m a x ) A L L O A
BEAM EMITTANCE

PART I C LE

Magmt System

TYPE^;;^^^
96

FOCUSING
No. MAG. UNITS-Length

(ea)

144

STRAIGHT S E C T . x T o t a 1 S . S . L e n g t h

FOFDOOD

ORDER

72

BETATRON OSC. FREQ. vH

F I E L D , AT 1NJ.-G,

490
033 sec;

% OF SCHEDULED TlME

FLUX

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

AEIE

-----

from 3 t n . S a 2 - l -

_ _ I -

---

RESEARCH PROGRAM
kG

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

none

m2

Stations

BEAM L I N E S TO

STATIONS SERVE0 AT SAME TIME

PEAKAMEAN
BEAM SEPARATORS
SPECTROMETERS
ON-LINE COMPUTERS WITH

84
30 .3

RF RANGE.

( P t i m a i n-rhq-cy&main-xjng c y d e t.imP v a r i Q q

F l a t - t o p time-sec

Acceleration System
HARMONIC NO.
ORBIT FREQ.

6.78
6.7

vv

a t max

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) Fe,(MW)

W i r e S~pkum

INFLECTOR TYPE

95

mn- mrad

INJECTION P E R I O D 8 u s e c , o

POWER N
I PUT

1
6
41
6
4

Some Typical External and Secondary Beams

-at

inn

R I S E TIME

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )
"ON BEAM"

Injector System

FOCUSING

BEAM EMITTANCE (mn- mrad)

ENERGY GAIN

NO.

Inputs

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, in-house-Users'

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

52.8~
MHZ
0.63 k Hz
k
a
n max

0.36
600

No. USER GROUPS: in- house-

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, i n - h o u s e -

RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK

outslde

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e

keV/ t u r n

RADIATION LOSS

Mu

outside

8o

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s / w e e k

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS T O MACHINE

Ocher Rekvant Parameters or Notable Features

Published Artkles Descrlblng Machhe

1.

B o o s t e r Synchrotron, E. L. Hubbard, ed.,

N a t i o n a l A c c e l e r a t o r Lab. R e p o r t TM-405 (1973)

2.

The NAL B o o s t e r S y n c h r o t r o n Magnet P o w e r Supply Servo,

A . R. Donaldson and R. A. W i n j e , N a t i o n a l A c c e l e r a t o r Conference,
I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s NS- 20, 3, p. 409, (1973)

3.

Synchronous T r a n s f e r of Beam f r o m t h e NAL F a s t C y c l i n g B o o s t e r

Synchrotron t o t h e NAL M a i n R i n g S y s t e m ,
J. A . D i n k e l , J . E . G r i f f i n , E . L. Hubbard, R . E . P e t e r s , and
L. C. Teng. N a t i o n a l A c c e l e r a t o r Conference, I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s
NS-20,

3,

p - 409,

(1973)
722

HISTORY AND STATUS

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

1962

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

OC

F I R S T BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL ( d a t e )

Ober

'357

TOTAL COST OF F A C I L I T Y
FUNDED BY

(Mean )
e

9 0 ( a v e r q d W year )

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )
% OF SCHEDULED TIME
"ON BEAM"
Some Typrcal External and Secondary Berms

100

at

( 9 m L

PART ICLE

MC?V

(norm)

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

AEIE

___

AG F i e l d Index n = L ~ 4 7

No. MAG. U N I T S , x - L e n g t h ( e a F a 4 - m

STRAIGHT S E C T . S T o t a 1 S.S. Length-m

FOCUSING ORDER

F 0

BETATRON OSC. FREQ.

FIELD, AT INJ.&G.

2
-

vH-g.+&+
Flat- top t

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) Fe
POWER INPUT (MW)

RESEARCH PROGRAM

a tGk:"1m
xa

R I S E TIME-sec;

20.000.-d

STATIONS

Cavities

ENERGY -NIG
A

RADIATION LOSS
RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK

300

SERVED AT SAME TIME

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e d U s e r s
TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

MHr

,LEZ

keV/turn

30

Mw

in-house-outside

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e

80

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME. h o u r s / w e e k

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS TO MACHINE

Other Relevant Parameters or Notable Features

There are 12 s u p e r p e r i o d s and

E'ast beam extraction system i s

i n each there a r e 2 long s t r a i g h t

s e c t i o n s , each 4,%m long,

O n e r a t i n g on 3 d - i r e c t i o n s .
T h e r e i s n e u t r a l beam w i t h i n t e n s i t y IO~-,O 7 ppp.

published Articles Dercriblng Machine

7 23

'3

No. USER GROUPS: i n - h o u s e 6 o u t s i d e 6

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF,

mean

5 t a t ions

BEAM SEPARATORS L-SPECTROMEE;RSA,

52

to
6.1
286
_0.086 t Q 0.3 0 3

m2

13

BEAM LINES

ON- LINE COMPUTERS W

NO.

23: 300

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

1

PEAL-AL-MEANL

Acceleration System
HARMONIC NO.
30
ORBIT FREQ.

FLUX

mn- mrad

INJECTION PERIOD,&-psec,
o r d t u
INFLECTOR TYPE
f ? l P C t ~ t . l r :

Magnet System
FOCUSING TYPE

l.rr

REAM EMITTANCE (mn- mrad)

" O O N U T ~ L A~ p ;e r t u r e . & x s - c m

Linac
120 id-

(mA)

CURRENT

m
cm

M A G N E T r m ; Mag. Gap

OUTPUT (max)
BEAM EMITTANCE m

;).Oser.

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )

RING 0 I A M . a m; T u n n e l s

RF RANGE.

0.0-3
1/I8

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p l c ( % )

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

TYPE

7076

RESOLUTION AE/E ( % )
PULSE WIDTH

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

Physical Dlmenslonr

Maximum
Achieved

ENERGY (GeV)

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)

Inkctor System

Normal
( o r Goal)

W E OF DUCHINE
INSTITUTION
LOCATION

.E .

