EAWAG SANDEC 2008 Module 4 Sanitation Systems and Technologies - Presentation

Sandec Training Tool 1.
0 Module 4
Sanitation Systems
& Technologies
Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
Sanitation
Module 4: Chapter
1 Systems & Technologies
Definitions and
objectives of sanitation
systems and
technologies
Review
Non-technical
aspects such as
socio-cultural, political
and financial
Introduction to
global sanitation situation
and the characteristics
of the system
Systems and
technologies classified
and described
Sandec Training Tool
Definitions & Objectives
What is water supply & environmental sanitation?

Definition: Interventions to reduce peoples exposure to disease by providing a
clean environment in which to live, with measures to break the cycle of disease.
Involves both behaviours and facilities which work together to form a hygienic
environment. Simpson-Hebert and Woods, 1998)
Water
Water supply
supply
(Water
(Water treatment
treatment
&
& storage)
storage)
Solid
Solid waste
waste
management
management
Sanitation
Sanitation (Waste(Wastewater
water &
& excreta
excreta
management)
management)
Stormwater
Stormwater
drainage
drainage
What waste, resource and management systems

are we dealing with?
Houshold
Houshold water
water
handling
handling
Sanitation
Sanitation
Waste
Waste
generation
generation
Greywater
Excreta,
Faecal sudge
Solid Waste
Wastewater
Drainage
Drainage
Stormwater
Sources
Sources of
of
waste
waste
Wastes
Resources
Water
Water supply
supply
Processes
Processes
Storage
Storage Transport
Transport Treatment
Treatment Disposal
Disposal Reuse
Reuse
Management
Management
Planning
Planning Financing
Financing Implementing
Implementing
Operation
Operation &
& Maintenance
Maintenance Regulation
Regulation &
& Enforcement
Enforcement
What is our focus in this course?
Houshold
Houshold water
water
handling
handling
Sanitation
Sanitation
Waste
Waste
generation
generation
Greywater
Excreta,
Faecal sudge
Solid Waste
Wastewater
Drainage
Drainage
Stormwater
Sources
Sources of
of
waste
waste
Wastes
Resources
Water
Water supply
supply
Processes
Processes
Storage
Storage Transport
Transport Treatment
Treatment Disposal
Disposal Reuse
Reuse
Management
Management
Planning
Planning Financing
Financing Implementing
Implementing
Operation
Operation &
& Maintenance
Maintenance Regulation
Regulation &
& Enforcement
Enforcement
What are the objectives of sanitation systems?

Protect
Protect and
and
promote
promote health
health
Protect
Protect the
the
environment
environment
Work
Work for
for
everyone
everyone
Be
Be culturally
culturally
acceptable
acceptable
Be
Be simple
simple
Be
Be affordable
affordable
Sanitation
Sanitation programmes
programmes have
have to
to comply
comply with
with all
all these
these aspects
aspects to
to
become
become functional,
functional, appropriate
appropriate and
and sustainable.
sustainable.
What is considered as access to basic sanitation?
The Millennium Development Task Force on Water defined

access to basic sanitation based on the following criteria:
Access to sanitation
facilities
Respect of
privacy & dignity
Access to sanitation
services
Healthful environment
How
How can
can we
we measure
measure these
these criteria?
criteria?
What is considered as
access to improved sanitation?
For monitoring purposes access to improved sanitation is
defined in terms of the types of technology and levels of
service afforded.
improved
technologies:
connection to a public sewer

connection to a septic system
pour-flush latrine
simple pit latrine
ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP)
not improved
technologies:
bucket latrines
public latrines
open latrines
This
This classification
classification is
is used
used to
to measure
measure coverage
coverage and
and
progress
progress of
of global
global sanitation.
sanitation.
Module 4: Chapter 2
Definitions and
systems and
technologies
Review
Non-technical
aspects such as
and financial
Introduction to
of the system
Systems and
and described
Introduction
Can we achieve the sanitation targets of the MDG?

MDG Goal 7: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
What progress have we made so far? (1990-2002)
(WHO&UNICEF 2004))
2.6 billion people still lack improved sanitation !

Introduction
Why is sanitation coverage not increasing?

