Joint Handbook: Technical Drawing For Students

SAA/SNZ HB1:1994
Joint Handbook
TECHNICAL DRAWING
for students
SAA/SNZ HB1:1994
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Joint Handbook
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Technical drawing for students
First published as SAA HB1 1980.

Second editi on 1986.
Thir d edit ion 1988.
Fourth edit ion 1992.
Revised and designated as Joint Handbook
SAA/SNZ HB1:1994.
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SAA/SNZ HB1:1994
PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY:

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
1 The Crescent,
Homebush NSW 2140 Australia
STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Level 10, Standards House,
155 The Terrace,
Wellington 6001 New Zealand
ISBN 0 7262 9196 X
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Technical drawing is not an art form concerned with aesthetics, but is primarily a
method of transmitting technical information from one party to another. It is in
effect a technical language. It has evolved over the years, increasing in
sophistication as the complexity of technology increased.
It is a matter of history that variations in the form of graphical presentation evolved
in different countries with the result that until fairly recently the international
interchange of technical information was difficult, because it was not easy to
precisely decipher the requirements. This factor, coupled with the rapid growth of
high technology and multinational industries, and the necessity for technical
drawing to be more precise and less ambiguous, made it imperative that this
technical language be standardized and promulgated throughout the world.
This has now been achieved through the medium of the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO), and for these reasons and also because we live in an
age of high technology, both in industry and in day-to-day living, it is increasingly
important that young people and more mature students are made aware of the
basics of this technical lingua franca. It is equally important that the community
generally is made aware of the concepts and benefits of standardization and its
effect on their daily lives.
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This handbook has been prepared by Standards Australia in collaboration with

Standards New Zealand and education authorities to meet these needs, by
introducing high school and college students to standard drawing practice
established in Australia and New Zealand by Joint Standards Committee ME/72 in
liaison with ISO. The acceptance and use of this handbook will not only benefit
students, but in the long term will have a marked, positive effect on industry and
commerce. The handbook was initially published in 1980. The handbook will be
revised periodically to take into account changes in national and international
drawing practice and symbology, as they occur.
Essentially this handbook is an abridgment of AS 1100, Technical drawing, with
selected extracts from AS 1101, Graphical symbols for general engineering, a
complete listing of the parts of which is given in Appendix D.
The AS 1100 series of Standards are currently harmonized Standards in
New Zealand (replacing the NZS 5902 series of Standards) and will become Joint
Australian/New Zealand Standards at the next revision.
Electrotechnical aspects of drawing are covered in SAA HB3, Electrical and
electronic drawing practice for students.
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NOTES ON THE USE OF THIS HANDBOOK

The figures used in the document are not intended to be examples of fully
dimensioned working drawings. They are drawn to show the point explained in the
text.
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Although most of the examples given are of a mechanical nature, the principles
demonstrated are equally applicable to structural and architectural drawings.
In the illustrations, capital letters are used for notes that are intended to appear on
the drawings, and lower-case letters for explanatory notes that are not intended to
appear on the drawings.
Values of dimensions and tolerances are typical examples only.
Obviously this handbook is not, nor does it purport to be, a replacement for the
technical drawing Standard, and that Standard is commended to the reader for a
more comprehensive treatment of the subject. It does however contain sufficient
information to enable the student to understand the basic techniques and principles
used in contemporary technical drawing practice.
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INTRODUCTION
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CONTENTS
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SECTION 2 LAYOUT OF DRAWINGS

2.1 DRAWING SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 TITLE BLOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 MATERIAL OR PARTS LISTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 4 LETTERING AND NUMERALS

4.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 CHARACTER STYLE . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 CHARACTER HEIGHT . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 DIRECTION OF LETTERING . . . . . .
4.5 UNDERLINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 5 METHODS OF PROJECTION

5.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 INDICATION OF THE METHOD OF PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 3 LINES
3.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 TYPES OF LINES AND THEIR APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 PRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 6 VIEWS ON DRAWINGS

6.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 NUMBER OF VIEWS . . . . . .
6.3 ADDITIONAL VIEWS . . . . . .
6.4 SYMMETRICAL VIEWS . . . .
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SECTION 7 SECTIONS
7.1 USE OF CUTTING PLANES . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 HATCHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 THIN SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 HALF SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5 LOCAL SECTIONS (PART SECTIONS) . . . .
7.6 SUCCESSIVE SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7 REVOLVED AND REMOVED SECTIONS . .
7.8 EXCEPTIONS (RIBS, BOLTS, NUTS, ETC.)
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SECTION 9 SCALES
9.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 RECOMMENDED SCALE RATIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3 INDICATION OF SCALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 8 CONVENTIONS AND SYMBOLS

8.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATIONS TO BE USED IN DRAWINGS
8.2 GENERAL ENGINEERING SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4 ARCHITECTURAL CONVENTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5 WELDING SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.6 OTHER SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 1 SCOPE AND TERMINOLOGY

1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 11 PROJECTION LINES, DIMENSION LINES AND LEADERS

11.1 PROJECTION LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 DIMENSION LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3 LEADERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 12 DIMENSIONS
12.1 LINEAR DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . .
12.2 ANGULAR DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . .
12.3 ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS
12.4 REDUNDANT DIMENSIONS . . . . . .
12.5 BASIC DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 14 TAPERED FEATURES

14.1 DIMENSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2 SYMBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 13 METHODS OF DIMENSIONING COMMON FEATURES

13.1 DIAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2 RADII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3 SIZE OF HOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.4 POSITIONING OF HOLES AND OTHER FEATURES ON ARCS .
13.5 COUNTERSINKS, COUNTERBORES AND SPOTFACES . . . . . .
13.6 CHAMFERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.7 BOLTS, SCREWS, STUDS AND WASHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.8 SCREW THREADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.9 KEYWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 16 MACHINING AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS SYMBOLS

16.1 MACHINING SYMBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.2 INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 15 TOLERANCED DIMENSIONS

15.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2 APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3 TOLERANCING INDIVIDUAL LINEAR DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . .
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APPENDICES
A TYPICAL DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B GENERAL ENGINEERING TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C PRACTICAL DIMENSIONS: APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES
FOR FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D LISTS OF PARTS OF AS 1100 AND AS 1101 . . . . . . . . . . . .
E PICTORIAL COMPARISON OF FIRST AND THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F SPATIAL GEOMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 10 PRINCIPLES OF DIMENSIONING

10.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 STANDARD SIZES AND PRODUCTION METHODS . . . . . . . . . . .
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ALPHABETICAL INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Technical drawing for students

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S C O P E
A N D
T E R M I N O L O G Y
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1.1 SCOPE This document sets out the basic principles of technical drawing
practice. In essence, this document is an abridged version of AS 1100, Technical
Drawing, which should be referred to for more detailed coverage of the subject.
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NO TE: A sub-assembly is a portion of an assembly.
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1.2 TERMINOLOGY For the purpose of this document the following terminology
applies:
Arrangement drawinga drawing depicting in any form of projection the
relationships of major units or systems of the item depicted. Arrangement drawings
may be with or without controlling dimensions.
Assembly (sub-assembly) a set of two or more items fitted together to form a
specific function.
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Axonometric projectionthe projection of an object in which the lines of sight are

perpendicular to the plane of projection and where the object is orientated so that
its three principal axes are all inclined to the plane of projection. See Figure 1.1.
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FIGURE 1.1
AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION
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Detailan enlarged view of a portion of a drawing.

