Digital Radio System

Digital Transmission System(DTS)
Digital Radio Transmission Technology
EETP/BSNL
SILVER CERTIFICATION
COURSE
DIGITAL TRANSMISIION
SYSTEM
VERSION 1 JUNE 2013
EETP/BSNL Silver Certification Course

For Restricted Circulation
Page 1 of 24
Contents
Sl. No. Name of Topic
Page No.
INTRODUCTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
MICROWAVE
MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY
HOW MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY LINKS ARE FORMED
MICROWAVE LINK
TRANSMISSION CAPACITIES AVAILABLE ON THE RADIO

SYSTEMS
DIGITAL RADIO APPLICATIONS
11
MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS
11
10
11
TYPICAL MW SYSTEM
14
MINILINK
14
BROADBAND VSAT
16
DIGITAL SATELLITE PHONE TERMINAL (DSPT)
20
SUMMARY
22
12
13
14

Page 2 of 24
4 DIGITAL RADIO TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
STRUCTURE
4
DIGITAL RADIO TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
4.1
INTRODUCTION
4.2
OBJECTIVE
4.3
4.4
MICROWAVE
4.5
4.6
HOW MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY LINKS ARE FORMED
4.7
MICROWAVE LINK
4.8
TRANSMISSION CAPACITIES AVAILABLE ON THE RADIO
SYSTEMS
4.9
4.10
TYPICAL MW SYSTEM
4.11
MINILINK
4.12
BROADBAND VSAT
4.13
DIGITAL SATELLITE PHONE TERMINAL (DSPT)
4.14
SUMMARY
4.15
SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
4.16
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
4.1
INTRODUCTION
We use the radio portion of the electromagnetic spectrum for many things,
including television and radio broadcasting, telephones and other wireless
Page 3 of 24
communications, navigation and radar for a variety of measurements including police

speed traps, and even microwave cooking ovens.
MINI-LINK is the world's leading microwave solution, suitable for any
network scenario. It enables flexible and speedy network rollout, and provides gigabit
capacity and carrier-grade availability. MINI-LINK E can be configured to meet any
network requirement for capacity and range. It provides radio transmission links from
2 up to 17x2 Mbit/s, operating within the 7 to 38 GHz frequency bands.
4.2
OBJECTIVE
After reading this unit, you should be able to understand:
4.3
Microwave Frequencies
Microwave link Properties
Microwave radio relay
Different Digital radio systems
6 Ghz Digital Microwav
Mini Link
Electromagnetic waves can be broadly classified in terms of frequencies along

with their uses as follows in Table-1:
Table-1
RANGE
NAME
WAVELENGT
H
USES
030 KHz
V.L.F.
Up to 10 km.
Used for long communication. Has limited

information. Bandwidth requires very high
power.
30300
KHz
L.F.
10 km to 1 km
0.33 MHz
M.F.
1 km to 100 m
Radio Broadcast, Marine Power in KW,

ground wave propagation, i.e. follows the
curvature of the Earth.
330 MHz
H.F.
100 m to 10 m
Long haul point to point communication.

Propagation is by one or more reflections
from ionosphere layers and so subject to

Page 4 of 24

variations.
30300
MHz
V.H.F.
10 m to 1 m
Line of sight, Tropo-scatter communication.
0.33 GHz
U.H.F.
1 m to 10 cm.
do
330 GHz
S.H.F.
10 cm to 1 cm.
Line of sight, terrestrial M/W and Satellite

communication.
30300
GHz
E.H.F.
1 cm to 1 mm.
Experimental.
FIG : 1
4.4
Typical EM Spectrum
MICROWAVE
Microwave transmission refers to the technique of transmitting information

over microwave frequencies, using various integrated technologies. The portion of the
microwave spectrum called millimeter wave is highly susceptible to attenuation by
the atmosphere (especially during wet weather). The term SHF corresponds to
"MICROWAVE" Cent metric waves. As a convention frequencies, above 1 GHz and
up to 40 GHz are termed as Microwave. However, most of the m/w systems available
are in the range of 1 to 18 GHz.
4.4.1
PROPERTIES
Suitable over line-of-sight transmission links without obstacles
Provides good bandwidth
Affected by rain, vapor, dust, snow, cloud, mist and fog, heavy
moisture, depending on chosen frequency (see rain fade)

