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FLUID MECHANICS
Study of the behavior of fluids at rest or at motion refers
to fluid mechanics.
Fluids Substances that are either gas or liquid
HYDROSTATICS
HYDRODYNAMICS
FLUID MECHANICS
Important Properties in Fluid Mechanics
DENSITY
Mass Density ()
=m/V
is in kg/m3 or g/cm3
D = mg / V
D = g
D is in N/m3 or dyne/cm3
FLUID MECHANICS
Important Properties in Fluid Mechanics
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG)
- ratio of either the (mass or weight) density of the substance to
the (mass or weight) density of water.
SG = S/H2O
SG = DS/DH2O
HYDROSTATICS
Study of the behavior of fluids at rest
BUOYANT FORCE (FB) The upward force that tend to float
objects on fluids.
Weight of Ship = Mg
FB = fVfg
HYDROSTATICS
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
States that (a) the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the
weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object. (b) The volume of the
displaced fluid is equal to the volume of the submerged object in that
fluid.
WA
WA
FB
WF
WDF
WF
Vsub
VDF
Vsub = VDF
HYDROSTATICS
Apparent Weight : Weight in fluid (liquid) is the Tension in the wire or rope.
T
T
FB
W
W = mg
Fy = 0 +
+T W = 0
T = W = mg
In air, we see that T = W
W = mg
Fy = 0 +
+T + FB W = 0
T = W FB = mg F VSub g
T = mg F VSubg
In the liquid, we see that T < W, If we weigh this using a
scale, the scale will register the value of Tension, but the
real weight (mg) stays the same
HYDROSTATICS
Specific Gravity using weight in air and in water
If the fluid is Water
WAir = W = mg = sVsubg
WW / WAir = 1 (W/(S)
WL = T = W FB = mg F VSub g
WW / WAir = 1 (1/SGS)
WL = sVSubg F VSubg
WL = VSubg (S F )
WL / WAir = [VSubg(S F)] /[VSubg (S )]
WW = WAir [1 (1/SGS)]
WW = WAir (WAir/SGS)
WW = WAir (WAir/SGS)
WAir /SGS = WAir WW
WL / WAir = (S F) /(S )
WL / WAir = 1 (F/(S)
HYDROSTATICS
PRESSURE
P = F/A
Atmospheric Pressure (pO) Pressure exerted by the weight of air above
that surface at any given point in the earths atmosphere.
pO = 1 Atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 14.7 psi
Gauge Pressure (pG) - zero referenced against ambient air pressure (i.e. Tire
pressure & Blood pressure)
pG = fgh
Absolute Pressure (pA) - zero referenced against a perfect vacuum (i.e.
Altimeter Pressure & Deep Volume Pressure)
pA = pO + pG
pA = pO + fgh
HYDRODYNAMIC
Study of the behavior of fluids at motion. Also known as
fluid kinetics
CONSERVATION OF MASS States that in a steady flow
the mass in a tube is constant or conserved.
m1
m2
t
HYDRODYNAMIC
u = velocity (I did not use v in order not to confuse with Volume V )
u1
u2
m1 A1
m2 A2
s2
s1
Continuity Equations :
m1 = m2
m =V
A1 u1 = A2u2
V1 = V2
V1 = V2
V/t = Au Volume Flow Rate
V = As
A1 s1 = A2s2 s = velocity x time = (u)(t) m/t = Au Mass Flow Rate
A1 u1 t = A2u2 t
HYDRODYNAMIC
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
HYDRODYNAMIC
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
HYDRODYNAMIC
TORRICELLIS THEOREM
A theorem in hydrodynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing out of an opening
to the height of fluid above the opening.
u1
TME1 = TME2
K1 + U1 = K2 + U2
mu12 + mghT = mu22 + mg(hT h)
h
hT
u2
HYDRODYNAMIC
TORRICELLIS THEOREM
A theorem in hydrodynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing out of an opening
to the height of fluid above the opening.
u1
u22 2gh
u2
u2 = 2gh
u2 is called the speed of efflux
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
10.28) A block of pine wood ( B = 0.4 g/cm3) is floating on a pond. The block is
10cm x 40cm x 5cm thick.
(a)How much of the block protrudes above the water?
(b)If the block is made to carry a load by placing additional mass on top of it, how
much mass must be added to just submerge the block?
W = 1 g/cm3
B =
0.4
40c
g /c
h=?
m3
c
10
m t = 5cm
VB = (10cm)(40cm)(5cm)
VB =2000
cm3
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
10.28) A block of pine wood ( B = 0.4 g/cm3) is floating on a pond. The block is
10cm x 40cm x 5cm thick.
(a)How much of the block protrudes above the water?
(b)If the block is made to carry a load by placing additional mass on top of it, how
much mass must be added to just submerge the block?
L = W = 1 g/cm3
FB
h=?
Fy = 0 +
+FB W = 0
FB = W
FB = LVDLg
W = mBg = (BVB)g
LVDLg = (BVB)g
LVDL = BVB
W = mBg
VB =2000 cm3
VDL = (2000 400h) cm3
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
10.28) A block of pine wood ( B = 0.4 g/cm3) is floating on a pond. The block is
10cm x 40cm x 5cm thick.