NO TE: Not to be confused with Detail drawing. See Figure 6.4.
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Detail assembly drawinga drawing depicting an assembly on which one or more

parts are detailed in the assembly view or on separate detail views.
Detail drawinga drawing depicting end product requirements for the parts
delineated on the drawing.
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Diagrammatic drawing (or diagram)a drawing delineating, by means of symbols

and lines, the characteristics and relationships of items forming an assembly or
system.
Drawinga document consisting of one or more drawing sheets presenting
information pictorially or by textual matter (or both).
NO TE: A drawing is normally identified by a drawing number and title.
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Elevation the projection on a vertical plane of any object such as a building or

component viewed at right angles to the plane of projection.
End of full threadthe point at which the thread profile ceases to be fully formed.
Functional dimensiona dimension which directly affects the functioning of the
product. See Figure 1.2.
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FIGURE 1.2
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FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONS
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NO TE: Not to be confused with Detail.
General arrangement drawingan arrangement drawing where the item depicted is

the end product.
Installation a number of parts or sub-assemblies or any combination thereof fitted
together to perform a specific function, in association with an appropriate structure
or enclosure (or both).
Installation drawinga drawing specifying complete information necessary to
install an item or items relative to the supporting structure or to associated items.
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TYPICAL LEADERS
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Monodetail drawinga detail drawing delineating a single part.

Multidetail drawinga detail drawing delineating two or more uniquely identified
parts on the same drawing sheet.
Nominal size the size by which an item is designated as a matter of convenience.
Examples: M20 screw thread; 75 mm x 50 mm timber wall plates.
Oblique projectionthe projection of an object in which the lines of sight are
parallel to each other but inclined to the plane of projection and where the object is
orientated with the principal face parallel to the plane of projection, thus making
this face and parallel faces show in true shape. See Figure 1.4.
Orthogonal projectionthe projection of an object in which the line of sight is
perpendicular to the plane of projection. See Figure 1.5 and Appendix E.
Partone piece (member) or two or more pieces (members) joined together which
cannot normally be separated without destruction or impairment of designed use.
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Leadera line used in conjunction with a terminator to indicate where dimensions,

notes, item numbers or feature identifications are intended to apply. See
Figure 1.3.
NO TE: A part is sometimes described as a component.
Part numbera number assigned to identify uniquely a specific part.
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FIGURE 1.4
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FIGURE 1.5
OBLIQUE PROJECTION
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ORTHOGONAL (THIRD ANGLE) PROJECTION

WITH PROJECTION SYMBOL
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FIGURE 1.6
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
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Symbol a mark, character, letter or combination thereof which is accepted for

indicating an object, ideas or process.
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NO TES:
1 This applies particularly to SI units and their multiples, chemical elements, letter symbols for
quantities, mathematics signs and the like.
2 Letter symbols are the same in the plural as in the singular.
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Tabulated drawinga drawing showing similar configurations, parts, items or

assemblies with the variations in characteristics given in tabular form.
Tolerancethe total amount of variation permitted for the size of a dimension, a
positional relationship, or the form of a profile, or other design requirement.
Tolerance zonea zone within which the surface or median plane or axis of a
feature is to be contained.
Bilateral tolerancea tolerance in which variation is permitted only in both
directions from the specified dimension. See Figure 1.8.
Unilateral tolerancea tolerance in which variation is permitted only in one
direction from the specified dimension. See Figure 1.9.
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Perspective projectionthe projection of an object in which the lines of sight

converge to a point of sight located so that the projection plane is between the
object and the observer. See Figure 1.6.
Planthe horizontal section or projection of any object such as a building, or a
projection on a horizontal plane of a site, building or component, viewed from
above at right angles to the plane of section or projection.
Section the view of an object at the cutting plane which may typically include that
detail beyond a cutting plane. See Figure 1.7.
Surface texture the topography of a surface including roughness and waviness
but excluding errors of form.
Surface roughnessthe topography of a surface which consists of short
wavelengths only. It comprises surface irregularities with relatively small spacings
and usually incorporates irregularities resulting from the method of manufacture.
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FIGURE 1.9
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SECTIONAL VIEW
BILATERAL TOLERANCING
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UNILATERAL TOLERANCING
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L A Y O U T
O F
D R A W I N G S
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2.1 DRAWING SHEETS The preferred sizes of drawing sheets, known as the
ISO A series is shown in Figure 2.1. (See also Figure 2.2 and Table 2.1.)
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TABLE 2.1
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SIZE OF BORDERS AND THICKNESS OF BORDER LINES

Standard
designation
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NO TE: ISO is the international standardizing organization, and hence this series is used throughout
the world.
Minimum width of borders

mm
Thickness of border li nes

mm
A0
20
20
1.4
A1
20
20
1.0
A2
10
10
0.7
A3
10
10
0.7
A4
10
10
0.7
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DIMENSIONS OF DRAWING FRAME
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2.2 TITLE BLOCK

2.2.1 Position The title block should be at the bottom of the sheet and extend
to the lower right-hand corner of the frame. (See Appendix A.)
2.2.2 Information Drawings should include the following basic information in
title blocks:
(a) Name.
(b) Date.
(c) Projection symbol.
(d) Scale ratio.
(e) Title.
(f) Drawing number.
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NO TE: A typical title block is illustrated in Appendix A.
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2.3 MATERIAL OR PARTS LISTS (See Figure 2.3.) Where several parts are
detailed on the one sheet or an assembly of parts is shown, a tabulated material or
parts list should be provided adjacent to the title block.
It is also recommended that the list should include information such as the
following:
(a) Item or part number.
(b) Description or name of part.
(c) Quantity required.
(d) Material, material specification, etc.
(e) Drawing number of detail drawing.
(f) Stores reference number, if applicable.
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FIGURE 2.3
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TYPICAL LAYOUT OF A PARTS LIST
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S E C T I O N
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3.2 TYPES OF LINES AND THEIR APPLICATION (See Table 3.1 and
Figures 3.1 to 3.5.) Lines on drawings should be selected according to their
application. Preferred types are shown in Table 3.1, where each type is designated
by a letter. Line thicknesses should be selected from one of the line groups given
in Figure 3.1.
Typical applications are shown in Figures 3.2 to 3.5.
The thickness of lines selected should be such that the minimum line thickness,
when reproduced should not be less than 0.18 mm.
The length and spacing of dashes should be consistent on any particular
drawing(s) and not less than the minimum values given in Table 3.1.
Chain lines should start and finish with a long dash, but not too long, in a cutting
plane.
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3.3 PRESENTATION When centre-lines define centre points they should cross
one another at dash portions of the line.
Centre-lines should extend only a short distance beyond the features unless
required for dimensioning or other purposes. With certain exceptions, such as
partial views and sections, where there are two views, the line should not extend
across the space between the views.
Centre-lines should not stop at another line of the drawing.
Where angles are formed in chain lines, long dashes should meet or cross at the
corners.
Arcs should join at tangent points.
Dashed lines should start and end with dashes in contact with the visible or hidden
lines from which they originate. If a dashed line meets a curved line tangentially, it
should be with a solid portion of the line.
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3.1 GENERAL All lines should be uniformly black, dense and bold. All lines on
any particular drawing should be either in pencil or ink, but not a mixture of both.
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TABLE 3.1
LINES AND APPLICATIONS
3
Type of li ne
Example of line
Typical appli cati on
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Continuoust hick
Visible outl ines

General details
Existi ng buildings
Landscaping in sit e plans
Busbars and transmission
Paths
See Note 1
Continuousmedium
Continuoust hin
Continuoust hin, fr ee-hand
Continuoust hin, ruled wit h

zig-zag
Dashedt hick (see Note 2)
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Fictit ious outl ines

