Internship Report Giki

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED
University of Punjab Lahore.
Submitted to:
Whom it may concern
Pak-Arab Company limited
Submitted by:
Muhammad Yousaf
Internee #: 04 (TSD)
PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED
Page 1

Thank you Parco for giving such respect.

For me Parco stands for
P for people who are Friendly.

A for people who are Amazing.
for people who are respectful.
C for people who are truly caring.

O for people who worths like ornaments.
Page 2

Dedicated to:
The One in Whose Hands My Life Is
"And Allah has brought you out from the wombs of your mothers while you know
nothing. And He gave you hearing, sight, and hearts that you might give thanks (to
Allah)"
[Quran, 16:78]
Page 3

Acknowledgement:
This report is only made possible due to combine efforts of all the members MCR and specially the
Engineers from Technical Services Department (TSD-MCR) who has given best of their efforts and
available time to make me things clear.
I would like to thank Mr. Khalil Ur rehman and my respective mentor Engineer Muhammad Abubakar
and Imran rasheed the great and kindest of all in the organization and charming personality who
guided me during my entire internship. I have not seen such a versatile and super kind personality in
my life.
Also to the members of HR and TSD department who has provided me the opportunity for internship
and facilities during stay to the internees. Special thanks to following members.
Mr. Khalil ur rehman

Mr. Abubakar
Mr. Imran Rasheed
Mr. Zubair ahmad
Mr. Farooq
Mr. Ameer Gull
Mam khalida
Mr. Usman
Finally, I wish to thank my parents and my all Teachers for their support and encouragement
throughout my study.
Page 4

T able Of Contents:
General Training:
Introduction to PARCO
Technical Services Department
Health Safety and Environment
Fire Protection Department
Specific Training:
Crude distillation unit 100

Vacuum distillation unit 110
Vis breaking unit 130
Gas concentration unit 411
Nephta hydro treating unit 200
Kero-Merox unit
LPG-Merox unit
Storage tanks
Assignments:
All assignments that were assigned are attached with report.
Page 5

General Training:
Introduction to PARCO & MCR
Parco
A Pakistan Abu-Dhabi Joint Venture.
Corporate Objectives
To consolidate financial and organizational gains, PARCO purposes the following objectives;
rofessional and progressive corporate outlook
Aggressive technical thinking and advanced planning

Reliability of service
Consistency in performance
Organized and systematic development
Page 6

C OMPANY PROFILE:
PARCO! Means ENERGY.
Incorporated in Pakistan in May 1974, as a public limited company, Pak-Arab

Refinery Limited (PARCO) is a joint venture between the Government of
Pakistan (GOP) and Abu Dhabi. Its authorized capital is Rs.15 billion and the
current paid-up capital of PRs. 2.16 billion IS in the process of being raised to
Rs.II.6 billion by the end of year 2002. 60% of the share capital is held by GOP,
and 40% by Abu Dhabi Petroleum Investments (ADPI). In the last 25 years, the
company has expanded a phenomenal 24 times and has achieved an equity
base of over PRs 12 billion and an asset base exceeding PRs. 92 billion or just
over US$ 1.5 billion in current dollar terms.
"An enlightened investment decision in anyone's books!"
It was the first AAA credit rated Company by PACRA in the country and
continues to command that credit worthiness for an unprecedented fifth yearrunning. The Management of the Company is vested in a Board often Directors
of which GOP appoints six Directors including the Chairman and the Managing
Director and the remaining four Directors represent ADPI. The Managing
Director is the Chief Executive of the Company and the Federal Ministry for
Petroleum and Natural Resources performs an overview role and represents the
interest of the Government of Pakistan.
PARCO is truly Energy Company.
PARCO as an energy company is the fulcrum and key building block in the
country's strategic oil supply and its logistics. With the synergy of a
Page 7

comprehensive and expanding oil pipeline network, integrated with a significant
and modem refining capability, PARCO has emerged as the strategic fuel
supplier to the country. Parco's discrete areas of competitive advantage will
enable it to achieve excellence in Energy transportation through pipeline
operations and management, strategic storage, leading edge refining and
leadership in marketing products through retail and exports.
PARCO Mid-Country Refinery

PARCO is actively involved in various facets of Oil Storage, Transportation,
Refining, Marketing and Export of Energy products. It serves as the lifeline for
transportation of fuel supplies in the country and represents more than 40% of
the indigenous refining capacity. It has the most comprehensive cross-country
oil pipeline and storage network with a 100,000 BPD state-of-the-art refinery
based on latest leading edge refining technology and processes. Commissioned
in the year 2000, a full month ahead of schedule and within the approved
budget of US$ 836 million, the sensibly located ''Mid Country.
Refinery was formally inaugurated in February, 200I by the Chief Executive of
Pakistan. Besides being the critical inland supplier to the high consumption
central and northern areas of Pakistan, PARCO also assists with the balance of
payments of the country. It helps substitute imports of refined value added oil
products to the tune of $100 million annually and has additionally earned more
than US$50 million through exports of quality 90 RON Unleaded Motor Gasoline
and other products to international buyers. PARCO, through leaderships and
technical where withal was successful in introducing unleaded motor gasoline in
the country in June 2001, fully four years ahead of the World Bank
recommended time frame. Future generations of Pakistanis will be thankful for
Having been ensured a much healthier environment and improved quality of life
Page 8

With the coming on-stream of the refinery operations, the company has begun
marketing of its fuel products and LPG. Under a Technical Services and Support
Agreement (TSSA), SHY of Holland is marketing25% of the LPG production as
PARCO's brand 'PEARL Gas.' PARCO is also marketing OMY Austria's lubricants
through the brand name of 'PEARL Lubes'. PARCO has also entered in to a joint
venture agreement with Total Final lf of France whereby consumer petroleum
products are marketed under the co-branding of TOTALPARCO through a rapidly
emerging national network of retail outlets. Already more than a dozen have
been commissioned in the Punjab, and over the next decade about 500 stations
will be dotted across the country.
Pipeline Network
The refined petroleum products transport logistics on road and rail and the
existing pipeline network. The surface transport mode is potentially hazards to
other traffic, human lives and the environment besides wear and tear of road
surfaces. PARCOs pipeline network is a safer and more cost effective
alternative for both crude and product transportation. With the completion of
the White Oil Pipeline in about two years, a more comprehensive, safer, cost
effective, demand responsive and eco-friendly pipeline network will be
available to meet the countrys growing needs for energy.
The project facts are summarized below;
Location
Qasba Gujrat / Mahmood Kot
Project cost
US $886 million
Page 9

Main supply and construction contractors
Japan.
JG and Marubeni Corporation
Completion Period
36 months
First crude in Pipeline
August03, 2000
First crude at Refinery site
August25, 2000
First product out
September04, 2000
Why PARCO is Mid-Country Refinery?
Petroleum product demand in Pakistan has outstripped local production