Page 5 of 24
4.4.2
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION:
Extremely high frequency narrow beam is focused over a line-of-sight

path between parabolic antennae (dish) mounted at substantial height
on relay towers.
The dishes are fixed and rigid and face a specific direction. A series of
relay towers are needed, the distance between them is based on the height
of towers.
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.5
TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS:
Can carry both analog and digital signals.
The frequency spectrum used is 1 to 18 GHz
High bandwidth and data rate
Attenuation loss is high and increases through rainfall especially above

10 GHz (wavelength approaching the size of a raindrop or even smaller).
Microwave use is regulated by the federal communications commission

(FCC). Allocations are made in bands.
TYPICAL MICROWAVE DISTANCES

Frequency
Approx. distance
2-6 GHz
30 miles
10-12 GHz
20 miles
18 GHz
7 miles
23 GHz
5 miles
Microwave radio relay is a technology for transmitting digital and analog

signals, such as long-distance telephone calls and the relay of television programs to
transmitters, between two locations on a line of sight radio path. In microwave radio
relay, radio waves are transmitted between the two locations with directional
antennas, forming a fixed radio connection between the two points. Long daisychained series of such links form transcontinental telephone and/or television
communication systems.
Page 6 of 24
Fig : 2 How M/W System Works?
4.6
HOW MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY LINKS ARE

FORMED
Microwave transmission involves the sending and receiving of microwave

signals over a microwave link. This microwave link is made up of a string of
microwave radio antennas located at the top of towers at various microwave sites.
Because a line of sight radio link is made, the radio frequencies used occupy
only a narrow path between stations (with the exception of a certain radius of each
station). Antennas used must have a high directive effect; these antennas are installed
in elevated locations such as large radio towers in order to be able to transmit across
long distances. Typical types of antenna used in radio relay link installations are
parabolic reflectors and horn radiators, which have a diameter of up to 4 meters.
Highly directive antennas permit an economical use of the available frequency
spectrum, despite long transmission distances.

Page 7 of 24
Fig.1 A Typical Microwave Link
4.7
MICROWAVE LINK
A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio

waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit video, audio, or data between
two locations, which can be from just a few feet or meters to several miles or
kilometers apart. Microwave links are commonly used by television broadcasters to
transmit programmes across a country, for instance, or from an outside broadcast back
to a studio.
4.7.1
PROPERTIES OF MICROWAVE LINKS
Involve line of sight (LOS) communication technology
Affected greatly by environmental constraints, including rain fade
Have limited penetration capabilities
Sensitive to high pollen count
Signals can be degraded during Solar proton event
4.7.2
USES OF MICROWAVE LINKS
In communications between satellites and base stations
As backbone carriers for cellular systems
In short range indoor communications
4.7.3
APPLICATIONS: M/W FREQUENCY BANDS ARE USED FOR

THE FOLLOWING SERVICES :
Fixed Radio Communication Services.
Fixed Satellite Services (VSAT & DSPT)

Page 8 of 24
Mobile Services.
Broadcasting Services.
Emergency Radio Services.
Meteorological Services.
Backhauling of BTS
To meet the requirements of all above mentioned services, coordination

among the users of M/W spectrum is necessary. In this regard (in the national context)
the wireless planning and coordination wing (WPC) of the ministry of
communication has allotted m/w frequencies spectrum, on the basis of various
wireless users classified as general users and major users. Wireless users who are
permitted to plan their services and take action for the development of the required
equipments are major users. BSNL has been nominated as a major wireless user by
the WPC in 1981 in the following sub base band of the m/w spectrum for fixed radio
communication. Microwave Spectrum Available for BSNL is shown in Table-2.
Table-2
Band
Spectrum Space
Bandwidth Available
2 GHz
20002300 MHz
300 MHz
4 GHz
33004200 MHz
900 MHz
6 GHz
59257110 MHz
1185 MHz
7 GHz
74257725 MHz
300 MHz
11 GHz
10,70011,700 MHz
1000 MHz
13 GHz
12,75013,250 MHz
500 MHz
In India the first M/w System was completed in December, 1965 between
Kolkata and Asansol with a system capacity of 1200 channels. At present many
kilometers of M/W systems are scattered throughout the country and further
expansion is taking place at a very large rate.
4.8
TRANSMISSION CAPACITIES AVAILABLE ON THE