Imaginary intersecti on of
surfaces
Dimension lines, protecti on
lines, intersecti on lines
and leaders
Hatching and outlines of
revolved sections
Fold and tangent bend lines
Short centre-l ines
General purpose electri cal
conductors and symbols
Break lines (other than on
an axis)
Break lines (other than on
an axis)
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(see Note 2)
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See Note 1
Centre-l ines and axes of

solid
Pitch lines
Path lines for indicati ng
movement
Features in fr ont of a
cutti ng planes
Indicati on of repeated detail
Developed views . . .
Materi al to be removed
Chainthin at ends and at

change of dir ecti on
t hin elsewhere
Cutt ing planes
Chainthick
Indicati ons of surf aces to

comply with special
requirements
Pipelines, drains, services
Outl ines of adjacent parts
Alternative and extr eme
posit ion of movable part s
Centroidal lines
Tooling
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Hidden outl ines

Hidden edges
Hidden outl ines

Jumper connections
magneti c or electr ic
screen
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Designati ng
lett er
A
Chainthin, double dashed
NOTES:
1 It is desir able to restri ct line thickness to two on any one drawing. A medium thickness line may be used by some drafting
disciplines such as structural and electri cal for additi onal clari ty. Refer to drafti ng standards for part icular disciplines for
examples.
2 It is recommended that only one thickness of dashed line be used.
3 Proportions of spaces are as specifi ed for Type G.
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FIGURE 3.1
LINE GROUPS
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FIGURE 3.2
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TYPICAL APPLICATION OF TYPES OF LINESSURVEY
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FIGURE 3.3
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TYPICAL APPLICATION OF TYPES OF LINESMECHANICAL
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FIGURE 3.4
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TYPICAL APPLICATION OF TYPES OF LINESARCHITECTURAL
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TYPICAL APPLICATION OF TYPES OF LINES

ELECTROTECHNOLOGY
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S E C T I O N
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L E T T E R I N G
A N D
N U M E R A L S
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4.2 CHARACTER STYLE A suggested style of letters and numerals is shown in

Figure 4.2. In general, only capital letters should be used.
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4.3 CHARACTER HEIGHT The height of characters (h) should be one of the
following:
2.5, 3.5, 5, 7, 10, 14, or 20 mm.
However, characters used for dimensions and notes should not be less than
3.5 mm in height for A0 sheets and 2.5 mm for smaller A series sheets. Titles and
drawing numbers are normally twice the height of dimensions and notes.
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4.4 DIRECTION OF LETTERING Notes and captions should be placed so that

they can be read in the same direction as the title block. For dimensions see
Clause 12.3.
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4.5 UNDERLINING Underlining of notes is not recommended. Larger characters

may be used to draw attention to a note or a caption.
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FIGURE 4.1
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4.1 GENERAL Clarity, style, spacing and size are important (see Figure 4.1).
Numerals especially should be drawn clearly because, unlike letters, they rarely fall
into self-identifying patterns and hence are read individually. All characters should
be drawn clear of other lines.
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FIGURE 4.2
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EXAMPLES OF LETTERS AND NUMERALS
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M E T H O D S
O F
P RO J E C T I O N
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5.1 GENERAL There are four basic methods of projection used for technical
drawings, namely
(a) orthogonal projection;
(b) axonometric projection;
(c) oblique projection; and
(d) perspective projection.
The orthogonal method of projection is recommended for normal use.
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5.2 ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION There are two methods of orthogonal

projection in use known as the third angle and first angle. The third angle method
of projection is recommended, but the first angle method of projection may be used
if desired. However, both methods of projection on the one drawing is undesirable.
Given the object shown in Figure 5.1, the essential differences between the third
angle projection and the first angle projection are as follows:
(a) Third angle projection Each view is placed so that it represents the side of
the object near to it in the adjacent view. See Figure 5.2.
(b) First angle projection Each view is placed so that it represents the side of
the object remote from it in the adjacent view. See Figure 5.3.
For further explanation see Appendix E.
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5.3 INDICATION OF THE METHOD OF PROJECTION The drawings must be

marked to indicate the method of projection used, preferably by the appropriate
symbol shown in Figure 5.4.
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S E C T I O N
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FIGURE 5.1
DESIGNATION OF VIEWS
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FIGURE 5.2
FIGURE 5.3
EXAMPLE OF THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION WITH
PROJECTION SYMBOL
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EXAMPLE OF FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION WITH

PROJECTION SYMBOL
FIGURE 5.4
INDICATION OF METHOD OF PROJECTION
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V I E W S
O N
D R A W I N G S
S E C T I O N
SAA / SNZ HB1:1994
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6.2 NUMBER OF VIEWS The number of views obtained from orthogonal

projection of an object should be the minimum necessary to ensure that there will
be no misunderstanding. For many objects three views are sufficient, but others
may be completely represented by less than three views (see Figure 6.1), or
alternatively may require additional views. See Clause 6.3.
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6.3 ADDITIONAL VIEWS

6.3.1 General As indicated in Clause 6.2 it is sometimes necessary to draw a
partial view, an auxiliary view, a removed view or a detail to fully define an object.
6.3.2 Partial views Partial views are used where full views do not provide
sufficient information to fully define an object. Examples of partial views are shown
in Figure 6.2.
6.3.3 Auxiliary views Objects having inclined faces may have such faces
projected to show the true shape of the inclined surface. The view is obtained by
looking perpendicularly at the inclined face and projecting a true shape view of it
on to an auxiliary plane perpendicular to the line of sight. See Figure 6.3.
Auxiliary views are drawn in third angle projection irrespective of the method of
projection used throughout the particular drawing.
6.3.4 Removed views and details Removed views are full, partial or auxiliary
views removed from their true projected positions in order to provide added clarity.
Removed views to a larger scale than the drawing are known as details. See
Figure 6.4.
6.4 SYMMETRICAL VIEWS It is not always necessary to draw symmetrical
parts in full. A line of symmetry is shown by a thin chain line. Two short thin
parallel lines are drawn at each end of and at right angles to the line of symmetry.
The outline of the part is extended slightly beyond this line (see Figure 6.5).
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6.1 GENERAL The presentation of the information should be clear and as

complete as necessary. Views and sections should not be overcrowded.
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FIGURE 6.1
SINGLE VIEW DRAWINGS SUITABLY DIMENSIONED
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FIGURE 6.2
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EXAMPLES OF PARTIAL VIEWS
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FIGURE 6.3
SAA / SNZ HB1:1994
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AUXILIARY VIEWS
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FIGURE 6.5
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REMOVED VIEWS
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SYMMETRICAL PARTS
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S E C T I O N S
S E C T I O N
SAA / SNZ HB1:1994
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FIGURE 7.1 INDICATION OF

CUTTING PLANE
FIGURE 7.2
SECTION IN ONE PLANE
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7.2 HATCHING
7.2.1 General In general, sections should be hatched. For hatching, thin lines
should be used at a well-defined angle, preferably 45 degrees to the edge of the
drawing sheet. See Figure 7.4.
7.2.2 Spacing between hatching lines If the shape or position of the part is
such that hatching at 45 degrees would be parallel to one of the sides, another
angle may be chosen. The lines should be suitably spaced in relation to the area to
be covered. Provided that there is no loss of clarity, wide spacing is recommended
except for small areas. For large areas see Clause 7.2.4.
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7.1 USE OF CUTTING PLANES Cutting planes are shown by chain lines
(Type H), thickened at the ends and at any change of direction, and thin
elsewhere. They are indicated by capital letters. The direction of viewing is shown
w ith arrow s touch ing the line d e fining th e cuttin g p la n e (se e
Figures 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3).
FIGURE 7.3
CURVED SECTIONAL VIEW

