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Settle3D Stress Verification Problems
1 Vertical Stresses underneath Rectangular Footings due to Uniform Loading ............... 1
2 Vertical Stresses beneath Circular Footings due to Uniform Loading .......................... 5
3 Vertical Stresses under Square Footings due to Triangular Loading ............................ 7
4 Vertical Stresses below a Foundation due to Embankment Loading .......................... 11
5 Vertical Stresses between Multiple Footings ............................................................... 15
6 Vertical Stresses below an Infinite Strip Subjected to Uniform Loading .................... 19
7 Vertical Stresses underneath an Irregular Shape Footing due to Uniform Loading .... 21
8 Analysis of Mean Stress............................................................................................... 23
9 Immediate Settlement .................................................................................................. 27
10 Uniform Vertical Loading on Circular Surface Area of Two-Layer System ............ 31
11 Uniform Vertical Loading on Circular Surface Area of Three-Layer System .......... 34
12 Vertical Strip Loading on Surface of Material Underlain by Rigid Infinite Layer ... 43
13 Uniform Vertical Loading on Circular Surface Area of Material Underlain by Rigid
Infinite Layer .................................................................................................................... 45
14 Immediate Settlement beneath a Rigid Circular Footing........................................... 48
15 Rotation of a Rigid Circular Footing ......................................................................... 50
16 Immediate Settlement beneath a Rigid Rectangular Footing .................................... 52
17 Rotation of a Rigid Rectangular Footing ................................................................... 56
18 Immediate Settlement beneath a Rigid Circular Footing on a Finite Layer .............. 59
19 Rotation of a Rigid Circular Footing on a Finite Layer ............................................. 63
20 Vertical Stress beneath Uniform Circular load based on Westergaards Theory ...... 66
21 Vertical Stress beneath Uniform Square load based on Westergaards Theory ........ 70
Case 1: L/B = 1
Case 2: L/B = 2
Case 3: L/B = 4
where, B = 1 m
The vertical stress results are compared to analytical solution, the integration of
Boussinesq equation over the rectangle, for each case.
y
Point 1
(0, 0)
Point 3
(0, -B/2)
Point 2
(L/2, -B/2)
L
Point 4
(L, -B)
z = q
1
4
2 MN V V + 1
2 MN V
+ tan 1
V + V1 V
V V1
where
M
B
z
L
z
= M2 + N2 + 1
V1 = (MN)2
and when V1 > V the tan-1 term will become negative and needs to be added (Bowles,
1996).
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
L/B = 1
Depth (m)
L/B = 2
6
L/B = 4
8
Settle3D
Boussinesq analytical solution
10
Stress (kPa)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Depth (m)
L/B = 1
6
L/B = 2
8
L/B = 4
Settle3D
Boussinesq analytical solution
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
L/B = 1
Depth (m)
L/B = 2
L/B = 4
8
Settle3D
Boussinesq analytical solution
10
Stress (kPa)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
L/B = 1
Depth (m)
L/B = 2
6
L/B = 4
8
Settle3D
Boussinesq analytical solution
10
1.4 References
1. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2. J. E. Bowles (1996), Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th Ed., New York: McGrawHill.
Case 1: a = 1 m
Case 2: a = 2 m
Case 3: a = 4 m
Center
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Depth (m)
4
a=1m
6
a=2m
a=4m
Settle3D
Boussinesq analytical solution
10
2.4 References
1. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2. J. E. Bowles (1996), Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th Ed., New York: McGrawHill.
Plan view:
q
L
Point 1
Point 1
Point 2
Point 2
B
Loading shape:
Point 2
q 2
q
Point 2
q 2
Point 1
Point 1
B
Case 2 (two-way linear load intensity)
Figure 3.1 Model Geometry
z =
qL z
z3
2
2 B RL RB RD
At point 2,
z =
q L z R D
BL
z
B
+ sin 1
2
2
2
2
2
2 B RL
RL L
B L + RD z
12
z =
q
4
z
z3 B z
z 3
2
2
R
R
R
R
L
R
R
L
D
B
B
D
L
At point 2,
z =
where
q
4
z RD
z
2
RL
RL
B z RD
z
+ 2
RB
L RB
BL
+ 2 sin 1
B 2 L2 + R 2 z 2
12
R B2 = B 2 + z 2
RL2 = L2 + z 2
RD2 = B 2 + L2 + z 2
Stress (kPa)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.0
2.0
Depth (m)
4.0
Point 2
Point 1
6.0
8.0
Settle3D
Analytical solution
10.0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.0
2.0
Depth (m)
4.0
Point 2
Point 1
6.0
8.0
Settle3D
Analytical solution
10.0
3.4 References
1. D. M. Vitone and A. J. Valsangkar (1986), Stresses from Loads over Rectangular
Areas, JGED, ASCE, vol. 112, no. 10, Oct, pp. 961-964.
