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Isaias Andrade 3
Majid Alatowi4
Abstract
The analysis of each component in a hydroelectric dam power system is important to raise efficiency and
ultimately optimize the energy production from the system. The operational flow rate is the targeted area
in maximizing energy production. In order to make a hydroelectric dam system function reach its optimal
flow rate, the total system needs to equal zero. Factors such as pressure drop in the pipes and the turbine
as well as the total pressure at the base of the dam contribute to the result of the flow rate of the total
system. Calculation of each component along with a visual analysis of each of these factors is an
important way to engage this issue. Computer programs are set to calculate and plot each factor in an
efficient way to analyze the total system.
Included variables
density of water
dynamic viscosity
Kresistance coefficent
K L losses coefficient
1outflow angle
V velocity of water
Ddiameter of pipe
efficenecy of turbine
Introduction
Each variable on the right side of equation (1)
should be analyzed to reach the desired flow
rate. The pressure drop in the pipes is a very
important principle that needs to be address.
First, the factors that affect the pressure of the
water flowing through the pipes need to be
analyzed. The Darcy friction factor is important
because it has an effect on pressure drop
throughout the pipe. The given equation for the
Darcy friction factor is shown in equation (2).
1.11
1
6.9
D
=1.8 log [
+(
) ]
2
3.7
VD
(4)
(1)
f ( Q0 ) =0
(2)
2
P=gH
(8)
Procedure
The computer programming program Octave
will then be used to combine all of these factors
and equations to help solve for the turbine
design issue. For Octave code refer to pages 5-7.
KL
f
L
+K
D
P=
Results
(5)
(tan 2 2 tan 1 )
W =
2 b2
b1
(6)
, we
P=
W
Q
(7)
Q
equation (4) so that V= A , where A=
D2
4 . Third, with this new
information, we can solve equation (4).
Finally, equation (5) can be solved, and
.then graphed
(33180)
for 2 , and
W
plugged in the
1 and
in to equation (7)
Conclusion
In summary, the effects of the
shaft power from the wicket
gate angle and the outflow
angle can be determined by
using and manipulating the
equations provide; thus
revealing an approximate value
for each angle. Therefore,
finding the maximum efficiency
of the turbine power. This was
all done in the program Octave,
which allowed us to come to the
conclusion that the pressure is
dependent on the flow rate,
while the wicket gate angle and
the outflow angle determine
optimal power. The project as a
whole was challenging due to
the coding, but was helpful as
far understanding each
equation in detail, and how to
manipulate the information
provide. This project was a
.great learning experience
clear
Octave Code
Variables
global w=(120*2*pi)/60;
Shaft power
global L=20;
global H=100;
global w;
global D=3;
global p;
global b1=3;
global b2;
global b2=1;
global b1;
global g=9.8;
P =(p*w*Q^2)/(2*pi*b2)*(tan(a2)(b2/b1)*tan(a1));
global p=1000;
End
global e=.0026;
global u=1.307*10^-3;
Pressure turbine
function [dP] = pressureturbine(Q,a1,a2)
Pressure pipes
n = 1.0;
dP = shaftpower(Q,a1,a2)/(n*Q);
global p;
end
global D;
global u;
Flow rate
global e;
global L;
global p;
k=[.03,.3,.3,.3,.3];
global g;
global H;
V=(Q*4)/(pi*D^2);
Re=p*V*D/u;
f=(-1.8*log((6.9./Re)+((e/D)/3.7).^1.11)).^-2;
Ppipes =(f.*(L/D)+sum(k)).*((p*V.^2)/2);
end
Q=fsolve(f,100);
6
end
legend('Pipes','Turbine','Comined','Available','loc
ation','north');
print('plot.png','-dpng')
Variables;
1 and 2
N = 21;
al1=linspace(-10,10,N)*(pi/180);
Q=linspace(1,300);
al2=linspace(5,85,N)*(pi/180);
W = zeros([N,N]);
a1=0;
for i=1:N
a2=(33/180)*pi;
for j=1:N
al3=al1(i);
Ppipes=arrayfun(@pressurepipes,Q);
al4=al2(j);
dP=arrayfun(@(Q) pressureturbine(Q,a1,a2),Q);
Qa=Flowrate(al3,al4);
Pcomb=Ppipes+dP;
W(j,i)=shaftpower(Qa,al3,al4);
Pavai=p*g*H-Pcomb;
end
end
figure(1,'papersize',[4 ,3] ,'paperposition',[0 ,0 ,4
,3])
clf;
clf;
contourf(al1*(180/pi),al2*(180/pi),W/1E3, 10)
hold on;
colorbar()
plot(Q, Ppipes/1000,'b');
colormap(hot)
plot(Q, dP/1000,'r');
title('Shaft Power[MW]');
plot(Q, Pcomb/1000,'g');
xlabel('alpha 1 [deg]');
plot(Q, Pavai/1000,'y');
ylabel('alpha 2 [deg]');
xlabel('Flow Rate[m^3/s]');
print('contourplot.png','-dpng')
ylabel('Pressure [kPa]');
title('System Operational Point');
axis([0 300 0 1400]);
7
af2= fminbnd(fW,5/180*pi,85/180*pi);
an2(n)=af2;
end
Optimal operational settings
N=21
clf;
an2=zeros([N,1]);
plot(an1*(180/pi), an2*(180/pi));
xlabel('alpha 1 [deg]');
for n=1:N
ylabel('alpha 2 [deg]');
af1=an1(n);
fW= @(af2)
-shaftpower(Flowrate(af1,af2),af1,af2);
print('angleline.png','-dpng')