MT S LY THUYT CN NH

1. Tinh tan cu a m t s mu i va hirxit:

a) T t ca cac mu i cua: NH4+; Li+; Na+; K+; CH3COO; NO3 u tan trong nc (tr Li3PO4).
b) T t ca cac mu i cua: Cl; Br; I u tan trong nc (tr AgCl - tr ng; AgBr - vang nha t; AgI - vang ti;
HgI; PbI; MnI).
c) T t ca cac mu i cua SO42 u tan trong nc (tr Ag2SO4 it tan; CaSO4, SrSO4, BaSO4, PbSO4 k t tua).
d) T t ca cac mu i cua S2 u khng tan trong nc (tr CaS, SrS, BaS va cac mu i a)). c bit: CuS, Ag2S,
PbS, HgS, CdS con khng tan trong axit loang (HCl, H2SO4).
Lu y: Al2S3, Cr2S3, MgS bi thuy phn trong nc.
Al2S3 + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S ;

MgS + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2S

Cr2S3 + 6H2O 2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2S ;

e) T t ca cac mu i cua CO32; SiO32 u khng tan trong nc (tr cac mu i a)).
Lu y: Al2(CO3)3; Fe2(CO3)3 bi thuy phn trong nc.
Fe2(CO3)3 + 3H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 ;

Al2(CO3)3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2

f) T t ca cac mu i cua HPO42; PO43 u khng tan ho c it tan trong nc (tr cac mu i a)). Cac mu i
H2PO4 u tan.
g) T t ca cac hiroxit u khng tan trong nc (tr cac hiroxit cua cac cation a); Ca(OH)2 va Sr(OH)2 it tan).
2. Cha t lng tinh:
a) Oxit: Al2O3, ZnO, BeO, SnO, PbO, Cr2O3.
b) Hiroxit: Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Be(OH)2, Pb(OH)2, Cr(OH)3.
c) Mu i cha ion lng tinh: HCO3; HSO3; HS; H2PO4.
d) Amino axit: (H2N)x R (COOH)y. H2O la ch t lng tinh.
e) Mu i amoni cua axit y u: (NH4)2CO3, (NH4)2SO3, (NH4)2S, CH3COONH4, (RNH3)2CO3, (RNH3)2SO3
Lu y: Al, Zn, Sn, Pb, Be tac du ng c vi dd NaOH va dd HCl nhng khng phai ch t lng tinh (Ban
ch t o la phan ng oxi hoa kh, khng phai phan ng axit baz).
3. Cha t ta c du ng vi nc:
a) nhi t thng: IA (Li, Na, K); Ca, Sr, Ba.
t
MgO + H2.
b) Lu y: + Mg t/d ch m vi nc t0 thng ( co tac du ng). Khi un nong: Mg + H2O
0

+ Al (nguyn ch t: khng co lp oxit Al2O3 bao v ) tac du ng c vi nc nhng nhanh chong dng
la i vi lp Al(OH)3 ngn khng cho nhm ti p xuc vi nc.
c) M t s kim loa i co tinh kh trung binh nh Zn, Fe co th kh c nc:
t 570 C
Fe3O4 + 4H2.
3Fe + 4H2O

t 570 C
FeO + H2 ;
Fe + H2O
0

t
Lu y: C + H2O
CO + H2
0

t
C + 2H2O
CO2 + 2H2
0

xt ,t
CH4 + H2O
CO + 3H2
0

d) Oxit cua kim loa i ki m (IA) va CaO, SrO, BaO tac du ng vi nc nhi t thng ta o thanh baz:
V/d: Na2O + H2O 2NaOH
e) Cac oxit axit: CO2, SO2, SO3, P2O3, P2O5, N2O5, NO2, Cl2O7, CrO3 tac du ng vi nc nhi t thng ta o

