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SYMPOSIUM
Theme 4: But Do We Still Not Need Some
Sort of Theoretical Unification?
www.sagepublications.com
DOI: 10.1177/1368431007078891
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The critical theory of reproduction is both the crystallization and a disenchanted reversal of classical sociology.
Methodological individualism has tried to reconstruct classical sociology
under the aegis of utilitarianism and broadened rationality.
A return of the actor has been constructed on the basis of a kind of ethical,
reflexive, self-made individualism.
Most sociological theories being used today are specialized and often use a
kind of soft interactionism to escape the grip of classical sociology without
choosing a stance and without looking like they are/arent choosing one.
The theories implicit in (1), (2), and (3) may be thought of as great theories
because the intention is that they be genuinely general constructions; they are
visions of the world that, whatever else may be said of them, have taken their
building materials from the pantheon of the founding fathers (whose unity I
readily admit to be a pure construction; however, that unity is operative in
sociologists minds). (1) bets all on the system and reduces action to programming or an effect of the systems own contradictions. (2) understands action as
the manifestation of individuals reasons. Finally, (3) continuously underscores
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Sociology studies the mechanisms that shape the conditions of activity and
the nature of that activity activity which creates unity in all places where
society is being effaced. This means that social experience is necessarily a
cognitive, normative process, as shown by practical conceptions of justice.
This sociological approach is ultimately concerned less to describe society
than show how it is produced.
This type of theoretical development owes much to theories other than itself. For
example, it readily accepts that statistical regularities can reveal mechanisms of
holistic formation that determine behaviours and opinions and the socialstructure hypothesis is considered necessary. It also understands that within these
structural frameworks, behaviour can be explained in terms of games and choice
matrices. Finally, it accepts the idea that actors cannot be reduced to either of
these two types of logic and that because they have no choice but to deal with
them, they are capable of criticizing and transforming them, thereby producing
unity when society no longer provides any. We could call all of these programmes
A, B, and C, on condition that those three matrices are understood to determine
the space of sociology at a time when the classic idea of society is slipping out
from under us. But the slipping away of society, this end of the functionalist
illusion, should not invalidate certain of classical sociologys questions. Nor does
not exempt us from answering the questions it raised about the nature of the
social order, domination, legitimacy, conflicts . . .
Conclusion
Why maintain such a circumscribed, lack-lustre position when we may well think
that the point of sociological theory is to construct a general theory which engenders deductive propositions? First, there are several ways of doing theory, several
intellectual temperaments, one of which consists in starting with a set of empirical problems starting, therefore, with the aporia and impasses left by earlier
theories. Theory is not made exclusively on blackboards; it is also made on the lab
table. Sociological theory develops by responding to new questions or providing
new answers to old questions without it being necessary to redefine all foundations of the edifice every time. Second, as I see it, the right reason not to break
with classical sociology is that it allows us to hold together what has tended to
come undone with the decline of the idea of society. Obviously we dont want
to eternally repeat the classics in a series of reverential gestures. The point is rather
to hold onto their vocation, i.e., to construct a reasoned representation of social
life, and of what we will continue to call society, having no better term for it,
even when society can no longer be identified with the nation-state. Sociology
appeared at a time when modernity was destroying traditional social worlds; it
appeared just as it was once again becoming possible to recompose an integrated
image of social life. Now that this first version of modernity seems to have come
apart, if we dont want representation of the social world to be boiled down to
Notes
1 I am of course talking about sociology as it exists in France which is not exclusively
French sociology. Other traditions exist elsewhere.
2 Bourdieu reviens! [Come back to us, Bourdieu!] was among the slogans heard in
demonstrations by French civil servants in spring 2003 a clear indication that they
identified their cause with the defence of society as a whole, society itself.
3 I am referring here solely to French sociology, or more exactly the sociology read by
most French sociologists (I am aware of what I dont know, and of the strong artificiality of any world sociology, even in this era of globalization).
4 Since the 1960s, the number of professional sociologists in France has gone from a
few dozen to nearly a thousand more, if we count unemployed sociology PhDs.
5 This is why the notion of post-modernity does not seem very useful to me. We are
simply still more modern.
6 It is worth noting that Mertons mid-range theories seem to have better stood the test
of time than Parsons supreme theory.
7 This perception can be refuted if we remember that Garfinkel sought to re-appropriate
the major issues of Parsonian sociology.
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Bourdieu, P. (1980) Le sens pratique. Paris: Editions de Minuit.
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