2. J. E. Bowles (1996), Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th Ed., New York: McGrawHill.
10
10 ft
20 ft
= 110 pcf
20 ft
Point 3
Point 2
Point 1
10 ft
10 ft
q
x
R1
R0
R2
(x, z)
b
z
Figure 4.2 General Case of Vertical Embankment Loading
11
z =
q
x
z
2 ( x b )
+
a
R2
Vertical stress under Point 1 can be computed by using the following superposition:
b
a
Point 1
Point 1
Point 1
x2
z
(x1, z)
(0, z)
(x2, z)
x2 = 2b
x1 = 0
b
a
=
Point 2
Point 2
Point 2
x2
x1
z
(a, z)
(x1, z)
x1 = a
(x2, z)
x2 = 2b a
12
b
a
=
x
Point 3
q
Point 3
Point 3
x1
(b, z)
x2
(x1, z)
(x2, z)
x1 = b
x2 = b
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
20
Depth (ft)
40
Point 3
Point 2
60
Point 1
80
Settle3D
Boussinesq analytical solution
100
13
4.4 References
1. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
14
Case 2: h = 1 m & d = 1 m,
Case 4: h = 0 & d = 1 m.
1m
d/2
Center
1m
d/4
Point 1 Point 2 Point 3
h
1m
Center
1m
15
z = q
where
1
4
M =
B
z
L
z
= M2 + N2 + 1
2 MN V V + 1
2 MN V
+ tan 1
V + V1 V
V V1
V1 = (MN)2
and when V1 > V the tan-1 term will become negative and needs to be added (Bowles,
1996).
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.0
1.0
Depth (m)
Point 1
2.0
Point 2
3.0
Point 3
4.0
Settle3D
Boussinesq analytical solution
5.0
Stress (kPa)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.0
Depth (m)
1.0
Point 1
2.0
Point 2
3.0
Point 3
4.0
Settle3D
Boussinesq analytical solution
5.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.0
Depth (m)
1.0
Point 1
2.0
Point 2
3.0
Point 3
4.0
Settle3D
Boussinesq analytical solution
5.0
17
Stress (kPa)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.0
Depth (m)
1.0
2.0
Point 1
Point 2
3.0
Point 3
4.0
Settle3D
Boussinesq analytical solution
5.0
5.4 References
1. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2. J. E. Bowles (1996), Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th Ed., New York: McGrawHill.
18
Point 1
Point 2
2.5 ft
Point 3
Point 4
2.5 ft
5 ft
10 ft
(x, z)
z
Figure 6.2 General Case of Uniform Loading on an Infinite Strip
19
z =
[ + sin cos ( + 2 )]
20
40
60
80
100
20
Point = 3
Point 2
Depth (ft)
40
Point 1
60
Point = 4
80
Settle3D
Boussinesq analytical solution
100
6.4 References
1. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
20
1m
A
1m
1m
1m
z = q
1
4
2 MN V V + 1
2 MN V
+ tan 1
V + V1 V
V V1
where
M
B
z
L
z
= M2 + N2 + 1
V1 = (MN)2
21
and when V1 > V the tan-1 term will become negative and needs to be added (Bowles,
1996).
0.15
0.3
0.45
0.6
0.75
Depth (m)
8
Settle3D
Boussinesq analytical solution
10
7.4 References
1. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2. J. E. Bowles (1996), Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th Ed., New York: McGrawHill.
22
(r, z)
2b
q
x
(x, z)
23
z = q 1
2
1 + (a / z )
r = =
q
2(1 + ) z
z3
+
(1 + 2 ) 2
2 1/ 2
2
2 3/ 2
2
(a + z )
(a + z )
m =
and
z + r +
3
Infinite Strip
z =
x =
y =
and
{ + sin cos( + 2 )}
{ sin cos( + 2 )}
2q
m =
z + x + y
3
24
Mean Stress
(kPa)
50
Analytical
40
Settle 3D
30
20
10
0
0
10
10
Depth (m)
Mean Stress
(kPa)
50
Analytical
40
Settle 3D
30
20
10
0
0
Depth (m)
25
8.4 References
1. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
26
9 Immediate Settlement
9.1 Problem description
This problem verifies the mean immediate settlement beneath two types of uniform
loading: circular (2.5 m radius) and rectangular (5x10 m). The loading used in this
verification example (q) is 100 kPa. The modulus of elasticity (E) is varied between
1800 kPa and 70000 kPa.