IT t$

Pj

PERSON I N CHARGE

IT-,,P
?'OLCOW,TJ;~:-H

DATA SUPPLIE$-,BY
DATE

f'ol(jin T , -1,.
PolT , 1,

,iebruary 1'374

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY AND STATUS

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )
FIRST BEAM OBTAINED. OR GOAL ( d a t e )

95'

XX
Noma1
( o r Goal)

1c)'/'3"

c j .I,'

FUNDED BY

10.4

10

ENERGY (GeV)
RESOLUTION AE/E ( % )

TOTAL COST OF FACILITY

Maximum
Achieved

REPET. RATE ( p u l s d s e c )

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)

PULSE WIDTH

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c (I)

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

"DONUT '

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )

(Mean

Phyrlcal Dimensions
RING OIAM.&m;
MAGNET-%

(part/sec)
CURRENT

T u n n e l sect.Mag. Gap

11

cm; A p e r t u r e

IJ

(d)

cm

BEAM EMITTANCE (nm-mrad)

cm

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )
% OF SCHEDULED TIME

"ON BEAM"

Some Typical External a d SeconBry &erns

PARTICLE

,,

BEAM EMITTANCE

Ll

iN;ECTION
INFLECTOR

PERIOO-usec,
or
TYPE
leCtTGZt

Magnet System
FOCUSING TYPE

nm-mrad

si;sGnf;

No. MAG. UNITS.&*

Le;gth

STRAIGHT SECT.&
FOCUSING ORDER

'&tal

-.
[?G

I
__.

S.S. L e n g t h

:p'(-Ju'e>o
!)I?

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

AEIE

(cm')

(GeV)

(XI

-------------------

turns

;?.tic

FLUX
(partlsec)

~ Q ,ED
y ~

RESEARCH PROGRA3
RSIE

o.

TM
IE

kG

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) e,+,

POWER INPUT (MW) PEAK

Acceleration System
HARMONIC No.

Cu
MEAN

5oo
-)

7000

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

sec; F l a t - t o p t m e 0 . 3 s e c

Stations

STATIONS SERVED AT SAME TIME

BEAM SEPARATORS

5 hTdT

SPECTROMETERS

ON-LINE COMPUTERS WITH

No. C a v i t i e s

Inputs

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, in- house-

MH:

Users'
Mw

TOTAL POWEk INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

No. USER GROUPS: in- house-

outside

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, in- houseRADIATION LOSS

RF POWER INPUT ( k w ) PEAK

m2

BEAM LINES TO

keV/ i r n

?~?-E/d/c?W-

After reconstruction

he:"

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s l w e e k

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS

Other R e k v a n t Parameters or Notable Features

outslde

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e

acceleratoy is in t n e c o u m e
of a justemelit a.Cter reconstruction.

Published Artkles DcscriMng Machine

724

OR MODIFICATIONS TO MACHINE

in
ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY A N D STATUS

(or p ~ l )

F I R S T BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL (date)

ENERGY (GeV)

TOTAL COST OF F A C I L I T Y

(Mean )

(max)

BEAM E

Linac
T

% OF SCHEDULED TIME

Some Typical External and Secondary Beams

1.0
I

BEAM EMITTANCE (mn- mrad)

SCHEDULED OPER%I@
(hr/wk)
"ON BEAM"

TYPE
OUTPUT

'

T u n n e l sect.-

Inkctor System

,-

xIO+LS
12
(part/sec)
~ 1 01
25
CURRENT (d)
v
m (11

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )

cm; A p e r t u r e - x m c m

(I)

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c

M A 6 N E T w ; Mag. Gap A
"DONUT

-(>.5-

PULSE WIDTH

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

RING 0 I A M . X n i ;

&

TmE3-n

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )

(now)

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

Physlcal Dimensions

(I)

RESOLUTION A E I E

FUNDED BY
TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF

Maximum

Normal

CONSTRUCTION STARTED (date).*

PART ICLE
m

aEAM AREA

FLUX

ENERGY

CUE

INJECTION P E R I O D ~ W C o, r - L t u r n s
INFLECTOR TYPE
P-i
cl

Magnet System
FOCIISING TYPE
140. MAG. UNITS-----Length

weak f i e l d Index ,n=Oa 6

3,7
rn
48
(ea)
4

>[RAIGHT SECT.

T o t a l S.S.

T-5-m-

-n

- - _ c _

-- - I _ _ I _ _ - -

FOCUSING ORDER

RESEARCH PROGRAM

2700

m2
TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA
aJ
BEAM L I N E S TO
-Stations

kG

me

STATIONS SERVED A 1 SAME TIME-.SEAM SEPARATORS

4ccelerarion Syrre

RF QANGE.
ORBIT FREQ.
r -

LNtRGi;

GAIN

0.2
2,4

to

BUBBLE CHAMBERS,

RF POWER NIPUT-

i n - h o u s e -User

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED

MHz

1:45

RADIATION LOSS

Inputs

ON- LINE COMPUTERS WITH

qARMONIC NO.

3
SPECTROMETERS--

FOR

RESEARCH

No. USER GROUPS: in-house-outside

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, i n - h o u s e ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET,

ke\l/turn

50

outstde

1n - h o u s e

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s / w e e k

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS T O M A C H M

Other Relevant Parameters or Notable Features

acceleration of deuterons up to

IO GeV
20 Bead

P=IQ
I=IOf

r)

Slowly extraction of beem f r o m

synchrophazotron (
=4QO msec,
efficiency 94%;)

<

Plsbllrhed Articles Dercriblng Machine

725

1 GeV Model of Cy-

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY AND STATUS

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

Noma1
(or G o a l )

1g67

FIRST BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL ( d a t e )

RESOLUTION AE/E ( I )

FUNDED BY

12 P .

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

2 2

cm; A p e r t u r e - a x

CURRENT

cm

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )
X OF SCHEDULED T'IME

Sane Typical External and S e c d r y &am&

C1.0 M eV

BEAM EMITTANCE

PART ICLE

mn-mrad

1
ble&tr$static

INJECTION PERIOD
INFLECTOR
TYPE

Magnet System
FOCUSING TYPE

(d)
'

BEAM EMITTANCE (mn-mrad)

"ON BEAM"

(part/sec)

&an de Graaf

OUTPUT (

m
cm

Infector S s t u n
TYPE

0.5SQ.C

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )

RING 0 I A M . X m ; T u n n e l sect.M A G N E T r m ; Mag. Gap

X

0
,
5

PULSE WIDTH

(Mean )

Physical Dimensions

"DONUT '

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )
DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( X )

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

11.0

ENERGY (GeV)

TOTAL COST OF FACILITY

Maximum
Achieved

FLUX

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

AE/E

(part/sec)

(cm')

(GeV)

(XI

turns

n=191 3

strong

No, MAG. UNITS-Length

(ea)

STRAIGHT SECT.-Total S.S.

m
Length

FODO

FOCUSING ORDER

RESEARCH PROGRAM
kG
sec

72

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) F e

, Cu

30 kW

MEAN

POWER INPUT (MU) PEAK

RF RANGE.