Awareness
and priority:
Lack of political will

Low prestige and recognition
Ineffective promotion and low public awareness
Institutional issues:
No coordination among stakeholders
Poor institutional frameworks
Legislative and policy issues:

Poor policy, at all levels
Economic issues:
Inadequate and poorly-used resources
Neglect of consumers willingness/ability to pay
based on their preferences
Capacity and Expertise:

Inappropriate approaches
Insufficient enforcement
Insufficient capacity&expertise
Introduction
The Bellagio-Principles,
to improve environmental sanitation
Responsive and accountable to local needs and demands
Decision making should involve the participation of all stakeholders
Waste should be considered as a resource
Waste should be managed as close as possible to its source
Slum household, Manila
Stakeholders, Africa
Compost sieving, India
Urine sep., China
Introduction
What products are we dealing with?
Excreta:
urine & faeces
Blackwater:
urine, faeces
& flush
Yellow-water:
separated
urine
Greywater:
wastewater
from kitchen,
bath, shower.
Faecal sludge:
solids and liquids
accumulating in
sanitation systems
A
A sanitation
sanitation system
system must
must manage
manage all
all products
products generated
generated !!
Introduction
Characteristics of waste products

Total
Greywater***
Urine
Faeces
Volume
[l/capyr]
25000-100000 25000-100000
500
50
Nutrients
Nitrogen
2 - 4 kg/capyr
5%
85%
10%
Phosphorous
0.3 - 0.8
kg/capyr
10%**
60%
30%
Potassium
1.4 - 2.0
kg/capyr
34%
54%
12%
30kg/capyr
41%
12%
47%
104-106 /100ml
0*
107-109 /100ml
COD
Faecal
coliforms
* healthy people
** can be as high as 50%, depending on washing and dish-washing powder used
*** values representative for industrialized countries
Introduction
Characteristics of waste products

Greywater
Urine
Faeces
Chemical
contamination
Fats, oils and toxic

substances
org. compounds,
chlorides, metals
Micro-contaminants
e.g. hormons &
antibiotics
Microcontaminants
e.g. Heavy metals
Biological
contamination
Pathogens
bacterias, viruses,
helminths, protozoa
Almost sterile
i.e. crosscontamination from
feaces
Pathogens
bacterias, viruses,
helminths,
protozoa
Value
Reuse potential
for irrigation or
municipal and nonpotable domestic use
Nutrients
(N, K and P etc.)
=> ideal fertilizer
Good soil
conditioner,
but only little
nutrients
Module 4: Chapter 3
Definitions and
systems and
technologies
Review
Non-technical
aspects such as
and financial
Introduction to
of the system
Systems and
and described
Systems and Technologies
What are the Functional Groups through which the

products flow?
Technologies which perform the same, or similar function,
are grouped into Functional Groups
Use
and/or
Disposal
User Interface
Collection
and Storage/
Treatment
e.g. Dry Toilet or

Pour Flush Toilet
Input
Input
products
products
e.g. Septic
Tank
Conveyance
e.g. Simplified
Sewer or
Tank Lorries
(Semi-)
Centralised
Treatment
e.g. Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor
or Waste
Stabilisation
Pond
e.g. Composting
or Leaching Field
safe
safe &
& valuable
valuable
output
products
output
products
How can the Functional Groups be

linked?
User Interface
e.g. Flush-Toilet,
Pit Latrine
Conveyance
e.g. Simplified
Sewer, Tank Lorries
Semi-Centralised
Treatment
e.g. Anaerobic Baffled
Reactor, Waste
Stabilisation Pond
Collection
and Storage/
Treatment
Use and/or Disposal

e.g. Composting or Leaching Field
e.g. Septic Tank
Functional
Functional Groups
Groups have
have to
to be
be linked
linked to
to aa functional
functional system
system
Which technologies can perform which function?

User Interface
Dry Toilet
Urine Diverting
Dry Toilet
Urinal
Pour-Flush Toilet
Flush Toilet
Urine Diverting
Flush Toilet
Collection
and Storage/
Treatment
Single Pit
Single VIP
Dehydration
Vaults
Septic Tank
Composting
Chamber
Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
etc.
Conveyance
(Semi-)
Centralised
Treatment
Human-Powered
Emptying and
Transport
Motorized
Emptying
and Transport
Simplified Sewers
Small-Bore Sewer
Conventional
Gravity Sewer
Jerry Can/Tank
etc.
Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
Trickling Filter
Waste
Stabilisation
Ponds
Activated Sludge
Constructed
Wetland
Co-composting
etc.
Use and/or
Disposal
Application of
Urine
Application of
Dehydr. Faeces
Compost
Irrigation
Aquaculture
Soak Pit
Leach Field
Land Application
Surface Disposal
etc.
Only
systems.
Only selected
selected combinations
combinations of
of technologies
technologies will
will lead
lead to
to functional
functionalSandec
systems.
Training Tool
How can sanitation systems be classified?

