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FLUID MECHANICS

FLUID MECHANICS
Study of the behavior of fluids at rest or at motion refers
to fluid mechanics.
Fluids Substances that are either gas or liquid

Fluid Mechanics is divided into two:

HYDROSTATICS
HYDRODYNAMICS

FLUID MECHANICS
Important Properties in Fluid Mechanics
DENSITY
Mass Density ()

Weight Density (D)

- refers to the mass (m)


per unit volume (V) of a
substance

- refers to the weight


(mg) per unit volume (V)
of a substance

=m/V
is in kg/m3 or g/cm3

D = mg / V
D = g
D is in N/m3 or dyne/cm3

FLUID MECHANICS
Important Properties in Fluid Mechanics
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG)
- ratio of either the (mass or weight) density of the substance to
the (mass or weight) density of water.

SG = S/H2O

SG = DS/DH2O

H2O = 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3


SG is unitless

HYDROSTATICS
Study of the behavior of fluids at rest
BUOYANT FORCE (FB) The upward force that tend to float
objects on fluids.
Weight of Ship = Mg

FB = fVfg

f = mass density of the fluid (liquid)


Vf = Volume of the fluid that was
displaced by the object

HYDROSTATICS
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

States that (a) the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the
weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object. (b) The volume of the
displaced fluid is equal to the volume of the submerged object in that
fluid.
WA
WA
FB

WF
WDF

Buoyant Force = Weight of displace fluid

FB = WDF = mDFg = DFVDFg

WF

Vsub

VDF

Volume of Submerged Part of Object = Volume of displaced fluid

Vsub = VDF

HYDROSTATICS
Apparent Weight : Weight in fluid (liquid) is the Tension in the wire or rope.
T

T
FB
W

W = mg
Fy = 0 +
+T W = 0
T = W = mg
In air, we see that T = W

W = mg
Fy = 0 +
+T + FB W = 0
T = W FB = mg F VSub g
T = mg F VSubg
In the liquid, we see that T < W, If we weigh this using a
scale, the scale will register the value of Tension, but the
real weight (mg) stays the same

HYDROSTATICS
Specific Gravity using weight in air and in water
If the fluid is Water

WAir = W = mg = sVsubg

WW / WAir = 1 (W/(S)

WL = T = W FB = mg F VSub g

WW / WAir = 1 (1/SGS)

WL = sVSubg F VSubg
WL = VSubg (S F )
WL / WAir = [VSubg(S F)] /[VSubg (S )]

WW = WAir [1 (1/SGS)]
WW = WAir (WAir/SGS)
WW = WAir (WAir/SGS)
WAir /SGS = WAir WW

WL / WAir = (S F) /(S )

1 /SGS = (WAir WW )/ WAir

WL / WAir = 1 (F/(S)

SGS = WAir /(WAir WW )

HYDROSTATICS
PRESSURE

P = F/A
Atmospheric Pressure (pO) Pressure exerted by the weight of air above
that surface at any given point in the earths atmosphere.
pO = 1 Atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 14.7 psi
Gauge Pressure (pG) - zero referenced against ambient air pressure (i.e. Tire
pressure & Blood pressure)

pG = fgh
Absolute Pressure (pA) - zero referenced against a perfect vacuum (i.e.
Altimeter Pressure & Deep Volume Pressure)

pA = pO + pG
pA = pO + fgh

HYDRODYNAMIC
Study of the behavior of fluids at motion. Also known as
fluid kinetics
CONSERVATION OF MASS States that in a steady flow
the mass in a tube is constant or conserved.

m1

m2
t

Given the same time interval and flow is continuous:


The amount of mass flowing in the wider portion of
the tube is the same as the amount of mass flowing
in the narrower portion of the tube.

HYDRODYNAMIC
u = velocity (I did not use v in order not to confuse with Volume V )

u1
u2
m1 A1

m2 A2
s2

s1

Continuity Equations :

m1 = m2
m =V
A1 u1 = A2u2
V1 = V2
V1 = V2
V/t = Au Volume Flow Rate
V = As
A1 s1 = A2s2 s = velocity x time = (u)(t) m/t = Au Mass Flow Rate
A1 u1 t = A2u2 t

HYDRODYNAMIC
BERNOULLIS EQUATION

p1 + gh1 + u12 = p2 + gh2 + u22 = constant


Simplifying & Rearranging :

(p2 p1) + g(h2 h1) + 0.5()(u22 u12) = 0

HYDRODYNAMIC
BERNOULLIS EQUATION

(p2 p1) + g(h2 h1) + 0.5()(u22 u12) = 0

(p2 p1) = component due to difference in internal pressure


g(h2 h1) = component due to difference in elevation
0.5()(u22 u12) = component due to difference in speed of flow
VERY IMPORTANT NOTE : All values here are in ABSOLUTE values

