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Electricalequipmentinhazardousareas
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Inelectricalengineering,ahazardouslocationisdefinedasaplace
whereconcentrationsofflammablegases,vapors,ordustsoccur.
Electricalequipmentthatmustbeinstalledinsuchlocationsis
especiallydesignedandtestedtoensureitdoesnotinitiatean
explosion,duetoarcingcontactsorhighsurfacetemperatureof
equipment.
Theintroductionofelectricalapparatusforsignalingorlightingin
coalmineswasaccompaniedbyelectricallyinitiatedexplosionsof
flammablegasanddust.Technicalstandardsweredevelopedto
identifythefeaturesofelectricalapparatusthatwouldprevent
electricalinitiationofexplosions.Severalphysicalmethodsof
protectionareused.Theapparatusmaybedesignedtoprevententry
offlammablegasordustintotheinterior.Theapparatusmaystrong
enoughtocontainandcoolanycombustiongasesproduced
internally.Or,electricaldevicesmaybedesignedsothatthey
cannotproduceasparkstrongenoughtoigniteaspecified
hazardousgas.

Contents

Thisinspectionlampisconstructedso
thatitcannotsetoffanexplosion
whensurroundedbyspecified
flammablegasesordust.

1Electricalignitionhazard
2History
3Gasdivisionsorzones
4Dustzones
5Gasgroups
6Equipmentprotectionlevel
7Temperatureclassification
7.1Autoignitiontemperatures
7.2Autoignitiontemperatures(dust)
8Typeofprotection
8.1Multipleprotection
9ANSI/NFPAareasdescription
10Equipmentcategory
11Labeling
11.1Europe
11.2NorthAmerica
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12Seealso
13References
14Furtherreading
15Externallinks

Electricalignitionhazard
Ahouseholdlightswitchmayemitasmall,harmlessvisiblesparkwhenswitching.Inanordinary
atmospherethisarcisofnoconcern,butifaflammablevaporispresent,thearcmightstartanexplosion.
Electricalequipmentintendedforuseinachemicalfactoryorrefineryisdesignedeithertocontainany
explosionwithinthedevice,orisdesignednottoproducesparkswithsufficientenergytotriggeran
explosion.
Manystrategiesexistforsafetyinelectricalinstallations.Thesimpleststrategyistominimizetheamount
ofelectricalequipmentinstalledinahazardousarea,eitherbykeepingtheequipmentoutofthearea
altogetherorbymakingthearealesshazardousbyprocessimprovementsorventilationwithcleanair.
Intrinsicsafety,ornonincendiveequipmentandwiringmethods,isasetofpracticesforapparatus
designedwithlowpowerlevelsandlowstoredenergy.Insufficientenergyisavailabletoproduceanarc
thatcanignitethesurroundingexplosivemixture.Equipmentenclosurescanbepressurizedwithcleanair
orinertgasanddesignedwithvariouscontrolstoremovepowerorprovidenotificationincaseofsupplyor
pressurelossofsuchgases.Arcproducingelementsoftheequipmentcanalsobeisolatedfromthe
surroundingatmospherebyencapsulation,immersioninoil,sand,etc.Heatproducingelementssuchas
motorwinding,electricalheaters,includingheattracingandlightingfixturesareoftendesignedtolimit
theirmaximumtemperaturebelowtheautoignitiontemperatureofthematerialinvolved.Bothexternaland
internaltemperaturesaretakenintoconsideration.
Asinmostfieldsofelectricalinstallation,differentcountrieshaveapproachedthestandardizationand
testingofequipmentforhazardousareasindifferentways.Asworldtradebecomesmoreimportantin
distributionofelectricalproducts,internationalstandardsareslowlyconvergingsothatawiderrangeof
acceptabletechniquescanbeapprovedbynationalregulatoryagencies.
Areaclassificationisrequiredbygovernmentalbodies,forexamplebytheU.S.OccupationalSafetyand
HealthAdministrationandcomplianceisenforced.
Documentationrequirementsarevaried.Oftenanareaclassificationplanviewisprovidedtoidentify
equipmentratingsandinstallationtechniquestobeusedforeachclassifiedplantarea.Theplanmaycontain
thelistofchemicalswiththeirgroupandtemperaturerating,andelevationdetailsshadedtoindicateClass,
Division(Zone)andgroupcombination.Theareaclassificationprocesswouldrequiretheparticipationof
operations,maintenance,safety,electricalandinstrumentationprofessionals,theuseofprocessdiagrams
andmaterialflows,MSDSandanypertinentdocuments,informationandknowledgetodeterminethe
hazardsandtheirextentandthecountermeasurestobeemployed.Areaclassificationdocumentationsare
reviewedandupdatedtoreflectprocesschanges.