Determined mainly by the user interface, there are
8 technically feasible system templates, classified in two categories:
Waterless Systems
System 1: Single Pit System
System 2: Waterless Alternating
Double Pits
System 4: Waterless Urine
Diversion
Water based Systems

System 3: Pour Flush with Urine
Diversion
System 5: Decentralised Blackwater
Treatment
System 6: (Semi-) Centralised
Blackwater Treatment
System 7: Sewerage with (Semi-)
Centralised Treamtent
System 8: Sewerage with (semi-)
centralized treatment
Most
Most system
system templates
templates have
have several
several alternative
alternative configurations.
configurations.
The
The most
most appropriate
appropriate system
system option
option has
has to
to be
be selected
selected on
on aa case-tocase-tocase
case basis.
basis.
Technologies for the user interface

User Interface
Dry Toilet
Urine Diverting
Dry Toilet
Urinal
Pour-Flush Toilet
Flush Toilet
Urine Diverting
Flush Toilet
Collection
and Storage/
Treatment
Single Pit
Single VIP
Dehydration
Vaults
Septic Tank
Composting
Chamber
Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
etc.
Conveyance
(Semi-)
Centralised
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
Human-Powered
Emptying and
Transport
Motorized
Emptying
and Transport
Simplified Sewers
Small-Bore Sewer
Conventional
Gravity Sewer
Jerry Can/Tank
etc.
Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
Trickling Filter
Waste
Stabilisation
Ponds
Activated Sludge
Constructed
Wetland
Co-composting
etc.
Application of
Urine
Application of
Dehydr. Faeces
Compost
Irrigation
Aquaculture
Soak Pit
Leach Field
Land Application
Surface Disposal
etc.
Technologies for the user-interface

Input
Products
Output
Products
User Interfaces
Dry Toilet
Urine
Urine
Faeces
Faeces
Excreta
Excreta
Beigewater
Beigewater
(1)
(2)
Urine Diverting Dry Toilet

Urine
Urine
Urine
Urine
Faeces
Faeces
Faeces
Faeces
Beigewater
Beigewater
(3)
Technologies for the user-interface

Input
Products
User Interfaces
Urine
Urine
Pour-Flush Toilet (1)
Out Products
Faeces
Faeces
Blackwater
Blackwater
Flushwater
Flushwater
Beigewater
Beigewater
Urine
Urine
Faeces
Faeces
Cistern-Flush Toilet (2)
Blackwater
Blackwater
Flushwater
Flushwater
Beigewater
Beigewater
Technologies for collection and storage/treatment

User Interface
Dry Toilet
Urine Diverting
Dry Toilet
Urinal
Pour-Flush Toilet
Flush Toilet
Urine Diverting
Flush Toilet
Collection
and Storage/
Treatment
Single Pit
Single VIP
Dehydration
Vaults
Septic Tank
Composting
Chamber
Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
etc.
Conveyance
(Semi-)
Centralised
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
Human-Powered
Emptying and
Transport
Motorized
Emptying
and Transport
Simplified Sewers
Small-Bore Sewer
Conventional
Gravity Sewer
Jerry Can/Tank
etc.
Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
Trickling Filter
Waste
Stabilisation
Ponds
Activated Sludge
Constructed
Wetland
Co-composting
etc.
Application of
Urine
Application of
Dehydr. Faeces
Compost
Irrigation
Aquaculture
Soak Pit
Leach Field
Land Application
Surface Disposal
etc.
Collection and storage / treatment technologies

VIP latrine (ventilated improved pit latrine)
mesh
mesh traps
traps
flies
flies
(1.2-1.5
(1.2-1.5 mm
mm
mesh)
mesh) size
size
Naturally induced ventilation

with screened ventilation pipe
removes odor and
prevents escape of flies
Should
Should extent
extent >>
0.5
0.5 m
m above
above
superstructure
superstructure
++ odors
odors and
and flies
flies reduced
reduced
Flies
Flies are
are
attracted
attracted by
by
light
light from
from pipe
pipe
-- difficult
difficult to
to construct
construct
properly
properly
-- more
more expensive
expensive than
than
simple
simple pit
pit latrine
latrine

