1.

Organizational BehaviorChapter 3: Perception and Learning inOrganization

2. 2. Prepared by:Nur Aisyah Binti Mahbob (2010312861) Prepared for: Miss Syahrina
Adliana
3. 3. Table of Content1. Case Summary2. Question3. Introduction4. Body I. Check the
perception II. Awareness of Perception Biases III. Self-awareness IV. Interaction and
Communication5. Conclusion6. References
4. 4. Case SummarySalmah, an 3 years employee in ABS Corp. A careful,hardworking,
disciplined, ideas contributor employee in thecompany. She expected good pay, feedback
and nextpromotion from her top management. However, the one whoget promoted is
Ahmad who is being a good friend to herboss. She believed Ahmads promotion is not
based on hisperformance and skill as Salmah believes that his skill andperformance is not
as high as hers. Salmah makes aperception where her boss being discriminate her based
onsexism by letting Ahmad get promoted. Salmah began tochange from positive to
negative attitude as her perceptiontowards Ahmad and her boss becomes negative.
5. 5. Question With reference to the case,Salmah may have made wrongperception towards
her bosssdecision. Discuss the possible decision that Salmah could take in order to
provide herwith more accurate perception.
6. 6. Introduction We dont see things as they are; we see things as we are. Anais Nin
Starting with a simple different process of perception. (Carley, C.)
7. 7. a maple tree, it insect, its a meal. To an is Toa street cleaner itsa To a photographer, it
is aTo source of life. To Canadian,life. a nation still its rubbish. symbol.
8. 8. Definition of Perception.Perception can be defined as a process ofreceiving
information about and making sense ofthe world around us. (McShane). It came from
aLatin word, percepio, defined as an organizationor interpretation of the information
received tounderstand the environment.(Schacter).
9. 9. From the definition, it clearly stated thatperception is a process of making astatement
or perception based on theinformation received. Most of the time,perception could be far
away than perfectbecause it is processed throughinformation received which some of
themis not a fact.
10. 10. ELEMENTS RESULTS
11. 11. The information is received by the 5human senses from the environment andresult in
perception and behavior towardsthe condition. The Model of PerceptualProcess shows
clearly how theinformation received can result inperception, behavior and attitude
towardsparticular condition and situation.

12. 12. Model of the Perceptual Process Environmental StimuliFeeling Hearing Seeing
Smelling Tasting Selective attention and emotional marker response Perceptual
organization and enterpretation Attitude and behavior.
13. 13. The 5 elements plays an important role toresult in perception made by someone. In
thiscase, Salmah:1. Feel that her boss do not want any woman to be top in the company.2.
Hear that promotion she believed she deserve being given to someone else.3. See that
Ahmad is always with her boss even during weekend.
14. 14. So, with the elements, it has influencedSalmah to create a negative perceptiontoward
her bosss decision in promotingAhmad instead of her. The perceptionthat created by
Salmah may be wrongand to increase the accuracy of Salmahsperception, the method is:
15. 15. I. Check the perceptionII. Awareness of Perception BiasesIII. Improving SelfawarenessIV. Interaction and Communication
16. 16. Check the Perception Made.Checking the perception made is animportant method in
increasing the accuracyof the perception made. (Carly,C.) It includesthe checking the
information received thatled to the making od the perception. Analyzecan be defined as a
study or determinesomething in detail and interpret it. (OxfordDictionary). As example,
the information thatis received from the stimulus being checkedto avoid wrong result in
perception, attitudeand behavior.
17. 17. By checking the early information received, it couldincrease the accuracy of
perception towards someoneor something. In Salmahs case, what she believed ismore
than what she really know. She believed thather skill and performance is higher than
Ahmads skilland performance. This situation could led to negativeperception towards
her bosss decision as sheregarded herself is more valuable than Ahmad.Checking the
information on Ahmads skill andperformance could increase the accuracy of
herperception towards her bosss decision.
18. 18. Awareness perceptual biasesPerceptual biases occur when perceiversbeliefs
influenced their evaluation. Suchexample, if an employer has a beliefs thatman employee
can perform well thanwoman employee, a perceptual biases hasoccur. By acknowledge
this biases occur,the perceivers need to minimize the errorsof perceiving. There are 6
types ofperceptual errors.
19. 19. The Errors Are? Attribution Errors Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Halo-effect Error
Primary Effect Error Recency Effect Error Self-consensus Effect Error
20. 20. Attribution Error. Two types of attribution error:Fundamental Occurs when the
perceiver sees the person rather than the situation that result in that persons behavior It
occurs when the perceiver can not see clearly the external Attribution factor or causes that
led to that persons behavior. Example: A employer belief that Q is a hardworking
employee, Errors suddenly, the employees performance decrease. The tendency to credit
our success to our internal factor andSelf-serving our failure to the external factors.