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HATCHING
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FIGURE 7.4
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7.2.3 Separated areas and adjacent parts Separated areas of a single

component should be hatched in the same way as previously indicated. Where
different parts meet, the direction of hatching should normally be reversed. Where
hatching on adjacent parts is at the same angle the lines should be staggered (see
Figure 7.5).
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FIGURE 7.5
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7.2.4 Large areas The hatching of a large area may be limited to that part of
the area which touches adjacent hatched parts, or the outline of the large part (see
Figure 7.6).
7.2.5 Hatching sections in different planes Where sections of the same part
in parallel planes are shown side by side, the hatching should be continuous (see
Figures 7.3 and 7.7).
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SAA / SNZ HB1:1994
FIGURE 7.6 HATCHING OF LARGE AREAS

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7.3 THIN SECTIONS Thin sections may be shown as single thick lines in
preference to showing the material thickness out of scale. A space not less than
1 mm should be left between adjacent parts for clarity (see Figure 7.8).
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7.4 HALF SECTIONS Symmetrical objects may be drawn half in outside view
and half in section (see Figure 7.9).
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FIGURE 7.8
THIN SECTION
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FIGURE 7.7 HATCHING OF SAME

PART IN DIFFERENT PLANES
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7.5 LOCAL SECTIONS (PART SECTIONS) A local section may avoid the need
for a separate section; the localized break is shown by a continuous thin irregular,
Type C, line (see Figure 7.10).
FIGURE 7.9
HALF SECTION
FIGURE 7.10 LOCAL OR PART

SECTION
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7.6 SUCCESSIVE SECTIONS If, through lack of space, successive sections

cannot be shown in normal projection they may be shown as removed sections
(see Clause 7.7 and Figure 7.11).
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7.7 REVOLVED AND REMOVED SECTIONS Cross-sections may be revolved

in place (see Figure 7.12) or removed (see Figure 7.13).
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SUCCESSIVE SECTIONS
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7.8 EXCEPTIONS (RIBS, BOLTS, NUTS, ETC.) Where a sectional view passes
longitudinally through ribs, bolts, nuts, shafts, spokes or wheels, etc. these items
should not be sectioned but shown in full outline (see Figure 7.14).
FIGURE 7.12
REVOLVED SECTIONS
FIGURE 7.13
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CONVENTIONS IN LONGITUDINAL SECTIONING
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C O N V E N T I O N S
A N D
S Y M B O L S
S E C T I O N
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8.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATIONS TO BE USED IN DRAWINGS See

Table 8.1.
Conventi onal representation
Description
HOLES
EXTERNAL THREAD
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On cir cular pitch
On linear pitch
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INTERNAL THREAD
(Sectioned)
1)
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This method should be used

where it is desir ed to show
the thread runout.
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CYLINDRICAL
CYLINDRICAL
COMPRESSION
SPRING
(Helical)
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(Assembly)
NOTE: External thread
takes precedence over
internal thread.
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Conventi onal
representati on
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Diagram
representati on
INTERRUPTED
VIEWS
Round shaft
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KNURLING
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TABLE 8.1
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF COMMON FEATURES
DIAMOND
KNURLING
Hollow shaft
Rectangular
block
FLAT ON SHAFT
(continued)
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TABLE 8.1 (continued )

Requirements and remarks
Description
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Alternative methods:
Show with chamfer (double chamfer
where applicable) or wit hout
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Dimensions:
General purpose
=
=
=
1.8D
1.6D
0.7D
1.0D
0.3D
0.8D
Structural
2.0D
1.8D
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r1
r2
r3
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D = nominal diameter of
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NUTS
Alternative methods:
Show with chamfer
(double chamfer where
applicable) or wit hout
chamfer
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Thin
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HEADS OF BOLTS
AND SCREWS
Dimensions:
All nuts except str uctural
e 1.8D
s = 1.6D
r1 = 1.0D
r2 0.3D
Plain, Castl e & Slotted nuts
m = 0.8D
Thin nut, pressed nut
m = 0.8D
Slotted nut, Castl e nut
h = 1.0D
Castle nut
A = 1.6D
Structural nuts
e 2.0D
s = 1.8D
m = 0.9D
r1 = 1.0D
r2 0.3D
thread
(continued)
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Description
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NUTS (cont.)
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Castle
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SOCKET SCREWS
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=
=
=
1.0D
0.8D
1.0D
1.5D
0.5D
thread
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CUPHEAD BOLTS
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s = 0.5D
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Pressed
e
s
k
f
A
r1
r2
=
=
=
=
1.4D
1.0D
0.5D
0.6D
2.0D
1.2D
0.8D
e 2.1D
s = 1.5D
m = 0.5D
PRESSED NUTS
thread
(continued)
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TABLE
8.1 ( continued)
Description
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Show slot at 45 degrees to

tr ue projecti on in end
view of head
k = 0.5D
t = 0.5k
A = 2.0D
k
f
t
A
r
=
=
=
=
0.5D
0.25D
0.5(k + f )
2.0D
2.1D
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k = 0.6D
t = 0.5k
A = 2.0D
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t = 0.5k
A = 1.5D
k
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=
=
=
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0.5k
2.0D
1.1D
thread
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Countersunk
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SLOTTED HEADS
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GENERAL ENGINEERING SYMBOLS See Figure 8.1.
FIGURE 8.1
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NO TE: All sloping lines are at 60 to the horizontal unless otherwise indicated.
SHAPE AND SIZE OF SYMBOLS
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SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS See Table 8.2.
General locati on
drawingssecti on
scale 1:50 or less
Large scale
drawingssecti on
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Material
Too fi ne to hatch
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Brickwork
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masonry
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Concrete block
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SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS
Fill
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Too fi ne to hatch
Part icle board
Too fi ne to hatch
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Too fi ne to hatch
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Insulati on
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Stud walls
Timber
Usually too fine to hatch
Sawn
(end view)
Dressed
(secti on
across grain)
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Large scale
drawingssecti on
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General locati on
drawingssecti on
scale 1:50 or less
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Material
Hardcore
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General locati on
drawingssecti on
scale 1:50 or less
N/A
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Hard plaster
or plaster
board
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N/A
Large scale
drawingssecti on
Some
of
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8.4 ARCHITECTURAL CONVENTIONS

architectural conventions are shown below.
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Fibrous or
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plaster
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Material
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the
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8.6 OTHER SYMBOLS For definition and use of other symbols, see the
following Australian Standards:
AS 1100, Technical drawing.
AS 1101, Graphical symbols for general engineering.
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8.5 WELDING SYMBOLS Where welds are to be shown by means of symbols,

reference should be made to AS 1101.3.
The elements of the welding symbol should be arranged as shown in Figure 8.2.
Basic weld symbols are given in Figure 8.3. The symbols should be drawn on the
reference line (shown dotted).
Supplementary symbols for use in conjunction with the basic welding symbols are
shown in Figure 8.4.
The location significance of the arrow is given in Figure 8.5.
Figures 8.6 to 8.12 give some examples of the use of weld symbols.
FIGURE 8.2
STANDARD LOCATION OF ELEMENTS OF A WELDING SYMBOL
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FIGURE 8.4
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BASIC WELD SYMBOLS
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SUPPLEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS
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FIGURE 8.6 SINGLE-V BUTT WELD

(WITH BACKING RUN)
APPLICATION OF CRANK IN ARROW WELDING SYMBOL
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FIGURE 8.7
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FIGURE 8.5 LOCATION

SIGNIFICANCE OF ARROW
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FIGURE 8.9
EXAMPLE OF HIDDEN JOINT
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INCOMPLETE PENETRATION DOUBLE-V BUTT WELD
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FIGURE 8.11 DESIGNATION OF LOCATION AND EXTENT OF COMBINED

