Professional Documents
Culture Documents
June 2011
October 2013
Author
Prof. Anoja Wickramasinghe
Contributors: Namiz Musafer
Editors:
Lakmalee Gunaratne, Hannah Wanjiru, Ewan Bloomfield
(All images by Practical Action unless otherwise stated)
2014, Practical Action Consulting, UK
Contents
1 Introduction
Assessment Methodology
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.3
2.4
Project briefing
Selection of Grama Niladari Divisions (GNDs)
Assessment Approach and Process
Survey Units
Data Collection
6
7
7
8
9
Assessment Results
11
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.3
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
11
11
12
14
14
16
18
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
4 Conclusions
23
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
Glosssary
DFID
GND
ICS
LPG
PISCES
RPC
SLSEA
Foreword
Policy Innovation Systems for Clean Energy Security (PISCES) is a Research
Programme Consortium (RPC) funded by the United Kingdoms Department for
International Development (DFID). Its implemented internationally through five core
partners in India, Sri Lanka, Kenya and Tanzania, along with a range of associate
institutions and high-level Consortium Advisory Group (CAG). The idea behind the
PISCES project is to generate new knowledge on bioenergy that policy makers use to
formulate or enhance respective national policies and strategies on bioenergy.
This working paper presents a brief description of grassroots-level energy demand
and resource assessment that was carried out in the Medadumbara Divisional
Secretariat area between June and August 2010.
Acknowledgements
This research was carried out by Practical Action Consulting in South East Asia led by
Eng Namiz Musafer and Prof. Wickramasinghe in close collaboration with PAC team.
Special thanks also go to Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority (SLSEA) staff that
was instrumental during the research and follow up.
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
1. Introduction
This study was commissioned under Policy Innovation Systems for Clean Energy
Security (PISCES) project, implemented by Practical Action Consulting Sri Lanka (PAC
SL) and the Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority (SLSEA).
This brief report summarizes the grassroots-level energy demand and resource
assessment study that was carried out in the Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat area
between June and August 2010. A field study was commissioned in order to collect
grassroots level data on bio energy resources. The data was used to model the Energy
Demand & Resources in Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat Area. This working paper
is meant to assist policy makers and practitioners to effectively and efficiently use the
available bio-energy resources in their future energy plans.
This document presents a brief description of the field investigations, data collected
and the conclusions drawn. Primary data was collected to present and capture the
current scenario and give an accurate assessment of the energy demand and bio
energy resources.
The following illustration, Figure 1 highlights the range of research methods used in
data collection.
Consultation/Awareness
Discussions
Inventory
Demography
Livelihood, Income,
Forms of Energy,
Consumption, Access,
Cost & Use of
Resources
Observations
Survey
Current Scenario
Modelling
Energy Planning
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
2. Assessment Methodology
The existing administrative government framework was selected for the collection,
storage, analysis and modeling of the available bio-energy data. The aim of the study
was to influence policy makers in Sri Lanka on grassroots level energy planning
and develop a methodology that can be replicated in future studies. To ensure a
representative region, the lowest level administrative division, the Grama Niladari
Division (GND), was chosen as the study unit.
The aim of this ranking was to select the GNDs with the best combination of the four
parameters which will aid understanding energy use and user patterns depending on
available energy sources. Following this assessment, the three divisions ranking the
highest - Galambalama, Maharawela and Udatenna were selected for the survey. The
three divisions are shown in Figure 2. Galambalama represents relatively low terrain
conditions with a wide range of biomass producing systems. Maharawela represents
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
moderate terrain conditions and is located in the interior area. Udatenna represents
steeply sloping terrain conditions with roadside settlements.
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
Nature Of Information)
Location Size
Type
Reference Point
Demography
Population
Composition
Education
Income
Household Dynamics /
Age
Functional Unit
Gender
Skills
Nature Of Occupation
Livelihood
Energy Forms & Use
Cooking Energy- Biomass
LPG
Kerosene
Electricity & Use
Devices & Household Appliances Technology
Energy Consumption
Biomass Combustion
Technology
Consumption
Type Of Cookers / Stoves
Biomass Sources
Types Of Sources
Area Extent
Amounts Obtained From Own,
Other Sources & Market
Cost Of Biomass/Income
Derived From Biomass
Distance To Sources
Types Of Biomass Derived
Lighting Sources
Forms
Access
Consumption
Cost
End-Use Devices
Electric Appliances
Types Used
Electricity Consumption
Cost
Energy Use In Production /
Nature Of Activities
Cottage Industry
Forms Of Energy Consumption
By Types Of Production
Amount Used, Cost
Transport Energy
Types Of Transport/ Modes
Forms Of Energy Used
Frequency Of Use
Cost
Biomass Resources
Types
Species Used
Distribution
Production
Local Resources With Energy
Nature/ Types
Potentials- For Hydro, Biogas/
Size Of The Resource
Bio-energy Development
Raw Material Output/Production
(Livestock, Farm Residues,
Secondary Materials From Saw
Mills, Rice Mills, Plantations )
Table 1: Overview Of The Focus Areas, Nature Of Information And Input For Energy Planning And Assessment
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
A wide range of methods including interviews, focus group discussions, and key
informant discussions were used as participatory discussions to obtain information.
Experiences, knowledge and issues of common concern of the functional units, village
leaders and officers were captured. Discussion groups consisted of approximately
8-10 individuals of each GND. These groups were organized by the key informants
from small settlements identified at the field. Focus groups consisted of people who
had similar interest or were engaged in similar activities. For instance:
80% of the focus groups engaged in discussions were women who used fuel wood.
Approximately 74% of the shopkeepers engaged in discussions were men.
The pottery group consisted of 60% women & 40% men.
Key informants including biomass producers, suppliers to the market, village
leaders, elderly and the officers working in the area.
Field observations carried out by the team were used to clarify some of the information
provided by the respondents and to better explain some of the realities of the GNDs which
were not captured through the questionnaire survey. These included observations on the
types of biomass; storage / processing of biomass and nature of production activities.
An inventory was produced by the field team in collaboration with the respondents to
record the key sources of fuel-wood, types available in the gardens of households,
hedges, common lands etc. These details were then used to confirm the lists of
sources and the names of the species mentioned by the survey respondents.
3. Assessment Results
3.1 Demographic Features of the Units
The total number of registered household units covered during the survey was 562
units; 160 units from Galambalama, 183 units from Maharawela and 219 units from
Udatenna.
This included 691 families within the 562 units; 440 (78%), were nuclear units, i.e.,
single units consisting of parents and children and the remaining 22% consisted of
either extended family units or a combination of small business operations.
The total population consisted of 2303 people - 1162 males and 1141 females with
an average of 4 persons per unit.
Within the three divisions, an average unit consisted of 4-5 members with the age
spanning between 16-65 years.
Category
Galambalama
Maharawela
Udatenna
36
33
30
48
11
05
100
23
72
05
100
53
12
02
100
27
65
08
100
59
10
01
100
25
69
06
100
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
Galambalama
Maharawela
Udatenna
Farm Work
01
03
00
13
16
28
02
05
05
30
04
23
19
03
04
01
43
06
28
26
02
04
01
33
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
Cooking Sources
Grid-Electricity
(Rice Cookers &
Water Boiling)
LPG
Kerosene
Biomass
Improved Cook
Stoves
Semi-Circular *
Three Stone
Hearth
Gassifier
Lighting
Galambalama
Maharawela
Udatenna
No. of units
86/160
No. of units
103/183
No. of units
217/219
54
03
158
57/160
16
03
178
126/183
45
00
210
88/219
96
04
51
01
122
00
01
00
00
145
15
158
25
198
21
06
45
01
31
00
47
Electricity
Kerosene
Transport
Foot-Cycles
Other- Vehicles
(Petrol/Diesel)
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
Other sources
01-30%
30-60%
60- 90%
Over 90%
Volume derived per
month (m3)
Own sources
01-30%
30-60%
60-90%
Over 90%
Volume derived per
month (m3)
Market sources
01-30%
30- 60%
60-90%
Over 90%
Volume derived per
month (m3)
Galambalama
Maharawela
Udatenna
39%
28
36
28
08
74
39%
28
36
28
08
74
18%
18
42
26
13
46
62 %
19
21
17
62 %
19
21
17
82%
08
22
03
42
155
42
155
67
233
40 %
08
25
24
43
115
40 %
08
25
24
43
115
28 %
07
38
26
29
78
11
12
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
Species
Galambalama
No. of trees
Galambalama
Maharawela
Maharawela
Udatenna
Udatenna
Annual volume
M3/ yr
No. of trees
Annual volume
M3/ yr
No. of trees
Annual volume
M3/ y
43920
628
29172
289
20169
693
Jack
401
106
551
97
190
271
Coconut
289
134
639
182
1075
525
Mango
127
43
160
09
412
133
Gansooriya
76
18
06
36
02
Hapu
46
4.5
1359
38
81
15
Coffee
370
34
00
190
08
Kenda
109
28
158
53
159
63
Kududawla
30
07
226
05
124
29
Hawarinuga
49
13
52
05
03
05
Pihimbiya
16
05
146
69
10
Lunumidella
38
19
06
139
55
Alipera
25
2.5
42
01
58
11
Gliricidia
Table 6: The Occurrence of Certain Key Species in Household Gardens & Hedges
Mango
Gliricidia
Lantana
Hapu
Godapara
Jack
Mara
Kenda
Kududawla
Pihimbiya
Coconut
Yoda-nidikumba
Galambalama
Maharawela
Udatenna
00
38
23
28
08
27
14
03
14
22
14
09
15
02
10
08
12
11
01
01
11
-
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
13
In all three divisions, majority of the units who gathered fuel-wood from their own
sources spent less than 3 hours a week while the remainder spent 3-5 hours a week
acquiring it.
A similar pattern is noted in the collection of fuel-wood from land owned by the others.
In Galambalama and Udatenna the majority collecting fuel wood from other sources
spent less than 3 hours a week while the rest took 3 to 4 hours a week. However, in
Maharawela the opposite was noted.
The survey showed that the time spent in procuring fuel-wood varied spatially and
also in relation to the source. Less number of hours and short travel distances
indicated that the supply of fuel-wood within close proximity, i.e. local sources,
maintaining a low opportunity cost.
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
Buffaloes
Dairy
Goats
Pigs
Poultry
Galambalama
Maharawela
04
09
01
18
(09)
(34)
(02)
(1213)
06
01
(14)
(-)
(-)
(10)
Udatenna
01
01
02
01
(03)
(01)
(-)
(24)
(20)
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
15
Consumption/
Monthly
Cost/month
Maharawela
Consumption
Cost
Carpentry
01- Manual
--
--
02-Electricity
--
Rs. 1000--
Candle
01-fuelwood
--
--
00
--
--
Bakery
00
--
--
01- fuel-wood
30 m3
15000-
Jaggery
01-fuel-wood
07m3
--
00
--
--
Jewelery
--
Industry
01 fuel-wood
--
--
00
--
Sewing
03 Manual
--
--
03 Manual
--
--
Pottery
00
--
--
39
03.5 m3
1692
02 fuel-wood
01 LPG
--
-Rs.7160
00
--
--
Food
4. Conclusions
The socio-economic data generated from the Grassroots Level Energy Demand &
Resource Assessment Survey led to a statistical analysis and projection of energy
related parameters. Based on the outcomes of this survey and analysis, a simplified
2-page questionnaire was developed, which were printed by the Sri Lanka Sustainable
Energy Authority (SLSEA). It was decided that instead of deploying special teams
of data collectors, which would be costly and time consuming, the Medadumbara
Divisional Secretariat decided to conduct the survey of the entire division.
A basic understanding of the revised questionnaire was relayed to all the Grama
Niladaris - GNs officers, the grass root level administrative officers in Sri Lanka, and data
from nearly 18,000 households was then collected using the new questionnaire. Based
on the success of this intervention, the PISCES project, along with SLSEA, anticipates
the inclusion of several specific energy related data questions, which will also include
bioenergy, at the national level census which is likely to take place in the 2021.
In the 2011 census, there were only two questions related to energy (the main source
of light and energy for cooking), which does not provide the required information
to the energy related decision makers. In addition, the Medadumbara Divisional
16
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
Secretary has also declared the division as an Energy Conservation Zone as part of
the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RE) programme which PISCES along
with SLSEA has been conducting with them since early 2012.
Data received from the grass root levels, and the biomass flow rate studies in
specified geographical boundaries of the provinces and assessments made from GIS
and digital maps are expected to significantly improve the assessment of biomass
available and flows which will aid decision makers to make better informed decisions
and decentralised energy plan in the future.
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
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Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
Energy Demand And Resource Assessment Study In Medadumbara Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka
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