H2CO3;
axit tng ng. V/d: CO2 + H2O

H2SO3.
SO2 + H2O

4. pH cu a dung dich mu i:
a) Mui trung ha to bi cation ca baz mnh v anion gc axit mnh khng bi thuy phn, co pH = 7.
V/d: Na2SO4, KNO3
b) Mui trung ha to bi cation ca baz mnh v anion gc axit yu bi thuy phn, co pH > 7.
V/d: Na2CO3, NaHCO3, K2SO3
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c) Mui trung ha to bi cation ca baz yu v anion gc axit mnh bi thuy phn, co pH < 7.
V/d: NH4Cl, CH3NH3NO3, C6H5NH3Cl (phenylamoni clorua)
d) Mui trung ha to bi cation ca baz yu v anion gc axit yu b thy phn (c hai b thy phn). Ty thuc
vo thy phn ca hai ion m dung dch c pH = 7 hoc pH > 7 hoc pH < 7.
V/d: (NH4)2CO3; (NH4)2S
Lu y: + NaHSO4 ho c KHSO4 co pH < 7, lam quy tim chuy n sang mau o.
+ Axit ma nh: HClO4, HClO3, H2SO4, HI, HBr, HCl, HNO3.
+ Axit y u: HF, H2S, H2CO3, H2SO3, HClO, H2SiO3 (ring H3PO4 co ma nh trung binh). Cac axit
hu c: HCOOH, CH3COOH
+ Baz ma nh: MOH (M la kim loa i ki m), Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2.
+ Baz y u: NH3, RNH2 (R: CH3-; C2H5-), C6H5-NH2.
+ Hiroxit lng tinh co tinh axit va tinh baz u y u NaAlO2 (pH > 7); AlCl3 (pH < 7)
5. M t s pha n ng hu c thng ga p:
a) T/d vi dd Br2 (m t mau)/i u ki n thng:
Hirocacbon khng no, ma ch h (co C=C ho c CC); xiclopropan.
NH2

OH

Phenol ho c ng ng cua phenol:

; Anilin va ng ng cua anilin:

Anehit R(CHO)n; HCOOH; HCOONa; HCOONH4; HCOOR (R: CH3-; C2H5-); glucoz; mantoz.
SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr.
+ Lu y: Benzen va ankyl benzen (R-C6H5) chi phan ng vi Br2 khan/nguyn ch t khi co xuc tac b t Fe.
b) T/d vi dd AgNO3/NH3:
Phan ng trang gng (Ag): Anehit R(CHO)n; HCOOH; HCOONa; HCOONH4; HCOOR (R = CH3-;
C2H5-); glucoz; fructoz; mantoz.
vang: R-CCH (ankin n i ba u ma ch).
c) T/d vi dd KMnO4:
Hirocacbon khng no (co C=C ho c CC); anehit; HCOOH; HCOONa; HCOONH4; HCOOR (R = CH3-;
C2H5-) lam m t mau KMnO4 i u ki n thng.
Benzen khng phan ng. Ankyl benzen (R-C6H5) chi tac du ng vi KMnO4 khi un nong.
d) T/d vi NaOH:
Dung dich
NaOH loang:
+ Ankyl halogenua: R-X (X: Cl, Br) vi R: CH3-; C2H5-; C6H5CH2-; CH2=CH-CH2-
t
V/d: C2H5Cl + NaOHloang
C2H5OH + NaCl
o

OH

+ Phenol va ng ng cua phenol:

V/d: C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O

+ Axit cacboxylic: R(COOH)x + xNaOH R(COONa)x + xH2O
+ Este, peptit, protein u bi thuy phn trong dd NaOH loang.
+ Oxit axit (CO2, SO2, SO3, NO2, P2O5, Cl2O7, CrO3), oxit lng tinh (Al2O3, ZnO) va hiroxit lng tinh
(Al(OH)3, Cr(OH)3, Zn(OH)2).
+ Mu i cua ion co tinh lng tinh: NaHCO3, NaHS, NaHSO3
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+ Mu i cua cation baz y u: NH4Cl, CH3NH3NO3, C6H5NH3Cl

+ Mu i cua cation baz y u va anion g c axit y u: (NH4)2CO3, (NH4)2S
Dung dich
NaOH c:
+ Ankyl halogenua: R-X (X: Cl, Br) vi R: CH2=CH- ho c C6H5-.
t cao, p cao
V/d: C6H5Cl + 2NaOH c
C6H5ONa + NaCl + H2O
o