INTERMITTENT AND CONTINUOUS FILLET WELDS (OPPOSITE SIDES
OF JOINT
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FIGURE 8.12
SPOT WELD
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S C A L E S
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RECOMMENDED SCALE RATIOS The recommended scales for drawings

as follows:
Full size 1:1.
Reduction ratios (for drawings smaller than full size)
1:2
1:20
1:200
1:2000
1:5
1:50
1:500
1:5000
1:10 1:100 1:1000 1:10 000
(c) Enlargement ratios (for drawings larger than full size)
2:1
5:1 10:1
20:1
50:1
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9.3 INDICATION OF SCALES The scale of a drawing must be indicated on the

drawing by one of the following
(a) the scale ratio used, prefixed by SCALE, e.g.
SCALE 1:100
(b) a block or graduated scale, e.g.
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9.1 GENERAL Every drawing should be drawn in proportion, i.e. to a uniform

scale and the scale used should be stated (see Clause 9.3).
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10.1 GENERAL Each dimension necessary for the complete definition of a

finished product should be given on a drawing and should appear once only. It
should not be necessary for a dimension to be deduced from other dimensions or
for the drawing to be scaled.
There should be no more dimensions than are necessary to define the product.
Dimensions for a particular feature should preferably be placed on a single view
rather than on several.
10.2 FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONS A functional dimension is that dimension
which directly affects the function of a product and is shown directly on the
drawing. The dimensions F in Figure 10.1 are functional dimensions.
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10.3 STANDARD SIZES AND PRODUCTION METHODS Standard or preferred

sizes should be used wherever practicable, particularly for drilled and reamed
holes, thread size, nuts, bolts, studs, pins, etc. and for work where the sizes and
surface finish of standard stock sizes would be satisfactory.
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S E C T I O N 1 0 P R I N C I P L E S
D I M E N S I O N I N G
FIGURE 10.1 APPLICATION OF DIMENSIONS TO SUIT

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
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11.1 PROJECTION LINES Projection lines are continuous thin lines (Type B)
projected from points, lines or surfaces to enable the dimensions to be placed
outside the outline wherever possible (see Figure 11.1).
Where projection lines are extensions of lines of the outline, they should start just
clear of the outline and extend a little beyond the dimension line.
Where projection lines refer to points on surfaces, or to points of intersection, they
should touch or pass through the points (see Figure 11.2).
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11.2 DIMENSION LINES Dimension lines are continuous thin lines (Type B),
and wherever possible are placed outside the outline of the object as in
Figure 11.1.
Dimension lines should be placed on the view that shows the relevant features
most clearly.
Arrowheads should be clear and of one of the types shown in Figure 11.3
depending on the type of drawing. It is important that the point of the arrowhead
should touch the projection line or other limiting line.
A centre-line, or a line that is an extension of a centre-line or of part of an outline
should never be used as a dimension line. It may, however, be used as a
projection line.
Dimension lines and projection lines should not cross other lines unless this is
unavoidable.
The recommended use of dimension lines is shown in Figure 11.4.
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S E C T I O N 1 1 P R O J E C T I O N L I NE S ,
D I M E N S I O N L I N E S A N D L E A D E R S
NO TE: Those dimension lines marked * present the ISO recommended practice, but it may be
desirable for clarity to omit the line between projection lines, as shown by .
FIGURE 11.1 PROJECTION AND DIMENSION LINES
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FIGURE 11.2 PROJECTION LINES FROM POINTS ON SURFACES
FIGURE 11.3 ARROWHEADS
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FIGURE 11.4 CENTRE-LINES AND EXTENSION LINES NOT TO BE USED AS

DIMENSION LINES
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FIGURE 11.5 TYPICAL LEADERS
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11.3 LEADERS Leaders are continuous thin lines (Type B), and are used to
show where dimensions or notes apply. Leaders should terminate in either
arrowheads or dots except on a dimension line. Arrowheads always touch and stop
on a line, dots should be within the outline of the object (see Figure 11.5).
Leaders which touch lines should be nearly normal to the surface and lie within the
acceptable area shown in Figure 11.6.
Long or intersecting leaders should not be used even if this means repeating
dimensions or notes (see Figure 11.7), or using letter symbols (see Figure 11.8).
FIGURE 11.6 LEADERS TOUCHING LINES
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FIGURE 11.7 USE OF REPEATED DIMENSIONS TO AVOID LONG LEADERS
FIGURE 11.8 USE OF LETTER SYMBOLS TO AVOID LONG LEADERS
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D I M E N S I O N S
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12.1 LINEAR DIMENSIONS Linear dimensions given on drawings are normally

expressed in millimetres, but other units may be used if necessary for a particular
application.
Irrespective of the units used they must be clearly indicated on the drawing by a
prominent note, e.g.:
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35 NOT 35.0
1000
12 500
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The decimal marker for use with metric units is a dot (full point) placed on the
baseline. The diameter of the dot should be twice the thickness of the line used for
the numerals or 1 mm, whichever is greater (see Figure 12.1).
Dimensions of less than unity should be preceded by zero (see Figure 12.1).
It is recommended that where there are more than four numerals to the left of the
decimal marker, a full space should divide each group of three numerals, counting
from the position of the decimal marker, e.g.:
Points or commas should not be used to separate groups of numerals.
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12.2 ANGULAR DIMENSIONS Angular dimensions should be expressed in

degrees and decimal parts or in degrees, minutes and seconds, e.g.:
22.5
22
2230
Where an angle is less than one degree, it should be expressed as follows:
0.5
030
030 30
00 30
Angles of 90 need not be dimensions.
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12.3 ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS Numerals or letters should be placed

near the middle of, and usually above and clear of, the dimension line and in such
a way that they are not crossed or separated by any other line of the drawing.
For easy reading, numerals should be placed so that they can be read from bottom
or from the right of the drawing (see Figures 12.2, 12.3 and 13.3).
Larger dimensions should be placed outside smaller dimensions as in Figure 13.1.
Dimensions that are not drawn to scale should be underlined (see Figure 13.1).
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12.4 REDUNDANT DIMENSIONS Where an overall dimension is shown (as in

Figure 13.1), one of the dimensions is redundant and should not be given.
Exceptions may be made where redundant dimensions would provide useful
information, and in this case they should be given as auxiliary dimensions. Where
all the intermediate dimensions are shown, the overall distance should generally be
given as an auxiliary dimension (see Figures 13.2 and 13.3).
Auxiliary dimensions should not be toleranced (see Section 15) but should be
shown in brackets thus: (90), (50), (100) etc. as in Figures 13.2 and 13.3. Auxiliary
dimensions, though useful in manufacture, do not govern acceptance of the
product.
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DIME NS IONS IN MILLIMETRE S
Dimensions, except toleranced dimensions (see Clause 15.3.1), should be

expressed to the least number of significant figures, e.g.:
12.5 BASIC DIMENSIONS A dimension given for the purpose of defining the
theoretical form of a feature or the theoretical positional relationship between two
or more features. These dimensions should be shown on the drawing in a box (see
Figure 12.4) and should never be toleranced. See also Section 15.
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FIGURE 12.1 EXAMPLE OF DECIMAL FORM
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FIGURE 12.2 PLACING OF ANGULAR DIMENSIONS
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NOTE: The comma is frequentl y used as a decimal marker

in some countri es.
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FIGURE 12.3 PLACING OF DIMENSIONS IN RELATION TO DIMENSION LINES

