AIM

There are a few objective have to achieve in this experiment:

1. To determine the effect temperature on reaction rate constant , k for batch reaction.
2. To determine the activation energy of saponification.

THEORY
Saponification is a process by which triglycerides are reacted with sodium or potassium
hydroxide (NaOH or KOH) to produce glycerol and fatty acid salt called soap. Lipid
that contain fatty acid ester linkages can undergo hydrolysis. (Helmenstine,2001)
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor(CSTR)

Figure 1
stirred tank

CSTR is used
primarily

for

liquid phase reaction. It is normally operated at steady state with continuos flow and is
assumed to be perfectly mixed;consequently, there is no time dependence or position
dependence of the temperature , the concentration or the reaction rate inside the CSTR
(Fogler,2006).
Material balance of general chemical reaction described below.The conservation principle
required that the mass of species A in an element of reactor volume V obeys the
following statement:
(Rate of A into volume element) - (Rate of A out of volume element) + (rate of produced
within volume element) = (rate of A accumulated within Volume element)
In batch reaction, there are no feed and exits streams , therefore:

rate of A produced
within

volume element

rate of A accumulated
within
volume element

The rate of reaction of component A is defined as :

rA
[moles of A which appear by reaction] / [unit volume][unit time]

By this definition , if A is a reaction product , the rate is positive,whereas if it is a reactant

which is consumed, the rate is negative. Hence,

(rA )
Integrating gives :

t is the time required to achieve a conversion X A for either isothermal or non-isothermal

operation.

Effect of Temperature On Rate Of Reaction

The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction can be explained in term of kinetic
molecular theory. The kinetic energy of the gas molecules is proportional to the
temperature. As the temperature increase , the particles move faster and collide frequently
so kinetic energy of gas molecules increases. That will speed up the rate of reaction.
Collision between molecules will be more violent at higher temperature. The higher
temperature mean higher velocities.The frequency of collision will increase and the
greater the effective collision. Moreover, the higher temperature , the more number of gas
molecules possess energy equal to or greater than activation energy (E a) . Thus , the rate
of reaction increases.
As a rough approximation, for many reactions happening at around room
temperature,the rate of reaction doubles for every 10 oC rise in temperature.
(www.chemguide.co.uk)

Figure

2:

MaxwellBoltzmann
distribution curve
The curve shows the distribution of energies at two different temperatures , T 1 and T2.
The area beneath each curve is proportional to the total number of molecules involved
with a particular kinetic energy. From the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve, it
shows that the kinetic energy of molecule increases with temperature. The curve broadens

as the temperature increases. The area beneath each curve represents the number of
molecules having certain kinetic energy. Since the area beneath the curve of T 2 is wider
than area of T1 , it can conclude that there is more number of molecules possessing
kinetic energy equal to or greater than activation energy Ea at higher temperature.
(Michael L & Hayati ,2012)
In any single homogenous reaction, temperature ,composition and reaction rate are
uniquely related . They can be represented graphically in one of three ways as shown
below :

Activation Energy

kJ
mol

Activation energy is the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction. The
activation energy of a reaction is usually denoted by Ea and given in units . Arrhenius
equation gives the quantitative basis of the relationship between the activation energy and
the rate at which a reaction proceed.From the Arrhenius equation , the activation energy
can be found through the relation:

kA
A=frequency factor for the reaction
R=universal gas constant

T= Temperature in Kelvin

k=reaction rate coefficient

APPARATUS

1. Continuos stirred tank reactor (Model BP:100)

2. Stopwatch

3. 200 ml Beaker
4. 50ml Burette
5. 100ml Measuring Cylinder
6. 250ml Conical flask
7. Solution : 0.1 NaOH
: 0.1 Ethyl Acetate
: 0.25 HCl
:Phenolphthalein
Figure 3: CSTR (Model : BP
100)
RECOMMENDATION
1. Divide into two teams
which is the first team in
charge of the CSTR machine
while the second team would
carry out the back titration
procedures.
2. Reading should be taken at least 4 different temperatures in order to get better graph to
find the activation energy.
3. Make sure to taken the sample at the right time for every temperature needed.

4. During titration , use the suitable apparatus with appropriate size and scale to the
amount to be measured.
5. Make sure all the error is avoided to get more accurate result.To avoid parallax error ,
make sure the position of eye must be parallel to reading scale.
6.The samples that already mix with HCl should be titrated as soon as possible to avoid
the solution react with others chemical before titration.