(a)How much of the block protrudes above the water?
(b)If the block is made to carry a load by placing additional mass on top of it, how
much mass must be added to just submerge the block?
L = W = 1 g/cm3
FB
h=0
Fy = 0 +
FB = LVDLg
+FB W = 0
M =?
FB = W
LVDLg = (BVB+M)g
LVDL = BVB + M
(1g/cm3)(2000cm3) = (0.4g/cm3)(2000cm3) + M
W = (mB+M)g
VB =2000 cm3
If fully submerged : VDL
2000 = 800 + M
M = 1200 g = 1.2 kg
= VB = 2000 cm3
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.31 A cubical block of wood, 10 cm on a side, floats at the interface between
oil and water with its lower surface 1.5 cm below the interface (boundary of oil &
water). The density of the oil is 790 kg/m3 .
(a)What is the gauge pressure at the upper part of the block?
(b)What is the gauge pressure at the lower part of the block?
(c)What is the density and mass of the block?
10 cm
OIL
Wood
10 cm
1.5 cm
WATER
10 cm
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.31 A cubical block of wood, 10 cm on a side, floats at the interface between
oil and water with its lower surface 1.5 cm below the interface (boundary of oil &
water). The density of the oil is 790 kg/m3 .
(a)What is the gauge pressure at the upper part of the block?
(b)What is the gauge pressure at the lower part of the block?
(c)What is the density and mass of the block?
h = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m
10 cm
OIL
Wood
10 cm
WATER
10 cm
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.31 A cubical block of wood, 10 cm on a side, floats at the interface between
oil and water with its lower surface 1.5 cm below the interface (boundary of oil &
water). The density of the oil is 790 kg/m3 .
(a)What is the gauge pressure at the upper part of the block?
(b)What is the gauge pressure at the lower part of the block?
(c)What is the density and mass of the block?
10 cm
OIL
Wood
h1 = 10 cm = 0.10 m
WATER
10 cm
PG = 921.2 Pa
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.31 A cubical block of wood, 10 cm on a side, floats at the interface between
oil and water with its lower surface 1.5 cm below the interface (boundary of oil &
water). The density of the oil is 790 kg/m3 .
(a)What is the gauge pressure at the upper part of the block?
(b)What is the gauge pressure at the lower part of the block?
(c)What is the density and mass of the block?
c) of wood & mass of the block
Using Arch. Principle :
10 cm
OIL
Wood
h1 = 10 cm = 0.10 m
h2 = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m
WATER
10 cm
WWood = W1 + W2
W1 = Weight of displaced oil = oilV1g
W2 = Weight of displaced water = waterV2g
WWood = mg
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.31 A cubical block of wood, 10 cm on a side, floats at the interface between
oil and water with its lower surface 1.5 cm below the interface (boundary of oil &
water). The density of the oil is 790 kg/m3 .
(a)What is the gauge pressure at the upper part of the block?
(b)What is the gauge pressure at the lower part of the block?
(c)What is the density and mass of the block?
mg = oilV1g + waterV2g
10 cm
OIL
Wood
mg = g(oilV1 + waterV2)
h1 = 10 cm = 0.10 m
m = (oilV1 + waterV2)
h2 = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m
WATER
10 cm
m = 0.8215 kg
HYDRODYNAMIC
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.39 A sealed water tank containing seawater ( = 1,030 kg/m3) to height of 11
m also contains air above the water at a gauge pressure of 3 Atm. Water flows
out from the bottom through a small hole . How fast is this water moving?
Pg1 = 3 Atm
h1 = 11 m
u1 0 & h2 = 0
h2 = 0 m
Pg2 = 0 Atm
u2 = ?
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.39 A sealed water tank containing seawater ( = 1,030 kg/m3) to height of 11
m also contains air above the water at a gauge pressure of 3 Atm. Water flows
out from the bottom through a small hole . How fast is this water moving?
Pg1 = 3 Atm
h1 = 11 m
Pg2 = 0 Atm
u2 = ?
u2 = 28.354 m/s
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.45 At a certain point in a horizontal pipeline, the waters speed is 2.5 m/s and
the gauge pressure is 18,000 Pa. Find the gauge pressure at a second point in the
line if the cross-sectional area at the second point is twice at the first.
u2
u1 = 2.5 m/s
A2 = 2A1
A1
A2
pg2 = ?
h1
pg1 = 18,000 Pa
h2
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.45 At a certain point in a horizontal pipeline, the waters speed is 2.5 m/s and
the gauge pressure is 18,000 Pa. Find the gauge pressure at a second point in the
line if the cross-sectional area at the second point is twice at the first.
h1 = h2
p2 = 121,343.75 Pa
A1u1 = A2u2
u2 = u1A1 /A2 = (2.5 m/s)(A1/2A1)
u2 = 1.25 m/s
pg2 = 20,343.75 Pa