HYDRODYNAMIC
TORRICELLIS THEOREM
A theorem in hydrodynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing out of an opening
to the height of fluid above the opening.
u1

TME1 = TME2
K1 + U1 = K2 + U2
mu12 + mghT = mu22 + mg(hT h)

h
hT
u2

u12 + ghT = u22 + g(hT h)


u12 + ghT = u22 + ghT gh
u12 = u22 gh
u12 = u22 2gh
u22 = u12 + 2gh

HYDRODYNAMIC
TORRICELLIS THEOREM
A theorem in hydrodynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing out of an opening
to the height of fluid above the opening.
u1

u22 = u12 + 2gh


h

u1 is relatively very slow compared to u2


Thus : u1 0

u22 2gh
u2

u2 = 2gh
u2 is called the speed of efflux

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
10.28) A block of pine wood ( B = 0.4 g/cm3) is floating on a pond. The block is
10cm x 40cm x 5cm thick.
(a)How much of the block protrudes above the water?
(b)If the block is made to carry a load by placing additional mass on top of it, how
much mass must be added to just submerge the block?

W = 1 g/cm3
B =

0.4

40c

g /c

h=?
m3

c
10

m t = 5cm

VB = (10cm)(40cm)(5cm)
VB =2000

cm3

VSUBM = VDL = (10cm)(40cm)(5cm h)


VDL = (2000 400h) cm3

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
10.28) A block of pine wood ( B = 0.4 g/cm3) is floating on a pond. The block is
10cm x 40cm x 5cm thick.
(a)How much of the block protrudes above the water?
(b)If the block is made to carry a load by placing additional mass on top of it, how
much mass must be added to just submerge the block?
L = W = 1 g/cm3

FB
h=?

Fy = 0 +
+FB W = 0
FB = W

FB = LVDLg
W = mBg = (BVB)g

LVDLg = (BVB)g
LVDL = BVB
W = mBg

VB =2000 cm3
VDL = (2000 400h) cm3

(1g/cm3)(2000 400h)cm3 = (0.4g/cm3)(2000cm3)


2000 400h = 800
1200 = 400h
h = 3 cm

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
10.28) A block of pine wood ( B = 0.4 g/cm3) is floating on a pond. The block is
10cm x 40cm x 5cm thick.
(a)How much of the block protrudes above the water?
(b)If the block is made to carry a load by placing additional mass on top of it, how
much mass must be added to just submerge the block?
L = W = 1 g/cm3

FB
h=0

Fy = 0 +
FB = LVDLg

+FB W = 0

M =?

FB = W

W= (mB+M) = (BVB + M)g

LVDLg = (BVB+M)g
LVDL = BVB + M
(1g/cm3)(2000cm3) = (0.4g/cm3)(2000cm3) + M
W = (mB+M)g

VB =2000 cm3
If fully submerged : VDL

2000 = 800 + M
M = 1200 g = 1.2 kg

= VB = 2000 cm3

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.31 A cubical block of wood, 10 cm on a side, floats at the interface between
oil and water with its lower surface 1.5 cm below the interface (boundary of oil &
water). The density of the oil is 790 kg/m3 .
(a)What is the gauge pressure at the upper part of the block?
(b)What is the gauge pressure at the lower part of the block?
(c)What is the density and mass of the block?

10 cm

OIL
Wood

10 cm

1.5 cm

WATER

10 cm

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.31 A cubical block of wood, 10 cm on a side, floats at the interface between
oil and water with its lower surface 1.5 cm below the interface (boundary of oil &
water). The density of the oil is 790 kg/m3 .
(a)What is the gauge pressure at the upper part of the block?
(b)What is the gauge pressure at the lower part of the block?
(c)What is the density and mass of the block?

h = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m

10 cm

OIL
Wood

10 cm

WATER

10 cm

a) PG Upper part of block


PG = Sgh = oilgh
PG = (790 kg/m3)(9.8m/s2)(0.015 m)
PG = 116.13 Pa

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.31 A cubical block of wood, 10 cm on a side, floats at the interface between
oil and water with its lower surface 1.5 cm below the interface (boundary of oil &
water). The density of the oil is 790 kg/m3 .
(a)What is the gauge pressure at the upper part of the block?
(b)What is the gauge pressure at the lower part of the block?
(c)What is the density and mass of the block?