Demand in Northern region of Pakistan is more than 60% of Pakistans total
requirement Furnace oil being a viscous product cannot be transported over a
long distance in pipeline to meet requirements of power plants in the vicinity of
Mehmood Kot. It is more economical to transport crude oil to Mid-Country
Refinery & produce products including Furnace oil. Indigenous refining
capability brings additional security and the desired flexibility of product supply
with respect to imports.
Page 10

PARCO Mid-Country Refinery has a lead of at least 3-4 years on any other
refinery project in the country giving market positioning benefits and ensuring
maximum commercial advantage. Parcos 1,228-Km cross country pipe line is
already available for crude/product transportations.
Advantages Of This Location for Refinery;

Sensible and strategic location from a commercial and national security point of
view. Servers major consumption centers catering to a population of 35 million
with a current /projected significant deficit. Is close to located close to power
plants with an annual demand of 1 million tons of Furnace oil.
Parcos existing infrastructure at Mehmood Kot terminal (TS-2) has been
optimally integrated into the Refinery resulting in cost saving and improved
operations. Streamlines the movement of Crude Oil and petroleum products
thus reducing the burden on countrys rail/road transportation. Is close to
petroleum demand centers giving advantage for the future growth into bulk
petrochemicals. Utility supplies have been secured through adjacent power
plants and there is plenty of water to meet Refinery requirements.
An Overview to PARCO;
The refinery complex include onsite
process units beside numerous
offsite/utilities units and other permanent facilities with tanks to store the
crude oil, intermediate feeds stocks and finished products.
Health Safety and Environment

Page 11

Why Health Safety and environment?
Accidents can take place anywhere around the world. These accidents affect
profit, companys reputation and environment. There is no budget assigned to
these unpredicted incidents. Over the years, numerous oil companies have
encountered major accidents which resulted loss of billions of dollars and
loss of many lives. Lets put some light on some of the major accidents
hitting oil and gas sector around the world. Some of the disasters are as
follow
Piper Alpha 1988
Explosion, Oil and Gas caught fire on the rig

167 workers killed
1.7 billion pound of property damage
BP Texas Refinery 2005
Dangerous gases level emitted

8 warnings given by the government
System over pressured, liquid erupted
17 people killed
Page 12

US $ 1.3 billion
BPs Deep-water Horizon Oil Spill 2006
Wellhead Blowout
Fire on Oil Rig
4.9 million barrels of oil spilled in the Gulf of Mexico
11 people killed
US $20 billion spent on recovery
Above given examples tell us about the consequences a company might have to
suffer in case of an accident. It is evident that there is a dire need of a
department which can help minimize the chances of an accident, which does
regular auditing of the safety around the plant area and which can put a strong
check on the implementation of rules at the refinery area.
PARCO HSE department policy statement PARCO is committed to enhance
customer satisfaction through continual improvement, operational excellence
and in time delivery of quality products while remaining watchful over the
safety, health and environmental concerns of its employees, contractors and
the general public associated with it.
Furthermore HSE policy ensures the provision of health and safety of its
employees and maintains an ecological balance is the responsibility of the
company. The department is not only concerned for the companys employees
and the refinery area, but it is also consistent in protecting the people living
outside PARCO, minimizing hazards, creating a safe atmosphere to work at.
Page 13

In order to guide the employees regarding their safety, HSE conducts regular
seminars and training sessions so that the employees are prepared to handle
any kind of challenging situation at the refinery area.
VISION: We aim to be an organization where individual and collective effort
achieves outstanding HSE performance, evident for all to see. HSE is treated at
par with productivity and profitability. HSE policy statement recognizes that the
provision of health and safety of its employees and maintain an ecological
balance is the responsibility of the company.
FIRE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Fire is a potential hazard, especially in hydro-carbon industry such as PARCO. It

is very crucial for these organizations to have Fire Management System in order
to minimize losses and overcome fire as soon as possible in case of a fire
accident. A Fire Management System includes;
Fire Detection, Prevention and Suppression
Emergency Response
Fire Fighting
HSE ensures Fire Prevention system by;

Work Permit Procedures; No activity in plant area can be done without getting
Work permit from the relevant authorities
Regular tests and audits of fire equipment
Installing lightening arrestors at plant
Classification of hazardous areas
Page 14

Use of intrinsically safe equipment; equipment (might be electronic) which are
fully covered with insulation and do not pose any threat to a hydro carbon
refinery area
Apart from IS equipment, no electronic device is allowed inside the plant area.
No worker can carry lighter or matchsticks inside the plant area.
For smokers, isolated and safe smoking booths are installed at numerous
points in the plant area.
Use of Floating roof tanks for storage purposes. The roof rises and falls with
the liquid level in the tank.
Fire Detection
Different kinds of detectors are installed around the plant area to detect release
of any dangerous hydrocarbon or detect fire at plant are;
Smoke Detector
Heat Detector
Hydrocarbon Detector
Infra-Red Flame Detector
Fire suppression
Page 15

Suppression systems use a combination of dry chemicals and/or wet agents to
suppress equipment fires. Following is a list of Fire Suppression systems and
equipment used at PARCO;
Fire Extinguishing Methods
Parco has state of the art equipment to fight a fire with a complete fire brigade
squad ready 24 hours for firefighting operation. Following is a list of firefighting
equipment;
Fire Brigade Trucks
Fire Hoses installed at different spots including storage tanks area
A network of water Pipeline (red colored) which covers almost every spot of
the area and is fully pressurized by 2 Jockey pumps. In case of fire, rest of the 4
main pumps start within 10 seconds one after the other.
Above mentioned pipeline is used to refill fire brigades, fire suppression
system, hoses etc.
Foam tanks
Fire hydrants
Fire suits
Fire extinguishers
Ladders
Fire Drills
Page 16
Emergency Response
In MCR, there is a well-established accident response system. Following are the

vital components of the communication system for emergency at MCR;
Manual Call Point
Telephone (emergency # 4000 or 11)
Radio communication (Motorola)
Fire Alarm Panel
Emergency Alarm
In case of Emergency HSE turns on the master alarm which has a sinusoidal
sound wave and goes on for about two minutes. As soon as the fire alarm goes
on, each employee is supposed to rush to the respective assembly point
assigned for each area at MCR.
Onsite Process Units and their Capacities
Unit
Code
100
Unit
Cap(BPSD)
crude distillation
100,000
Page 17

