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193
NOMENCLATURE
0, 1, 2
-Fortescue domain
-phase domain to
Manuscript received January 07, 2013; revised April 30, 2013 and August
03, 2013; accepted August 23, 2013. Date of publication September 13, 2013;
date of current version December 16, 2013. Paper no. TPWRS-01337-2012.
I. Dafi, M. Gilles, and S. Henselmeyer are with Siemens AG, Nuremberg 90450, Germany (e-mail: idzafic@ieee.org; nbgh_007@ieee.org;
sylwia.henselmeyer@siemens.com).
B. C. Pal is with the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BT, U.K. (e-mail: b.pal@imperial.ac.uk).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2279755
OWER distribution networks are undergoing unprecedented transitions in recent time. The driver is the need
to utilize the network capacity through modern comprehensive
distribution management system (DMS) while accommodating
more local generation and demand-side management. This is
essentially how a smart distribution grid is expected to function.
Fast computation and control are at the core of such DMS. The
effectiveness of network automation is very much dependent
on the speed of computation. Power flow, state estimation,
and contingency analysisall of these critical functions rely
on fast computation of network voltage magnitudes and phase
angles. These are routine tasks in a transmission system that is
balanced and symmetric. On the other hand, the power distribution network in practice is rarely symmetric and balanced.
The asymmetry originates from nonsymmetrical and/or nontransposed three-phase mains, two and single-phase laterals.
The demand is largely unbalanced, even in symmetrical distribution networks, requiring three-phase approach to power flow
solution. One way to deal with the symmetrically constructed
unbalanced system is the method of symmetrical components
(SC) [1][3] where positive, negative and zero sequence network models are prepared and simultaneously solved. This
reduces significantly the size of the problem because of the
decoupling between the sequence network models. When
applied to a NewtonRaphson (NR) power flow the usage of
symmetrical components allows to replace the original
Jacobian matrix by a
Jacobian matrix for positive
admittance matrices for
sequence power flow and two
negative sequence and zero sequence nodal current equations.
The decoupling enables parallel computations as well.
Wasley and Shlash [4] proposed a generic three-phase power
flow solution framework in phase coordinates and solved
through NR method which was enhanced for faster solution
through fast decoupled load flow (FDLF) technique [5], [6].
A complex version of the Jacobian has been implemented for
faster convergence in [7]. The sparsity of the Jacobian has
been nicely exploited for faster convergence in the distribution
network model in [8][11]. Reference [12] has proposed a
direct solution using the bus and branch incidence matrix
approach. A branch current approach is derived to decouple
three phases in [13]. The symmetrical components are used in
[14] to decouple the network into three sequence components
and solve them simultaneously and iteratively. The couplings
194
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
..
.
..
.
(1)
where
voltages in Fortescue coordinates;
voltages in phase coordinates.
Because of the nonsingularity of the transformation, it is also
proved that the quantities from the Fortescue domain to the
transphase domain can be recovered through an inverse
formation. In the following paragraphs, the transformation ma,
, and
will be
trices for the special cases
briefly reviewed.
into
The three-phase system is transformed through
. The transformed
Fortescue coordinates using
quantities (voltage and current) are recovered in the phase dogiven as follows:
main through the inverse transformation
(2)
Electric current through a three-phase element is given by
(3)
195
(5)
Two-phase admittance matrix is transformed into Fortescue domain of order 2 as shown in
(6)
(9)
The contribution of this line to the corresponding system admittance matrix can be obtained by simple addition and proper
phase mapping of the admittance matrix described in (9). This
, is easily implemented
mapping, used to eliminate node
by simply adding one zero row/column vector in place of the
196
Contribution
can be written as
(17)
(10)
(18)
domain current transformation
(19)
Applying Kirchoffs current law in Fortescue coordinates requires all node currents to be in the same Fortescue domain. Applying Fortescue transformation to the above example requires
a Fortescue-specific step to integrate the mapping between the
gives
two Fortescue domains. Rewriting (9) for
(11)
The contribution of node
(20)
equivalent of this
Equation (20) represents the Fortescue
branch connecting two different Fortescue domains. Note that,
is unaffected
as would be expected, the submatrix
by the mapping transformation. It is also important to note
equivalent will be needed only for
that such a Fortescue
one- or two-phase branches that connect to different Fortescue
domains. However, a formulation as given in (20) will enable
one to build a Fortescue system admittance matrix in a similar
way to that used in the phase domain.
In Section IV, the mathematical formulation of Fortescue
equivalents for all possible mapping cases are described.
IV. FORTESCUE
EQUIVALENTS
(14)
Substituting (13) and (14) into (12) yields
(15)
and thus
(16)
AND
197
TABLE I
SUBMATRICES FOR DIFFERENT PHASE TYPES
Fig. 4. Three-phase to single-phase lateral.