1* 25

ORBIT FREQ.
ENERGY GAIN

m'

Stations

BEAM LINES TO
STATIONS SERVED AT SAME TIME
BEAM SEPARATORS

SPECTROMETERS

ON-LINE COMPUTERS WITH

Acceleration System
HARMONIC

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

o C. a v i t i e s

to

25

13

BUBBLE CHAMBERS. in- houseTOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

o,2fjto 5, 0

m m

No. USER GROUPS: in- house-

kV

RADIATION LOSS

Inputs
Users'

Mu
outside

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, in- housekeV/ t u r n

outside

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET. i n - h o u s e

RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, hours/week

Other Rekvant Parameters or Notable Features

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS TO MACHINE

Published Artkks Dercrlbhg Mach&

726

K.H.
OF

wCHINEBonn2.5 GeV S y n c h r o t r o n
I n s t i t u t d . Univ.

PERSON IN CHARGE

I N s T ~ ~ ~ T ~ OPN h y s i k a l

G. Noldeke,

A C C E L E R A T O R PERFORMANCE

HISTORY AND STATUS

A p r i l 1865

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

Normal

2.3.2.5

ENERGY (GeV)

ALL

RESOLUTION AEIE ( % )

FUNDED B

50

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e l s e c )

TOTAL
n
ACCELERATOR STAFF (

PULSE WIDTH

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET-

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( % )

A C C E L E R A T O R PARAMETERS

2.2

2, 12 e4 A p e r t u r e

n
,
.
?
s
! PA

cm

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )

150

85

OF SCHEDULED TMI
E

or
E

BEAM AREA

---

<

- .

OFDO

---

tj 4

BETATRON OSC. FREQ. vH&vV

FIELD, AT I N J . ~ ~ a~ t max
G ,

kG

---

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

sec

_ _ I -

RESEARCH PROGRAM

11

Flat- top time

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ],-eF

AEIE

+23.26

STRAIGHT S E C T . 2 T o t a l S.S. L e n g t h 2 . 1 . 4 8 m

RISE T I M E s . 8 . s e c ;

ENERGY

turns

n =

AG

FLUX

inn-mrad

NO. MAG. U N I T S A L e n g t h (ea)-m

FOCUSING ORDER

-Ol2

CURRENT (d)
'
BEAM EMITTANCE (inn-mrad)

PARTICLE

Magnet System
FOCUSING TYPE

Some Typical External and Secondary Beams

INJECTION PERIOD-vsec,
Y

cm

20

25

at

BEAM EMITTANCE
INFLECTOR T

x 4.l

"ON BEAM"

Injector System
TYPE L i n a c
OUTPUT (max) 2 6 0

L 10
-10

(part/sec)

RING OIA$!2.l%;
Tunnel s e c t .
M A G N E t 6 9 5 P 7 4 m ; Mag. Gap
"DONUT 4

m a x
IIIRP.

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )

(Mean)

Physlcal Dlmensbns

Maximum
Achieved

(or G o a l )

lg6$

FIRST BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL (date)March

Paul

W e

DATA SUPPLIED By D e Husmann

DATE
22,l. 1974

D-53 B O W , Nuss a l l e e 12

LOCATION

G. Knop,

Althoff,

BEAM LINES TO

1100
6

m2
Stations

STATIONS SERVED AT SAME T I M E . ~

PEAKAMEAN
BEAM SEPARATORS
SPECTROMETERSON-LINE COMPUTERS y ~ p 1 1 ~ 2t h
- d 7
Inputs( t o t a l )
Acceleration System
BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e A U s e r s '
HARMONIC NO .-LN~.
CavitiesPOWER INPUT (MW)

RF RANGE.

'

499.67

RF POWER INPUT (kW) P E A K u m e t l n

Mu

No. USER GROUPS: i n - h o u s e L o u t s i d e 4

330 keV/turn
mix. 32.5

RADIATION LOSS

1 2

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

MHz

4
.
3
0
7
4

ORBIT FREQ.
ENERGY GAIN

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, i n - h o u s e x o u t s i d e

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e

keV/ turn

4
0

2-5

+j-6-

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, hourslweekRECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MOOKICATIONS TO MACHINE

Other Rekvant Parameters or Notable Features

E j e c t i o n o f e l e c t r o n s u p t o 2 , 3 GeV

O n l i n e computer w i t h

CAMAC

interface

PubUshed Articles DescrlMng Machine

K.H.

Althoff

o f Bonn,

e t al. : The 2.5

Nuclear I n s t r .

a.

GeV E l e c t r o n S y n c h r o t r o n of t h e U n i v e r s i t y

Mtth,

6 1 (1968),

727

30

lllyc OF WHIM

DESY
I ~ ~ T I T ~ T I ODeutsches
I(
Elektronen-Synchrotron

L m T I ~ l l H a m b rug

Germany

PERSON IN CHARGE ' *

Schopper
MTA SUPPLIED BY H. Kumpfert
MTE January 1974

ACCELERATOR P E R ~ H A N C

Norm11
( o r Goal)

7 ..4

ENERGY (GcV)
RESOLUTION AE/E (X)

50

3.1

PULSE WIDTH
DUTY FACTOR, macroscopic

(x)

15e4
4x10"

INTERNAL BEAU (part/pulse)

(p.rt/sec)
CURRENT

7.5
0.25

+ 0.25

REPET. RATE (pulre/sec)

average

hrhm
Achicved

50
3.1
15.4
5x1Orl
3
2.5~10'

2x101'

(a) 64

80

BEAM EMITTANCE (Im-inrad)

SCHEDULED OPERATION (hr/wk)
"ON BEAM"

g o - 95

168

X OF SCHEDULED TlML

3oRIc Typkrl Exevnrl a d kco;dvy b n n

FLUX

BEAM AREA

(part/sec)

(cd)

(GW

5~10'~
-0.lnxmmxmrad

1-7.25

PART ICLE

2 x e

W E

ENERGY

---__.