The immediate settlement at the center of each load is compared to a method proposed by
Mayne and Poulos.
27
Be I G I F I E
Eo 1 s2
where IG is an influence factor for the variation of Es with depth, IF is a foundation rigidity
correction factor, IE is a foundation embedment correction factor. IG varies according to
Figure 9.2, and IF and IE are calculated using the following equations (see Figure 9.1 for
parameter definitions):
IF =
2t
Ef
4.6 + 10
Be Be
k
Eo +
2
IE = 1
B
3.5 exp(1.22 s 0.4) e + 1.6
1.00
H/Be > 30
H/Be = 10.0
H/Be = 5.0
0.80
H/Be = 2.0
H/Be = 1.0
0.60
IG
H/Be = 0.5
0.40
0.20
H/Be = 0.2
0.00
0.01
0.1
10
=Eo/(kBe)
28
Settle 3D
Mayne and Poulos
Phase2
150
100
50
0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
Es(kPa)
Settlement (mm)
Settlement (mm)
200
210
140
70
0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
Es(kPa)
29
9.4 References
1. Das, Braja M., Principle of Geotechnical Engineering, Fifth Edition, Brooks/Cole,
2002.
30
p
r
a
E1, v1
E2, v2
h1
h2
z
Figure 10.1 Model Geometry
31
r/a = 0
r/a = 1
r/a = 2
r/a = 3
Figure 10.2 Normalized vertical stress on the axis at the interface (for the ratio h1/a = 1)
10.2.2 Part 2
Part 2 of the verification, the results of which are shown on Figure 10.3, plots the elastic
moduli ratio E1/ E2 against normalized vertical interface stress (on the z axis) for three
different cases of the ratio h1/a.
32
h1/a = 0.5
h1/a = 1.0
h1/a = 2.0
Figure 10.3 Normalized vertical stress on the axis at the interface for different h1/a ratios
10.3 References
1. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2. Fox, L. (1948), Computations of traffic stresses in a simple road structure,
Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Engineering, Vol.2 pp. 236-246.
33
r
E1, v1
h1
E2, v2
h2
E3, v3
z
Figure 11.1 Model Geometry
34
Figure 11.2 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at first interface (for H=0.125)
35
K2 = 0.2
K2 = 2
K2 = 20
K2 = 200
Figure 11.3 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at second interface (for H=0.125)
Figure 11.4 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at first interface (for H=0.25)
36
K2 = 0.2
K2 = 2
K2 = 20
K2 = 200
Figure 11.5 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at second interface (for H=0.25)
Figure 11.6 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at first interface (for H=0.5)
37
K2 = 0.2
K2 = 2
K2 = 20
K2 = 200
Figure 11.7 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at second interface (for H=0.5)
K2 = 0.2
K2 = 2
K2 = 20
K2 = 200
Figure 11.8 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at first interface (for H=1.0)
38
K2 = 0.2
K2 = 2
K2 = 20
K2 = 200
Figure 11.9 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at second interface (for H=1.0)
K2 = 0.2
K2 = 2
K2 = 20
K2 = 200
Figure 11.10 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at first interface (for H=2.0)
39
K2 = 0.2
K2 = 2
K2 = 20
K2 = 200
Figure 11.11 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at second interface (for H=2.0)
K2 = 0.2
K2 = 2
K2 = 20
K2 = 200
Figure 11.12 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at first interface (for H=4.0)
40
K2 = 0.2
K2 = 2
K2 = 20
K2 = 200
Figure 11.13 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at second interface (for H=4.0)
11.2.2 Part 2
Part 2 of the verification considers the case in which H = 1.0. It assumes a1 = 1.0 and
evaluates vertical stresses for the two interfaces at the following K1 and K2 values:
K1 = 5, 10, 50, 100 and K2 = 5, 10, 50, 100. Vertical stresses calculated by Settle3D at the
interfaces are compared to values given by the analytical solution of Acum and Fox (1951).