Example: An employer take credit for the successful in getting bias a tender for himself
or blaming his employee in failure of getting the tender.
21. 21. Self-fulfilling prophecies.A strong influence situation based on how weview and
label things and consistent with theperceptions. Self-fulfilling prophecies has thestrong
effect in influencing the perception fromthe reality. It affect stronger in the beginning
ofrelationship, when people has the sameexpectation and with people who has low
pastachievement. The are 4 steps in completing thiserror.
22. 22. Make a prediction Act as if thePrediction is prediction is confirmed true. Because you
act as if true, it becomes true.
23. 23. Other Errors: Halo-effect Occurs when one trait of a person forms a general
impression towards that person. Such example, an employer perception changed because
for only one thing done by an employer. Primary effect Occurs when first impression
based on the first information the perceivers received about that person. Example,
negative impression occur when an employer heard about an employee who always
comes late to office.
24. 24. Other Errors: Recency-effect Occurs when the latest information about a person
overlooked our overall perception towards that person. Such example, an employer is
pleased when he heard that his new employee is a successful worker in the past
companies. False-consensus effect Occurs when the perceiver overestimate the extent
to which others have beliefs and characteristics similar to our own. Such example, when
an employee do not like his boss, he believe that large percentage of workers inside the
organization has the same thought as his.
25. 25. Based on the case, Salmah may has the wrong perceptionstoward her bosss decision
in promoting Ahmad instead ofher. It can relate to the error of halo-effect in
makingperception towards Ahmad. Ahmads one trait that his skill and performance is
regarded as lower than her makesSalmah think negatively about her boss letting Ahmad
beingpromoted. The one trait that form a general conclusion thatled to negative
perception of Salmah towards her bosssdecision. In increasing the accuracy of Salmahs
perception,Salmah has to change the perception that influence by herbeliefs in resulting
negative perception towards her bosssdecision and change the beliefs that Ahmad is not
entitledfrom being promoted based on his skill.
26. 26. Improve Self-AwarenessMore powerful to improve and increase accuracy
ofperception is by self-awareness. It help people tobecome more aware in detecting the
biases in heperception made. Most of the wrong perception isinfluenced by the mindset,
own beliefs andenvironmental factors. In order to reduce the error,the perceiver must
aware of the factor contributedto the wrong perception. Generally, getting knowourselves
is the way to reduce the wrongperception and unknowingly increase the accuracyof the
perception made towards others.

27. 27. In 1955, Johari Window model developed by Joseph Luftand Harrington Ingham in
the United states. (Luft, J. &Ingham, H.) It often used to understand the relationship
withself and others and helps to improve the mutualunderstanding between co-workers.
Has 4 segments orwindow which called as blind, open, hidden and unknown.Each
segment shows how our personalities known by othersand ourselves. Its include the
information about a personthat is known by that person or others or both or it
iscompletely hidden by both the person and others. Thefollowing diagram shows how the
Johari Window works inunderstanding self and others.
28. 28. FEEDBACK Known to Self Unknown to Self KnownDISCLOSURE to Others Open
Area Blind Area Ex: Hardworking Ex: Negative traits Hidden Area Unknown Area
Unknown to Others Ex: Secret Ex: ??
29. 29. Based on the case, Salmah regarded Ahmads skill andperformance are lower than
hers that make her thinksnegatively about her bosss decision. However, she donot really
know her actual performance and skills thatregarded higher than Ahmads. To increase
the accuracythat led to creation of negative perception towards herbosss decision,
Salmah should get to know herself bygetting feedback from friends or colleagues
beforemaking a conclusion of something. By applying JohariWindow model could make
Salmah better know aboutherself and others and avoid creating wrong perception.
30. 30. Interaction and communicationThe last method to improve as well as increase
theaccuracy of the perception made, interaction orcommunication between the perceiver
and other is a must.Feedback is one of the example of communication andinteraction as it
gives effect in someones values andperformance as well as it can interact as a medium
ofcommunication between people. By interacting andcommunicating, perception biases
can be reduced and itcan increase the accuracy of the perception. However, itapplies the
contact hypothesis where the effect is strongerwhen people has close relationship and
frequent interactwith each other to work on and achieve the same goal.
31. 31. How do you think about Youre doing just well, justmy performance? add a little
improvements and youll be success. This is an example of feedback which could be a
motivation or demotivation to an employee as well as knowing our traits.
32. 32. Based on the case, Salmah did not interact or communicatewith Ahmad. She did
communicate and interact with her bossbut she received a little feedback from her boss.
Nointeraction or communication with Ahmad makes Salmahcreates a wrong perception
on how Ahmad perform in theorganization. This led to perceptual biases where
sheregarded that Ahmads performance is lower than her.Furthermore, she perceived that
Ahmad is being her bosssbest friend and that is the reason why Ahmad get thepromotion
instead of her. Salmah should interact andcommunicate with Ahmad to know Ahmad
better rather thanmaking a general assumption about Ahmad and her boss.This will result
in accurate perception made towards Ahmad
33. 33. ConclusionIn conclusion, in order to increase the accuracy of theperception that
Salmahs made towards her bosssdecision, she should check the perception, aware of

theperceptual biases, improving self-awareness andcommunicate and interact with others.

Changing themisperception made towards her boss and Ahmad couldchange her attitude
that has changed to the negative asshe start to come late for works, stop contributing
ideasand take unwarranted sick leaves. She should avoid themisperception and maintain
her role as the employeeand continuously contribute to the organization.
34. 34. Reference Smith , A. E., Jussim, L., Eccles, J., VanNoy, M., Madon, S., & Palumbo,
P. (1998). Self-fulfilling Prophecies, Perceptual Biases, Accuracy at the individual and
Group Level. Experimental Social Psychology, 531-533. Perception. (n.d.). Retrieved
October 30, 2012, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception Interaction.
(n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2012, from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction Chapter 3: Perception and Learning
Organization. Retrieved October 30, 2012, from salisbury.edu:
faculty.salisbury.edu/~whdecker/.../Chap003.ppt
35. 35. McShane, & Glinow, V. (2010). Organizational Behavior: Emerging knowledge and
practice for the real world (5th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Carley, C. (n.d.).
Retrieved October 29, 2012, from Southwestern Oklahoma State University:
faculty.swosu.edu/.../PowerPoints.../Unit06_Perception_2_ 2_03.ppt Schacter, Daniel.
(2011). Psychology. Worth Publishers Luft, J.; Ingham, H. (1950). "The Johari window,
a graphic model of interpersonal awareness". Proceedings of the western training
laboratory in group development (Los Angeles: UCLA).
36. 36. Perception QuestionAre the letters straight or tilted?