Urine diversion latrines with double deyhdration vaults
Urine
Urine and
and Faeces
Faeces are
are
separated
separated
Add
Add ash,
ash,
sand
sand or
or
lime
lime
Urine
Urine is
is collected
collected in
in
tanks
tanks and
and is
is reused
reused
as
as liquid
liquid fertilizer
fertilizer
Faeces
Faeces are
are dehydrated
dehydrated
in
in 22 alternating
alternating chambers
chambers
and
and used
used as
as soil
soil
conditioner
conditioner
++ no
no waste,
waste, but
but fertilizer
fertilizer
++ simple
simple to
to design
design
++ little
little flies
flies or
or odours
odours ifif used
used
correctly
correctly
++ easy
easy and
and safe
safe handling
handling of
of
dried
dried material
material
Requires:
Requires:
-- special
special squatting
squatting pan
pan
-- education
education and
and acceptance
acceptance
-- constant
constant source
source of
of ash,
ash,
sand
sand etc.
etc.
-- aa use
use or
or discharge
discharge point
point for
for
urine
urine

Alternating water-based pits

flushing of excreta with 2-3 L

using a syphon (water seal)
permanent pit(s)
constant operation
Pour-Flush toilets with double pit
single pit latrine with

water-sealed pan for
pour-flush
++
---
reduced
reduced odour
odour
higher
higher investment
investment costs
costs
water
water must
must be
be available
available

Septic tank
= sedimentation tank in which settled sludge is partially stabilised by
anaerobic digestion
most frequent onsite
treatment unit worldwide
Consists of 2 to 3
compartments
++ simple,
simple, little
little space
space required
required
because
because of
of being
being
underground
underground
++ low
low O&M
O&M costs
costs
-- little
little removal
removal of
of dissolved
dissolved
and
and suspended
suspended matter
matter
(COD
(COD removal
removal approx.
approx. 50%)
50%)
-- high
high investment
investment costs
costs

Anaerobic baffled reactor (baffled septic tank)
Sedimentation
Sedimentation chamber
chamber for
for
removal
removal of
of solids
solids
22 to
to 55 anaerobic
anaerobic chambers
chambers for
for
removal
removal and
and digestion
digestion of
of organics
organics
intensive
intensive
contact
contact between
between
resident
resident sludge
sludge
and
and fresh
fresh
influent
influent
Improvement of a septic tank

Treatment efficiency: 65 to 90% COD removal
++ simple,
simple, high
high treatment
treatment efficiency,
efficiency, hardly
hardly any
any blockage
blockage
++ high
high removal
removal efficiencies,
efficiencies, also
also for
for suspended
suspended and
and dissolved
dissolved solids
solids
-- construction
construction and
and maintenance
maintenance
more
more complicated
complicated than
than conventional
conventional septic
septic tank
tank
Conveyance technologies
User Interface
Dry Toilet
Urine Diverting
Dry Toilet
Urinal
Pour-Flush Toilet
Flush Toilet
Urine Diverting
Flush Toilet
Collection
and Storage/
Treatment
Single Pit
Single VIP
Dehydration
Vaults
Septic Tank
Composting
Chamber
Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
etc.
Conveyance
(Semi-)
Centralised
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
Human-Powered
Emptying and
Transport
Motorized
Emptying
and Transport
Simplified Sewers
Small-Bore Sewer
Conventional
Gravity Sewer
Jerry Can/Tank
etc.
Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
Trickling Filter
Waste
Stabilisation
Ponds
Activated Sludge
Constructed
Wetland
Co-composting
etc.
Application of
Urine
Application of
Dehydr. Faeces
Compost
Irrigation
Aquaculture
Soak Pit
Leach Field
Land Application
Surface Disposal
etc.
Solids free sewer
especially adequate where septic

tanks already exist.
strict design criteria
- relies on good solid removal in
septic or interceptor tanks
Simplified sewer
less strict design standards (e.g.

fewer manholes, smaller pipe diameters, flatter gradients, shallow etc.)
sewers laid inside housing blocks or
under pavements.
+ cheaper
Motorized emptying & transport
Human-powered emptying & transport
++ High
High efficiency
efficiency
++ Low-cost
Low-cost operation
operation and
and maintenance
maintenance
-- High
High O&M
O&M and
and capital
capital cost
cost
-- Spare
Spare parts
parts often
often lacking
lacking
-- Difficulty
Difficulty in
in manoeuvring
manoeuvring (vehicle
(vehicle
size,
size, traffic
traffic congestion,
congestion, infrastructure)
infrastructure)
++ Maintenance
Maintenance skills
skills and
and spare
spare parts
parts
available
available
-- Limited
Limited efficiency
efficiency
User Interface
Dry Toilet
Urine Diverting
Dry Toilet
Urinal
Pour-Flush Toilet
Flush Toilet
Urine Diverting
Flush Toilet
Semi-centralised treatment
technologies
Collection
and Storage
Single Pit
Single VIP
Dehydration
Vaults
Septic Tank
Composting
Chamber
Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
etc.
Conveyance
(Semi-)
Centralised
Treatment
Reuse and
Disposal
Human-Powered
Emptying and
Transport
Motorized
Emptying
and Transport
Simplified Sewers
Small-Bore Sewer
Conventional
Gravity Sewer
Jerry Can/Tank
etc.
Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
Trickling Filter
Waste
Stabilisation
Ponds
Activated Sludge
Constructed
Wetland
Co-composting
etc.
Application of
Urine
Application of
Dehydr. Faeces
Compost
Irrigation
Aquaculture
Soak Pit
Leach Field
Land Application
Surface Disposal
etc.
Semi-centralised treatment technologies