110

Vacuum distillation
42,800
200
Naphtha hydro treating
25,600
300
CCR Plat former
16,350
284
Dieselmax
22,450
130
Visbreaker
15,560
801
Kerosene Merox
20,000
802
LPG Merox
4,500
411
Gas Concentration
22,050(liquid)
11,242(Gas/MMSCR)
810
Amine Treating
7,721(FG/MMSCR)
9,963(sws)
820
Sulfur Recovery
115 MTPD
T ECHNICAL SERVICES
DEPARTMENT (TSD)
Mission Statement:-
Page 18

Support production targets and Meet future challenges in industry, while
Ensuring trouble free Economical operations in All instances by adopting Best
practices & Improvements in technology on Sustainable basis.
Main functions:-
Support Refinery operation to meet the production targets at optimum

cost.
Quality control of intermediate and product streams.
Troubleshooting and debottleneck studies.
Turnaround planning and execution of various special activities.
Advice and assist in technology upgrades, plant modifications and future
projects.
Management/coordination of Technical Review for CRs & QRI systems.
Preparation of Monthly Progress Report of Refinery Performance.
The technical services department has three sections:
Process Engineering Section

Production Planning & Oil Accounting Section
Laboratory
Page 19

P rocess Engineering
Section:
The process engineering section is responsible for the trouble shooting,
monitoring of the Refinery Operation and also to give the technical assistance
for further improvements.
The department is directly concerned with the on-site units, which include:
1. Crude Distillation Unit

2. Vacuum Distillation Unit
3. Gas Concentration Unit
4. Visbreaker Unit
5. Dieselmax Unit
6. NHT/CCR/Platformer
7. Meroxes
8. Amine treating Unit
9. Sulfur recovery unit
10. DHDS
11. AABU
12. Storage tanks
Page 20

L aboratory section:
The MCR has got well-equipped laboratories some of which are listed as under:
Diesel Lab:
Following tests are being carried out in the laboratory:
Distillation
Flash point
Pour point
Specific Gravity
Viscosity
Octane Analyzer Room:

The research octane number of naphtha is tested.
Water Laboratory:
The pH, hardness SiO2 content, conductivity etc. of water is tested prior to
feeding the water to the boiler.
Ca2+, Mg2+ ions are tested by titration.
Introducing ammonium molybedate to water checks SiO2 content.
Respective meters check conductivity and ph.
Jet Fuel and Gasoline Lab:
Page 21

Flash points are measured using Abel closed cup apparatus. Corrosion tests are
carried out using copper strips in copper corrosion bath. Jet Fuel Thermal
Oxidation Stability Test is carried out.
Gas Chromatography Lab:

Gas chromatography is carried out for the PONA test (paraffins, olefins,
naphthenic, and aromatics) of the sample of naphtha.
LPG Lab:
Weathering tubes are used to measure the evaporation temperature of the LPG.
95% of LPG should evaporate at not more than 4.4degC.
Atomic Absorption Lab:

Trace metals e.g. Li, K, Zn, Na, Fe are detected on basis of absorption using
spectrophotometer.
Overall refinery process:The overall refinery process flow sheet diagram,
Page 22

Page 23

C rude Distillation Unit

(unit 100):
The crude distillation is design to process 100,000 BPSD of crude. The feed of
this unit is:
100% Arabian light crude
70% upper Zakum and 30% Murban crude oil
The crude distillation unit consists of the following sections;
Crude charge and pre-heat section.

Crude de-salter section.
Crude charge heater section.
Crude column and site cut product section.
The unit functions to separate the crude oil into different cuts: naphtha,
kerosene, diesel and reduced crude. These cuts are further processed to
the gas concentration unit, Kero-merox unit and for blending and vacuum
distillation unit.
Arabian light, upper zakum and murban crude oil coming from Karachi
To Mahmood Kot via several kilometers pipe line is coming to the unit
Crude distillation.
All the crude contains salt water together with sediment depend upon the area
from which the crude is produced
Page 24

Salt content is reported as pounds of salt per thousand barrels of oil.
Old method heating of oil was settling or addition of chemicals before settling.
But now a day a new method has been introduced named as Electrical desalting.
It is a two stage process
Emulsion of crude oil and water ( mixing )
Demulsification ( breaking)
Approximately 95% of salt is present in base sediment of crude.
The emulsion is produced by passing the liquids at high velocity through the
orifice or b/w the fixed surfaces.
This is accomplished by a mixing valve upstream of the electric desalter or by
injecting the water at the start of exchanger train that proceeds to the desalter
Greater the pressure drop greater will be mixing.
Low velocity desalter

It is used where oil contains 50% of salt in continuous phase of crude oil. Oil
passing through the distributor and then upward at relatively low velocity
through electrodes.
Initial coalescence takes place between the oil water interphase and lower
electrode and final coalescence takes place where the drops coalesce and
Becomes large and fall against the upward flow of oil to the bottom with the
gravity action.
The oil interphase is controlled by the interface level controller which bleeds the
water from bottom of the tank and the clean crude oil from top.
Page 25

High velocity desalter

It is used for stable emulsions and having the same elements as low velocity
desalter. We use high velocity because the emulsion particles can form a chain
between the electrodes and can cause a short circuit.
In crude distillation unit low velocity desalter is used.
From the desalter the heat is then proceed to the fire heaters and gain the
require heat before entering to the crude distillation unit.
The temperature of the feed can vary from 315 oC. To 427 oC.
Then after heating in fire heaters the crude enter in the flash zone of
fractionation column.
There are 40 trays into the distillation unit some of the material flashes into
vapor which rises up to the column.
Rest of the feed goes down with the trays. Steam from near the 40th tray is
introduce into the column which goes upward taking with the lighter ands and
heavier ends collected at the bottom.
There is accumulative tray between 27th and 28th tray from which the diesel is
stripped and there is another accumulator tray between the 15th and 16th tray
from which the kerosene is stripped similarly from between the 4th and 5th
accumulator tray the unstabilized naphtha is stripped.
The overhead vapors are carried out of crude column and pass through the
condenser where all of the steam and gasoline vapors are condensed into the
liquid.
A portion of the liquid is sent to the fractionator as top reflux while rest of net
liquid overhead is pumped to the gas concentration process unit.
And the uncondensed gas from the overhead is sent to the Gas concentration
unit.
All products are cooled before being sent to the storage.
Page 26

This is accomplished by the use of heat exchange with crude oil feed, air fin
coolers and trim coolers and also circulating cooling tower water with
exchangers.
The lighter products should be cold before send to the storage to reduce vapor
losses in storage tanks but the heavier products not need to be cold as they can
b use as feed to another unit depending upon the unit inlet temp we can use it.
A product must never leave with a temperature 100 oC. If there is any
possibility of it passing through the tank containing water the hot product can
boil the water and forming the steam which can blow off the roof of tank.
The block diagram of the crude distillation unit is given as,
Page 27

Page 28

V acuum Distillation Unit:

