Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Xing Ma
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of
Auckland, New Zealand
Zhaomin Wang
Department of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
2006 NZSEE
Conference
w( z ) = ( z ) s ( z ) z ( z ) w0
(1)
where w0 is the basic wind pressure at 10m height above the ground, kN/m2; s (z ) is shape factor,
similar to drag force coefficient in NZ loadings standard; z (z ) is a factor of mean wind pressure
varying with the height, similar to site terrain/height multiplier in New Zealand loadings standard;
(z ) is wind-induced-vibration coefficient, similar to gust-loading factor.
Basic wind pressure w0 corresponds to the mean wind pressure over open exposure at a equivalent
elevation of 10m, averaged over a period of 10 minutes and with a return period of once-in-30-years.
It is important to point out that basic wind pressure is different in different codes even for the same
zone, because the averaging time is different. For example, averaging time in U.S. loading code is
3600/v(mph), therefore, the basic wind pressure for Shanghai Zone is 0.89 kN/m2 according to U.S.
loading code, although it is only 0.55kN/m2 according to Chinese code.
Paper Number 50
The factor s (z ) is a dimensionless coefficient, which expresses the steady wind pressure on the
structure and depends on the ratio of exposure area and profile area. The factor z (z ) describes the
variation with height in mean wind pressure and depends on terrain roughness and topography.
z ( z ) = 3.12( z / H z ) 2
(2)
Table 1
Terrain type
Description
H z (m)
open area
0.10
300
suburb area
0.16
350
small city
0.22
400
0.30
450
The wind-induced-vibration coefficient (z ) is equal to the ratio of the peak loading to the mean
loading. The formula for (z ) should be derived according to the random vibration theory due to
stochastic wind.
( z ) = 1 + H 1 ( z ) / z ( z )
(3)
where is fluctuation amplification factor; is a factor taking account of the influence of fluctuating
wind pressure varying along the height; H , are two factors taking into account of influence of
variation of cross section along the height; 1 ( z ) is the 1st mode function of the structure.
Fi ( z ) = i i G ( z )i ( z )
(4)
where i is the seismic hazard acceleration coefficient, depending on the inherent period of the
structure and the site category; i is the mode influencing factor; G (z ) is the seismic gravity at z
height; i (z ) is the ith mode function. The parameter above may be calculated according to
(5)
where Ti is the ith inherent period of the structure; Tg is the fundamental translational period; max is
the peak seismic hazard acceleration coefficient.
H
(6)
Qingpu TV tower (Fig. 1) is located in north suburb of Shanghai city, 168m high and 300t weight. It
was built in 1996. The main tower body is a spatial pentagon truss structure. There is a three-story
ball-shaped turret between the elevation of 92m and 104m. Basic wind pressure in Qingpu zone is
w0=0.55kN/m2. Site seismic parameters are Tg = 0.30 s , max = 0.30 .
The first four inherent periods of the structure are T1=1.94s, T2=0.95s, T3=0.37s, T4=0.25s respectively.
The corresponding mode shape are shown in Fig. 2.
180
160
140
120
Height (m)
Mode 1
100
Mode 2
Mode 3
80
Mode 4
60
40
20
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
Mode function
(z )
160
s (z )
z (z )
140
Height (m)
120
shape factor
100
80
wind-vibration
coefficient
60
40
20
0
0
Height (m)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Mode 1
100
Mode 2
Mode 3
80
Mode 4
60
40
20
0
-6
-4
-2
180
160
140
Height (m)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
0.5
1.5
displacement(m)
180
160
140
Height(m)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
50
100
150
200
250