Constructed wetlands (here: horizontal sand filter)
For treatment of (pre-settled) domestic or industrial WW
(COD < 500mg/l and low solids)
phragmites
phragmites
and
and typha
typha
Inlet
Inlet pipe
pipe
sand
sand &
& gravel
gravel filter,
filter,
permanently
permanently soaked
soaked with
with water
water
Outlet
Outlet pipe
pipe
++ high
high treatment
treatment efficiency
efficiency (up
(up to
to 95%
95% COD
COD removal),
removal),
no
no WW
WW above
above ground,
ground, no
no nuisance
nuisance of
of odour,
odour, high
high nutrient
nutrient removal
removal
-- high
high space
space requirement,
requirement, costly
costly (gravel),
(gravel), great
great care
care required
required during
during construction
construction

Waste stabilization ponds
A pond-system comprises:
anaerobic sedimentation ponds,

alternating facultative (aerobic) ponds and
several maturation ponds (post-treatment ponds)
Anaerobic Pond Facultative Pond
Maturation Ponds
Design
Deep (2-5m) and highly

loaded but rather small
area
Shallow (<1.5m) but large

Oxygen supply (algae,
wind, artificial aeration)
Shallow (<1m) but large

area
Flow
Hydraulic retention time:

1 to 3 days

10 to 20 days

10 days
Aerobic degradation of
suspended and dissolved
matter (BOD reduction 5070%)
degradation
Final sedimentation of
suspended solids, bacteria
mass and pathogens
Function Sedimentation and

anaerobic stabilisation of
sludge (BOD reduction
40-50%)
settling
hygienization

Degradation of organic substances in facultative ponds:

Pros and Cons

++ Can
Can treat
treat high
high strength
strength wastewater
wastewater to
to high
high quality
quality effluent
effluent
++ Generally
Generally reliable
reliable and
and good
good functioning
functioning
++ Very
Very inexpensive
inexpensive compared
compared to
to other
other centralized
centralized options
options
-- Not
Not always
always appropriate
appropriate for
for colder
colder climates
climates
-- Potential
Potential for
for bad
bad odours
odours ifif poorly
poorly designed
designed
-- Requires
Requires expert
expert design
design and
and supervision
supervision
-- Requires
Requires aa lot
lot of
of space
space
Ideal
Ideal for
for developing
developing countries
countries ifif enough
enough space
space and
and
supervision
supervision available
available !!
Use and/or disposal technologies

User Interface
Dry Toilet
Urine Diverting
Dry Toilet
Urinal
Pour-Flush Toilet
Flush Toilet
Collection
and Storage/
Treatment
Single Pit
Single Pit VIP
Alternating Dry
Double Pit
Alternating Wet
Double Pit
Double Dehydr.
Vaults
Aquaprivy
Septic Tank
Composting
Chamber
Conveyance
Manual Emptying
Mechanical
Emptying
Simplified Sewers
Small-Bore Sewer
Conventional
Gravity Sewer
Jerry Can/Tank
(Semi-)
Centralised
Treatment
Imhoff Tank
Anaerobic
Baffled Reactor
Anaerobic Filter
Trickling Filter
Waste
Stabilisation
Ponds
Finishing Pond
Constructed
Wetland
Co-composting
etc.
Use and/or
Disposal
Application of
Urine
Application of
Dehydr. Faeces
Compost
Irrigation with
Wastewater
Aquaculture
Soak Pit
Leaching Field
Incineration
Land Application
Surface Disposal
Wastewater disposal technologies

Leach fields
= system of trenches that is used to dissipate the effluent from a septic tank
for discharge of non-solid septic tank effluent
sand and/or
topsoil
fabric, to prevent
plugging of pipe
clean rock
++ little
little maintenance
maintenance required
required
-- Space
Space and
and skills
skills required
required !!
perforated distribution pipe