To achieve maximum recovery of gas oil from crude we introduce it into the
vacuum distillation column. The vacuum residue is designed to process the
atmospheric residue of either Arabian light crude oil or upper zakum and
murban crude oil blend. The processing capacity of vacuum distillation is 42,800
BPSD
The feed of the vacuum distillation unit is
100% Arabian light Crude residue
70/30% volume blend of Upper Zakum and Murban crude residue
The unit is composed of the following sections;
Vacuum charge heater section

Flash zone section
Product condensation
Heat exchangers
Reduced Crude from the CDU is charged to the VDU through vacuum
heaters at less pressure. Distillation takes place in the presence of
vacuum to prevent degradation of reduced crude. Temperature should
not be so high that cracking does not take place if this happens then it is
necessary to lower the temperature. Flash zone temperature widely
depends on the crude source.
Flash zone section is the section residue of crude oil is flashes at a

pressure below than the atmospheric usually less than 1 atmospheric
pressure and at a temperature where gas oil usually not fractionate and
also the bottom residue will not suffer nay thermal decomposition.
Page 29

The maximum performance or ability to lift the gas oil depends on the
lowest absolute pressure that can be maintained in flash zone with
maximum non cracking temperature. The optimum temperature of flash
zone is 399 oC.
Vacuum column operates on the principle that boiling point of any
material is lowered as the pressure id reduced.
Vacuum residue must be handled very carefully that most of the refinery
products, the vacuum bottom pump which handle very hot liquid can lose
its suction. It can be minimized by introducing some cooled vacuum
bottom to the column bottom and can reduce the tendency to form
vapor. This problem can also be minimized that vacuum bottom pumps
gland should be tightly close so that air cannot be introduce into pump.
The vapor rising from the flash zone of is the gas oil product and no
further fractionating is required. All we just need now is to condense
these vapors as efficiently as possible. This can be done in tube and shell
condensers but these are inefficient at low pressures and a high pressure
drop through this condenser will raise the flash zone pressure.
Thats why the most efficient method is to contact the hot vapors with
the cooled liquid in heat exchanger.
In order to reduce the cost of operating the vacuum distillation column
the VDU is combined with CDU so that as much heat as possible is
recovered from the hot product streams by heat exchanging with the cold
crude streams.
The vacuum gas oils are then routed to Dieselmax unit and the vacuum
residue is then forward to the Visbreaker unit.
The block diagram of the vacuum distillation unit is as given,

The products if the vacuum distillation unit is
Page 30
Stripping Steam
110-H1
FEED
Reduced Crude
110-V1
110-P1
Slop Wax
HVGO
LVGO
100-E19-17
110-E2
110-EA3
Vacuum Bottom
m3/h
100-E1815-13-11
110-E1
110-EA1
CRUDE
CRUDE
110-P2
110-P3
110-P4
VACUUM
VACUUMDISTILLATION
DISTILLATION UNIT
UNIT
VBU
FOB
RFO
VGO TANK
LS
HS
TWR
ME1-E3
110-P7
110-V7
110-V7
284-E12
945-E7
110-V2
ME1-E1 ME1-E2
110-E2
Fuel Oil
TWS
FOB
DMAX
FOB
DOB
LDO
VGO TK
CWS
CWR
ME1-J1A/B
ME1-J3A/B
ME1-J2A/B
110-V4
110-V4
110
110
V6
V6
110-EA4
Fuel Oil Tanks
LSL
Sour Water
110
110
V3
V3
WASTE GAS
TO 100-H1
MS

Light vacuum gas oil ( LVGO )
Heavy vacuum gas oil ( HVGO )
Vacuum residue
Page 31

V isbreaker unit:
The Visbreaker Process Unit is designed to process 15,560 BPSD of vacuum
residue from the Vacuum Distillation Unit, based on the Crude and Vacuum
Distillation Units processing 100% Arabian Light crude oil and 70/30 volume
percent blend of Upper Zakum/Murban crude oils.
The feed of the Visbreaker unit is,
Vacuum residue
the presence of
heat the bottoms are broken to give off gases, naphtha and vacuum bottoms.
Heating the material to predetermined heater outlet temperatures and rapid
quenching of furnace outlets facilitates thermal cracking and altered viscosity
necessary for further processing.
The visbreaking unit is the combination fuel gas and fuel oil fired In
This unit consists of three heaters for heating purpose. For safety purpose the
sour water from this section is forward to the amine treating unit.
The products of the visbreaking unit are,

Off gases
Unstabilized naphtha
Visbreaker bottom residue
The block diagram of Visbreaking unit is,
Page 32

Page 33

G as concentration unit:The Gas Concentration Process Unit is designed to recover C3/C4 LPG and to
produce a stabilized naphtha feed to the Naphtha Hydro treating Unit. Gases
from various process units will be compressed and routed through an
absorption system to maximize the recovery of LPG.
The feeds of the gas concentration unit are,
Feed gases to the Gas Concentration Process Unit are as follows:
Gas from the Net Gas Compressor at the Crude Distillation Unit in case of
Upper Zakum and Murban blend oil feed.
Gas from the Fractionator Receiver at the Visbreaking Unit.
Gas from the Stripper Receiver at the Diesel max Unit.
Gas from the Flash Fractionator Receiver at the Diesel max Unit.
Gas from the Stripper at the Naphtha Hydro treating Unit.
The liquid feeds to the Gas Concentration Process Unit are as follows:
Page 34

Unstabilized naphtha from the Crude Distillation Unit.
Unstabilized naphtha from the Fractionator Receiver at the Visbreaking
Unit.
Unstabilized naphtha from the Product Fractionator Receiver at the
Dieselmax Unit.
Unstabilized naphtha from the Flash Fractionator Receiver at the
Dieselmax Unit.
Unstabilized liquid from the Stripper Receiver at the Naphtha Hydro
treating Unit.
The operation of gas concentration unit consist of the following three major
sections
Compressor section
Absorption section
Distillation section
In the compressor section the gas is pressurize for further use in other two
sections. All incoming gas streams except for the Naphtha Hydro treater
Stripper gas combine and flow into a two stage centrifugal compressor via the
compressor suction cooler and the compressor suction drum. Mists separated
and accumulated in the compressor suction drum is manually drained out and
sent to the CDU.
Gas from the Naphtha Hydrotreater Stripper combines with the first stage
discharge which is pressurized from 3.7 kg/cm2G to 8.2 kg/cm2G, and enters the
second stage of the compressor via the inter stage cooler and the compressor
inter stage suction drum
Gas pressurized to 17.1 kg/cm2G mixes with the Stripper overhead vapor, the
incoming liquid stream, and Primary Absorber bottoms. The combined stream is
cooled in the high pressure cooler and sent to the high pressure receiver Liquid
separated and accumulated in the compressor inter stage suction drum is sent
to the combined stream by the compressor inter stage suction drum pumps.
Page 35