History
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Soonaftertheintroductionofelectricpowerintocoalmines,itwasdiscoveredthatlethalexplosionscould
beinitiatedbyelectricalequipmentsuchaslighting,signals,ormotors.Thehazardoffiredampormethane
accumulationinmineswaswellknownbythetimeelectricitywasintroduced,alongwiththedangerof
suspendedcoaldust.AtleasttwoBritishmineexplosionswereattributedtoanelectricbellsignalsystem.
Inthissystem,twobarewireswererunalongthelengthofadrift,andanyminerdesiringtosignalthe
surfacewouldmomentarilytouchthewirestoeachotherorbridgethewireswithametaltool.The
inductanceofthesignalbellcoils,combinedwithbreakingofcontactsbyexposedmetalsurfaces,resulted
insparkswhichcouldignitemethane,causinganexplosion.[1]

Gasdivisionsorzones
Inanindustrialplantsuchasarefineryorchemicalprocessplant,handlingoflargequantitiesofflammable
liquidsandgasescreatesariskofleaks.Insomecasesthegas,ignitablevaporordustispresentallthetime
orforlongperiods.Otherareaswouldhaveadangerousconcentrationofflammablesubstancesonlyduring
processupsets,equipmentdeteriorationbetweenmaintenanceperiods,orduringanincident.Refineriesand
chemicalplantsarethendividedintoareasofriskofreleaseofgas,vaporordustknownasdivisionsor
zones.Theprocessofdeterminingthetypeandsizeofthesehazardousareasiscalledareaclassification.
GuidanceonassessingtheextentofthehazardisgivenintheNFPA497Standard,orAPI500and
accordingtotheiradaptationbyotherareasgaszonesisgiveninthecurrenteditionofIEC60079101.For
hazardousdusts,theguidingstandardisIEC60079102.
Typicalgashazardsarefromhydrocarboncompounds,buthydrogenandammoniaarecommonindustrial
gasesthatareflammable.
NonHazardousArea
AnareasuchasaresidenceorofficewouldbeclassedasNonHazardous(safearea),wheretheonly
riskofareleaseofexplosiveorflammablegaswouldbesuchthingsasthepropellantinanaerosol
spray.Theonlyexplosiveorflammableliquidwouldbepaintandbrushcleaner.Theseareclassedas
verylowriskofcausinganexplosionandaremoreofafirerisk(althoughgasexplosionsin
residentialbuildingsdooccur).Nonhazardousareasonchemicalandotherplantarepresentwhereit
isabsolutelycertainthatthehazardousgasisdilutedtoaconcentrationbelow25%ofitslower
flammabilitylimit(orlowerexplosivelimit(LEL)).
Division2orZone2area
Thisisastepupfromthesafearea.Inthiszonethegas,vaporormistwouldonlybepresentunder
abnormalconditions(mostoftenleaksunderabnormalconditions).AsageneralguideforZone2,
unwantedsubstancesshouldonlybepresentunder10hours/yearor00.1%ofthetime.[2]
Division1orZone1area
Gas,vaporormistwillbepresentorexpectedtobepresentforlongperiodsoftimeundernormal
operatingconditions.AsaguideforZone1,thiscanbedefinedas101000hours/yearor0.110%of
thetime.[2]
Zone0area
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Gasorvaporispresentallofthetime.Anexampleofthiswouldbethevaporspaceabovetheliquid
inthetopofatankordrum.TheANSI/NECclassificationmethodconsiderthisenvironmenta
Division1area.AsaguideforZone0,thiscanbedefinedasover1000hours/yearor>10%ofthe
time.[2]