+ Cac oxit va hiroxit g m: Cr2O3, SiO2, BeO, Be(OH)2, SnO, Sn(OH)2, PbO, Pb(OH)2. Ring SiO2 tac
du ng vi dung dich
NaOH c ho c nong chay.
e) T/d vi Cu(OH)2 i u ki n thng:
Axit cacboxylic (RCOOH) dd mau xanh lam.
Ancol co it nh t hai nhom OH k nhau phc mau xanh lam.
Glucoz, fructoz, saccaroz, mantoz.
Peptit (co it nh t 2 lin k t peptit ho c t tripeptit tr ln); protein ta o phc mau tim
.
t
+ Lu y: RCHO + Cu(OH)2/NaOH
RCOONa + Cu2O (o ga ch) + H2O.
6. M t s pha n ng v c thng ga p:
o

a) Nhi t phn mu i nitrat:

t
M(NO3)n
M(NO2)n + O2: khi M la kim loa i t Li trc Mg (K, Na, Ba, Ca)
o

t
M(NO3)n
M2On + NO2 + O2: khi M la kim loa i t Mg Cu.
o

t
M(NO3)n
M + NO2 + O2: khi M la Ag, Hg.
o

t
+ Lu y: 4Fe(NO3)2
2Fe2O3 + 8NO2 + O2.
o

b) Nhi t phn mu i cacbonat (CO32) va hirocacbonat (HCO3):

Mu i cacbonat cua kim loa i ki m (Na, K) khng bi nhi t phn. V/d: Na2CO3, K2CO3
Mu i cacbonat cua kim loa i khac trc Cu bi nhi t phn oxit kim loa i + CO2.
t
MgCO3
MgO + CO2.

t
V/d: CaCO3
CaO + CO2.

Mu i cacbonat cua kim loa i sau Cu bi nhi t phn kim loa i + CO2 + O2.
t
V/d: Ag2CO3
2Ag + CO2 + 1/2O2.
o

t
Mu i hirocacbonat: 2HCO3
CO32 + CO2 + H2O.
o

c) Nhi t phn mu i amoni (NH4+):

t
Mu i amoni cua g c axit khng co tinh oxi hoa
axit tng ng + NH3.
o

t
t
NH3 + HCl; (NH4)2CO3
NH4HCO3 + H2O;
V/d: NH4Cl
o

t
NH3 + CO2 + H2O
NH4HCO3
o

t
N2 hoc N2O:
Mui amoni ca gc axit c tnh oxi ha
o

t
NH4NO2
N2 + 2H2O;

t
V/d: NH4NO3
N2O + 2H2O;

t
N2 + Cr2O3 + 2H2O
(NH4)2Cr2O7
o

d) Mu i sunfua (S2):
t
(Fe2O3, CuO) + SO2
(FeS, FeS2, Cu2S, CuS) + O2 (d)
o

t
(Ag, Hg) + SO2
(Ag2S, HgS) + O2
o

e) Phan ng ta o phc cua NH3:

NH3 c th to phc tan vi cation Cu2+, Zn2+, Ag+, Ni2+
M(OH)n + 2nNH3 [M(NH3)2n] (OH)n vi M l Cu, Zn, Ag.
V/d: CuSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4;

Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2

ho c: AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

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7. H a h c va va n kinh t -xa h i-mi trng:

a) Ch t gy nghi n: r u, nicotin, cafein, seduxen, meprobamat, amphetamin
b) Ma tuy: moocphin, hassish (c n sa, b a), heroin, cocain
c) Ch t khang sinh: penixilin, erythromixin, ampixilin, amoxilin
d) Khi gy hi u ng nha kinh: chu y u la do CO2, CFC, CH4.
e) Khi gy ma axit: SO2, NO2. Khi lam thung t ng ozon: CFC (CFCl3, CF2Cl2) hay con go i la freon.
f) Khi gy hi n t ng mu quang hoa: O3, FAN, NOx
g) Tac nhn hoa ho c gy nhim ngun nc: ion kim loa i n ng (Pb2+, Hg2+, Cr3+, Cd2+, As3+, Mn2+); cac anion:
Cl, NO3, PO43, SO42; thu c bao v thc v t va phn bon hoa ho c.
h) Ch t gy nhim khng khi: CO, CO2, SO2, H2S, NOx, CFC, cac ch t bu i
i) Ch t bao quan thc ph m an toan: nc a, nc a kh (CO2 r n), mu ikhng dung fomon (dd HCHO
37% - 40%); ure (H2N)2CO; han the
8. M t s la i qua ng va hp cha t ca n nh:
1. Photphorit: Ca3(PO4)2