The absorption process consists of passing a cooled liquid of heavier
components downwards through a column while a gas of lighter components
travels upwards through the same column. During this process the heavier
components of the gas are recovered from the gas by absorption. The degree of
absorption is controlled by the ratio of liquid flow to gas flow, the degree of
contact time between the two flows, and the temperature of the heavier liquid
flow.
The first column in the absorption process is the primary absorber. In the
primary absorber, the liquid flow, which is stabilized naphtha coming from the
debutanizer, enters the column above the first tray. The C3/C4 rich gas stream
from the high pressure receiver enters the column below the bottom tray. The
degree of absorption in this column is partly controlled by a reflux stream near
the middle of the column. This intercooler stream is withdrawn from the draw
tray No. 16 in the middle of the column and passes through a cooler before
returning to the column just above the draw tray on flow control. The
intercooler reflux is returned to the column at approximately the same
temperature as the stabilized naphtha entering the top of the column. This
cooling is necessary due to the increase of temperature of the absorbing liquid
caused by the heat of absorption. This cooling of the liquid stream allows for
better recovery of the C3/C4 material. The primary absorber rich oil from the
bottom of the column returns to the high pressure receiver, where most of the
light material recovered is pumped with the heavier material to the stripper for
further processing. The operation of the stripper will be discussed in the
distillation process section.
The second column in this process is the sponge absorber. This column is smaller
in size and filled with packing that allows intimate contact between the liquid
and gas streams. The overhead of the primary absorber is directed to the
bottom of the sponge absorber, while the circulating diesel enters the top of the
column.
The process principal of the sponge absorber is the same as the primary
absorber, in that the overhead gas from the primary absorber is intimately
contacted with a heavier liquid to recover the C3/C4 material that was not
Page 36

absorbed in the primary absorber. The main differences between the primary
and the sponge absorber are the internals of the column, and the type of lean
Oil used. Instead of trays like those used in the primary absorber, the sponge
absorber has a packed section to cause the intimate contact between the down
flowing liquid and the upward flowing gas. The sponge absorber does not have a
reflux flow as the primary absorber does, but the sponge absorber has a
demister blanket installed near the top of the column to aid in the removal of
liquid from the gas leaving the top of the column. The lean oil used in the
sponge absorber is circulating diesel from the Crude Unit. After passing down
the column, the diesel is collected in the bottom of the column where it is
returned to the Crude Unit as rich oil on level control at the bottom of the
sponge absorber. Pressure control for the absorption section is placed on the
lean gas exiting the top of the sponge absorber. The lean gas after passing
through the pressure control valve is directed to the Amine Treating Process
Unit and then to the refinery fuel gas system. And the pressure control valve
maintains a constant pressure on the entire absorption system.
Liquid hydrocarbon from the high pressure receiver is pumped to the stripper
where hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ethane and lighter components are stripped out.
Feed to the stripper is heated using the total debutanizer bottoms stream in the
stripper feed exchanger. Stripper charge enters the column above the top tray.
Stripping action is provided via reboilers at the bottom of the column through
which heat is supplied from the debutanizer bottoms stream and MP steam. The
steam flows through the tube side of the stripper reboilers with its condensate
flow regulated by a flow controller which is reset by the stripper overhead
vapor rate. The overhead vapor is returned to the high pressure cooler. Bottoms
material is pressured to the debutanizer on level control.
The feed to the debutanizer is the stripper bottoms stream. Heat is supplied via
a reboiler. The heating oil to the reboiler is the circulating diesel from the Crude
Unit. The diesel is regulated by a flow recording controller. The total flow of
Page 37

debutanizer bottoms is directed to one of the stripper reboilers and to the
stripper feed exchanger. After exiting the stripper feed exchanger, the
debutanizer bottoms flow is divided into two flows. The first flow is directed on
Flow control to the primary absorber as lean oil or sent to the stabilized
naphtha storage tank. The second flow or net production of stabilized naphtha
is pumped on level control to the Naphtha Hydro treating Unit.
Overhead vapors (butane, propane and propylene) are condensed by an air
cooler condenser then collected in the debutanizer receiver a portion of the
total overhead is pumped back to the column as reflux. The quantity of reflux is
regulated by a flow recording controller which is reset by the level indicator
controller on the receiver. The net overhead liquid product is pumped out on
flow control which is reset by the Tray 10 temperature indicator controller. The
debutanizer overhead product is pumped to the LPG Merox Unit for sulfur
removal.
The debutanizer column pressure is controlled by a pressure recording
controller on the overhead vapor line which controls the amount of vapor
directed through the condenser. The pressure differential controller regulates a
valve in a bypass line around the cooler. This allows a small amount of vapor to
bypass the condensing system to regulate the surface area available to
condense the overhead vapor, hence regulating the rate at which the vapor is
removed from the column.
The products of the gas concentration unit are,
LPG
Stabilized naphtha
Off gases
The block diagram of the unit is as,
Page 38

Page 39

N ephta Hydro Treating

Unit:The unit has the processing capability of 25,400 BPSD. This is a catalytic refining
process and uses a catalyst and hydrogen stream to decompose the organic
sulfur, oxygen and nitro compounds.
The feed of the Nephta hydro treating unit is,

Naphtha from hydro treating and Dieselmax unit in combine form
Makeup ammonia from the Plat forming unit
The unit has major three sections.

Reactor section
Stripping section
Splitter section
The purpose of the reactor section is to remove the naphtha fractions so that it
can be used in the plat forming unit for the further processing. There are six
types of reactions which occur in the reactor section of Nephta hydro treating
unit.
Reactions:
Conversion of organic sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide
Conversion of organic nitrogen compounds to ammonia
Page 40

Conversion of organic oxygen compounds to water
Saturation of olefins
Conversion of organic halides to hydrogen halides
Removal of organo-metallic compounds
The feed from the Gas concentration unit or from the stabilizer naphtha tanks is
send to the feed surge drums. Tanks must be gas blanketed so that they can
prevent the oxygen from stabilized naphtha.
Even trace amount of olefins can cause the polymerization of olefin and when
stored for long times it can cause fouling and loss of heat in transfer efficiency.
From feed surge drum the naphtha feed is pumped and combined with
hydrogen rich stream from the recycle compressor.
The feed combines at a point and enters in combined feed exchangers where
the feed is heated and effluent from reactor 2 is cooled.
The combined feed leaving the exchanger is all vapor and this combined feed
leaving the exchanger is heated through the shall side of the reactor no 1
effluent cooler and flow to charge in the heater where it is heated to required
temperature.
And then combined feed enters in the reactor no 1 which is design for down
flow operation and contain sufficient amount of catalyst to remove
contaminants. The reactor no 1 removes the sulfur and saturate olefins while
the second reactor hydrogenates any recombinant sulfur formed in the reactor
no 1.
The effluent from reactor no 1 is cooled in effluent cooler and then enter in to
the second reactor flows through heat exchangers and then into the product
condenser.
A water wash injection points are provided in the reactor so that any salt build
up in the pipes, exchangers can be removed.
Page 41