K2 = 5
K2 = 10
K2 = 50
K2 = 100
Figure 11.14 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at first interface (H=1.0)
41
K2 = 5
K2 = 10
K2 = 50
K2 = 100
Figure 11.15 Vertical stress underneath loading centre at second interface (H=1.0)
11.3 References
1. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2. Jones, A. (1962). Tables of stresses in three-layer elastic systems. High. Res. Board,
Bull. 342, pp. 128-155.
3. W.E.A. Acum and L. Fox (1951). Computation of load stresses in a three-layer
elastic system. Geotechnique, No. 2, pp. 293-300.
42
h1
Rough, rigid
z
Figure 12.1 Model Geometry
43
Figure 12.2 shows the normalized vertical stresses on the axis beneath the edge of the
strip loading for the two cases of Poissons ratio.
= 0.2
Boussinesq
Solution
= 0.5
Fig. 12.2 Normalized vertical interface stress along axis beneath edge of strip loading
12.3 References
1. H. G. Poulos (1967), Stresses and displacements in an elastic layer underlain by a
rough rigid base, Geotechnique, 17, pp. 378-410.
2. J. C. Small, J.R. Booker (1984), Finite layer analysis of layered elastic materials
using a flexibility approach Part I Strip loadings, International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol.20 pp. 1025-1037.
44
h1
Rough, rigid
z
Figure 13.1 Model Geometry
45
Figure 13.2 Normalized vertical stresses along axis passing through centre of
circular loading area
46
Figure 13.3 Normalized vertical stresses along axis passing through edge of circular
loading area
13.3 References
1. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock
Mechanics, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
47
z
(a)
(b)
z =
where:
Pav =
P
(
1 )
2
E
2
av
[1]
P
which is the average pressure across the surface.
a 2
48
14.4 References
Poulos, H. G. and Davis, E. H. (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
49
z
(a)
(b)
3M 1 2
4 Ea 3
[1]
50
15.4 References
Poulos, H. G. and Davis, E. H. (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
51
z
Figure 16.1 The notation with regard to the co-ordinate system.
The footing is subjected to a total load of 10 kN. Let L and B designate the
dimensions of a rectangular footing being considered (refer to Figure 16.2). The
following ratios of L were considered: 1.25, 1.75, 3, 5, 7 and 9. In all cases, the
B
soil modulus E was set at 100 kPa, the Poissons ratio was set at 0.2.
L
Figure 16.2 Model geometry for both square and rectangular rigid loading.
52
z =
where:
P 1 2
z BL E
[1]
53
54
16.4 References
Poulos, H. G. and Davis, E. H. (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
55
L/2
z
A
L
B
Figure 17.2 Model geometry for moment loading of a rectangle.
The footing is subjected to a total moment of 10 kN m. Let L and B designate the
dimensions of a rectangular footing being considered (refer to Figure 17.2). Certain
ratios of L were considered: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2. The soil modulus E equals
B
100 kPa and Poissons ratio equals 0.2. In all cases, B was kept constant at 1 m
only L was varied.
56
M 1 2
I
B 2 LE
[1]
where:
ratios.
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.5
1.59
2.29
3.33
3.7
4.12
4.38
57
17.4 References
Poulos, H. G. and Davis, E. H. (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
58
Y
a
X
(a)
Pav
r
h
z
(b)
Figure 18.1 The notation with regard to the co-ordinate system.
For the circular footing, the radius a is taken to be 2 m. The footing is subjected to a
total load P of 1 kN. The vertical displacement due to symmetric loading is then
analyzed. Different layer thicknesses h were considered, ranging from 1.25 m to 20m.
In order to model a finite layer correctly, two separate layers are used. Figure 18.2
shows an example of the two layers. For the top layer, the soil modulus E1 is set at
100 kPa and Poissons ratio is set at 0.2. The bottom layer has similar parameters
except that its modulus E2 is set to 10000 kPa and its thickness is kept constant at 1 m.
Note that the top layers thickness is varied with each case and that Figure 18.2 only
depicts an arbitrary thickness of 10 m.
59
Figure 18.2 Schematic of the Settle3D model used for the finite layer.
z =
where:
and
Pav a
Ip
E
[1]
P
which is the average pressure across the surface
a 2
I p is the influence factor for a particular and ratio a .
h
Pav =
Figure 18.3 plots the corresponding I p values for different values of a, h and .