RADIO SYSTEMS
The transmission capacities available on digital radio systems are, of course,

integral multiples of PCM hierarchical bit rates and are classified into small, medium
and large or high capacity systems. Specifically this categorization covers:
Page 9 of 24
Low capacity
704 kbps, 2 mbps and 8 mbps
Medium capacity
34 mbps
High capacity
140 mbps
Some manufacturers and some administrations have used some other integral
multiples also such as 2 x 8 and 2 x 34 mbps systems but these are not being
considered in the Indian network. The 704 kbps system is not other wise a standard
system but has been proposed in the Indian network context, because for the rural
network it is found that a 2 mbps system corresponding to 30 channels was too large
and wasteful of frequency resource. This 704 kbps system corresponds to capacity of
10 channels, which is quite adequate in the rural network of the country.
4.8.1
FREQUENCY BANDS
The frequency bands and the capacities which are proposed to be used by
digital microwave and UHF systems in the country are given in Table-4:
Table-4
Bit rate
Typical
Applications
Mb/s.
No.
of
Frequency band
channels
0.704
10
658712 MHz (UHF)
2.048
30
400 MHz band (UHF)
Rural
Communication,
Hilly
terrain
Areas.
Nomenclature
520585 MHz (UHF)

Small capacity
8.448
120
622712 MHz (UHF)
2 GHz band (M/W)
8.448
120
(2.02.3 GHz)
7 GHz band (M/W)
34.368
480
(7.4257.725 GHz)
13 GHz band (M/W)
Medium capacity
34.368
480
(12.7513.25
band M/W
34.368
480
15 GHz band (M/W)

As Junction Line
for
connecting
exchanges within a
city.
GHz)
Page 10 of 24
(14.7515.75 GHz)
4 GHz band (M/W)
139.264
1920
High capacity
139.264
1920
Long
Distance
connectivity or as
(3.33.8 and 3.84.2 trunk lines for
GHz)
National
connectivity.
6 GHz band (M/W)
(5.9256.425
Lower)
GHz;
(6.4307.110
Upper)
GHz;
11 GHz band (M/W)

139.264
1920
(10.711.7 GHz)
4.9
4.9.1
WAVEGUIDES
Conventional transmission lines develop too much loss at microwave
frequencies.
Hollow waveguides present an alternative.
Electromagnetic waves reflect from the walls of the wave guide as it travels its
length.
Brass, aluminum or silver plated.
Rectangular, elliptical and circular.

Page 11 of 24
Fig : 3 Different types of Waveguide
4.9.2
BENDS AND TEES

BENDS: if the transition through the bend is gradual there will be a
minimal effect.
Fig : 4 Bends
TEES:
o E plane tee output is out of phase with the input. (series tee).
o H plane tee is in phase with the input. (shunt tee)

Page 12 of 24
Fig : 5 Tees
4.9.3
ANTENNA
The antenna is the air interface of a communication system
An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors that
performs;
Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space
Reception - collects electromagnetic energy from space
In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used for
transmission and reception with the use of suitable receiver protection
The principle of reciprocity states that the transmit and receive
characteristics of an antenna are identical
Size of an antenna depends primarily on the frequency that it is designed
to transmit or receive
Fig : 6 Typical MW Antennas