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FIGURE 12.4 BASIC DIMENSIONS
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13.1 DIAMETERS A dimension giving the diameter of a circle or cylinder is

shown by the symbol in front of the dimension. The circle of the symbol should
be as large as the following numerals and the slanting line should be about 30
degrees clockwise from the vertical, in the direction in which it is read (see
Figure 13.4). Part or incomplete circles are dimensioned as radii unless a diameter
is clearly appropriate (see Clause 13.2 and Figure 13.5).
The dimensions of diameters should be placed on the view that most clearly shows
the information, e.g. on a longitudinal view in preference to an end view which
would show a number of concentric circles (see Figure 13.5).
Dimension lines may sometimes be omitted and the dimensions applied to the
features by leaders (see Figure 13.6). Examples of dimensioning circles are shown
in Figure 13.7.
The diameter of a spherical surface should be dimensioned using the symbol S
as in Figure 13.8.
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13.2 RADII Radii should be dimensioned by a dimension line which passes

through, or is in line with, the centre of the arc. The dimension line should have
one arrowhead only, i.e. that touching the arc. The abbreviation R is placed in front
of the dimension.
Radii of arcs which need not have their centres located should be dimensioned by
one of the methods shown in Figure 13.9.
The radius of a spherical surface should be dimensioned using the symbol SR as
in Figure 13.10.
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13.3 SIZE OF HOLES Typical methods of dimensioning holes are shown in

Figure 13.11. The depth of the drilled holes, when given in note form, refers to the
depth of the cylindrical hole and not to the point of the drill.
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13.4 POSITIONING OF HOLES AND OTHER FEATURES ON ARCS

Positioning of holes and other features should be given by spacing them on circles
as shown in Figure 13.12 or by giving them rectangular coordinates or centre
distances as in Figure 13.13.
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13.5 C OU N TER SIN K S, C OU N TER B OR ES A N D SPOTFA CES Wh e n

dimensioning a countersink, counterbore or spotface, the dimensions should be
given as in Figure 13.14. Notes such as counterbore to suit M6 x 1 CH HD screw
should not be used.
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S E C T I O N 1 3 M E T H O D S O F
D I M E N S I O N I N G C O M M O N F E A T U R E S
FIGURE 13.1 OVERALL DIMENSIONS PLACED OUTSIDE INTERMEDIATE

DIMENSIONS
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13.7 BOLTS, SCREWS, STUDS AND WASHERS The body (shank) diameter
and screw thread major diameter should be drawn to size appropriate to the scale
used on the drawing.
The head dimensions of bolts and screws and the carcass dimensions of nuts
should be drawn to the proportions given in Table 8.1.
Washers should be drawn to scale using the dimensions given in the appropriate
Standard, e.g. AS 1237, Flat metal washers for general engineering purposes.
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13.8 SCREW THREADS

13.8.1 Designation of general purpose metric screw threads Metric screw
threads are designated in accordance with either AS 1721, General purpose metric
screw threads or AS 1275, Metric screw threads for fasteners.
The designation is shown in the following example:
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A fit between a pair of threaded parts is indicated by the internal (nut) thread
tolerance class designation followed by the external (bolt) thread class designation,
the two being separated by a stroke, e.g.:
M20 x 2.5 5H/4h
M125 x 4.0 6H/6g
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A screw thread is dimensioned as in Figure 13.16 for external threads or

Figure 13.17 for internal threads.
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13.6 CHAMFERS Chamfers should be dimensioned by one of the methods

shown in Figure 13.15 and not described by a note.
Chamfers of 45 degrees should be dimensioned as shown in Figure 13.15(b).
Small 45-degree chamfers should be dimensioned as shown in Figure 13.15(c).
FIGURE 13.2 OVERALL LENGTH ADDED AS AN AUXILIARY DIMENSION
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dimensioning
keyways
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FIGURE 13.3 APPLICATION OF AUXILIARY DIMENSIONS
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13.9 KEYW AYS Methods

Figures 13.21 and 13.22.
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13.8.2 Length of thread (parallel threads) The length of full thread, or the
distance to the end of full thread, should be dimensioned, where necessary as
shown in Figure 13.18 for internal threads or Figures 13.19 and 13.20 for external
threads.
13.8.3 Undercut Where an undercut is necessary, it should be dimensioned as
shown in AS B199, Undercuts and runouts for screw threads.
FIGURE 13.4 USE OF DIAMETER SYMBOL
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FIGURE 13.6 DIMENSION INDICATED BY LEADERS NORMAL TO OUTLINES

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FIGURE 13.5 DIMENSIONS OF DIAMETERS PLACED ON BEST VIEW

FOR CLARITY
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FIGURE 13.7 DIMENSIONING CIRCLES
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FIGURE 13.10
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FIGURE 13.8 DIMENSIONING SPHERICAL DIAMETERS
FIGURE 13.9 DIMENSIONING RADII OF ARCS WHICH NEED NOT HAVE

THEIR CENTRES LOCATED
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FIGURE 13.12
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DIMENSIONING HOLES
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POSITIONING OF HOLES BY ANGULAR DIMENSIONING

ON A PITCH CIRCLE
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POSITIONING OF HOLES BY COORDINATES
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FIGURE 13.14
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DIMENSIONING COUNTERSINKS, COUNTERBORES

AND SPOTFACES
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FIGURE 13.16
FIGURE 13.17
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FIGURE 13.15
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DIMENSIONING CHAMFERS
DIMENSIONING AN EXTERNAL SCREW THREAD
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DIMENSIONING AN INTERNAL SCREW THREAD
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FIGURE 13.18
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DIMENSIONING INTERNAL THREADS TO SHOW LENGTH

OF THREAD
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FIGURE 13.19 DIMENSIONING

LENGTH OF FULL THREAD
FIGURE 13.20 DIMENSIONING TO

END OF FULL THREAD
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KEYWAYS FOR SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR KEYS
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FIGURE 13.22
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KEYWAYS FOR WOODRUFF KEYS
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T A P E R E D
F E A T U R E S
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14.2 SYMBOL The symbol used for dimensioning tapers is shown in Figure 14.3
and its proportions are given in Figure 8.1.
The symbol indicates a taper and its direction. The centre-line of the symbol should
be parallel with the axis or plane of symmetry of the tapered feature, and should be
placed in front of the slope ratio as in Figure 14.3.
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FIGURE 14.1 FUNDAMENTAL METHODS OF DIMENSIONING TAPERS
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14.1 DIMENSIONING Tapered features should be dimensioned by one of the

methods shown in Figures 14.1. Examples are shown in Figure 14.2.
It is sometimes more convenient to use the basic taper method given in
Clause 14.2, particularly if the taper has to be toleranced.
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FIGURE 14.2 DIMENSIONS DEFINING TAPERED FEATURES
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NO TE: The box indicates a basic dimension (rate of taper) and should not be toleranced. (See
Section 15.)
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FIGURE 14.3 USE OF SYMBOL FOR TAPERED FEATURES
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T O L E R A N C E D
D I M E N S I O N S
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15.2 APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES Tolerances should be applied either to

individual dimensions, or by a prominently displayed general note giving uniform or
graded tolerances to the types of dimensions, e.g.
TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED
LINEAR 0.5
ANGULAR 0.5
In certain cases, e.g. for a datum dimension or a positional relationship between
features, a theoretically exact dimension is required. In such cases, this dimension
should not be toleranced and should appear on the drawing in a box (see also
Clause 12.5).
This principle has been applied to the tapered feature in Appendix A Drawing No. 2
to ensure correct location in the mating feature.
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15.3 TOLERANCING INDIVIDUAL LINEAR DIMENSIONS

15.3.1 Method of expressing limits of size Where it is required to tolerance
an individual dimension, the following method is recommended:
(a) 32.15
(b) 31.80
Both limits of size are given, the larger limit first, and both dimensions should be
given to the same number of decimal places.
15.3.2 Fits taken from AS 1654 Where limits are taken from the ISO system of
limits and fits, as detailed in AS 1654, Limits and fits for engineering, and the
symbols are used on drawings, they may be given as follows:
(0.05 )
(a) For shafts 40 e7 or 40 e7 (0.075)
(+0.039)
(b) For holes
40 H8 or 40 H8 (0
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NO TE: The above method is sometimes found convenient in design offices, but should not be
used on drawings issued to the workshops for manufacturing purposes.
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15.1 GENERAL Tolerances should be given for all dimensions (except basic
dimensions, see Clause 12.5), which affect function or interchangeability.
Tolerances should also be used to indicate where unusually wide variations of size
of form are acceptable.
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1 6 M A C H I N I N G A N D S UR F A C E
R O U G H N E S S S Y M B O L S
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16.1 MACHINING SYMBOL Where it is necessary to indicate that a surface is

to be machined, without defining either the surface roughness grade or the process
to be used, the symbol shown in Figure 16.1 should be used.
The symbol should be applied normal to the line representing the surface. The
symbol may be applied to a leader or projection line.
Where all the surfaces are to be machined, a general note such as that given in
Figure 16.2 may be used.
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16.2 INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS Where it is necessary to

indicate a particular quality of surface roughness and the surface is to be
machined, the symbol shown in Figure 16.1 should be used. The maximum
permissible roughness shown numerically in micrometres (m) should be placed
above the symbol, as shown in Figures 16.3 and 16.4.
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FIGURE 16.1 MACHINING SYMBOL
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FIGURE 16.2 MACHINING

INDICATED BY GENERAL NOTE
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S E C T I O N
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FIGURE 16.3 SURFACE

ROUGHNESS VALUE APPLIED
FIGURE 16.4 APPLICATION OF

SURFACE ROUGHNESS SYMBOL
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APPENDIX
GENERAL ENGINEERING TERMS
Term
Pattern number
Pneumatic
Radius (in a note)
Radius
(preceding a dimension)
Required
Right hand
Round head
Screw
Sheet
Sketch
Specification
Spherical diameter
Spherical radius
Square (in a note)
Square
Standard
Taper, on diameter or width
Undercut
Volume
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HEX HD
HYD
INSUL
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LH
MATL
MAX
MIN
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Assembly
Centre-line
Centres
Chamfer
Cheese head
Countersunk
Countersunk head
Cylinder
Diameter (in a note)
Diameter
Drawing
External
Figure
Hexagon
Hexagon head
Hydraulic
Insulated or insulation
Internal
Left hand
Material
Maximum
Minimum
Number
Abbreviation
or symbol
PATT NO
PNEU
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A bbreviat ion
or symbol
ASSY
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CRS
CHAM
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CSK
CSK HD
CYL
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(Symbols and abbreviations)
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A datum feature on a product or assembly is that surface, edge or centre-line

which has been chosen as a starting point for a dimension or group of dimensions.
Because functional dimensions are those dimensions which directly affect the
function of a product or assembly (see Figure 1.2), these should be shown directly
on the drawing (see Clause 10.2). It follows therefore that wherever possible a
datum feature should be selected on the basis of the function of the product and
the method of locating it in any assembly of which it may form a part, i.e. from the
functional dimensions. The use of this principle will ensure the maximum possible
tolerance being available for manufacture.
It may sometimes be convenient to select a datum feature from a non-functional
dimension for, say, machining purposes. However, it must be clearly understood
that if any datum feature other than one based on function is used, it will inevitably
result in finer tolerances, and products which satisfy the functional requirements
may be rejected for being outside those finer tolerances, see Figure C1.
Non-functional dimensions should be chosen to suit machining or inspection
requirements.
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PRACTICAL DIMENSIONS: APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES

FOR FUNCTION
APPENDIX
FIGURE C1 EFFECT OF CHANGING DATUM SURFACES FROM THOSE

DETERMINED BY FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
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APPENDIX
LISTS OF PARTS OF AS 1100 AND AS 1101
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drawing
General principles
Mechanical drawing
Architectural drawing and supplement
Engineering survey and engineering design drawing and
supplements
Part 501: Structural engineering drawing and supplement
Graphical symbols for general engineering
Part 1: Hydraulic and pneumatic systems
Part 2: Ventilation systems in ships
Part 3: Welding and non-destructive examination
Part 4: Machine elements
Part 5: Piping, ducting and mechanical services for buildings
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AS 1101
Technical
Part 101:
Part 201:
Part 301:
Part 401:
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AS 1100
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APPENDIX
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Figure E1 illustrates the derivation of the terms first angle projection and third
angle projection, as applied to methods of projection.
Third angle projection is the formation of an image of a view upon a plane of
projection placed between the object and the observer. First angle projection
places the object between the observer and the plane of projection.
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ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION
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FIGURE E1
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PICTORIAL COMPARISON OF FIRST AND THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION
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APPENDIX
SPATIAL GEOMETRY
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F2 THE COORDINATE SYSTEM The coordinate system is used to represent

the location of a point in space by the use of three axes, viz. x, y and z, with
associated unit scales.
The axes of the coordinated system are each orthogonal, with their relative
orientation shown in Figure F1(a). The positive and negative directions on each
axis are shown in Figure F1(b).
The top view of the coordinate axes shall be used to represent unit dimensions on
two axes only (see Figure F1(c)). Lower-case italics shall be used to represent the
position of a point in two dimensions. In this case the identification of the z-axis is
omitted. This top view is used to describe points involving two dimensions.
The unit values for the x, y and z axes respectively shall be used to specify the
coordinates for points in three-dimensional space. The projection of a point A shall
be as shown in Figure F2. For working with two principal axes only to describe the
position of a point, the unit values in x and y directions shall be specified for the
point A, (x,y ), as illustrated in Figure F3.
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F3 PRINCIPAL PLANES Two perpendicular principal planes may be positioned

relative to a point, line, plane, solid, or set of coordinate axes to provide viewing
and reference planes for orthogonal projection. The two principal planes shall be
designated the principal horizontal plane and principal vertical plane,or xy and xz
reference planes respectively, as appropriate to the application.
The projection of the principal trace(s) and points in a plane in two-dimensional
space is shown in Figure F4.
Principal planes may be positioned relative to the coordinate reference axes x, y
and z, so that two of the reference axes are parallel to one of the principal planes
(see Figure F5).
There is no restriction, upon the arrangement of principal planes relative to points,
lines, and solids.
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F4 NOTATION OF PRINCIPAL PLANES AND POINTS Notation identifying

planes, lines and points may be used to solve complex problems. The convention
shall be as follows:
(a) The principal horizontal plane shall be represented by the letter H.
(b) The principal vertical plane shall be represented by the letter V.
(c) Lines and points shall be represented by alphanumeric symbols, using uppercase letters for points on a pictorial view, and lower-case for points on a
projected view (see Figure F6(a) and (b)).
(d) Where appropriate, subscripts shall be used to distinguish between two or
more projections of a point (see Figure F6(c)).
(e) Where the projection of two or more points coincide, notation of the projected
point(s) closest to the direction of view shall take precedence (see
Figure F6(c)), projections to points av ev and b vd v).
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F1 TERMINOLOGY Spatial geometry, or descriptive geometry, is the technique

of solving three-dimensional problems by orthogonal projection onto perpendicular
planes.
F5 AUXILIARY PLANES OF PROJECTION The intersection of two planes is

known as a trace. Traces of principal planes shall be represented by a Type B line
(see Figure F7). For the special case of cutting planes, see Clause F6.
Traces of auxiliary planes shall be identified by upper-case letters according to the
reference planes which have been intersected, and in accordance with the
sequence of these intersections (see Figure F8).
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FIGURE F1
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F6 CUTTING PLANES Cutting planes shall be represented by a Type H line.