Then this effluent passes through the product trim condenser at a low enough
temperature to ensure the complete recovery of naphtha and enters to product
separator to ensure complete separation of gas, hydro carbon, liquid and water.
It is also provided with a water boot to collect the water injected for salt
removal then the water is automatically pressured to the water stripper at
amine treating unit.
The rich hydrogen gas is provided to the reactors by the recycle compressor.
This takes suction from the top of separator with the discharge combining with
the naphtha feed upstream of heat exchangers.
Recycle compressor suction drum is provided between the separator and
compressor to remove any condensed liquid in the recycle gas, protecting
compressor from damage
Since the process consumes hydrogen, so a hydrogen rich gas stream is brought
into the unit to make immediately upstream of heat exchanger.
The liquid hydrocarbon is the sent to the splitter bottom exchanger and the
Stripper Feed-Bottoms Exchanger, and thus heated material enters the Stripper,
Stripper Reboiler is provided to supply the required heat input for stripping
hydrogen sulfide, water, light hydrocarbons and dissolved hydrogen from the
feed and vapor from 200v2, passes overhead to the Stripper Condenser, and
Stripper Trim Condenser,, and to the Stripper Receiver. Normally, no net
overhead liquid product is produced, and all of the liquid in the receiver is
pumped back to the stripper as reflux. A reflux/feed ratio of approximately
0.25 is sufficient to strip the light ends and water from the tower. The reflux is
pumped into the stripper on receiver, to increase the amount of reflux; the
reboiler heat input must be increased to provide more overhead material. The
net overhead gas leaves the receiver to Gas Concentration Unit or to flare via
with split range control. Stripper receiver pressure is maintained at 9.4
kg/cm2g.
The stripper overhead system is equipped with inhibitor addition facilities to

prevent corrosion of the process lines and equipment by hydrogen sulfide in the
overhead vapor. The corrosion inhibitor is pumped directly from a drum,
Page 42

diluted with a small slipstream of reflux, and injected directly into the overhead
vapor line at the top of the stripper.
The stripper bottoms material is pumped through heat exchangers and is sent to
the Splitter.
The splitter is design to split C5 and C6 components. The light naphtha product
is mostly a C5 fraction and heavy naphtha is C6 fraction.
The splitter feed is cooled by the stripper feed material in the splitter feed
exchangers. Splitter boiler is provided to fulfill the heat requirement for the
column.
The overhead vapor is condensed in the splitter trim cooler and liquid collects in
the splitter receiver.
The light naphtha from the top of splitter is cascaded with a temperature
controller at the top tray of splitter
Products:
The light naphtha is sent to tankage and for blending system while the heavy
naphtha from the bottom of splitter is dent to heat exchanger via pump and
then send to the plat forming unit.
The block diagram of the unit is
Page 43

Page 44

L PG-Merox unit:This unit has capability of processing 4500 BPSD of Lpg to achieve a sweet
product with less than 5 wppm mercaptan and less than 20 wppm of total
sulfur.
The feed of the LPG Merox unit is C3/C4 from debutanizer receiver at gas
concentration unit.
This unit consists of three major sections.
Pretreatment section
Extraction section
Caustic regeneration section
The LPG from the gas concentration unit is fed at bottom tray no 10 of amine
absorber for counter current liquid- liquid contacting with a 20% (DEA) solution
from amine treating unit and the lean amine from tray no 1 and at top enters
and goes downward and contacted with the Lpg coming from bottom
Lean amine become rich and removes from the bottom of the absorber and is
returned to the amine treating unit. The LPG is then advanced to prewash vessel
where it is contacted with 10 degree Baume caustic for the removal of residual
hydrogen sulfide. LPG for caustic wash is then sent to the filters for extraction
section. Whereas the spent caustic is sent to effluent treatment plant via spent
caustic degassing drums.
LPG from prewash vessel is send to the bottom of extractor. Lean caustic via
pump is fed at top of extractor. The counter current fashion takes place. The
rich caustic is removed from the bottom of extractor and returned to caustic
knockout drum to separate caustic from hydrocarbons stream.
Then LPG is send to the sand filters which will coalesce and remove any
entrained caustic.
Page 45

The mercaptan rich caustic from extractor bottom and air injected is introduced
in oxidizer where it is heated to initiate the mercaptide oxidation reaction. From
the oxidizer the mixture enters into the disulfide separator where spend air is
removed from disulfide separator. It leaves from the top of separator and is
mixed with the fuel gas then it is send to the Sulfur recovery incinerator.
The disulfide oil is pumped to the tankage and blending system for blending
with fuel and oil gasoline.
Page 46

Page 47

K ero-Merox unit:The processing capability of the Kerosene Merox Process Unit is 20,000 BPSD of
kerosene to achieve a jet fuel product with less than 10 wppm mercaptan and
less than 1 wppm sodium.
The feed of the section is kerosene.
This unit consists on major three sections.
Pretreatment section
Sweetening action
Post treatment section
The purpose of pretreatment section is to remove naphthenic acid from feed is
that if these are not removed then sodium naphthenates are formed in
sweetening reactor which is surfactant and coat the catalyst and block the pores
of charcoal catalyst support. This is achieved by alkaline electrostatic prewash.
Mercaptans are directly converted to disulfides in fixed bed reactor system
which remains in product and there is no reduction in sulfur contents because
the vapors of disulfides are so low reactant to mercaptan so there presence is
much less objective.
Raw crude from CDU is routed directly to electrostatic coalesce prewash at
pressure 8.4kg/cm2 and at a temp of 40 Degree. The feed kerosene before
entering to prewash electrostatic coalescer is mixed with 3 degree Baume
caustic solution by means of mixing device and pumped by caustic injection
pump from caustic storage tank.
Page 48