(21)
(25)
where
is obtained from Table I and
is obtained from
(5).
Submatrix: The current contribution cor3)
responding to this (mutual admittance) submatrix in the
Fortescue domain is derived as follows, transforming first the
phase voltage to the Fortescue voltage, then the phase current
to the Fortescue current:
where
is obtained from Table I and
is obtained from
(5).
Submatrix: This (self-admittance) submatrix is not
4)
affected by the mapping at bus and can therefore be derived
directly from (6).
B. Three-Phase to Single-Phase Lateral
This case is illustrated in Fig. 4. Bus is three-phase and bus
is single-phase. A special Fortescue transformation is again required for this branch between two different Fortescue domains.
Similarly to the previous case, the Fortescue equivalent for
this case can be written as follows:
(28)
The sub-matrix terms of this equation are derived in the following subsections.
198
AND
TABLE II
SUBMATRICES FOR DIFFERENT PHASE TYPES
Fig. 5. Two-phase to single-phase lateral.
AND
TABLE III
SUBMATRICES FOR DIFFERENT PHASE TYPES
1)
Sub-Matrix: The current contribution corresponding
to this (self admittance) submatrix in the Fortescue domain is
similarly derived as follows:
(34)
(29)
where
is obtained from Table II and
.
Submatrix: This (self-admittance) submatrix is not
4)
affected by the mapping at bus and can therefore be derived
directly from the phase domain.
C. Two-Phase to Single-Phase Lateral
This case is illustrated in Fig. 5, where bus is two-phase
and bus is single-phase. A special Fortescue transformation
is again required for this branch between these two different
Fortescue domains.
Similarly to the previous cases, the Fortescue equivalent
for this case can be written as follows:
(35)
The Fortescue equivalent submatrix is therefore given by
(31)
1)
Submatrix: Repeating similar steps to those used for
the three-phase to single-phase derivation, the Fortescue (selfadmittance) submatrix at bus is therefore given by
(32)
(36)
(39)
(33)
where
3)
199
Fig. 6. Fortescue
equivalent.
For branches connected to PTN nodes or special transformer connections, appropriate transformation matrices
as illustrated throughout Sections III and IV are necessary.
(42)
EQUIVALENT
200
TABLE IV
BUS VOLTAGES FOR IEEE-13 NODE NETWORK
TABLE V
PERFORMANCE TEST RESULTS
VIII. CONCLUSION
The delivery of a smart distribution grid operation requires
fast computation and time-critical automation. Since the power
flow solution is the starting point to every network control decision, fast power flow solution in a large unbalanced distribution system is essential. A three-phase solution is good, but for
a system with many single- and two-phase laterals, a more effective algorithm such as the generalized Fortescue method is
necessary. Using the proposed algorithm based on Fortescue coordinates of dimension 1, 2 and 3, the properties of symmetrical
components are extended to power systems with one-, two-, and
three-phase components. The initialization of admittance matrix
of the Fortescue system only needs additional transformations at
the network location, to which components of different phases
are connected. The required transformations between the phase
coordinates and Fortescue coordinates are defined. The adaptations, which are needed for Fortescue operations, have also been
discussed. The main advantage of the approach presented in this
paper is the increase in speed of power flow solution. This approach has been validated in the IEEE-13 node test feeder model
and a variety of other distribution network models of different
sizes. A 14 200-node distribution system model is solved by the
method in less than 500 ms. This clearly suggests that the proposed technique holds great potential for real-time control of the
distribution network.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge all of the anonymous
reviewers and editor for their valuable comments and suggestions that have helped to improve the quality of the content of
this manuscript and have enhanced the authors insight into this
research topic.
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201
Izudin Dafi (M05SM13) received the Ph.D. degree from the University of
Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, in 2002.
He is currently with Siemens AG, Nuremberg, Germany, where he is Head
of the Department and Chief Product Owner (CPO) for Distribution Network
Analysis (DNA) R&D. His research interests include power system modeling,
development and application of fast computing to power systems simulations.
Dr. Dafi is a member of the IEEE Power and Energy Society and the IEEE
Computer Society.
202
Michel Gilles (SM90) received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Wayne State
University, Detroit, MI, USA, in 1979 and 1981, respectively.
He is currently a Senior Principal/Control Center with Siemens AG, Nuremberg, Germany, where his responsibilities include the development and implementation of product line and technology strategies. Prior to joining Siemens, he
held various engineering and management positions in the operation and R&D
domains of the SCADA/DMS/EMS and Energy Market Management (EMM)
business in the United States (20 years) and in Europe (10 years).