Dustzones
Flammabledustswhensuspendedinaircanexplode.Anoldsystem
ofareaclassificationtoaBritishstandardusedasystemoflettersto
designatethezones.ThishasbeenreplacedbyaEuropean
numericalsystem,assetoutindirective1999/92/EUimplemented
intheUKastheDangerousSubstancesandExplosives
AtmospheresRegulations2002
Theboundariesandextentofthesethreedimensionalzonesshould
bedecidedbyacompetentperson.Theremustbeasiteplandrawn
upofthefactorywiththezonesmarkedon.
Thezonedefinitionsare:
Zone22
Aplaceinwhichanexplosiveatmosphereintheformofa
cloudofcombustibledustinairisnotlikelytooccurin
normaloperationbut,ifitdoesoccur,willpersistforashort
periodonly
Zone21
Aplaceinwhichanexplosiveatmosphereintheformofa

Anexplosionofdustatthisgrain
elevatorinKansaskilledfiveworkers
in1998.

cloudofcombustibledustinairislikelytooccur,
occasionally,innormaloperation.
Zone20
Aplaceinwhichanexplosiveatmosphereintheformofacloudofcombustibledustinairispresent
continuously,orforlongperiodsorfrequently.

Gasgroups
Explosivegases,vaporsanddustshavedifferentchemicalpropertiesthataffectthelikelihoodandseverity
ofanexplosion.Suchpropertiesincludeflametemperature,minimumignitionenergy,upperandlower
explosivelimits,andmolecularweight.Empiricaltestingisdonetodetermineparameterssuchasthe
maximumexperimentalsafegap,minimumignitioncurrent,explosionpressureandtimetopeakpressure,

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spontaneousignitiontemperature,andmaximumrateofpressurerise.Everysubstancehasadiffering
combinationofpropertiesbutitisfoundthattheycanberankedintosimilarranges,simplifyingthe
selectionofequipmentforhazardousareas.[3]
Flammabilityofcombustibleliquidsaredefinedbytheirflashpoint.Theflashpointisthetemperatureat
whichthematerialwillgeneratesufficientquantityofvaportoformanignitablemixture.Theflashpoint
determinesifanareaneedstobeclassified.Amaterialmayhavearelativelylowautoignitiontemperature
yetifitsflashpointisabovetheambienttemperature,thentheareamaynotneedtobeclassified.
Converselyifthesamematerialisheatedandhandledaboveitsflashpoint,theareamustbeclassified.
Eachchemicalgasorvapourusedinindustryisclassifiedintoagasgroup.
Group

RepresentativeGases

AllUndergroundCoalMining.Firedamp(methane)

IIA

Industrialmethane,propane,petrolandthemajorityofindustrial

IIB

Ethylene,cokeovengasandotherindustrialgases

IIC

Hydrogen,acetylene,carbondisulphide

GroupIICisthemostseveregroup.Hazardsinthisgroupcanbeignitedveryeasilyindeed.Equipment
markedassuitableforGroupIICisalsosuitableforIIBandIIA.EquipmentmarkedassuitableforIIBis
alsosuitableforIIAbutNOTforIIC.Ifequipmentismarked,forexample,ExeIIT4thenitissuitablefor
allsubgroupsIIA,IIBandIIC
Alistmustbedrawnupofeverychemicalgasorvaporthatisontherefinery/chemicalcomplexand
includedinthesiteplanoftheclassifiedareas.Theabovegroupsareformedinorderofhowvolatilethe
gasorvaporwouldbeifitwasignited,IICbeingthemostvolatileandIIAbeingtheleast.Thegroupsalso
indicatehowmuchenergyisrequiredtoignitethegasbysparkignition,GroupIIArequiringthemost
energyandIICtheleast.

Equipmentprotectionlevel
InrecentyearsalsotheEquipmentProtectionLevel(EPL)isspecifiedforseveralkindsofprotection.The
requiredProtectionlevelislinkedtotheintendeduseinthezonesdescribedbelow:
Group

Exrisk

I(mines)

energized

Ma

I(mines)

deenergizedinpresenceofExatmosphere

Mb

II(gas)
II(gas)
II(gas)

explosiveatmosphere>1000hrs/yr

Zone EPL Minimumtypeofprotection

Ga

ia,ma

explosiveatmospherebetween10and1000hrs/yr 1

Gb

ib,mb,px,py,e,o,q,s

explosiveatmospherebetween1and10hrs/yr

Gc

n,ic,pz

III(dust)

explosivesurface>1000hrs/yr

20

Da

ia

III(dust)

explosivesurfacebetween10and1000hrs/yr

21

Db

ib

III(dust)

explosivesurfacebetween1and10hrs/yr

22

Dc

ic

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Temperatureclassification
Anotherimportantconsiderationisthetemperatureclassificationoftheelectricalequipment.Thesurface
temperatureoranypartsoftheelectricalequipmentthatmaybeexposedtothehazardousatmosphere
shouldbetestedthatitdoesnotexceed80%oftheautoignitiontemperatureofthespecificgasorvaporin
theareawheretheequipmentisintendedtobeused.
Thetemperatureclassificationontheelectricalequipmentlabelwillbeoneofthefollowing(indegree
Celsius):
International
GermanyC
(IEC)C ContinuousShortTime