Naphthenic acid in kerosene stream is neutralized by the caustic and the spent
caustic is settled in the electrostatic coalescer. The reaction takes place is
RCOOH + NaOH RCOONA + H2O
Then air is compressed by reciprocating compressor and is mixed with kerosene
discharged from electrostatic coalescer. A small amount of catalyst is activator
is injected into the kerosene stream after the addition of air. The combined
stream passes through a bed of Merox catalyst in the reactor flows where the
mercaptans are oxidized into disulfides.
The sweetened kerosene from the reactor flows into the caustic settler for
gravity separation of entrained.
The treated kerosene from caustic settler into the water wash vessel to remove
entrained caustic solution and water soluble surfactants.
Wash water when required is injected by was water pump at the bottom of
water wash vessel. The waste water is drawn from the bottom of wash water
vessel.
The washed kerosene is then introduced into the salt filter and then last step is
clay filter which serves basically as a final clean-up step to assure a kerosene
product that is free of solids, color bodies, water and soaps.
The Salt Filter immediately ahead of the Clay Filter protects the clay from being
rendered ineffective prematurely by free water.
The treated kerosene product is run down to Tankage and Blending System at a
pressure of 3.52 Kg/cm2G and at a temperature of 40 under pressure control.
Page 49

Page 50

S torage tanks:Storage tanks are containers that hold liquids used for short or long term
storage. Storage tanks containing organic liquids, in-organic liquids and can be
found in many industries.
Industries where storage tanks can be found are petroleum producing and
refining, petrochemical and chemical manufacturing and other industries.
Storage tanks are available in many shapes and having different types.
Page 51

The types of storage tanks are,

Atmospheric tanks
Pressure tanks
The atmospheric types of tanks are as follow,
Fixed roof tanks
Floating roof type tanks
Fixed roof tanks:-
Page 52

Fixed roof tanks are common in production facilities to store hydrocarbons with
vapor pressure close to the atmospheric pressure. Before using it should be
equipped with pressure vacuum valves and purge with natural gas to eliminate
air intake into the vapor space. Product evaporate loses can be high especially
when crude is added to tank and vapors are expelled through the pressure vent
valve.
Floating roof tanks:The floating roof tank has further categorized into,
External floating roof tank
Internal floating roof tank
Dome external floating roof tank
External Floating Roof Tank:A typical external floating roof tank consists of an open-topped cylindrical steel
shell equipped with a roof that floats on the surface of the stored liquid, rising
and falling with the liquid level. The floating roof is comprised of a deck, fittings,
and rim seal system. Floating roof decks are constructed of welded steel plates
and are of three general types: pan, pontoon, and double deck.
Although numerous pan-type decks are currently in use, the present trend is
toward pontoon and double-deck type floating roofs.
Manufacturers supply various versions of these basic types of floating decks,
which are tailored to emphasize particular features, such as full liquid contact,
load-carrying capacity, roof stability, or pontoon arrangement. The liquid
surface is covered by the floating deck, except in the small annular space
between the deck and the shell; the deck may contact the liquid or float directly
above the surface on pontoons.
Page 53

External floating roof tanks are equipped with a rim seal system, which is
attached to the roof perimeter and contacts the tank wall. The rim seal system
slides against the tank wall as the roof is raised and lowered. The floating deck
is also equipped with fittings that penetrate the deck and serve operational
functions. The external floating roof design is such that evaporative losses from
the stored liquid are limited to losses from the rim seal system and deck fittings
(standing storage loss) and any exposed liquid on the tank walls (withdrawal
loss).
Internal Floating Roof Tank:That tank has both, a permanent fixed roof and a floating roof inside. There are
two basic types of internal floating roof tanks:
Tanks in which the fixed roof is supported by vertical columns within the tank
tanks with a self-supporting fixed roof and no internal support columns
The fixed roof is not necessarily free of openings but does span the entire open
plan area of the vessel. Fixed roof tanks that have been retrofitted to employ an
internal floating roof are typically of the first type, while external floating roof
tanks that have been converted to an internal floating roof tank typically have a
self-supporting roof.
Tanks initially constructed with both a fixed roof and an internal floating roof
may be of either type. An internal floating roof tank has both a permanently
affixed roof and a roof that floats inside the tank on the liquid surface (contact
deck) or is supported on pontoons several inches above the liquid surface
(noncontact deck). The internal floating roof rises and falls with the liquid level.
Domed External Floating Roof Tank:Domed external floating roof tanks have the heavier type of deck used in
external floating roof tanks as well as a fixed roof at the top of the shell like
Page 54

internal floating roof tanks. Domed external floating roof tanks usually result
from retrofitting an external floating roof tank with a fixed roof.
As with the internal floating roof tanks, the function of the fixed roof is not to
act as a vapor barrier, but to block the wind. The type of fixed roof most
commonly used is a self-supporting aluminum dome roof, which is of bolted
construction. Like the internal floating roof tanks, these tanks are freely vented
by circulation vents at the top of the fixed roof. The deck fittings and rim seals,
however, are basically identical to those on external floating roof tanks.
The Parco (MCR) storage

tanks:Unit 945:Tank#
Service
Capacity (m3)
Tk 945:
Crude tanks
44169
Page 55

1,2,34,5,6
Tk945: 9,10,11
HOBC product
2390
Tk945: 12,13,14
Regular gasoline
5650
Tk945: 15,16,17
JP-1 product
7130
Tk945: 18,19,20
JP-8 product
2010
Tk945: 22,23
Kerosene product
7940
24
Tk945: 21,
19860
Diesel product
25,26
19860
25420
Tk945: 27,28,29
Fuel oil product
12760
Tk945: 30,31,32
LPG product
1530
Tk945: 33,34
Heavy naphtha
5770
Page 56

tanks
Tk945: 35
VGO intermediate
29730
Tk945: 37,38
Light naphtha tank
1630
Tk945: 30,40
Reformate tank
5670
Tk945: 46
Stabilized naphtha 12927
Tk945: 52,53
Stabilized naphtha
17457
Page 57

A ssignments
Page 58

Assignment no 1:-
Bottom up gradation technologies:-
With the continuous depletion in world oil reserves and increasing demand of
petroleum products, the refiners are forced to process more and heavier crude
the cost advantage of heavy crudes over light crudes has incentivized many
Refineries to process heavier crude, therefore increasing the heavy residue
produced at a time when fuel oil demand is declining. In order to dovetail both
the requirement for processing crude oil of deteriorating quality and enhancing
distillates of improved quality, technological up gradation have been carried out
at refineries which takes care of processing heavy crudes as well as maximizing
value added products and stringent product quality requirements.
Technologies:-
There are two types of up gradation technologies,

Thermal cracking technology
Catalytic cracking technology
Cracking:-
Page 59

Cracking of heavy residue is most commonly used method for up gradation of
residues. This involves of decomposition of heavy residues by exposure to
extreme temperatures in the presence or absence of catalysts.
Thermal cracking:-
Cracking at elevated temperatures in the absence of catalyst eg: Visbreaking

delayed coking, Fluid coking etc.
Catalytic cracking:-
Cracking in presence of catalyst e.g.: FCC, Hydrocracking, and DCC
Thermal cracking technology:Thermal cracking process for up gradation of heavy residue has been used since
long and still it is playing an important role in the modern refinery through up
gradation of heavy residue and improving the economics of the refinery through
the production of lighter distillate and other valuable product like low value fuel
gas and petroleum coke.
Thermal cracking processes and technologies:
Visbreaking
Delayed coking
Fluid coking
Flexi coking
Page 60