Figure F9 illustrates the cutting of a solid by an auxiliary plane, simply inclined to
the principal horizontal plane. The portion nearest the plane of projection shall be
shown removed in the adjacent view. When the true shape of sections are
projected, they shall not be hatched.
FIGURE F2 ILLUSTRATION AND

PREFERRED NOTATION OF A POINT
IN THREE DIMENSIONS
FIGURE F3 ILLUSTRATION OF
PREFERRED NOTATION OF THE
PROJECTION OF A POINT IN
TWO DIMENSIONS
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FIGURE F5
ILLUSTRATION OF THE PROJECTION OF A POINT
IN TWO DIMENSIONS
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USUAL POSITIONING OF PRINCIPAL PLANES RELATIVE

TO THE COORDINATE AXES
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SOLID POSITIONED RELATIVE TO THE PRINCIPAL PLANES
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FIGURE F7
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VARIOUS PROJECTIONS OF SIMPLE SOLID
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FIGURE F9 PICTORIAL AND ORTHOGONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF A SOLID

CUT BY SIMPLY INCLINED PLANE
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linear, 12.1
out of scale, 12.3
overall, 12.4
redundant, 12.4
small features, 12.3
toleranced, Section 15
underlined, 12.3
Drawing sheets, 2.1
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Abbreviations, Appendix B
Adjacent parts, 7.2.3
Angles, dimensions of, 12.2
Architectural conventions, 8.4
Arcs, radii of, 13.2
Arrangement of dimensions, 12.3
Arrowheads, 11.2
Assembly drawing (definitions), 1.2
Auxiliary dimensionssee Redundant
dimensions, 12,4
Auxiliary views, 6.3.2
Figuressee Numerals, Section 4

First angle projection, Section 5
Functional dimensions, general principles, 10.2
Basic dimensions, 12.5

Basic taper method (of specifying a taper), 14.2
Bolts, conventional representation of, 8.1
Bolts, screws, nuts and washers,
dimensioning of, 13.7
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Half section, 7.4

Hatching, 7.2
Hidden outlines and edges, 3.2
Holes
conventional representation of groups of, 8.1
dimensioning positions of, 13.4
dimensioning sizes of, 13.3
threads, dimensioning of, 13.8
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Centre-lines, 3.2
starting and ending, 3.3
Chain lines, 3.2
Chamfers, dimensioning of, 13.6
Character height, 4.3
Circles, dimensioning of, 13.1
Conventional representation of common features,
8.1
Counterbores, dimensioning of, 13.5
Cross-hatchingsee Hatching, 7.2
Cutting plane lines, 3.2 and 7.1
Cutting planes, 7.1
Interrupted views, conventional representation of,

8.1
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Keyways, dimensioning, 13.9

Knurling, conventional representation of, 8.1
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Section 16
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Dashed lines, 3.2

length and spacing, 3.3
starting and ending, 3.3
Decimal marker, 12.1
Details, 6.3.3
Dimension lines, 11.2
Dimensioning, Sections 10 and 13
chamfers, 13.6
circles, 13.1
counterbores, 13.5
countersinks, 13.5
diameters, 13.1
functional, 10.2
general principles, 10.1
holes
positional requirements, 13.4
sizes, 13.3
keyways, 13.9
radii, 13.2
spherical diameters, 13.1
spotfaces, 13.5
tapered features, 14.1
threads, 13.8
undercut, 13.8.3
Dimensions, Section 12
angular, 12.2
arrangement, 12.3
auxiliarysee Redundant, 12.4
Layout of drawings, Section 2

Leaders, 11.3
Lettering, Section 4
Limits and fits, 15.3.2
Limits of partial views (break lines), 3.2
Lines and line work, Section 3
Local sections, 7.5
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Nuts, conventional representation of, 8.1
Nuts, dimensioning of, 13.7
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ALPHABETICAL INDEX
(References are Clause numbers unless otherwise indicated.)
Orthogonal projection, 5.2

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Part sectionssee Local sections, 7.5
Partial views, 6.3.1
Projection, Section 5
Projection lines, 11.1
Projection symbol, 5.2
Radii
dimensioning, 13.2
spherical, 13.2
Redundant dimensions, 12.4
Removed sections, 7.7
Removed views, 6.3.3
Revolved sections, 7.7
Ribs (sectioning of), 7.9
Scales, Section 9
scale ratios, 9.2
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Screw threads
conventional representation of, 8.1
designation of, 13.8.1
dimensioning length of thread, 13.8.1 and
13.8.2
Section liningsee Hatching, 7.2.5
Sections and sectional views, Section 7
in one plane, 7.1
in two parallel planes, 7.2.5
same part in different planes, 7.2.5
Sizes of drawing sheets, 2.1
Spotfaces, dimensioning of, 13.5
Springs, conventional representation of, 8.1
Standard sizes and production methods, 10.3
Successive sections, 7.6
Surface roughness indication, 16.2
Symbol for
diameter, 13.1
machining, 16.1
projection system, Section 5
taper, 14.2
welding, 8.5
Symbols for general engineering, 8.2
Symbols for machining and surface roughness,
Section 16
Symbolic representation of materials, 8.3
Symmetrical views, 6.4
Tapered features, Section 14
Terminology, 1.2
Title block, 2.2
Toleranced dimensions, Section 15
Tolerances in functional dimensioning,
Appendix C
Tolerancing of individual linear dimensions, 15.3
Types of lines, 3.2
Underlining, 4.5
Use of cutting planes, 7.1
Views on drawings, Section 6
number of views, 6.2
Welding symbols, 8.5
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SAA/SNZ HB1:1994

Copyri ght STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

This Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Handbook was published on

On-line Subscription Service PDF Terms & Conditions

securing the prior written permission of SNZ. .

derivative works based on the Documents.

system underlying or connected to the Subscription Service.

Technical drawing for students

First published as SAA HB1 1980.

PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY:

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

This handbook has been prepared by Standards Australia in collaboration with

NOTES ON THE USE OF THIS HANDBOOK

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

SECTION 2 LAYOUT OF DRAWINGS

SECTION 4 LETTERING AND NUMERALS

SECTION 5 METHODS OF PROJECTION

SECTION 6 VIEWS ON DRAWINGS

SECTION 8 CONVENTIONS AND SYMBOLS

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND TERMINOLOGY

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

SECTION 11 PROJECTION LINES, DIMENSION LINES AND LEADERS

SECTION 14 TAPERED FEATURES

SECTION 13 METHODS OF DIMENSIONING COMMON FEATURES

SECTION 16 MACHINING AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS SYMBOLS

SECTION 15 TOLERANCED DIMENSIONS

SECTION 10 PRINCIPLES OF DIMENSIONING

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

Technical drawing for students

NO TE: A sub-assembly is a portion of an assembly.

Axonometric projectionthe projection of an object in which the lines of sight are

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

Detailan enlarged view of a portion of a drawing.

Detail assembly drawinga drawing depicting an assembly on which one or more

Diagrammatic drawing (or diagram)a drawing delineating, by means of symbols

Elevation the projection on a vertical plane of any object such as a building or

NO TE: Not to be confused with Detail.

General arrangement drawingan arrangement drawing where the item depicted is

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

Monodetail drawinga detail drawing delineating a single part.

Leadera line used in conjunction with a terminator to indicate where dimensions,

NO TE: A part is sometimes described as a component.

Part numbera number assigned to identify uniquely a specific part.

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

ORTHOGONAL (THIRD ANGLE) PROJECTION

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

Symbol a mark, character, letter or combination thereof which is accepted for

Tabulated drawinga drawing showing similar configurations, parts, items or

Perspective projectionthe projection of an object in which the lines of sight

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

RELATIONSHIP OF THE A SIZES

SIZE OF BORDERS AND THICKNESS OF BORDER LINES

Minimum width of borders

Thickness of border li nes

DIMENSIONS OF DRAWING FRAME

2.2 TITLE BLOCK

NO TE: A typical title block is illustrated in Appendix A.

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

TYPICAL LAYOUT OF A PARTS LIST

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994

SAA / SNZ HB1:1994