USAC
T1450

T3A180 T1450

G1:360400

T2300

T3B165 T2300

G2:240270

T2A280 T3C160 T3200

G3:160180

T2B260 T4135

G4:110125

T4135

T2C230 T4A120 T5100

T2D215 T5100

T685

T3200

T685

G5:8090

Theabovetabletellsusthatthesurfacetemperatureofapieceofelectricalequipmentwithatemperature
classificationofT3willnotriseabove200C.

Autoignitiontemperatures
Theautoignitiontemperatureofaliquid,gasorvaporisthetemperatureatwhichthesubstancewillignite
withoutanyexternalheatsource.Theexacttemperaturevaluedetermineddependsonthelaboratorytest
conditionsandapparatus.Suchtemperaturesforcommonsubstancesare:
Gas

Temperature

Methane

580C

Hydrogen

560C

Propane

493C

Ethylene

425C

Acetylene

305C

Naphtha

290C

Carbondisulfide 102C
Thesurfaceofahighpressuresteampipemaybeabovetheautoignitiontemperatureofsomefuel/air
mixtures.

Autoignitiontemperatures(dust)
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Theautoignitiontemperatureofadustisusuallyhigherthanthatofvapours&gases.Examplesfor
commonmaterialsare:
Substance Temperature
Sugar

460C

Wood

340C

Flour

340C

Graindust 300C
Tea

300C

Typeofprotection
Toensuresafetyinagivensituation,equipmentisplacedintoprotectionlevelcategoriesaccordingto
manufacturemethodandsuitabilityfordifferentsituations.Category1isthehighestsafetyleveland
Category3thelowest.Althoughtherearemanytypesofprotection,afewaredetailed
Ex
Code

Flameproof

Description

Standard

Equipmentconstructionis
suchthatitcanwithstand
aninternalexplosionand
providereliefofthe
externalpressurevia
flamegap(s)suchasthe
labyrinthcreatedby
threadedfittingsor
machinedflanges.The
escaping(hot)gasesmust
sufficientlycooldown
alongtheescapepaththat
IEC/EN
bythetimetheyreachthe
600791
outsideoftheenclosure
nottobeasourceof
ignitionoftheoutside,
potentiallyignitable
surroundings.

Location

Use

Motors,
Zone1ifgas
lighting,
group&temp.
junctionboxes,
classcorrect
electronics

Equipmenthasflameproof
gaps(max0.006"(150
um)propane/ethylene,
0.004"(100um)
acetylene/hydrogen)

IncreasedSafety

Equipmentisveryrobust
IEC/EN
andcomponentsaremade
600797
toahighquality

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Zone2or
Zone1

Motors,
lighting,
junctionboxes
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OilFilled

Sand/Powder/Quartz
q
Filled

Encapsulated

Pressurised/purged p

Equipmentcomponents
IEC/EN
arecompletelysubmerged 600796
inoil

Zone2or
Zone1

switchgear

Equipmentcomponents
arecompletelycovered
withalayerofSand,
powderorquartz

Zone2or
Zone1

Electronics,
telephones,
chokes

IEC/EN
600795

Equipmentcomponentsof
theequipmentareusually IEC/EN
encasedinaresintype
6007918
material

Zone1(Ex
Electronics(no
mb)orZone0
heat)
(Exma)

Equipmentispressurised
toapositivepressure
relativetothesurrounding
atmospherewithairoran
inertgas,thusthe
IEC/EN
surroundingignitable
600792
atmospherecannotcome
incontactwithenergized
partsoftheapparatus.The
overpressureismonitored,
maintainedandcontrolled.