Wastewater disposal technologies

Soak pits
= covered, porous-walled chamber that allows water to slowly soak into the ground.
for non-solid septic tankeffluent (clogging!)
++ simple
simple and
and cheap
cheap
++ little
little space
space required
required
-- not
not adequate
adequate for
for shallow
shallow
ground
ground water
water table
table (>1.5
(>1.5 m)
m)
-- not
not adequate
adequate in
in clay
clay or
or
rocky
rocky soils
soils
Between 1.5 and 4 m deep
Use of output products

Wastewater irrigation
Recommendations to limit health risks on farm:
Use of wastewater only after secondary treatment (i.e. physical and biological)
Use of appriopriate irrigation system:
1) Drip irrigation (ideal, but more costly)
2) Furrow irrigation (cheap, but more
evaporation loss)
Crop restriction: Growing e.g. fibres (cotton),
tobacco or fruit trees is generally safer than
vegetables or salad
Increasing the period between wastewater
irrigation and harvesting/consumption
Farmer fetching faecal sludge
Wastewater
Wastewater can
can be
be used
used for
for irrigating
irrigating agricultural
agricultural
land,
land, ifif appropriate
appropriate precautions
precautions have
have been
been taken.
taken.
Quality standards for use of output products

Waste
product
Reuse
Application
Urine
Irrigation of food and

fodder crops to be
processed
1 month storage (4C)
Irrigation of food and

fodder crops to be
processed, fodder crops
unprocessed
6 month storage (4C)
Guidelines
or
1 month storage
(20C)
Waste products can be reused in agriculture,

agriculture,
can be reused in
Irrigation of all crops Waste products
6 month storage
aquaculture
and
aquaculture(20
and
biogas plants.
plants.
C) biogas
Treated
Wastewater
Unrestricted irrigation
Restricted irrigation
Localized irrigation
Greywater
1 Helm.eggs/l
106-105 EC/100ml
1 Helm.eggs/l
is
5-106 EC/100ml
Waste recycling
recycling
is practised
practised
successfully
Unrestricted irrigationWaste
<10
<1successfully
Helm.eggs/l
Restricted irrigation
Excreta
(untreated
FS)
10-100 EC/100ml
All
All waste
waste products
products can
can be
be reused
reused
5-103 EC/100ml
10
ifif safety
safety guidelines
guidelines are
are met.
met.1 Helm.eggs/l
Agriculture (Soil
conditioner)
Aquaculture
in
countries.
in many
many<10
countries.
4-103 EC/100ml
<1 Helm.eggs/l
<103 EC/g total solids
<1 Helm.eggs/g
total solids
10-6 EC/100ml
1 Helm.eggs/l
No detectable
trematode eggs
How to design a sanitation system?
User Interface
Collection
and Storage/
Treatment
Conveyance
(Semi-)
Centralised
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
Remember: Only selected combinations of technologies

result in functional systems !
Dry Toilet
Single Pit
Manual Emptying
Imhoff Tank
Application of
Urine
Urine Diverting
Single Pit VIP
Mechanical
Anaerobic
DryHow
Toilet to
Emptying
Baffled Reactor
Application of
Alternating Dry
How
to proceed:
proceed:
Dehydr. Faeces
Urinal
Double Pit
Simplified Sewers
Anaerobic Filter
Compost
Pour-Flush Toilet
Alternating
Wet
Sewer
Trickling
Filter
1.)
the
types
products
that
generated.
1.) Identify
Identify
the
types of
ofSmall-Bore
products
that are
are
generated.
Double Pit
Irrigation with
Flush Toilet
Conventional
Waste
Wastewater
Double Dehydr.
Gravity Sewer
Stabilisation
2.)
system
templates.
2.) Select
Select
the most
most appropriate
appropriate
systemPonds
templates.
Vaults the
Aquaculture
Jerry Can/Tank
Aquaprivy
Finishing Pond
Soak Pit
3.)
the
each
each
3.) Select
Select
the specific
specific technologies
technologies for
for
each product
product for
for Leaching
each Field
Septic Tank
Constructed
in
identified.
Wetland
process
in each
each of
of the
the system
system templates
templates
identified. Incineration
process
Composting
Chamber
Co-composting
Land Application
4.)
the
4.) Select
Select the
the most
most site-specific
site-specific system
system
option based
based on
on
the Disposal
etc.option
Surface
social,
social, economic,
economic, and
and resource
resource aspects.
aspects.
1st Example: Waterless system with urine diversion

Collection
and Storage/
Treatment
Conveyance
(Semi-)
Centralised
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
Double
Dehydration
Vaults
Human
Powered
Emptying
and
Transport
Application
of Faeces
Storage
Tank
Jerry Can /
Tank
Application
of Urine
Urine
Greywater
Urine
Diverting
Dry Toilet &
Urinal
Faeces
User
Interface
Greywater
Treatment
2nd Example: Water-based, alternating double pit

Collection
and Storage/
Treatment
Conveyance
(Semi-)
Centralised
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
Compost/
Twin Pits
for PourFlush
Human
Powered
Emptying
and
Transport
EcoHumus
Greywater
Pour Flush
Blackwater
User
Interface
Greywater
Treatment
3rd Example: (Semi-) centralised blackwater

treatment system
Collection
and Storage/
Treatment
Pour Flush
Toilet
Cistern Flush
Blackwater
Greywater
User
Interface
Conveyance
(Semi-)
Centralised
Treatment
Use and/or
Disposal
Greywater
Treatment
Simplified
Sewers
Septic Tank
Solids-free
Sewers
ABR
Anaerobic
Filter
Trickling Filter
UASB
Waste
Stabilisation Ponds
Aerated Pond
Constructed
Wetlands
Floating Plant
Wetland
Irrigation
Aquaculture
Ponds
Disposal/
Recharge
Faecal
Sludge
Select the most appropriate system configuration !

HumanPowered E &T
Motorized
E&T
Co-Composting
Thickening Ponds
(Un-)planted
Drying Beds
Biogas Reactor
Surface
Disposal
Land
application.
Emergency sanitation
Training Tool
Construction ofSandec
an emergeny
latrine
Immediate action measures

Open field defecation
First clearing of scattered excreta !
Design criteria:
Far from water source (50 m)
and storage
Downhill of settlements
(leakage)
Far from public buildings and
roads
Security screen to provide
minimum privacy
Including hand washing
facilities
Better suited for hot dry
climates
++ rapid
rapid and
and easy
easy
-- lack
lack of
of privacy
privacy

Shallow trench defecation
Shallow trench
Design criteria:
15-60 cm deep
20-30 cm wide
provide shovels to allow each
user to cover its excreta with soil
++ rapid
rapid (1
(1 worker
worker can
can dig
dig 50
50 m
m of
of
trench
trench per
per day)
day)
++ covered
covered with
with soil
soil
-- limited
limited privacy
privacy
-- considerable
considerable space
space required
required

Bucket / container latrines
Urinals with soakage pit
Emergency sanitation planning

Recommended minimum objectives for safe excreta disposal
Immediate
Short-term
Long-term
(max. 1 month)
(max. 6 months)
(3 years)
1 cubicle/space to 50
persons
1 cubicle/space to
20 persons
50m (one way)
25m (one way)
Technically
appropriate
Technically very
appropriate
Quantity 1 cubicle/space to 100

persons
Maximum 70m (one way)

walking
distance
Quality Technically basic
Barely socially and
culturally acceptable
Access to 50% of affected

facilities population
Open/trench
defecation field
Socially and culturally Very socially and

acceptable
culturally acceptable
75% of affected
population
Communal pit
latrines
95% of affected
population
Household pit
latrines
Non-technical Aspects
Criteria influencing the selection of sanitation

systems
political
political &
& institutional
institutional
aspects
aspects
socio-cultural
socio-cultural
aspects
aspects
financial &
& economical
economical
financial
aspects
aspects
physical
aspects
physical aspects
Criteria influencing the selection of sanitation systems

Physical aspects
Availability of space (pit emptying)
Groundwater level
Water availability
Climate (temperature, rainfall)
Ground conditions (rock, sand, loam, ...)
Flooded yard
Training Tool
Narrow alley:Sandec
pit emptying
difficult
Criteria influencing the selection of sanitation system

Political & institutional aspects
Regulations and
standards
Organizational
setup and
responsibilities
Political will and
support
Bureaucracy
Criteria influencing the selection of sanitation systems

Financial & economical aspects
Availability of local skills,

manpower & resources
Availability of local materials
and tools
Affordable technology
Willingness to pay and
appropriate service level
Operation and maintenance
Availability of credits and
Construction of baffled reactor
loans
What are financial and economic costs?

Financial costs
Economic costs
VIP latrine
Tank lorry
Cost relevant only for individual

household, enterprise or institution.
e.g. Price charged to household for
pit emptying
Cost shaped to allow accounting and

comparison of treatment plants and
management systems.
How to finance a sanitation programme?

Two financial tools:
Concerns:
Subsidies
Paid directly to user?
Expensive (realistic?)
Subsidising only components?
Feeling of ownership and

responsibility?
Subsidising only overhead costs of

sanitation programme?
Loans
Can users pay interest rate?
Who will get loans?
Possibility:
Is money lent actually

spent on sanitation?
Subsidized rate of interest
Organisation and control

needed !
Potential of decentralized sanitation

systems
Tailoring
Tailoring to
to
local
local conditions
conditions
Minimizes
Minimizes
waste
waste of
of freshwater
freshwater
for
for transportation
transportation
Lower
Lower risks
risks
system
system fails
fails
Increases
Increases
local
local wastewater
wastewater reuse
reuse
opportunities
opportunities
Responsiveness
Responsiveness
to
to local
local demands
demands
Permits
Permits
waste
waste segregation
segregation
at
at source
source
Permits
Permits
stepwise
stepwise development
development
and
and investment
investment of
of sanitation
sanitation
system
system
Module 4: Chapter 6
Definitions and
systems and
technologies
Review
Non-technical
aspects such as
and financial
Introduction to
of the system
Systems and
and described
Review
Review
Sanitation involves both, facilities and behaviour.
A sanitation system should include all waste products,
from cradle to grave.
Only selected combinations of technologies result in a
functional sanitation system.
The most appropriate system option has to be selected on
a case-to-case basis, considering hard and soft aspects.
Decentralized systems are often more appropriate in
developing countries.
Waste products are valuable and should be considered
as resources.
Credits
Credits
Publisher: Eawag, Sandec: Department of Water and Sanitation in
Developing Countries, P.O. 611, 8600 Dbendorf, Switzerland,
Phone +41 (0)44 823 52 86, Fax +41 (0)44 823 53 99
Editors: Elizabeth Tilley
Concept and Content: Manuel Henseler and Karin Gdel
Layout: Manuel Henseler and Karin Gdel
Copyright: Eawag/Sandec 2008
Eawag/Sandec compiled this material, however much of the text and
figures are not Eawag/Sandec property and can be obtained from the
Internet. The modules of the Sandec Training Tool are not commercial
products and may only be reproduced freely for non-commercial purposes.
The user must always give credit in citations to the original author, source
and copyright holder.
This Powerpoint presentation and its matching lecture notes are available
on the CD of Sandecs Training Tool and can be ordered at:
info@sandec.ch

EAWAG SANDEC 2008 Module 4 Sanitation Systems and Technologies - Presentation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EAWAG SANDEC 2008 Module 4 Sanitation Systems and Technologies - Presentation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sandec Training Tool 1.

Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology

Sandec Training Tool

Definitions & Objectives

What is water supply & environmental sanitation?

Sandec Training Tool

Definitions & Objectives

What waste, resource and management systems

Definitions & Objectives

What is our focus in this course?

Definitions & Objectives

What are the objectives of sanitation systems?

Definitions & Objectives

What is considered as access to basic sanitation?

The Millennium Development Task Force on Water defined

Sandec Training Tool

Definitions & Objectives

connection to a public sewer

Sandec Training Tool

Can we achieve the sanitation targets of the MDG?

2.6 billion people still lack improved sanitation !

Why is sanitation coverage not increasing?

Lack of political will

Legislative and policy issues:

Capacity and Expertise:

Sandec Training Tool

Responsive and accountable to local needs and demands

Decision making should involve the participation of all stakeholders

Waste should be considered as a resource

Waste should be managed as close as possible to its source

Slum household, Manila

Compost sieving, India

Sandec Training Tool

Urine sep., China

What products are we dealing with?

Characteristics of waste products

Characteristics of waste products

Fats, oils and toxic

Sandec Training Tool

Sandec Training Tool

Systems and Technologies

What are the Functional Groups through which the

e.g. Dry Toilet or

Systems and Technologies

How can the Functional Groups be

Use and/or Disposal

e.g. Septic Tank

Systems and Technologies

Which technologies can perform which function?

Systems and Technologies

How can sanitation systems be classified?

Water based Systems

Systems and Technologies

Technologies for the user interface

Systems and Technologies

Technologies for the user-interface

Urine Diverting Dry Toilet

Systems and Technologies

Technologies for the user-interface

Pour-Flush Toilet (1)

Cistern-Flush Toilet (2)

Sandec Training Tool

Systems and Technologies

Technologies for collection and storage/treatment