Visbreaking:
Visbreaking is essentially a mild thermal cracking operation at mild conditions
where in long chain molecules in heavy feed stocks are broken into short
molecules thereby leading to a viscosity reduction of feedstock. A given
conversion in Visbreaker can b
cracking: Soaker visbreaking.
The process conditions are,
Mild thermal cracking (low severity)

Mild (470-500oC) heating at 50-200 psig
Improve the viscosity of fuel oil
Low conversion (10%) to 4300F
Residence time1-3 min
Heated coil or drum
Delayed coking:Delayed coking process is used to crack heavy oils into more valuable light liquid
products with less valuable gas and solid coke as byproducts. Typical delayed
coking consists of a furnace to preheat the feed, coking drum where the
fractionation of the product takes place. The process conditions are,
Operates in semi batch mode

Moderate (900-960oF) heating at 90 psig
Soak drums (845-900oF) coke walls
Coked until drum solid
Coke (removed hydraulically) 20-40% on feed,
Yield 4300F, 30%
Fluid Coking:PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED
Page 61

Fluid coking is non- catalytic fluid bed process where residue is coked by
spraying into a fluidized bed of hot, fine coke particles. Higher temperature with
shorter contact time than delayed coking results in increased light and medium
hydrocarbons with less cake generation. Shorter residence time can yield higher
quantities of liquid less coke, but the product has lower value. The process
conditions are,
Server (510-520oC) heating at 10 psig

Oil contact refractory coke Bed fluidized with steam-even heating,
Higher yield of light ends (<Cs)
Less coke yield
Flexi coking:A continuous fluidized bed technology which converts heavy residue to lighter
more valuable product. The process essentially eliminates the coke production.
It has an extra step of gasification.
Temperature 525oC
Catalytic cracking:The catalytic cracking technologies are as follow:

Fluidized catalytic cracking and residual fluidized cracking
Hydrocracking
Deep catalytic cracking
Page 62

Assignment no 2
What is the advantage of diesel-max unit?
The diesel-max unit is used to maximize the production of diesel. The Dieselmax
Process Unit Catalytically desulfurizes and denitrifies vacuum gas oil (VGO)
feedstock and converts the feedstock to a diesel product, Kerosene, naphtha,
and light ends including LPG in the presence of hydrogen the hydrogen gas
which is used as feed in the diesel maxis used for saturation and removes
oxygenates and other metallic compounds.
Our requirements are achieved we get overhead gases which is used in further
units and distillate is pure diesel which is used as blending component for fuel oil
and also send to storage.
What types of crudes are being used in the

Parco MCR?
There are five types of crude are being used in the refinery. They are as follow.
Arabian light
Upper zakum
Murban crude
Local crude
Condensate crude
51%
17%
17%
7%
7%
Page 63

Assignment no 3
Hydrogen cycle of refinery:-
The hydrogen gas is producing in the plat forming unit 300 and then routed to
the net gas three stage compressors where its pressure is increased from 3.1
kg/cm2 to 95.6 kg/cm2.
Then it is routed to the chloride treater where hydrogen chloride is removed
which can cause catalyst efficiency.
The production rate of hydrogen in plat forming unit is 29000 Nm3/hr.
The hydrogen gas is very important in refinery; the hydrogen gas used is due to
that it removes impurities or gases from crude.
Hydrogen gas is used to remove

Sulfur as hydrogen sulfide
Nitrogen as ammonia
Oxygen as water
Metals
Olefins and metal halides
Consumption:The hydrogen gas consumption in the following units as follow,
Page 64

Naphtha hydro treating unit ( 20Nm3/m3)
Diesel-max unit
(126NM3/m3)
DHDS unit
(30-35Nm3/m3)
Fuel gas system unit
Assignment no 4:Blending components for the followings:-
1. Mogas:The Mogas is produced by blending the following,

Light naphtha RON 73
Heavy naphtha RON 44
Reformate RON 98
The research octane number of gasoline is 87.7.therefore we mix the above
components in the following percentage
Light naphtha30%
Heavy naphtha 8%
Reformate 62%
And gasoline is made then it is send to the market.
2. Diesel:The blending components of diesel is as follow,
Page 65

Diesel-max residue
DHDS diesel
Straight run diesel oil
Furnace oil:The blending components of furnace oil are as follow,

Visbreaker bottom residue 70%
Diesel max residue
30%
The viscosity of Visbreaker bottom residue is 1500 CST while diesel max bottom
residue has 35 CST. We mix these in proper ratio and get furnace oil. If by mixing
they do not meet the requirements then we mix it with
LVGO
Straight run gas oil
Kerosene
Page 66

B ibliography:
Operating manual by JGC corporation for Pak

Arab refinery Ltd. Mid country refinery
project, Mahmood Kot, Pakistan
Refinery training manual, vol.1,2,3,4,5 PakArab refinery Ltd, Mid country refinery
project, Mahmood Kot, Pakistan, Shazoo Islam
printers Multan, Pakistan
WWW.weikipedia.com
Page 67

Internship Report Giki

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Internship Report Giki

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

University of Punjab Lahore.

PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

Thank you Parco for giving such respect.

P for people who are Friendly.

for people who are respectful.

C for people who are truly caring.

PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

Mr. Khalil ur rehman

PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

Crude distillation unit 100

PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

Introduction to PARCO & MCR

rofessional and progressive corporate outlook

Aggressive technical thinking and advanced planning

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

PARCO! Means ENERGY.

Incorporated in Pakistan in May 1974, as a public limited company, Pak-Arab

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

PARCO Mid-Country Refinery

PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

The project facts are summarized below;

Qasba Gujrat / Mahmood Kot

PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

JG and Marubeni Corporation

First crude in Pipeline

First crude at Refinery site

First product out

Why PARCO is Mid-Country Refinery?

Petroleum product demand in Pakistan has outstripped local production

PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

Advantages Of This Location for Refinery;

Health Safety and Environment

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

Why Health Safety and environment?

Piper Alpha 1988

Explosion, Oil and Gas caught fire on the rig

BP Texas Refinery 2005

Dangerous gases level emitted

PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

BPs Deep-water Horizon Oil Spill 2006

PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

FIRE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Fire is a potential hazard, especially in hydro-carbon industry such as PARCO. It

HSE ensures Fire Prevention system by;

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED

Fire Extinguishing Methods

PAK-ARAB COMPANY LIMITED

PAK- ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED