Lab manual

Subject : Integrated Electronics

BE 6 Section B
Submitted by:

Submitted to:
Miss Diana

Sr. #
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EXPERIMENT
Introduction to Operational Amplifier
To design the operational amplifier based Inverting and Non-inverting
amplifier.
To study the characteristics of uA741 op amp.
To determine the use of op amp as summing amplifier, Subtractor,
integrator & Differentiator.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Experiment no 1
Objective
Introduction of operational amplifier

Apparatus

Trainer
OP AMP-LM741
DC Power supply
Resistors
Oscilloscope.

Theory
Operational amplifier (OP-AMP) are highly stable,high gain difference amplifiers that can handle signals
from zero frequency (dc signals)up to the MHZ range.They are used for performing mathematical
operations on the input signal in real time and are an important component of analog compilation
networks.
LM324 and LM741 ICS are mostly used for practical implementations.

Circuit diagram

Figure 1

Figure 2

There are two inputs, inverting (-) input and non-inverting (+) input. The output signal voltage,
vo is given by
VO=A (v+-v-)
Where v+ and v- are signals applied to non-inverting and inverting inputs. The gain A is infinite
for the ideal OP AMPs, the input resistance is infinite, thus no current flows in to the two opAMPs inputs. These OP AMPs require a bipolar power supply to operate e.g positive voltage and
negative voltage with respect to ground, the bipolar power supply allows op-amps to generate
output voltage signal vo of either polarity.
Thus, a typical OP-AMP fed with -15 and 15v , may field a vo approximately with in the -13 to
13v range. This is called the operational amplifier range, because of their very high open loop
gain,OP-AMPs are almost exclusively used with some additional circuitry(mostly with resistors
and capacitors) required to ensure a negative feedback loop. The feedback loop stabilizes the
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output with in the operational amplifier range and provides a much smaller but precisely
controlled loop gain. For the ideal OP- amplifier with feedback, voltages at the two inputs, v+
and v-are equal.
An operational
amplifier (often op-amp)
is
a DC-coupled high-gain electronic
voltage amplifier with a input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an opamp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of
thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals.
Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to do
mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. The
popularity of the op-amp as a building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility. Due
to negative feedback, the characteristics of an op-amp circuit, its gain, input and output
impedance, bandwidth etc. are determined by external components and have little dependence on
temperature coefficients or manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself.
The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier include
the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs), the instrumentation
amplifier (usually built from three op-amps), the isolation amplifier (similar to the
instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an
ordinary op-amp), and negative feedback amplifier (usually built from one or more op-amps and
a resistive feedback network).

Experiment 2
To design the operational amplifier based inverting and non inverting amplifier

Apparatus

Trainer
op amplifier
Ac power supply(function generator)
resistors

Theory
Inverting amplifier
When input voltage is given to the inverting terminal then op-amplifier is saud to be inverting
amplifier.
Voltage gain of inverting op amplifier =vO/vin = -(r2/r1)
Negative sign here is only representing phase inversion, it is not effecting the value of AV

Circuit design

Figure 3

Procedure

Open software named as Multisim

Select the required op amplifier from analog block
Select other components from thre respective blocks or directories
Connect all the components through wire to make the required circuit
Turn on the power
Click on oscilloscope to view the resulted waveform
Examine the waveform for different values of R2

Output

Observations &calculations
R2
22k

V0UT(V)

Av(calculated)

AV(measured)

%error

2.197

2.2

2.197

0.13

27k

2.669

2.7

2.669

0.11

39k

3.849

3.9

3.849

0.12

47k

4.640

4.7

4.640

0.55

56k

5.537

5.6

5.53

0.53

68k

6.730

6.8

6.730

0.14

Result
Hence we have examined inverting configuration of op-amp.

Non-inverting amplifier:
Theory
When input signal is attached with the non-inverting terminal(+ve terminal)
then it is said to be a non-inverting amplifier.
Av=1+ R2/R1

(Av>1)

Apparatus

Trainer
op amplifier
Ac power supply(function generator)
Resistors

Circuit diagram

Figure 4

Procedure

Open software named as Multisim

Select the required op amplifier from analoge block
Select other components from there respective blocks or directories
Connect all the components through wire to make the required circuit
Turn on the power
Click on oscilloscope to view the resulted waveform
Examine the waveform for different values of R2

Output

Observations & calculations

R2

Vout(v)

AV(calculated)

22K

3.198

2.2

27K

3.690

2.7

39K

4.893

3.9

47K

5.672

4.7

56K

6.527

5.6

68K

7.747

6.8

Result
Hence we have examined non-inverting configuration of op-amplifier

Experiment no 3
Objective
To study the characteristics of UA741C op-amp

Apparatus

Resistors
UA741C op-amp
Multimeter
Function generator/AC
Power supply
Oscilloscope

Section (a)
Input bias current

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Input bias current is defined as the average of the currents entering into the inverting and noninverting terminals of an op-amp. Input bias current = IB=IB1-IB2/2
Where IB1 and IB2 are the base currents of the op-amp. Its range is 80-500nA.

Circuit diagram

Figure 5

Procedure

Open software named as Multisim

Select required components from their respective blocks or directories
Connect all the components through wire to make the required circuit
Turn on the power
double click on multimeter
Note down the respective reading measured by the multimeter
Connect the multimeter across R1 & R2 respectively
Note down the respective readings

Output

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Figure 6

Calculation & observations

IB=IB1+IB2/2=80nA

Result
Hence we have studied the characteristics of UA741C op-amp

Section (b)
Input offset current
The bias currents IB1 and IB2 wll not be equal in an op-amp. Input offset current is defined as the
algebraic diffeernec between the currents into the inverting and non-inverting terminals
Ios=|IB1-IB2|
Typical and maximum values of input offset current are 20na and 200nA.

Procedure

Open software named as Multisim

Select required components from their respective blocks or directories
Connect all the components through wire to make the required circuit
Turn on the power
double click on multimeter
Note down the respective reading measured by the multimeter

Circuit diagram
12

Output

Calculations and observations

IB1=90.5nA
IB2=69.5nA
Ios=|IB1-IB2|=21.5nA

Section (c)
13

Input offset voltage

Input offset is defined as the voltage that must be applied between the input of an op-amp to
nullify the output voltage. Typical and maximum values of input offset voltage are 2mv and 6mv.

Circuit diagram

Figure 7

Procedure

Open software named as Multisim

Select required components from their respective blocks or directories
Connect all the components through wire to make the required circuit
Channel A of oscilloscope is connected with the output and the ground hence it will give
us the output waveform
Channel B of oscilloscope is connected with the input and the ground hence it will give
us the input waveform
Turn on the power
double click on oscilloscope
oscilloscope will give us both the input and output waveform simultaneously
adjust the scale to note down the readings measured by oscilloscope

Output

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Calculation & observation

Output voltage=Vo=-------V
Offset voltage =Vof=vo/Av(CL) and AV(CL)=R1+R2/R1------VOFF=---------------------------------mV

Section (d)
Slew rate
Slew rate is the rate of rise of output voltage .it is the measure of fastness of op-amp. It is
expressed in V/usec. If the scope requirements of the op-amp output voltage are grater than the
slew rate,distortion occurs. Slew rate is measured by applying a step input voltage .

Circuit diagram

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Figure 8

Output

Procedure

Open software named as Multisim

Select required components from their respective blocks or directories
Connect all the components through wire to make the required circuit
Channel A of oscilloscope is connected with the output and the ground hence it will give
us the output waveform
Channel B of oscilloscope is connected with the input and the ground hence it will give
us the input waveform
Turn on the power
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double click on oscilloscope

adjust the scale to note down the readings measured by oscilloscope

Calculation & observations

Voltage of output =----------Vp-p
Slew rate =delta V/delta t=change in voltage/change in time=----------V/usec
Or=2 fVp=-----------V/usec

Result
Section (e)
Common-mode rejection ratio(CMRR)
The CMRR is the defined as the ratio of the differential voltage gain(Ad) to the common mode
voltage gain(Acm). Range is 70-90db
CMRR=Ad/Acm
CMRR(db)=20log(Ad/Acm) db

Procedure

Open software named as Multisim

Select required components from their respective blocks or directories
Connect all the components through wire to make the required circuit
Turn on the power
double click on multimeter
Note down the respective reading measured by the multimeter

Circuit diagram

17

Output

Calculation and observations

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VO=--------Vrms
Ad=R2/R1=---------Acm=VO/Vi=---------CMRR=20log(Ad/Acm) db=-------db

Result
Input bias current=----Input offset current=----Input offset voltage=-----Slew rate=----------CMRR=----------

Experiment no 4
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Objective
To demonstrate the use of OP-AMP as
(1)summing amplifier
(2) Subtractor
(3) Integration
(4) Differentiator

Apparatus

Ua741CP OP-AMP
resistors (10k, 1k)
function generator
oscilloscope
multimeter
power supply

(1) Summing amplifier

OP AMP may be used to perform summing operation of several input signals in inverting and noninverting mode. The input signal to be summed up are given to inverting terminal or non- inverting
terminal through the input resistance to perform inverting and non- inverting summing operations
respectively.

Circuit diagram:

Figure 9

Procedure
20

Open software named as Multisim

Select required components from their respective blocks or directories
Connect all the components through wire to make the required circuit
Turn on the power
double click on multimeter
Note down the respective reading measured by the multimeter

Observation and calculation:

V1

V2

5
10

3.4
10

Theoretical
Vo=V1+V2
-8.4
-20

Practical V0
-8.399
-19.5

(2)Subtractor:
The base difference amplifier can be used as a subtractor. THE signals to be subtracted are connected to
opposite polarity inputs i-e in inverting or non- inverting terminals of the op-amp.

Procedure

Open software named as Multisim

Select required components from their respective blocks or directories
Connect all the components through wire to make the required circuit
Turn on the power
double click on multimeter
Note down the respective reading measured by the multimeter

Circuit diagram:

Figure 10

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Figure 11

Observation and calculation:

V1

V2

10
10

7
12

Theoretical
V0=V1+V2
3
-2

Practical
V0
3
-2

(3)Integrator
Integrator is used to integrate the input waveform i-e V0=Vindt,integrators are commonly used in
wave shaping, signal generators etc. the op amp, integrator works as an open loop amplifier and
the gain becomes infinity or very high gain.

Procedure

Open software named as Multisim

Select required components from their respective blocks or directories
Connect all the components through wire to make the required circuit
Turn on the power
double click on oscilloscope
Note down the respective reading measured by the oscilloscope

Circuit diagram
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Figure 12

Output

(4)Differentiator
Here the output waveform is the derivative of input waveform. In a basic inverting amplifier, if
we replace by r1 by c1 we get the differentiator. AT high frequencies, the gain of amplifier
increases with the increase in frequency.

Procedure

Open software named as Multisim

Select required components from their respective blocks or directories
Connect all the components through wire to make the required circuit
Turn on the power
double click on oscilloscope
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Note down the respective reading measured by the oscilloscope

Circuit diagram

Figure 13

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