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ABSTRACT
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some resistances due to which some of the energy of
the fluid is lost. This loss of energy is classified as major energy losses, wherein the viscosity causes loss of energy in
the flows which is known as frictional loss; and minor energy losses, which is due to the change of velocity of the
flowing fluid in magnitude or direction. Minor energy losses might be caused by the bending of or sudden expansion
and contraction of pipe. [1] In this experiment, the Fanning friction factor was determined through its relationship
with the total fluid friction losses through the pipe, as well as the equivalent lengths of a globe valve set at different
openings. As the fluid pass through these, eddies are formed resulting to friction. One way of quantifying the frictional
losses due to pipe fittings is determining the equivalent length of these fittings. Equivalent length Le refers to the
length of pipe with same resistance as the fitting or valve. For this part, the equivalent length of the globe valve at
different openings which are full, , and were determined. as valve opening decreases, the value for the equivalent
length increases. This is because the fluids velocity increases when the opening decreases, same effect as for the
nozzle. Due to this high velocity, more eddies are being produced which lead to the developing friction. This large
friction is a resistance to the flow of fluid, so in order to compensate the effect of the resistances, equivalent length
should be increased.
Keywords: Fanning equation, equivalent length, valve, fitting.
INTRODUCTION
and
significant
frictional
losses
The pump was primed and started in order for the fluid
trial, fully opened gate valve was used. For a time span
22
2
(1)
METHODOLOGY
The equipment used in the experiment was the fluidflow set-up and the materials used were steel tape,
stopwatch and thermometer. Water was used as the
working fluid.
A. Properties of Water:
Temperature: 25.5 o C
Density: 996.6 kg/m3
Viscosity: 0.894 cP
B. Characteristics of the Pipe
Diameter: 0.01006 m
Length of the Pipe: 1.085 m
Cross- Sectional Area: 7.9485x10-5 m2
Relative Roughness: 1.57x10-5 m
Full
3/4
1/2
V, m3/s
1.1717
1.1657
1.0017
0.41764
x10-4
resistance.
U, m/s
1.4742
1.4606
1.2602
0.5254
NRe
16532
16447
14133
5892
Re vs Le
8.7794
8.7851
8.9622
10.4210
x10-3
Rm,
cmHg
2.9
2.8
2.7
1.6
Equivalent Length
2
1
0
0
-1
5000
10000
15000
20000
Reynolds Number
Full
3/4
1/2
valve opening.
FIGURE 1 suggests a negative slope for the Reynolds
-P/
3.5622
3.4520
3.3165
1.9653
J/kg
0.9308
0.9189
1.1721
3.4434
-0.1460
-0.1661
0.0871
2.3584
0.2286
0.5334
2.5908
13.716
% error
36.17
68086
96.64
82.81
CONCLUSION
= 4 log [0.27 (
0.9
4.5105
7
)+(
) ]
0.01006
16532
= Rm (
1) ( )
valve or fitting.
22
2(8.7794103 )(1.4742)
=
(1)(0.01006)
= 0.93908
% =
|0.2286 0.1460|
100 = 36.17 %
0.2286
REFERENCES
[1]
(n.d.).
Retrieved
from
http://www.jmcampbell.com/tip-of-themonth/wpcontent/uploads/2011/03/graph13.gif
[2]
(n.d.).
Retrieved
from
https://neutrium.net/fluid_flow/pressureloss-from-fittings-equivalent-length-method/
[3]
(n.d.).
Retrieved
from
http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/09/ab
solute-roughness/
APPENDIX
Sample Computations:
1
7(
) 1.1717104 3
2
1000
=
=
=
59.74
1.1717104
=
= 1.4742
5
7.948510
0.01006(1.4742)(996.6)
=
= 16532
0.894
1000
Churchill Equation:
[4]
Geankoplis, C. J. (n.d.). Transport Processes
and Separation Processes Principles.
[5]
Perry, R. H., & Green, D. W. (2008). Perry's
Chemical Engineer's Handbook. McGraw-Hill
Companies.
[6]
Mapua Institute of Technology. (n.d.).
Chemical Engineering Laboratory Manual Part 1.
7 0.9
= 4 log[0.27 ( ) + (
) ]