Page 13 of 24
4.10 TYPICAL MW SYSTEM

Wide band M/W system operates between the stations (hundreds of Kms
apart) having number of repeaters in between.
Radio equipment required at the terminal with :1. BASE BAND PROCESSING EQUIPMENT.
2. I.F MODULATION EQUIPMENT, I.E. MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR.
3. UP CONVERTER/ DOWN CONVERTER.
4. POWER AMPLIFIER
5. ANTENNA SUB. SYSTEM
Fig : 7 Typical MW Radio System
4.11 MINILINK
Mini link is a microwave solution used to provide microwave link between
BSC & BTS. Minilink microwave radios provide an efficient and rapid way of
developing wide converge telecommunication networks. The use of Minilink is
particularly suited for cellular applications because of its flexibility concerning
capacities, configurations and space required. It also offers fast deployment in all
project phases for planning to commission. Minilink is ideal for quickly providing
medium capacity-links in temporary or permanent, mobile or fixed communication
networks. It can be used anywhere within the network, where one to seventeen 2EETP/BSNL Silver Certification Course
Page 14 of 24
Mbps transmission lines are required. As there is no need for heavy masts or towers, it
can quickly be mounted on existing building or structures.
Fig : 8 Mini link ODU with Antenna
4.11.1
TECHNICAL DATA
The Mini-Link exists in three different versions, which works in a similar

way, but they have different capacity and cover different frequency
bands as given below. They are:
MK II (old version)
Mini-Link C
Mini-Link E
4.11.1.1 Mini-Links
Traffic capacities (Mbps): 2, 2x2, 4x2, 2x8, 8x2

Frequency bands (GHz): 15, 23, 26, 38
4.11.1.2 Mini-Link E
4.11.2
Traffic capacities (Mbps): 2x2, 4x2, 2x8, 8x2, 34+2

Frequency bands (GHz): 7, 15, 18, 23, 26, 38
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
A MINI-LINK Network Element (NE) can, from a hardware and installation

point of view, be divided into two parts:
Page 15 of 24
Indoor part,
Outdoor part
4.11.2.1 Outdoor Unit
Radio Unit
Compact antenna
4.11.2.2 Indoor Unit
Modem unit (MMU)
Traffic unit (TRU)
Access Module Magazine(AMM)
From a functional and configuration point of view, an NE can be divided into

the following parts:
Basic Node: The Basic Node holds the system platform providing traffic and
system control, such as traffic routing, multiplexing, protection mechanisms and
management functions. It also provides traffic interfaces, PDH, SDH and Ethernet, for
connection to network equipment such as a radio base station, ADM or LAN. Finally,
it includes indoor mechanical housing, power distribution and cooling.
Radio Terminals Each Radio Terminal provides microwave transmission
from 2x2 to 32x2 Mbit/s, operating within the 7 to 38 GHz frequency bands, utilizing
C-QPSK and 16 QAM modulation schemes. It can be configured as unprotected (1+0)
or protected (1+1).
4.12 BROADBAND VSAT

VSAT broadband is similar to cable and DSL services for your computer
which provides high performance two-way connectivity for Broadband access as well
as offers value added satellite based services ( content delivery ) with the added
advantage to serve remote and inaccessible areas of country and a cost-effective
networking solution for Corporate bodies, Training Centers, Hospitals, Stock
exchanges, Banks, Technical institutions, Government, military etc. with high level
functionality and hence VSAT broadband is another option for a high-speed Internet
connection that is considered to be one of the best technologies available today.
VSAT technology is a secure and reliable medium to connect geographically
dispersed locations and represents a cost effective solution for users seeking an
independent communication network connecting to the global network. In a situation
where other connectivity options are not feasible, broadband VSAT of BSNL
(operating in Ku band of electromagnetic spectrum i.e. 11 to 18 GHz) offer value
Page 16 of 24
added satellite based services capable of supporting- Broadband internet access,

VOIP, video conferencing, IP multicast, Local Area Network, voice, Fax and can
also provide powerful dependable private communication solutions.
VSAT stands for Very Small Aperture Terminal. VSAT is a device (also
known as an earth station) that is used to send and receive wireless transmissions by
satellite. Millions of VSATs are in use around the world, allowing people to send and
receive two-way data, voice or video transmissions by bouncing signals off of
satellites in orbit.
Fig : 9 VSAT Network