2. Apatit: 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2

3. Magiezit: MgCO3

4. Amophot: NH4H2PO4 + (NH4)2HPO4

5. Nitrophotka: (NH4)2HPO4 + KNO3

6. olomit: CaCO3.MgCO3

7. Cao lanh: Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O

8. Thuy tinh long: Na2SiO3 + K2SiO3

9. Xinvinit: NaCl.KCl

10. Cacnalit: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O

11. Florit: CaF2

12. Criolit: Na3AlF6 hay AlF3.3NaF

13. Boxit: Al2O3.2H2O

14. Xiderit: FeCO3

15. Pirit st: FeS2

16. Pirit ng: CuFeS2

17. Phn chua: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

18. Hematit nu: Fe2O3.nH2O

19. Hematit o: Fe2O3

20. Manhetit: Fe3O4

21. Cromit: FeO.Cr2O3

22. Tha ch cao s ng: CaSO4.2H2O

23. Tha ch cao nung: CaSO4.H2O

24. Tha ch cao khan: CaSO4

25. Hn h p tecmit: Al + Fe2O3

26. Phen crom-kali: K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O

27. Gang (C: 2-5%); Thep (C: 0,01-2%)

TNG HP CAC PHAN NG V C HAY QUN

A. LP 10:
Nho m Halogen (Cl, Br, I):

Cl2
2HCl
+2H 2 O
H 2 SO4 +
1. SO2 +
2HBr
Br2

MnO2
MnCl 2 +Cl2 +2H 2 O
4HCl
2KMnO

16HCl
2KCl+2MnCl 2 +5Cl 2 +8H 2O
4
+

2.
KClO
6HCl
3

KCl+3Cl 2 +3H 2 O
K 2 Cr2 O 7 14HCl
3Cl 2 +2KCl+2CrCl3 +7H 2 O

Cl2
3 2Cl

Fe +
3. Fe +

2Br
Br2

Ca(ClO)2 +CaCl2 +H 2 O
4. Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
CaOCl2 +H 2 O

6NaOH t 0 5NaCl+NaClO3 +3H 2O

5. Cl2 +
6KOH
5KCl+KClO3 +3H 2 O

6. 2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2

NaHCO3 +HClO
NaClO
+CO2 +H 2 O

7.
2CaOCl 2
CaCO3 +CaCl 2 +2HClO

NaCl(ran)
HCl+NaHSO4 /Na2SO4

t0
9. NaNO3(ran) +H2 SO4 (ac)
HNO3 +NaHSO4

2HF+CaSO4
CaF2(ran)
Br2 +SO2 +H 2 O
2HBr
+H 2 SO4 (ac)
11.
8HI
4I 2 +H 2 S+4H 2 O

8. 2F2 + 2NaOHloan g, la nh 2NaF + H2O + OF2

10. Br2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O 2HBrO3 + 10HCl

12. PBr3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HBr

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I
I2
14. 2 Fe3 + Fe2+
S
S

13. 4HBr + O2 2Br2 + 2H2O

Nho m Oxi Lu huy nh:

2KMnO4 t 0 K 2 MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

1.
2KCl + 3O2
2KClO3

xt: MnO2
2. 2H2O2
O2 + 2H2O

3. O3 + 2Ag Ag2O + O2

4. O3 + 2KI + H2O I2 + 2KOH + O2

5. H2O2 + KNO2 KNO3 + H2O

6. H2O2 + 2KI I2 + 2KOH

7. H2O2 + Ag2O 2Ag + O2 + H2O

8. 5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

4Cl2 + 4H2 O
H 2 SO4 + 8HCl
9. H2S +

S + HCl
Cl2(kh)

