Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ontologies
An ontology is a formal, explicit description of a domain
of interest
Allowstospecify:
Classes(domain
Classes (domain concepts)
Semantcirelationbetweenclasses/propertiesassociated
to a concept (slots and possibly restrictions facets)
toaconcept(slots,andpossiblyrestrictions,facets)
Possibly,afurtherlogiclevel(axiomsandrules)
Classesinstances
O l
Ontology
+ Istances
I
= Knowledge
K
l d Base
B
Ontologies
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`
`
Export
`
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Modelling
`
Application export
Knowledge export
F d
Fundamental
t l iin every step
t off teh
t h developing
d l i process
WebODE,
http://webode.dia.fi.upm.es/WebODEWeb/index.html
ICOM http://www.inf.unibz.it/~franconi/icom/
ICOM,
h //
f b / f
/
/
DOME, http://dome.sourceforge.net/
(many
(
many others)
h )
P t http://protege.stanford.edu/
Protg,
htt // t
t f d d /
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`
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Developing an ontology
A possible development process:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
7.
8.
Assertions
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`
Protg - Properties
Properties are binary relations between two things.
Object
j
pproperties:
p
relation between two individuals
Datatype properties: relation between an individual and a
pprimitive data type
yp
Functional Properties
`
`
`
1.
2.
Transitive Properties
E.g., hasAncestor
Symmetric Properties
E.g.,
g hasBrother
federico hasBrother paolo allows to infer also
paolo hasBrother federico
Reflexive Properties
`
Domain and range are not constraints but rather axioms used in the
inference process
E.g.: given the classes Pizza and PizzaToppings, the relation hasTopping is
defined:
` Pizza
Pi
as domain
d
i
` PizzaToppings as range
If we add iceCream hasTopping pepperoni, then the inference engine
derives that iceCream is an instance of Pizza
` Such behaviour can couse problems initially
Property
p y Restrictions (in
( Protg
g 4.0 everything
y
g has been
reconducted to a restriction)
Property Restrictions
`
Quantifier Restrictions
`
Protg Reasoning
`
Consistency checking:
C
h k
f eachh class,
for
l
can exists at least
l
an
individual that could belong to such class?
Protg - Individuals
`
DL Reasoners supports
pp
also the classification task
T
Transform
f
the
th description
d
i ti off Ch
ChesaniPizza
iPi
iinto
t ad
definition
fi iti
`
`
Mozz_bufala
Luganega (o lucaneca)
Pomodoro_di_pachino
Melanzane
Few Links
`
Protg, http://protege.stanford.edu/