Analysers,
Zone1(pxor
motors,control
py),orzone2
boxes,
(pz)
computers

Anyarcsorsparksinthis
equipmenthasinsufficient
energy(heat)toignitea
vapour

Intrinsicallysafe

Equipmentcanbe
installedinANYhousing
providedtoIP54.
A'ZenerBarrier'or'opto
isol'or'galvanic'unitmay
beusedtoassistwith
certification.
Aspecialstandardfor
instrumentationisIEC/EN
6007927,describing
requirementsforFieldbus
IntrinsicallySafeConcept
(FISCO)(zone0,1or2)

IEC/EN
6007925
'ia':Zone0& Instrumentation,
IEC/EN
'ib':Zone1
measurement,
6007911
'ic:zone2
control
IEC/EN60079
27

Equipmentisnon
incendiveornonsparking.

NonIncendive

Aspecialstandardfor
IEC/EN
instrumentationisIEC/EN 6007915
6007927,describing
IEC/EN
6007927

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Zone2

Motors,
lighting,
junctionboxes,
electronic
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requirementsforFieldbus
NonIncendiveConcept
(FNICO)(zone2)

SpecialProtection

Thismethod,beingby
definitionspecial,hasno
specificrules.Ineffectit
isanymethodwhichcan
beshowntohavethe
requireddegreeofsafety
inuse.Muchearly
equipmenthavingExs
protectionwasdesigned
withencapsulationand
thishasnowbeen
incorporatedintoIEC
6007918[Exm].Exsisa IEC/EN
codingreferencedinIEC 6007933
600790.TheuseofEPL
andATEXCategory
directlyisanalternative
forsmarking.TheIEC
standardEN6007933is
madepublicandis
expectedtobecome
effectivesoon,sothatthe
normalExcertification
willalsobepossiblefor
Exs

equipment

Zone
depending
Asits
upon
certification
Manufacturers states
Certification.

Thetypesofprotectionaresubdividedintoseveralsubclasses,linkedtoEPL:maandmb,px,pyandpz,
ia,ibandic.Theasubdivisionshavethemoststringentsafetyrequirements,takingintoaccountmorethe
oneindependentcomponentfaultssimultaneously.

Multipleprotection
ManyitemsofEExratedequipmentwillemploymorethanonemethodofprotectionindifferent
componentsoftheapparatus.Thesewouldbethenlabeledwitheachoftheindividualmethods.For
exampleasocketoutletlabeledEEx'de'mighthaveacasemadetoEEx'e'andswitchesthataremadeto
EEx'd'.

ANSI/NFPAareasdescription
ClassI,Div.1Whereignitableconcentrationsofflammablegases,vaporsorliquidsarepresent
continuouslyorfrequentlywithintheatmosphereundernormaloperationconditions.
ClassI,Div.2Whereignitableconcentrationsofflammablegases,vapors,orliquidsarepresentwithin
theatmosphereunderabnormaloperatingconditions.
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ClassII,Div.1Whereignitableconcentrationsofcombustibledustsarepresentwithintheatmosphere
undernormaloperationconditions.
ClassII,Div.2Whereignitableconcentrationsofcombustibledustarepresentwithintheatmosphere
underabnormaloperatingconditions.
ClassIII,Div.1Whereeasilyignitablefibersormaterialsproducingcombustibleflyingsarepresent
withintheatmosphereundernormaloperationconditions.
ClassIII,Div.2Whereeasilyignitablefibersormaterialsproducingcombustibleflyingsarepresent
withintheatmosphereunderabnormaloperatingconditions.
CommonMaterialswithinAssociatedClass&GroupRatings,suchas"ClassI,Division1,Group
A":
ClassIAreas:GroupA:Acetylene/GroupB:Hydrogen/GroupC:PropaneandEthylene/GroupD:
Benzene,Butane,Methane&Propane
ClassIIAreas:GroupE:MetalDust/GroupF:Carbon&Charcoal/GroupG:Flour,Starch,Wood&
Plastic
ClassIIIAreas:NOGROUP:Cotton&Sawdust
FormoreinformationseeArticle500ofNFPA70TheNationalElectricCode,aspublishedbythe
NationalFireProtectionAssociation.

Equipmentcategory
Theequipmentcategoryindicatesthelevelofprotectionofferedbytheequipment.
Category1equipmentmaybeusedinzone0,zone1orzone2areas.
Category2equipmentmaybeusedinzone1orzone2areas.
Category3equipmentmayonlybeusedinzone2areas.

Labeling
Allequipmentcertifiedforuseinhazardousareasmustbelabelledtoshowthetypeandlevelofprotection
applied.

Europe
InEuropethelabelmustshowtheCEmarkandthecodenumberofthecertifyingbody.TheCEmarkingis
complementedwiththeExmark,followedbytheindicationoftheGroup,Categoryand,ifgroupII
equipment,theindicationrelatingtogases(G)ordust(D).Forexample:ExII1G(Explosionprotected,
Group2,Category1,Gas)Specifictypeortypesofprotectionbeingusedwillbemarked.
EExiaIICT4.(Typeia,Group2Cgases,Temperaturecategory4).
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EExnAIIT3X(Typen,nonsparking,Group2gases,Temperaturecategory3,specialconditions
apply).
IndustrialelectricalequipmentforhazardousareahastoconformtoappropriatepartsofstandardEN
60079[4]andinsomecases,certifiedasmeetingthatstandard.Independenttesthouses(knownasNotified
Bodies)areestablishedinmostEuropeancountries,andacertificate
fromanyofthesewillbeacceptedacrosstheEU.IntheUnited
Kingdom,theDTIappointandmaintainalistofNotifiedBodies
withintheUK(http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file44775.pdf),of
whichSiraandBaseefaarethemostwellknown.

NorthAmerica
InNorthAmericathesuitabilityofequipmentforthespecific
hazardousareamustbetestedbyaNationallyRecognizedTesting
Laboratory.SuchinstitutesareUL,MET
(http://www.metlabs.com/),FM,CSAorIntertek(ETL),for
example.

MarkforATEXcertifiedelectrical
equipmentforexplosiveatmospheres.

ThelabelwillalwayslisttheClass(es),Division(s)andmaylistthe
Group(s)andtemperatureCode.Directlyadjacentonthelabelonewillfindthemarkofthelistingagency.
Somemanufacturersclaim"suitability"or"builtto"hazardousareasintheirtechnicalliterature,butin
effectlackthetestingagency'scertificationandthusunacceptablefortheAHJ(AuthorityHaving
Jurisdiction)topermitoperationoftheelectricalinstallation/system.
AllequipmentinDivision1areasmusthaveanapprovallabel,butcertainmaterials,suchasrigidmetallic
conduit,doesnothaveaspecificlabelindicatingtheCl./Div.1suitabilityandtheirlistingasapproved
methodofinstallationintheNECservesasthepermission.SomeequipmentinDivision2areasdonot
requireaspecificlabel,suchasstandard3phaseinductionmotorsthatdonotcontainnormallyarcing
components.
Alsoincludedinthemarkingarethemanufacturersnameortrademarkandaddress,theapparatustype,
nameandserialnumber,yearofmanufactureandanyspecialconditionsofuse.TheNEMAenclosure
ratingorIPcodemayalsobeindicated,butitisusuallyindependentoftheClassifiedAreasuitability.

Seealso
Electricalconduit
Intrinsicsafety
ATEXdirective
Pressurepiling
Mineralinsulatedcoppercladcable
Groundingkit
CompExCompetencystandard
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References
1. ^Bossert86page17
2. ^abchttp://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/techmeasareaclas.htm
3. ^JohnBossertandRandolphHurst,HazardousLocationsAGuidefortheDesign,ConstructionandInstallation
ofElectricalEquipment,CanadianStandardsAssociation,Toronto1986ISBN0969012454,Chapter9
4. ^BSEN60079:"Explosiveatmospheres"(manyparts)

Furtherreading
AlanMcMillan,ElectricalInstallationsinHazardousAreas,ButterworthHeineman1998,ISBN0
750637684
PeterSchramElectricalInstallationsinHazardousLocations,JonesandBartlett,1997,ISBN0
877654239
IntrinsicSafetyinCellphones,SmartphonesandPDAs
(http://www.airowireless.com/docs/IntrinsicallySafe.pdf)(PDF),AiroWireless

Externallinks
ATEXExplained(http://lgmproducts.com/atex.asp)
ATEX"Use"Directive
(http://www.extronics.com/extronics/documents/Ex_Info/use_directive%20full.htm)
ATEXDirectiveinDetail(http://www.ecomex.us/intrinsicsafety/europeandirective/)
Hazardousareabasics(http://www.hexagontech.co.uk/hazard_basics.htm)
IECExSystem(http://www.iecex.com/)
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