10. 4Ag + 2H2S + O2 2Ag2S + 2H2O

11. SO2 + Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O H2SO4 + FeSO4

SO 2

t0
12. SiO 2 + 2Mg
2MgO +
CO
2

H2 SO4 ac
13. Cn(H2O)m (cacbohirat)
nC + mH2O

15. H2SO4 + nSO3 H2SO4.nSO3 (oleum)

H 2 SO 4
17. Na2S2O3 +
S + SO2 + H2O +
HCl

Si
C

14. C + 2H2SO4 ( c) CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O

16. H2SO4.nSO3 + nH2O (n+1)H2SO4

Na2 SO 4

2NaCl

B. LP 11:
Nho m Nit Photpho:
t thng
1. 6Li + N2

2Li3N

t
2. N2 + 3Mg
Mg3N2

t
3. NH4Cl + NaNO2
N2 + NaCl + 2H2O

4. 2NH3 + 3Cl2 N2 + 6HCl

t
5. 4NH3 + 3O2
2N2 + 6H2O

xt ,t
6. 4NH3 + 5O2
2NO + 6H2O

7. 2NH3 + 3CuO
3Cu + N2 + 2H2O

8. P + HNO3 ( c)
C

t0

H 2 SO4 +6NO2 +2H 2 O

H3 PO4 +5NO2 +H 2 O
CO 4NO + 2H O
2
2
2

9. Cu + 4HNO3 ( c) Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O. 10. 3Cu + 8HNO3 (loang) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
11. 3H2S + 2HNO3 (loan g) 3S + 2NO + 4H2O

t
12. 2P + 3Ca
Ca3P2
0

3O2 (oxi thieu)

2P2 O3
13. 4P +

2P2 O5
5O2 (oxi d)

3Cl 2 (clo thieu)

2PCl3
14. 2P +

2PCl 5
5Cl 2 (clo d)

t
3P2O5 + 5KCl
15. 6P + 5KClO3

t
3CaSiO3 + 2P + 5CO
16. Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C

p ,t

(NH2)2CO + H2O
17. CO2 + 2NH3

18. (NH2)2CO + 2H2O (NH4)2CO3

Nho m Cacbon Silic:

xt
1. CO + Cl2
COCl2 (photgen)

t
Zn + CO
2. C + ZnO

H2 SO4 ac
CO + H2O
3. HCOOH
t0

4. Si + 2F2 (t0 thng) SiF4

5. Si + NaOH + H2O Na2SiO3 + 2H2

t
Mg2Si
6. 2Mg + Si

t
Na2SiO3 + H2O
7. SiO2 + 2NaOH ( c)
0

9. Na2SiO3 + CO2 + H2O Na2CO3 + H2SiO3

t
Na2SiO3 + CO2
8. SiO2 + Na2CO3
0

t
Na2O.CaO.6SiO2 + 2CO2
10. 6SiO2 + CaCO3 + Na2CO3
0

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TNG HP CAC PHAN NG H U C C BIT

xt ,t
2. R(COONa)x + xNaOH
RHx + xNa2CO3
0

1. C4H10 + 5F2 4C + 10HF

xt ,t
3. CH4 + O2
HCHO + H2O
0

4. 3C2H4 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O 3C2H6O2 (etilen glycol) + 2MnO2 + 2KOH

xt ,t
5. 2CHCH
CH2=CH-CCH

xt ,t
6. 3CHCH
C6H6

xt ,t
7. CH4 + H2O
CO + 3H2

xt ,t , p
8. CO + 2H2
CH3OH

xt ,t , p
9. 2CH4 + O2
2CH3OH

10. R

R'

+ HCN R

CN

OH

O
CH3COOH

R'

12. 2CH3OH + O2
2HCHO + 2H2O

11. CH3COCH3 + Br2 CH3COCH2Br + HBr

xt ,t 0

xt ,t
13. 2C2H4 + O2
2CH3CHO

xt ,t
14. CH3OH + CO
CH3COOH

xt ,t
15. 2C4H10 + 5O2
4CH3COOH + 2H2O

xt
16. CH3COOH + CHCH
CH3COOCH=CH2

17. C6H5OH + (CH3CO)2O (anhirit axetic) CH3COOC6H5 + CH3COOH

0 5 C
18. C6H5NH2 + HNO2 + HCl
C6H5N2+Cl (benzeniazoni clorua) + 2H2O
0

Fe HCl
19. C6H5NO2 + 6H
C6H5NH2 + 2H2O
t0

20.

OH

OH

H2C

H2C

O
HO

OH

HO

OH

Glucoz: C6H12O6

HCl khan
+ CH3OH

HO

OCH3

HO

+ H2O

OH

Metyl glicozit: khng th chuy n sang da ng ma ch h

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