The "very small" component of the VSAT acronym refers to the size of the
VSAT antenna or dish - typically about 2 to 5feet (0.55-1.8 meters) in diameter
for Ku-band systems - that is mounted on a roof, attached to a wall or placed on the
ground and is capable of both receiving and sending satellite signals. VSAT systems
can be designed to serve both broadcast and interactive applications whether data,
voice or video, which are now being served by terrestrial lines and can be operated in
either single or multi-user environment.
VSAT Equipment is mainly consist of
ODU ( Outdoor Unit )
IDU ( Indoor Unit ) as shown in Fig.10

Page 17 of 24
4.12.1
OUTDOOR UNIT (ODU):
The outdoor unit system is specifically optimized for use with the Indoor Unit and
consists of:
Transmit / Receive Dish (Antenna) (0.75m - 1.8m)
Block Up-converter (BUC) (1W-2W)
Low Noise Block-Down-converter (LNB)
Feed Assembly
ODU
IDU
SAT Tx
SAT RX
Dish
USB
Ethernet 10/100
BaseT (RJ-45)
LNB
Telephone Jack
for VoIP (RJ-11)
BUC
Feed
horn
100-240 VAC
(Optional -48V
DC)
Fig : 10
ODU & IDU
BUC: - Block up-converter converts incoming I.F. (from IDU) to R.F. transmitting
frequency, amplifies it and passes it to feed.
LNB: - LNB amplifies incoming R.F.(Radio Frequency) from feed using low noise
amplifier, converts it to I.F. and passes it to IDU
4.12.2
IDU (INDOOR UNIT):
On receiving side, converts I.F. (Intermediate Frequency) from ODU to base

band signals which may be data, video or voice. On transmitting side, converts base
band signals to I.F. and passes them to ODU. I.F. is generally in L band. R.F. can be
in C, Ku or Ka bands.
The indoor unit may be a small desktop box, or it may be (as in this case) a
network module integrated with a router providing VSAT network connectivity just
as any other network module and provide flexible Interfaces like Ethernet 10/100
Page 18 of 24
BaseT (RJ45), USB with maximum download speed of up to 4 Mbps and maximum
upload speed of up to 2 Mbps.
4.12.3
BROADBAND V-SAT ARCHITECTURE
V-SAT networks can be arranged in point to point, star, mesh, star/mesh, and
broadcast configurations. The preferred arrangement depends on the kind of
information flow the network will service. A point to point network allows two-way
communications between two VSAT sites. A star network allows any number of
VSAT sites to have two-way communication with a central hub. A mesh network
allows two-way communications between any VSAT sites in a network. A central hub
is not necessary. Each site communicates to another site with a single satellite hop.
VSAT Broadband (Ku band VSAT) networks of BSNL designed in a huband-spoke fashion as shown in fig. 11, with customer locations connecting directly
over the air to a central hub facility. The equipment at a customer site is a VSAT
receiver/router (similar to a DSL or cable modem), attached to a small dish mounted
on top of or outside the building. At the central hub facility, a large dish and
sophisticated hub RF components receive and transmit to the remote sites, and route
information to and from the Internet or private networks via leased line.
Internet router is connected to BSNL National Internet Backbone using
multiple 2 Mbps leased line. All Remote VSAT locations are having private IP so that
remote VSAT users can connect to Internet.
Satellite
INTERNET
VSAT
IDU
MPLS
HUB
MLLN
VoIP
Ku
Band
BSNL
Ku
Band
Gateway,
HUB/Gateway
Bangalore
IDU
ATA
ATA- Analog Telephone Adapter
Fig : 11 Ku band V-SAT Architecture

HUB
Page 19 of 24
4.12.4
V-SAT SERVICES OFFERED
The V-SAT Broad VSAT network allows secure, reliable and cost effective
data, voice and video transmission and enables an organization to deploy nationwide
different services over IP using the shortest time span.
LEASED LINES Through V-SAT on IP PLATFORM: 4Kbps onwards