10 cm

OIL
Wood

h1 = 10 cm = 0.10 m

PG = (9.8 )[(790)(0.1)+(1000)(0.015 m)]


h2 = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m

WATER

b) PG Lower part of block


PG = Sgh = oilgh1 + watergh2
PG = g (oilh1 + waterh2)

10 cm

PG = 921.2 Pa

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.31 A cubical block of wood, 10 cm on a side, floats at the interface between
oil and water with its lower surface 1.5 cm below the interface (boundary of oil &
water). The density of the oil is 790 kg/m3 .
(a)What is the gauge pressure at the upper part of the block?
(b)What is the gauge pressure at the lower part of the block?
(c)What is the density and mass of the block?
c) of wood & mass of the block
Using Arch. Principle :
10 cm

OIL
Wood

h1 = 10 cm = 0.10 m

h2 = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m

WATER

10 cm

WWood = W1 + W2
W1 = Weight of displaced oil = oilV1g
W2 = Weight of displaced water = waterV2g
WWood = mg

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.31 A cubical block of wood, 10 cm on a side, floats at the interface between
oil and water with its lower surface 1.5 cm below the interface (boundary of oil &
water). The density of the oil is 790 kg/m3 .
(a)What is the gauge pressure at the upper part of the block?
(b)What is the gauge pressure at the lower part of the block?
(c)What is the density and mass of the block?
mg = oilV1g + waterV2g

10 cm

OIL
Wood

mg = g(oilV1 + waterV2)

h1 = 10 cm = 0.10 m

m = (oilV1 + waterV2)

h2 = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m

WATER

10 cm

m = 0.8215 kg

V1 = (0.1)(0.1)(0.1 0.015) = 8.5x10-4 m3


V2 = (0.1)(0.1)(0.015) = 1.5x10-4 m3
m = (790)(0.00085)+(1000)(0.00015)

Wood = m/VWood = 0.812 kg/(0.1m)3 = 821.5 kg/m3

HYDRODYNAMIC
BERNOULLIS EQUATION

(p2 p1) + g(h2 h1) + 0.5()(u22 u12) = 0

(p2 p1) = component due to difference in internal pressure


g(h2 h1) = component due to difference in elevation
0.5()(u22 u12) = component due to difference in speed of flow
VERY IMPORTANT NOTE : All values here are in ABSOLUTE values

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.39 A sealed water tank containing seawater ( = 1,030 kg/m3) to height of 11
m also contains air above the water at a gauge pressure of 3 Atm. Water flows
out from the bottom through a small hole . How fast is this water moving?
Pg1 = 3 Atm
h1 = 11 m

(p2 p1) + g(h2 h1) + 0.5()(u22 u12) = 0


u1 0

Note : (pg2 pg1) = (p2 p1)

u1 0 & h2 = 0

p1 = pO + pg1 = 1atm + 3 atm = 4 atm

h2 = 0 m

Pg2 = 0 Atm
u2 = ?

p2 = pO + pg2 = 1atm + 0 atm = 1 atm


p2 p1 = 1 atm 4 atm = 3 atm

(p2 p1 ) = 3 atm x ( 1.01x105 Pa /1 atm) = 303,000 Pa

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.39 A sealed water tank containing seawater ( = 1,030 kg/m3) to height of 11
m also contains air above the water at a gauge pressure of 3 Atm. Water flows
out from the bottom through a small hole . How fast is this water moving?
Pg1 = 3 Atm
h1 = 11 m

g(h2 h1) = (1030)(9.8)(0 11) = 111,034 Pa


u1 = ?

0.5()(u22 u12) = 0.5(1030)(u22 02) = 515 u22


And recall : (p2 p1 ) = 303,000 Pa

(p2 p1) + g(h2 h1) + 0.5()(u22 u12) = 0


h2 = 0 m

Pg2 = 0 Atm

(303,000) + (111,034) + 515u22 = 0

u2 = ?

u2 = 28.354 m/s

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.45 At a certain point in a horizontal pipeline, the waters speed is 2.5 m/s and
the gauge pressure is 18,000 Pa. Find the gauge pressure at a second point in the
line if the cross-sectional area at the second point is twice at the first.
u2

u1 = 2.5 m/s

A2 = 2A1
A1

A2

pg2 = ?
h1

pg1 = 18,000 Pa

h2

p1 = pO + pg1 = 1.01x105 Pa + 18,000 Pa = 119,000 Pa

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
14.45 At a certain point in a horizontal pipeline, the waters speed is 2.5 m/s and
the gauge pressure is 18,000 Pa. Find the gauge pressure at a second point in the
line if the cross-sectional area at the second point is twice at the first.

(p2 p1) + g(h2 h1) + 0.5()(u22 u12) = 0


(p2 p1) + 0.5()(u22 u12) = 0

h1 = h2

(p2 p1) = (p2 119,000 Pa)


Using Continuity Equation

(p2 p1) + 0.5()(u22 u12) = 0


(p2 119,000 Pa) + ( 2343.75 Pa) = 0

p2 = 121,343.75 Pa

A1u1 = A2u2
u2 = u1A1 /A2 = (2.5 m/s)(A1/2A1)
u2 = 1.25 m/s

Change p2 to gauge pressure value


pg2 = p2 pO = 121,343.75 Pa 1.01x105 Pa

0.5()(u22 u12) = 0.5(1000)[(1.25)2 (2.5)2] = 2343.75 Pa

pg2 = 20,343.75 Pa

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