60
61
Figure 18.5 Vertical displacement of a rigid circle with constant radius and
varying layer thickness for varying Poissons ratios.
18.4 References
Poulos, H. G. and Davis, E. H. (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
62
Y
a
X
(a)
z
(b)
Figure 19.1 The notation with regard to the co-ordinate system.
The circular footing is subjected to a total moment of 10 kN m. The rotation of a
circle due to the applied moment was then analyzed. Six cases of varying radii a were
considered: 3, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 and 30 m.
In order to model a finite layer correctly, two separate layers are used. Figure 19.2
shows an example of the two layers. For the top layer, the soil modulus E1 is set at
100 kPa and Poissons ratio is set at 0.2. The bottom layer has similar parameters
except that its modulus E2 is set to 10000 kPa and its thickness is set to 1 m.
63
Figure 19.2 Schematic of the Settle3D model used for the finite layer.
=
where:
and
(1 )M
2
4a 3 BE
[1]
1
1
B = a1 + a 3
3
5
a1 and a3 are factors that depend on the ratio h .
a
64
19.4 References
Poulos, H. G. and Davis, E. H. (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
65
(a)
(b)
66
z =
1
2
1 2
2 2
Q
3
2
z2
2
1 2 r
+
2 2 z
[1]
For large lateral restraint, may be taken as zero. The vertical stress below the
center of a circular footing can be obtained analytically by integrating [1]. The
solution of which is given by:
1
z = q 1
2
a
1+
where:
[2]
1 2
and
2 2
q is a uniform load.
67
Figure 20.3 Vertical stress under the center of uniform circular load
v = 0.2
v = 0.01
v = 0.4
v = 0.49
Westergaard
Boussinesq
68
20.4 References
Venkatramaiah, C. (2006). Geotechnical Engineering, Revised 3rd Edition, New Age
International.
69
70
z =
1
2
1 2
2 2
Q
3
2
z2
2
1 2 r
+
2 2 z
[1]
For large lateral restraint, may be taken as zero. The vertical stress below the
corner of a rectangular footing can be obtained analytically by integrating [1]. The
solution of which is given by:
q
1 1 2 1
1 2 1
cot 1
2 + 2 +
2
n 2 2 m 2 n 2
2 2 m
2
z =
where:
[2]
m= L/ z
n =W / z
L and W are the respective lengths and widths of the rectangle
z is the depth
and q is a uniform load.
71
Figure 21.4 Vertical stress under the center of uniformly loaded square
72
Figure 21.5 plots the Westergaard stress profile of a uniformly loaded square footing
with S = 1 m with varying Poissons ratios ( = 0.01, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.49) as compared
to the stress profile obtained from the Boussinesq solution.
v = 0.01
v = 0.2
v = 0.4
v = 0.49
Westergaard
Boussinesq
21.4 References
Venkatramaiah, C. (2006). Geotechnical Engineering, Revised 3rd Edition, New Age
International.
73
1m
A
1m
1m
1m
74
z =
1
2
1 2
2 2
Q
3
2
z2
2
1 2 r
+
2 2 z
[1]
For large lateral restraint, may be taken as zero. The vertical stress below the
corner of a rectangular footing can be obtained analytically by integrating [1]. The
solution of which is given by:
q
1 1 2 1
1 2 1
cot 1
2 + 2 +
2
n 2 2 m 2 n 2
2 2 m
2
z =
where:
[2]
m= L/ z
n =W / z
L and W are the respective lengths and widths of the rectangle
z is the depth
and q is a uniform load.
To obtain the stress at point A for the current problem, the figure may be divided into
three equal pieces. Figure 22.2 already demarcates the three squares of side length 1
m. As shown in Figure 22.2, the intersecting corner of these three squares is point A.
Using the principle of superposition, the contributions of each of the three squares
sum up to the total stress experienced at point A. For this particular example, equation
[2] can be used to calculate the stress at the corner of one of the squares with L = 1.
The overall stress at A is then the calculated stress for a square multiplied by three (3).
This approach uses the influence factors of the smaller squares to determine the
overall stress at point A. More details on influence factors are contained in reference
[1] (Venkatramaiah, 2006).
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v = 0.2
v = 0.01
v = 0.4
v = 0.49
Westergaard
Boussinesq
22.4 References
Venkatramaiah, C. (2006). Geotechnical Engineering, Revised 3rd Edition, New Age
International.
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