Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LECTURE 4
TIMBER
Oct. 2015
Classification of trees
2
Structure of Exogens
3
Structure of Exogens
4
Structure of Exogens
5
Structure of Exogens
6
The outer bark is not alive and protects the tree from
attack by various insects and diseases.
Cambium is a thin (microscopic) layer of wood cells that
exists inside the bark. The growth of wood takes place
continuously under the bark in the cambium layer resulting
in a ring known as Annual (growth) ring. The width of
ring depends on the rate of growth of the tree.
Structure of Exogens
7
Softwood Trees
Any species that have
needlelike leaves (conifers)
and that are generally
evergreen.
Lumber Production
11
http://youtu.be/w8pF4_HpD64
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSt0TtkACHI&feature=related
12
Sawn Lumber
13
Cutting techniques
14
Rift sawn
17
18
Seasoning
19
Seasoning
20
Timber
21
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
simplicity in fabrication
Lightness
Reusability
insulation from heat, sound & electricity
aesthetically pleasing appearance
resistance to oxidation, acid attack, salt
attack and salt water
environmental compatibility
Advantages
22
Advantages
23
Disadvantages
24
Disadvantages
25
It is highly combustible.
It is susceptible to termites, woodworm and infestations.
It cannot be used at high temperatures.
It is susceptible to rot and disease.
It is highly anisotropic, although this can be limited by the
use of plywood. Plywood involves assembling layers of
wood with orthogonal grain orientation, decreasing the
anisotropy.
Mechanical Properties
26
strength
Compressive strength
Shear strength
Bending strength
Modulus of Elasticity
Mechanical Properties
27
Tensile strength
Wood
Mechanical Properties
28
Compressive strength
The
Mechanical Properties
29
Shear
strength
Mechanical Properties
30
Mechanical Properties
31
Bending Stress
Mechanical Properties
32
Mechanical Properties
33
Density
Moisture Content
Temperature
Grain structure
Position in tree
Condition of growth
Defects
Creep
Defects in Timber
34
Defects in Timber
35
Degradation/Decay of Timber
36
Type
Agent
Environmental Factors
Biological
Chemical
pollution
remedial treatment
Physical
Radiation
ultraviolet light
exposure to sunlight
Physical degradation
37
Physical degradation
38
Physical degradation
39
Physical degradation
40
toughness
Chemical degradation
41
Biological degradation
42
Bacteria degradation
43
Treatment
45
Wood Construction
47
Timber
48