Ue ISTE rT key laws & uses summarizedESSENTIAL PHYSICS Philippa Wingate Illustrated by Sean Wilkinson and Robert Walster Designed by Robert Walster Additional designs by John Russell and Radhi Parekh Consultants: John Allen, Dr. Tom Petersen ind Paul Bone Series editor: Jane ChisholmUsing this book Structure and measurement of matter Forces z Turning forces a 7 = 8 Pressure e Linear motion = E Dynamics . Energy anya Work, energy and machines Waves Sound Light The reflection of light The refraction of light Colour and the spectrum Lenses and optical instruments The in pace” | WALTHAM FOREST Heat and temperature |_PUSL'C pails Heat and expansion lo19 S18 230 |3 Heat transfer he AE Changes in state 7 Electricity u y Se Current electricity ——— Controlling current PTOZO0296JA Magnetism ctromagnetism Electromagnetic induction Radioactivity Using radiation and nuclear energy The electromagnetic spectrum Electronics The cathode ray oscilloscope Logic gates Household electricity Energy, power and the environment Circuit symbols, Number notation Graphs. Sample questions and answers Summary of equations Glossary Index Essential Physics is a concise reference book and revision aid. It is intended to act as a companion to your studies, explaining the excontial points of physics clearly and simply. Physics is the study of matter and energy, and the way in which matter and energy interact in the world around us. The book is divided into sections which cover the main concepts of physics. Each section includes the key principles and facts for that topic, and their applications. Particularly important new words and equations are highlighted in __ bold type: IF a word is explained in more detail on another page, it is rinted in italic type with an asterisk, ike this: magnetism”. At the foot of the page there is a reference to the page on \ihich the explanation can be found. The information at the back of this book The social, economic and environmental implications of some of the topics covered in the main part of the book are looked at in more detail in the black and white section at the back. This is followed by a variety of information, including a list of symbols used to represent components in electrical circuits, advice on number notation and constructing-graphs. You will also find a section which contains some of the more difficult mathematical ideas in physics. This includes some sample examination questions and model newer fo help you become familiar with using equations and mathematical ideas. Finally, there is a glossary thi explains difficult words in the text, and an index. Examinations This book contains the essential information you will need when studying physics. For examinations, however, it is important to know which syllabus you are studying, because different examining “topics in this bool bodies require you to learn different material. You may find that there are that you do not need to learn, or that certain topics covered by your syllabus do not appear in this book Equations and symbols When studying physics it is necessary to measure certain physical quantities, such as speed, weight and distance. Each of these quantities is given its own symbol and unit of measurement. For example, time is represented by the symbol t, and is measured in seconds (s). To find some quantities, you have to multiply or divide others, the relationship between quantities can be expressed as an equation, either with words or symbols. For example, the relationship between force, mass and acceleration can be expressed as: Force = mass x acceleration or F = ma. In this book you will find triangles beside some of the equations in the text. These triangles are a mathematical device to help you remember and rearrange equations to find unknown quantities. The triangles contain the symbols of the quantities involved in the equations. The triangles are used as follows: Decide which quantity you wish to calculate. Cover up the symbol for that quantity. Ifthe symbol you have covered is at the bottom of the triangle, you will need to divide the quantity at the top of the triangle by the one which remains uncovered at the bottom. If the symbol you have covered is at the top of the triangle, the two quantities at the bottom must be multiplied. For example, in an examination question you might be asked to calculate the acceleration of a mass of 2 kg, when affected by a force of 6 newtons. Cover «a, and replace the symbols for force and mass with their valves. a=6=3m/s? 2,