(XI
2 0.25

Lor

- o . ~ ~ x r n m-xmraT
cr
5c %
85 %
'r7<

1-7.25
t
--

2 x e+
No. WG. U N I T S ~ 4 8 , L e n g t h( e a )

STRAIGHT S E C T . , 4 8 2 T o t a l S.S.

4-15
Length 117.6

FOCUSING 3RDER

FODO
BETATROg OSC. FREQ. uH
'
FIELD, AT 1 ~ . 3 1 5 ( 4 2 ) ~a,t
FUSE TIME

1WG.

7-

9x10

"II

IMX

6.23

7.9

fG

sec; F i a t - t o p t i e a x . 3.1 ~ 1 sec

0

N I G H T (tons) Fe

570

POUER iNPUT (MI) PEAK

Accokrackm S y s t a
HARMNIC No. 5 2 8
RFwA)(GE. 499.666

,-ut
NAN

'
*

-__III_-

TOTAL EXPERMNTAL AREA

O0

3EAU LINES TO
S t a t ions
STATIONS SERVED AT SAME TIME6 x e- o r Y +test&synchr.
rad. beams
3EBn SEPARATORS

SPECTROMETERS 11

ON-LINE CWPUTERS WITH 2 o

mz

.tad

TOTAL POUER IHSTALLED FOR RESEARCM 2 3

No. USER GROUPS: in-house : 3

ORBIT FREQ.
ENERGY GAIN- max. 1 2 5 0 keViturn

odwr Rebvant

Inputs

3UBBLE CHAMBERS. in-house-Users'

No. Cavltfes 16
to 499.645

RADIATION LOSS m a x * 8 8 3 0
RF POWER INPUT (kU) PEAK 1000

0.25

3 x y
3 x converted y (test beams)
2 x Synchrotron Radiation ' RESEARCH PROGRAM

outside:2 m i x e d : 9
2 75

TOTAL RESEARCH STWFF, $WIUIIW-WSHS@

keV/ t u r n

mean 700

Parameters or Notable Features

AE
1
"Positron Data: 1.6 mA
% ) at 380
MeV

(1x1:

**The old 40 MeV-Electron Linac ( 1 4 0 mA

max.) is still in use

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET. in-house

7.5

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, hourslweek

136

REtENT MPROVEMNTS OR MOMFICATIONS TO

- flat top operation (duty factor

Wehed Artkkr thrrlbkg hhhc

Die Atomwirtschaft. July 1964

MDM

MA15.4

max. circulating currents (e )up t o

80 mA average as compared to 3 0 mA
etbeams (slow extraction) f o r use in
normal e--experimental areas
expected f o r 1 9 1 5

DESY Annual Reports

728

%)

2 e+/e-beams (fast extraction) for DORIS

- additional p+-acceleration capability

P K O C . 1973 U S Particle Accelerator

Conference, San Francisco, (Improvements)

.,

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY A N D STATUS

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e l - r y
FIRST

BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL ( d a t e ) Feb-9 ;

9 3 0

TOTAL COST OF FACILITY

1Q 553

CNEN

FUNDED BY

0
.
'
1

RESOLUTION AE/E ( % )

48::?clo

PULSE WIDTH

15o.ooo

ANNUAL. OPERATING BUDGET

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( % )

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

2+5.10

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )

4+10.10

(part l s e c )
CURRENT

Inbctor System
TYPE

IVlicrotron

OUTPUT (

H 8

100
Electrostati.c

TYPE

( d j

Soms Typical External and Secondary Beams

13

at

BEAM EMITTANCE
INJECTION P E R I O D 2 P e c .

INFLECTOR

Maximum
Achieved

1
,
1

ENERGY (GeV)

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )

30

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)-.

Normal
( o r Goal)

Or

PARTICLE
mn-mrad
turns

BETATRON OSC .

FLUX

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

(part/sec)

(cm')

(GeV)

AE/E

(%)

RESEARCH PROGRAM

FIELD, AT INJ

mz

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

RISE T I M E L , s e c ,
MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) F e

F l a t - t o p time- --,set

100

BEAM LINES 90STAlIONS SERVED AT SAME TIME

,.&ut
MEAN

S t a t 1ons

S P E C T R O M E T E R S ~

BEAM SEPARATORS

Inputs

Acceleration System
HARMONIC No.
R f RANGE.

ORBIT FREQ.
ENERGY GAIN
RADIATION LOSSRF POWER INPUT

No. Cavltles-

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e 2 u s e r s '

43.7

MHz

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

10.9

NO

max 25

( k w ) PEAK

10

2. 5

18

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS TO MACHINE

Published ArtKIer Describlng Machme

Proc

Mw

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, hours/week&

Oeher Relevant Parameters or Natable Ferrurer

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, in-house-outslde&

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, in- house

keV/turn

MeAIy

USER GROUPS. in-house-obtslde

2nd IJN Con. Pea.cefu1 IJses Atomic Energy

Geneva 19"J8, Paper 17/8/1374,

UN, NEW York (1958)

Nuovo Cimento S u p p l . 3 , 324 (1959')

L e t t e s e a 1 Nuovo Cimento Vol..

Nuovo Cimento Suppl. 24

(1962)
1 , __
1 6 , 820 (1969)

F r a a c a t i R e p o r t s (avai1.a.bl.e on r e q u e s t )
729

11

HISTORY AND STATUS

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

1 9 5 7 January
u a &
OF FACILITY
'L
2M*
Japanese Government

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

FIRST BEAM OBTAINED. OR GOAL ( d a t e )

TDTAL CDST
FUNDED BY

0.1
22.5
1.3
PULSE WIDTH
DUTY FACTOR, m c r o s c o p l c ( x )
'L 5
INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e ) X I O I U
2
(part/sec)
xlOIL 4

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now)

$ 0 * 1M*
* ( s a l a r i e s not included)

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

MAGNETO->&

idia)l4.m

5.4
3.5

Mag. Gap

"DONUT4-5

1 5 c m ; Aperture

15
11

x
x

CURRENT

cm
cm

"ON BEAM"

95

-G(maxj
10
4 a t 1 GeV
8 a t 1 GeV

6o

30

-5
144

168

X OF SCHEDULED T l M

at

i n f l e c t o r . 9 MeV

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

AE/E

(cm')

( G 4

(X)

mn-mrad

---2.2
1.14 brems.

Magnet System

AG
3.l4

No. MAG. U N I T S 8 L e n g t h ( e a )

STRAIGHT S E C T . 8 T o t a l 5.5. L e n q t h

( a t 3 . 1 m from r a d i a t o r )

in

9 60

0.3

0.6~0.8

10
turns
s t a t i c p l a t e and
p u l s e d magnets f o r m u l t i - t u r n .

INJECTION P E R I O D 1 w e c , o r
INFLECTOR
TYPE
Electro-

FOCUSING TYPE

0.1
22.5

S a m Typlcal Extrrnrl and Secondary Berm:

100

BEAM EMITTANCE

(a)
'

BEAM EMITTANCE (mn-mrad)

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )

Inject# System
TYPE
Linac
OUTPUT (max)

1
.
3
'
1
.
3

ENERGY (GeV)
RESOLUTION AEIE ( X )
REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET 1

.

Physical ~ k ~ n s i o m(Mean)
RING D I A M . l x m ;
Tunnel s e c t .

Maximum
Achieved

Noma1
( o r Goal)

RESEARCH PROGRAM
FIELD, AT I N J . L G , a t m

T I M E ~ O ' L msec;
~ ~ F l a t - t o p t i m e --MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) F e 53
,cu
7.9
POWER INPUT (MU) P E A K S ~ O ~MEAN
~ ~0 402
0.18 M J
RISE

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

BEAM LINES TO 3 (two

sec

Accelratlon System
HARMONIC No. 1 6
RF RANGE.

ORBIT FREQ.

138 f i x e d
% 8.6

peak 1 0
RADIATION LOSS 64 (max)
RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK 2o

STATIONS SERVED AT SAME T

ON-LINE COMPUTERS

WITH^

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

'

SCHEOULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s l w e e k

,
Mu

n%'f*

MEAN4%5

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, i n - h o u s e 1 6 o u t s I

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e 2 $ 0.

keV/ turn

,6

Inputs

0. 45

No, USER GROUPS: i n - h o u s e 2 o u t s i d e

ENERGY GAIN

(TOSBgC 401

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e O

wZ

SPECTROMETERS4 (25.18.5

none

BEAM SEPARATORS

NO. C a v t t i e s

'Oo0
mz
Y. one e & v). S t a t i o n s

1
3
2

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS T O MACHINE

Other Relevant Parameters or Notable Features

Epoxy- resin doughnuts w e r e r e p l a c e d by

t h i n s t a i n l e s s steel bellows.
Add a f a s t e x t r a c t i o n system t o s u p p l y
e l e c t r o n s t o t h e 300 MeV s t o r a g e r i n g .
Published Artlclat Descrlblng Machlna

1. H. Kumagai, e t a l . ,

J a p a n e s e J . a p p l . Phys.

1; (1962)

66.

2.

Annual R e p o r t s from 1960 t o 1973, I n s t i t u t e f o r Nuclear Study,

U n i v e r s i t y o f Tokyo.

3.

K. Huke, e t a l . ,

J a p a n e s e J . a p p l . Phys.

730

(1968) 1274.

tons)

d Electron Svn
n
NAME OF MACHINE
INSTITUTIDN
%iv
of Lmd, I ~ s % ~ S
Sweh

LDCAT ION

PERSON IN CHARGE
DATA SUPPLIED BY

January 27. 1974

DATE

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY AND STATUS

1957
CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )
F I R S T BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL ( d a t e ) Dec. lg60
M exrl. buildings ENERGY
TOTAL COST OF F A C I L I T Y % $ 1
FUNDED By Swedish Atom. Research Comcil
TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (
ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

Facility: Bengt Forkman

Machine: Rune Alvinsson
Rune Alvinsson

Noma1
( o r Goal)

(GeV)

AEIE ( % )
REPET. RATE ( p u l s d s e c )

Maximum
Achieved

1
.
2
.
5

PULSE WIDTH

$ 30 000 exr.1.
salaries

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c (%)

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

INTERNAL REAM ( p a r t / pu 1s e )

(part/sec)
CURRENT

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )
"ON BEAM"

85 - 90

(-

50

(mA)

BEAM EMITTANCE ( m - m r a d )

11

- 1

% OF SCHEDULED TIME

Some Typical External and Seconbry Beams

PARTICLE

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

AEIE

synchr. l i c h t

Magnet System

AG
16

FOCUSING TYPE
No. MAG. UNITS-L e n g t h ( e a )
STRAIGHT S E c T . . A , T o t a l

S.S. L e n g t h l l .

FFDOD

FOCUSING ORDER

.
7
7
,
"
looH1
11.0

BETATRON OSC. FREQ. v

FIELD, AT INJ.
R I S E TIME

FLUX

m : ' F t : t " Z p

MAG. WEIGHT ( t o n s ) F e

MEAN

Acceleratlon System
HARMONIC NO.
45
RF RANGE.

STATIONS SERVED AT SAME METIBEAM SEPARATORS

ON-LINE COMPUTERS WITH

No. C a v i t i e s

ORBIT FREQ.
RADIATION Loss

BEAM L I N E S TO

Q.185

2
399.10
8.87

m a . 60
max. 50

300
4

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

sec

24,
Cu-

POWER INPUT (MU) PEAK

ENERGY GAIN

time

RESEARCH PROGRAM
kG

M H ~

Stations

. .

S P E C T R O M E T E R S ~

2x1 6 b i t

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e L U s e r s

MHz

m'

G u t s

'A

TOTAL. POWER INSTALLED FOR R E S E A R C H n - 8 M W

No. USER GROUPS: i n - h o u s e

outside

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, i n - h o u s e x o u t s i d e

keV/turn

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e

7,q

nnn

PXC 1.

'12

RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK-

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s / w e e k

Other Relevant Parameters or Notable Features

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS T O MACHINE

Published Articles Describing Machine

Wernholm, O . , Arkiv for Fysik 3 7 , 527 (1964)

731

salaries

HISTORY A N D STATUS

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

NOVEMBER, 1963

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e ) -

F I R S T BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL ( d a t e

TOTAL COST OF F A C I L I T Y

RESOLUTION
L

FUNDED BY &
I ! % s
TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF ~ n o w ) U . . D - f i . n ~ a )
ANNUAL OPERATING

5.2
-- -3
- 3-2 msec
- msec

AE/E ( % )

REPET. RATE
PULSE WIDTH

BUDGE~
_ _ __E~.~M

11
7
8*1oiU 2-4-10''
4.1OLZ
1.2.1913
18
54
-

O U T ~FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( % )

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / p u l s e )
(part/sec)

Phyrlcal Dlmensloni (Mean )

RING D I A M . a m ; T u n n e l s e c t . 6 . L - m
M A G N E T r m ; Mag. Gap

3 5 -Qm;
f3.5t.0

"DONUTx7

Aperture

15 - 0

No. MAG. UNITS

FLUX

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

AEIE

E lectron

h. lof2

(cm2 1

(GeV)

(%I

AG
40

FOCUSING ORDER

m FoDa

BETATRON OSC. FREQ. vH

FIELD, AT 1NJ.-G, 69

5*21
a t max

90

Length

NO.

BEAM L I N E S TO

40
O.95

BEAM SEPARATORS

RADIATION LOSS

RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK

480. man
(ratin )

Kllz

Ct

e s t beam)

SPECTROMETERS

kCvOB

15

Mw

No. USER GROUPS: i n - h o u s e 2 o u t s i d e h

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, i n - h o u s e 2 L outside

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e 2 2

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s m v e a r

keV/turn

150

8
(
E

5900 in 1973
00 i---n 1976.

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS TO MACHINE

Other Rekvmt Parameters or Notable k a t u r e r

Published Artlcles Describing Machine

MERRISON, CONTEMPOR4RY PHYS. 8, 4 (1967), p.373

DNPL R e p o r t s 1-6 and Annual R e p o r t s

A.W.

* R e f e r s t o 5.0 GeV
** Excluding S y n c h r o t r o n

Stations

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

MHz

m2

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e A U s e r s '

1.76

27OQ*

3000

5 (-

STATIONS SERVE0 AT SAME T

Cavitxb+

ORBIT FREQ.
A

T
O 2 5 7 . 5 ---

ON- LINE COMPUTERS-WW

300

0&-5&-

4.0

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

S@C

RF RANG[.ENERGY G

---

RESEARCH PROGRAM**
kG

MEAN

0.61a-U - __

-- - r

Acceleration System
NO.

T w m c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o x a m ' n = 0.94

5.26

"" 7.45*

R I S E TIME
9msec; F l a t - t o p t i m e
MAG. WEIGHT (tons) F e
360 , Cu
POWER INPUT (MW) PEAK

3.2625-m

Length ( e a )

STRAIGHT S E C T . a T o t a 1 S.S.

HARMONIC

part/s

3-10''

Photon
Tagged

Magnet System

FOCUSING TYPE

PARTICLE

FULSED

INFLECTOR TYPE

5 wks i n 7
f o r research

Some Typical External and Secondary & a m

mn- mrad
turns

82

"ON BEAM"

3*2

BEAM EMITTANCE
INJECTION P E R I O D m p s e c , o r

16!$&.!??hk

% OF SCHEDULED TTML

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )

6.1 D
IRIS LOADED WAVEGUIDE W
C

OUTPUT ( m a x ) 5 0 0

(M) '

BEAM EMITTANCE (mn- mrad)

11.2

Injector System
TYPE

CURRENT
cm

Maximum
Achieved

1.0 t o 5 . 0

ENERGY (GeV)

4.5 10
e

Normal
( o r Goal)

2nd DECEMBER 1966

Radiation F a c i l i t y

'732

w")

NAME OF MACHINE
INSTITUTION
LOCATION

C o r n e l 1 1 2 GeV
Electron Synchrotron
Cornel 1 Uni versi t y
Ithaca, N.Y.

Maury T i gner
*
q ne
'January,
1974

PERSON IN CHARGE
DATA SUPPLIED BV
DATE

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY AND STATUS

April, 1965
F I R S T BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL ( d a t e )
May ' 9 6 7
1
1
.
5
M
TOTAL COST F F A C I L I T Y
fiationX1 S c i e n c e Foundat.
FUNDED BY
45
TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF (now
ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET
$1 M
CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

Normal
( o r Goal)
ENERGY (GeV)

12

RESOLUTION AE/E ( % )

.3

Maximum
Achieved

1 2C. 2

I
-

. 3

60

REPET. RATE ( p u l S e / S e C )

2x1 0. ~ n

PULSE WIDTH

1 9

INTERNAL BEAM ( p a r t / P U l S e )

144 1
44

SCHEDULED OPERATION ( h r / w k )

TYPE

85

yj~
BEAM"

Inlector Systcm

Varian S-Band TW Linac

100 MA at 150 MeV
'

Io

2 5

INJECTION P E R l O D L W c .

Or

PARTICLE
mn- mrad

&

turns

Maqnetic

INFLECTOR TYPE

X OF SCHEDULED TIME

Some Typical

OUTPUT (inax)----

BEAM EMITTANCE

DEAM EMITTANCE (mn- mrad)

c _ _

Magnet System

A1 telrna t ing Gradi ent

3.4
U N I T S L 2L e n g t h ( e a )
SECT.-TOtal 6
S.S. L e " g t h 4 8 - m

FOCUSING TYPE

No. MAG.
STRAIGHT

FDDF

FOCUSING ORDER

FREQ

BETATRON OSC.

rn

v- ,1\ -

FIELO, AT INJ _ 5 1 ) - G ,

8x1 0-

a t max

iec' Flat- top time

CU

RISE
TM
IE
NAG. WEIGHT

(tons) Few--.

POWER INPUT

(MW) PEAK

IbO

MEAN..

25

RESEARCH PROGRAM
kG

see
-

RF RANGE.

fixed

S ERV E D AT SAME

TIM EL^
SPECTROMETLRS-~

AEAM SEPARATORS
u
LN-LIYE COMPUTERS WITH-

Inputs

none

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e n o n e U S e r S '

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEWCH&W

zM
H-J

ENERGY GAIN
RADIATION LOSS

Stations
P

STATIONS

HARMONIC No.
ORBIT FREQ.

AREA-^'

BEAM L I N E S TO

Acceleration Syste

TOTAL EXPERIMENTALr

po. USER GROUPS

I n - h o u s e L o u t s r d e L

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, i n - h s u s e 2 5 o u t s 1 d e L

keV/ turn

C~NNUALRESEARCH BUDGET, 7n-house-

RF POWER INPUT (kW) PEAK-

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h

Other Relevant Parameters or Notable Features

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OR MODIFICATIONS T O MACHINE

Published Articles Dercriblng Machine

733

Orsay Electron
Linear Accelerator
=.~cc
e1erat eur L ingairef

NAME OF MACHINE.-

PERSON I N CHARGE-FT

0--iP)

LOCATION

1959

. .
NatmuLJlnwry

TOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

(now)

RESOLUTION AE/E ( % )

lo6 F

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

TUNNEL S I Z E (LxHxW)

7.5
0.3

positrons
ENERGY (GeV)

Electron B d P r
m~ AT

1 7 1 -5u.s.)

7 (0.07

DCI

50sn

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e l s e c )

1.5

TI

-4

1.0

n.93

2.5~10-

BEAM CURRENT ( u A )

L
MHz

6.rr 1.671.

BEAM EMITTANCE (inn- mrad)

'

Some Typical External and Secondary Berms

TYPETM-O~FILLING
TM
I E -andsec

FLUX

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

(partlsec)

(cm')

(GeV)

PARTICLE

'

__r_-

2.5

I R I S SPACING ( c m )

10.150 and 11.800

e+

N O . L T Y P E -

POWER RATING ( M W / u n i t )
FEED SPACING (m)

10'

0.8

RESEARCH PROGRAM

(Linac only)
250

m2

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

0:her

doublet; :nd3~riplet%,AM
SPACING

e+

LINES T o

STATIONS SERVED AT SAME MTIEBEAM SEPARATORS

1 1 T/m

Relevant Parameters or Notable Features

(%)

-----

25 and 70

RF POWER DEMAND (MW) pEAK>-M

, EAN.-

Focusing System
QUADRUPOLES, No.-?
GRAOIENTS-

AE/E

--0.35
7 (ACO)
--

(tn

IRIS, a p e r t u r e - c k o t h a s s f l

POWER UNITS,

0.07

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( % )

F I E L D MODE

SHUNT IMPEDANCE ( M W c
ATTENUATION (Np/m) 0 . 54

ACO

tNERGY GAIN (MeV/m)

~s)M%&lLUTION
AE/E ( % )

mm-mrad

7.5

n.35-r

P E R I O D I - I cS
y c l e s WPULSE
L WIR
OTH F
(PS)

Acceleration System
No. S E C T I O N S M l e n g t h (

WAVE

(x)

m3

Injection System
TYPE

1
0

(PS)

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c
BEAM CURRENT (UA)
BEAM EMITTANCE (inn- mrad)

, DIAM.

2.1

1.25,t05 m

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )
PULSE WIDTH

Maximum
Achieved

2.3
10

nf ~ ~ J u aon
-U
ENERGY G A I N (MeV/m)

50

1 5

Physical Dlmenslons
ACCELERATOR LENGTH A

Normal

electrons
ENERGY (GeV)

108 F fr

TOTAL COST OF F A C I L I T Y

1974

(or G o a l )

F I R S T BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL ( d a t e )

INJECTION

Fphriinrv

956

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

OUTPUT
1000
BEAM EMITTANCE

P .-ET

DATE

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY AND STATUS

FUNDED BY

DATA SUPPLIED BY

Stations

SPECTROMETERS-

ON- LINE COMPUTERS WITH

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e -

converter after

Inputs
outside

Mw

TOTAL POWER INSTALLED FOR RESEARCH

16 sections e.g. = 1.0 Gel7

No. USER GROUPS, i n - h o u s e TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, in- house-

outside
outside-

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, in-house

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s / w e e k

Recent or Aanned M o d f l c a t i w to Marchhe

Publlrhed Artlcles Describtng Machlne

Onde Electrique (juillet 1969)

Linac beams are not directly used for physics

experiments any more, but only for injection
in storage rings : ACO in 7 4 , DCI and ACO in 7 5 .

The last experimental remaining room can

handle a 500 MeV e- or e+ beam.

x Universit6 PARIS-SED

Dependent on I.N.2.P.3

(Institut National de Physique Nuclgaire et de Physique des

Particules)

734

Mark 111 Electron

Linear Accelerator
H I qh Enerqy Physics Lab.
Stanford Universi
- . - t.y

NAME
INSTITUTION
LOCATION

Laiif.

3Ldrrfup;I,

Y4505------cl--------------

( 2 80 ' 1 ;1964(JeIQdnj

OR GOAL7 ( d 5
a t e )3

FUNDED BY

See Note A

ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET

ACCELERATOR LENGTH

100

TUNNEL S I Z E (LxHxW)

50

3EAM EMITTANCE (mm-mrad)

positrons

FIELD

MeV

1
60

RESOLUTION h E / E ( % )
REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )
DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i C

37"
SECTIONS-

3.0m

length( e a )

BEAM CURRENT (PA)

SEAM EMITTANCE ( m - m r a d )

MooE-FREOUENCY__28FLh---MHZ

NAVE ~~~J!!U,LFILLING

0.19
5.8

a p & r ur -cm,

thickness

I R I S SPACING ( c m )

31

NO.

FEED SPACING (

)
n

BEAM AREA

FLUX

ENERGY

2
-

--

--

PEAKLX~LMEAN-QJ----RESEARCH PROCRAM

1760
5

TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL 4REA

BEAM L I N E S TO

BEAM SEPARATORS

0:her Relevant Parameters or Notable Features

'JN-LINE COMPUTERS Y

None
I

SPECTROMETERS-4-H

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET, i n - h o u s e

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s / w e e k

Recent or Planned Modifications to %cMm

General Description: M. Ghodorow

e t a l . , Rev. S c i . I n s t r . 26, 134
(1955).

735

mz
Stations

STATIONS SERVE0 AT SAME TIME

1.

CE/E

mn

TYPE-

P O W ER RATING (MW/uni t

RF POWER DEMAND (MW)

PARTICLE

3-50

13 500

0
POWER WITS,

. 8 3 u s e c

360

4-y.s

ATTENU T I 0

Some Typical External and Secondary Beams

TM
IE 0

SHUNT IMPEDANCE (Malm)

tNERGY GAIN (MeV/m)

PERIOD
-RF
Lc y!c l e~
s
~
~
PULSE
WIDTtl

GROUP V E L O C I T Y - ~ ~ ~ C ;P h a s e VC e- l

RISI,

ENERGY ( G r V )

m- mrad

Acceleration Sy
No.

BEAM CURRENT (PA)

cm
f v a r I a b 1 e H&w 1m 3
rn, D I A M . ~ ~

BEAM EMITTANCE

INJECTION

.0.40 l*
LJ-.2il20
0.8 - 1.3 , U S ~ C
1.6
- x

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( % )

&ide cathode gun

AT
80 keV
300

OUTPUT

I .L

PULSE WIDTH

Injection Syst
TYPE

. I n

ENERGY
(GeV)
~
~
ENERGY GAIN (MeV/m)
RESOLUTION A E I E ( % )
REPET. RATE ( p u l s d s e c )

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS
Physical Dimensions

Maximum
Achieved

Normal
(or G o a l )

1949

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )
TOTAL COST OF F

Professor R. Hofstadtcr
Myoam
March 1974
Prnff'<qnr

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY AND STATUS

F I R S T BEAM OBTAINED,

PERSON I N CHARGE
DATA SUPPLIED BY
DATE

Superconducting Mark I11

E 1 e c t r o n c
PERSON I N C H
Hi ah Enerav Physics I ah,
DATA SUPPLIED
LocATIo$tanford
Univ. ,-Stanford,Ca 9430!&

NAME OF MACHINE

A R G E d O n

INSTITUTION

BY

R.

E.

M i r d 1074

ACCELERATOR PERFORMANCE

HISTORY AND STATUS

Normal

1969
1976
F I R S T BEAM OBTAINED, OR GOAL ( d a e
TOTAL COST OF F A C I L I T Y
M
FUNDED BY
ONR & NSF
57 + 13 stTOTAL ACCELERATOR STAFF ( n o w )
ANNUAL OPERATING BUDGET
$ 1 M

electrons

0.7

ENERGY GAIN (MeV/m)

1
2
.
3

RESOLUTION A E I E ( % )

JLrL

PULSE WIDTH
BEAM CURRENT (PA)

ACCELERATOR LENGTH

BEAM EMITTANCE ( m n - m r a d )

m, OIAM. Dewar 90 cm
150
m3
( L ~ H ~ w180
)
x 4 x 4

ENERGY (GeV)

TYPE

tNERGY G A I N (MeV/m)

Superconducting Buncher & Prec e e r a &o&

VeM- ,
I

PERIOOLL
us

INJECTION

FRE Q UENCY

BEAM CURRENT ( u A )

1300

GROUP V E L O C I T Y ~ ~ P; h a s e v e l .
WAVE TYPE

PULSE WIDTH
DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( % )

No. SECTIONS- length( e a )

7 12

RESOLUTION AE/E ( % )
REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )

RF c y c l e s

Acceleration Sy tern
FIELD MODE

1
0
0

posltrons

Injection System

1
0
0

DUTY FACTOR, m a c r o s c o p i c ( X )

Physical Dimensions

BEAM E

ENERGY (GeV)

REPET. RATE ( p u l s e / s e c )

ACCELERATOR PARAMETERS

OUTPUT=,

Maximum
Achieved

(or G o a l )

CONSTRUCTION STARTED ( d a t e )

TUNNEL SIZE

m Arb
' g Director

R- Y

MHz
1

TM-OLFILLING TIME

usec

BEAM EMITTANCE ( m n - m r a d )

Some Typical External and Secondary Beams

PARTICLE

FLUX

BEAM AREA

ENERGY

AEIE

SHUNT IMPEDANCE ( M W c m )
ATTENUATION ( N p / m )
I R I S , aperture-cm,

IRIS SPACING (cm)

Q
POWER UNITS,

mn

thickness

---

_I__-

10'"inii
-N ~ . ~ ~ T Y P E X-@X-.

POWER RATING (MW/unit)FEED SPACING (

RF POWER DEMAND (MW) PEAK

0.36

MEAN-

SPACING

GRADIENTS

0:her Relevant Parameters or Notable Features

Operating temperature = 1.85'K

-.___

_.__-

RESEARCH PROGRAM

BEAM L I N E S TO
STATIONS SERVED,AT SAME TIME
BEAM SEPARATORS

3000
5
1
SPECTROMETERS

Inputs

BUBBLE CHAMBERS, i n - h o u s e TOTAL POWER INCJTALLEO FOR RESEARCH

outside

No. USER GROUPS, i n - h o u s e -

outside

TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF, in- housein- house

SCHEDULED RESEARCH TIME, h o u r s / w e e k

S u e l z l e , L. R., I E E E Trans.,
t o be published.

mz
Stations

ON- LINE COMPUTERS WITH

ANNUAL RESEARCH BUDGET,

Published Articles DercrlMng Machlne

6
TOTAL EXPERIMENTAL AREA

Focusing System
QUADRUPOLES, No.-,

- -

Recent or Planned Modlflcationr to Machine

June 1971,

736

MW

outside-