High speed Broadband Internet
VPN Networking
VOIP Telephony
Facsimile
Telemedicine
E-learning
IP multicasting
Video conferencing
Video streaming
Facsimile
Distance Education
Banking
E-learning
On-demand services for WAN backup/disaster recovery etc.
4.13 DIGITAL SATELLITE PHONE TERMINAL (DSPT)

Digital Satellite Phone Terminal System (DSPT system or DSPS) project
involves setting up a VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) Based network for
BSNL. The system consists of HUB Station and Remote Digital Satellite Phone
Terminals working in Ku-Band (Transmit Frequency is 13.75-14.5 GHz and Receive
is 10.7-12.75 GHz). DSPT Network provides PSTN connectivity to rural, remote,
inaccessible and hilly areas via INSAT (Indian National Satellite) or leased
transponder for DTS network. The VSAT system works in a star topology using
DAMA (Demand Assigned Multiple Access) technology.
The Hub of DSPT system will be composed of Indoor and Outdoor facilities. The
outdoor facility is a complete Antenna and RF path while the indoor comprises the
Hub Base-band and the other equipment:
The Hub of DSPT system comprises of Indoor facilities and Outdoor facilities.
4.13.1
INDOOR FACILITIES
Indoor facilities has following components,
a. Hub Base-band
b. Transit switch.
In the Indoor facility consists of redundant Hub-base band unit, a Transit

switch to provide connectivity to PSTN network, associated Data-Base servers,
Page 20 of 24
Billing system consisting of Billing system Hardware and software, the data
networking equipment consisting Firewall, web-server, Authentication server and
router to provide backend connectivity to the Internet. The base-band and remotes
have a NMS and its database to configure and manage the entire VSAT-based
network.
4.13.2
Outdoor facilities:
a. Antenna (8.1 Meter antenna assembly)

b. RF path: RF path consists of Transmit chain and Receive chain.
Transmit chain consists of
-ULPC (Up Link Power Control),
- Up Converter and
- SSPA (Solid State Power Amplifier) and
Receive chain consists of
- Trance reject filter,
- Radar reject filter,
- LNA (Low Noise Amplifier),
- Power divider and Down converter.

Page 21 of 24
Fig : 12
Typical Network Configuration of DSPT system
4.14 SUMMARY
Microwave links of short distances are generally allocated with higher
frequencies, because high frequency means high losses in air and thus it is good to
have short distances in these cases. Digital Microwave Radio Link Systems allow
transmission links to be established rapidly and easily to meet a variety of
transmission needs, delivering cost savings and enabling rapid network rollout. While
for distances like 20-50 Kms or so we use lower frequencies. PDH digital microwave
communication system work in 2.0GHz to 26GHz frequency range and provides 2
Mbps to 140Mbps date transmission.
Mini-Link microwave radios provide an efficient and rapid way of developing
wide-converge telecommunication networks. The use of MINI-LINK is particularly
suited for cellular applications because of its flexibility concerning capacities,
configurations and space required. It also offers fast deployment it also offers fast
deployment in all project phases for planning to commission. MINI-LINK is ideal for
quickly providing medium capacity-links in temporary or permanent, mobile or fixed
communication networks.

