Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Understanding transistors
Introduction
A transistor consists of a crystal of one type of doped
semiconductor sandwiched between two crystals of
the opposite type.
A transistor is a semiconductor device capable of
amplification in addition to rectification.
It is the basic unit radio, television and computer.
Transistor circuit
A transistor cannot be working without combinining
with others electronic devices such as resistance and
power supply (cell). The combination of thre transistor
, resistor and cell produced transistor circuit.
There are two types of the transistor circuits:
(1) Transistor circuit I (need two cells)
Types of transistor
There are two types of transistor
(1) npn transistor
(2) pnp transistor
Structure ,schematic diagram and symbol of
transistor
A transistor has tree leads; the leads are labelled
(1) Base (B) - Control the flow of charge carriers from
E to C
(2) Collector (C) - Receive charge carriers from E
(3) Emitter (E) Supply charge carriers to C
BE: Base circuit (input)
CE: Collector circuitl(output)
Ib: base current
Ic: collector current
R1: to limit the base current
R2: to limit the collector current
E1: to supply energy to the base circuit
E2: to supply energy to the collector circuit
(2) Transistor circuit II (need one cell)
Rx
x V
( Rx + Ry)
VRY =
Ry
xV
( Rx + Ry)
Example 1
The figure shows a transistor circuit. Resistor P has a
resistance of 10 k. In order to light the bulb , the
potential difference across resistor P must be at least
2V.
Applications of transistors
(1) The transistor as an amplifier
31
TUTORIAL 3
1
Electrode P
A
B
C
D
4
Base
Base
Colletor
Emitter
Q
Emitter
Colletor
Base
Base
Type of transistor
Emitter
Collector
Emitter
Collector
pnp
pnp
npn
npn
R
Colletor
Emitter
Emitter
Colletor
32
P
Bulb
Dry cell
Resistor
Bulb
Q
Bulb
Bulb
Dry cell
Resistor
Ie > Ic >Ib
Ic > Ie >Ib
B
D
Ie > Ib >Ic
Ic > Ib >Ie
A
C
E
10
B
D
115 mA
600 mA
11
24 mA
125 mA
1000 mA
As a rectifier
As an amplifier
As a light controlled switch
As a tempearture controlled switch
33
Switch
Rectifier
Amplifier
Voltage divider
12
14
13
15
A
B
C
B
Resistance of
thermistor
as it gets hotter
Resistance of
light-dependent
resistor as it gets
darker
Decreases
Decreases
Increases
Increases
Decreases
Increases
Decreases
Increases
34
Switch
Heater
Amplifier
Voltage divider
16
bright light
a dark room
low temperature
high temperaure
(a) (i)
..
(ii) Complete the circuit in the diagram
above so that the LED emits light in a
bright surroundings.
(iii) Give one reason why LED emmits
light in a bright surroundings.
..
.
(b) What modification is required to the circuit
so that the LED will emmits light when the
surroundings become dark?
.
(c) An alarm is needed which emmits sound
when there is a fire. Two modifications have
to be made to the circuit in (a)(ii) by
replacing electronic components.
(i)
State one electronic component
which needs to be replaced . Give a
reason for your answer.
10 k
50 k
100 k
B
D
40 k
60 k
(ii)
.
Name two electronic components
that are needed to replace the
unsuitable components.
.
.
35
(ii)
19
(ii)
(a) What is the potential difference across
MO ?
36
20
(a)
(i)
Name component Q
....................................................................
(ii) What is the function of component Q
....................................................................
(b) What is the function of resistor R?
(c)
....................................................................
(i) What happens to potential difference
Vp at night.
(ii)
............................................................
Explain why the bulb is lighted up at
night ?
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
(d) Bulb M is labelled 240 V,60 W starts to
light up when Vp is 2.0 V and the
resistance of resistor P is 10 k.
Determine the maximum resistance of
resistor S.
37