Page 22 of 24
The V-SAT Broadband technology is a cost effective solution for those who
want an independent, secured and reliable communications network to connect a large
number of geographically dispersed sites where any other connectivity options are not
possible to implement. This type of Internet connection is also great for areas that are
rural or are perhaps underserved by reliable Internet Service Providers. The V-SAT
Broadband service provides faster speeds, more flexibility, and better performance,
making it an attractive network option for businesses of all types and sizes. V-SAT
broadband is a way to have the latest technology without having to go through a local
ISP. VSAT broadband is definitely a wave of the future.
4.15 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1. As a convention frequencies, above 1 GHz and up to 40 GHz are termed as.
2. Microwave transmission involves the sending and receiving of microwave
signals over a...
3. M/W link involve communication technology
4. 8 Mbps system in 2 GHz band is suitable for application as a .haul system
5. 6 GHz 140 Mbps Digital Microwave System is used for . route
applications
6. The antenna system consists of Main and .. antennas.
7. Each RF channel in this radio system is a (able) to have an additional capacity
of carrying one 2 Mbit/s pulse stream equivalent to 30 telephone messages,
what is called.
8. . counteracts the effects of fading by combining signals from Main
and SD antenna.
9. . counteracts the effects of fading by combining signals from Main
and SD antenna.
10. As a countermeasure against multipath fading, a time domain equalizer, called
a..
11. is a microwave solution used to provide microwave link between
BSC & BTS.
12. It provides radio transmission links from 2 up to . Mbit/s, operating
within the 7 to . GHz frequency bands.
13. VSAT stands for ..
14. VSAT Equipment is mainly consist of .
15. converts incoming I.F. (from IDU) to R.F
16. The Hub of DSPT system comprises of ..
Answer: Microwave, microwave link, line of sight (LOS), short, trunk, Space
Diversity (SD), wayside traffic, Space diversity, Space diversity, transversal
equalizer, Mini link, 17x2, 38, Very Small Aperture Terminal, ODU & IDU, Block
up-converter, Indoor facilities and Outdoor facilities,
4.16 REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave
www.eogogics.com/talkgogics/.../microwave-line-of-sight-systems
www.isd.mel.nist.gov/meso_micro/SPIE_Paper_4821-26.pdf
Microwave engineering - David M. Pozar
Page 23 of 24
www.ericsson.com/ourportfolio/telecom-operators/mini-link-tn
JTO Handouts
www.carlsonwireless.com/

Page 24 of 24

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Digital Transmission System(DTS)

Digital Radio Transmission Technology

EETP/BSNL Silver Certification Course

Digital Transmission System(DTS)

Digital Radio Transmission Technology

MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY

HOW MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY LINKS ARE FORMED

TRANSMISSION CAPACITIES AVAILABLE ON THE RADIO

DIGITAL RADIO APPLICATIONS

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

DIGITAL SATELLITE PHONE TERMINAL (DSPT)

EETP/BSNL Silver Certification Course

Digital Transmission System(DTS)

Digital Radio Transmission Technology

4 DIGITAL RADIO TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY

DIGITAL RADIO TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY

MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY

HOW MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY LINKS ARE FORMED

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

DIGITAL SATELLITE PHONE TERMINAL (DSPT)

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS

Digital Transmission System(DTS)

Digital Radio Transmission Technology

communications, navigation and radar for a variety of measurements including police

After reading this unit, you should be able to understand:

Microwave link Properties

Microwave radio relay

Different Digital radio systems

6 Ghz Digital Microwav

Electromagnetic waves can be broadly classified in terms of frequencies along

Used for long communication. Has limited

Radio Broadcast, Marine Power in KW,

Long haul point to point communication.

EETP/BSNL Silver Certification Course

Digital Transmission System(DTS)

Digital Radio Transmission Technology

Line of sight, Tropo-scatter communication.

Line of sight, terrestrial M/W and Satellite

Microwave transmission refers to the technique of transmitting information

Suitable over line-of-sight transmission links without obstacles

Provides good bandwidth

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Digital Transmission System(DTS)

Extremely high frequency narrow beam is focused over a line-of-sight

Digital Radio Transmission Technology

Can carry both analog and digital signals.

The frequency spectrum used is 1 to 18 GHz

High bandwidth and data rate

Attenuation loss is high and increases through rainfall especially above

Microwave use is regulated by the federal communications commission

TYPICAL MICROWAVE DISTANCES

MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY

Microwave radio relay is a technology for transmitting digital and analog

Digital Transmission System(DTS)

Digital Radio Transmission Technology

Fig : 2 How M/W System Works?

HOW MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY LINKS ARE

Microwave transmission involves the sending and receiving of microwave

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Digital Transmission System(DTS)

Digital Radio Transmission Technology

Fig.1 A Typical Microwave Link

A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio