Power Electronics Ppts - 0

SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED
CONVERTERS
LECTURE PLAN
Sl.
No.
Module as per Session Planner
Lecture
No.
PPT Slide No.
Introduction to Line commutated Inverter
L-1
3-12
Principle of Phase Controlled Rectifier Operation
L-2
13-19
Expression for the RMS Value of Output Voltage

of a Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier
With Resistive Load
L-3
20-33
Performance Parameters
Of Phase Controlled Rectifiers
L-4
34-45
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier

With An RL Load
L-5
46-61

With RL Load & Free Wheeling Diode
L-6
62-80
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier

Using A Center Tapped Transformer
L-7
81-113
Single Phase Full Wave Bridge Controlled

Rectifier
L-8
114-129
Lecture-1
Introduction to Line commutated

Inverter
+
AC
Input
Voltage
Line
Commutated
Converter
DC Output
V0(dc )
-
Type of input: Fixed voltage, fixed

frequency ac power supply.
Type of output: Variable dc output voltage
Type of commutation: Natural / AC line
commutation
Different types of
Line Commutated Converters
AC to DC Converters (Phase controlled
rectifiers)
AC to AC converters (AC voltage controllers)
AC to AC converters (Cyclo-converters) at
low output frequency.
Differences Between
Diode Rectifiers
&
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Cntd
The diode rectifiers are referred to as

uncontrolled rectifiers .
The diode rectifiers give a fixed dc output
voltage .
Each diode conducts for one half cycle.
Diode conduction angle = 1800 or
radians.
We can not control the dc output voltage or
the average dc load current in a diode
rectifier circuit.
7
Cntd
Single phase half wave diode rectifier gives an

Average dc output voltage VO dc
Vm
Single phase full wave diode rectifier gives an

Average dc output voltage VO dc
2Vm
Applications of
DC motor control in steel mills, paper and
textile mills employing dc motor drives.
AC fed traction system using dc traction
motor.
Electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical
processes.
Magnet power supplies.
Portable hand tool drives.
Classification of
Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers.
10
Different types of Single

Phase Controlled Rectifiers.
Half wave controlled rectifiers.
Full wave controlled rectifiers.
Using a center tapped transformer.
Full wave bridge circuit.
Semi converter.
Full converter.
11
Different Types of
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Half wave controlled rectifiers.
Full wave controlled rectifiers.
Semi converter (half controlled
bridge converter).
Full converter (fully controlled
bridge converter).
12
Lecture-2
Principle of Phase Controlled Rectifier

Operation
Principle of Phase Controlled

Rectifier Operation
14
Single Phase Half-Wave Thyristor

Converter with a Resistive Load
15
Supply Voltage
Output Voltage
Output (load)
Current
16
Supply
Voltage
Thyristor Voltage
17
Equations
vs Vm sin t i/p ac supply voltage
Vm max. value of i/p ac supply voltage
VS
Vm
RMS value of i/p ac supply voltage
2
vO vL output voltage across the load
18
When the thyristor is triggered at t

vO vL Vm sin t ; t to
vO
iO iL
Load current; t to
R
Vm sin t
iO iL
I m sin t ; t to
R
Vm
Where I m
max. value of load current
R
19
Lecture-3
To Derive an Expression for the

Average (DC)
Output Voltage Across The
Load
20
VO dc
1
Vdc
2
v .d t ;
O
vO Vm sin t for t to
VO dc
1
Vdc
Vm sin t.d t
VO dc
Vm sin t.d t
2
21
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
Vm
sin
t
.
d
Vm
cos t
2
Vm
cos cos ; cos 1

2
Vm
1 cos ; Vm 2VS
2
22
Maximum average (dc) o/p

voltage is obtained when 0
and the maximum dc output voltage
Vm
Vdc max Vdm
1 cos 0 ; cos 0 1
2
Vm
Vdc max Vdm
23
Cntd
Vm
VO dc
1 cos ; Vm 2VS
2
The average dc output voltage can be varied
by varying the trigger angle from 0 to a
maximum of 180 radians
0
We can plot the control characteristic
O dc
vs by using the equation for VO dc

24
Control Characteristic
of
Single Phase Half Wave Phase
Controlled Rectifier
with
Resistive Load
25
Cntd
The average dc output voltage is given by the

expression
Vm
VO dc
1 cos
2
We can obtain the control characteristic by
plotting the expression for the dc output
voltage as a function of trigger angle
26
27
Control Characteristic
VO(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
0
60
120
180
Trigger angle in degrees

28
Normalizing the dc output

voltage with respect to Vdm , the
Normalized output voltage
Vdc
Vn
Vdm
Vm
1 cos
2
Vm
Vdc 1
Vn
1 cos Vdcn
Vdm 2
29
To Derive An Expression for the RMS Value

of Output Voltage of a Single Phase Half
Wave Controlled Rectifier With Resistive
Load
30
Cntd
The RMS output voltage is given by

1 2 2
VO RMS
vO .d t
2 0
Output voltage vO Vm sin t ; for t to

VO RMS
1 2 2
Vm sin t.d t
2
1
2
31
Cntd
1 cos 2 t
By substituting sin t
, we get
2
2
VO RMS
VO RMS
VO RMS
1 2 1 cos 2 t
Vm
.d t
2
2
Vm2
1 cos 2 t .d t
1
2
1
2
Vm2
d t cos 2 t.d t
4
1
2
32
Cntd
VO RMS
VO RMS
VO RMS
VO RMS
Vm 1
t
2
Vm
2
Vm
sin 2 t
1
2
1
2
1
sin 2 sin 2

;sin2 0
2

1
sin 2
2
Vm
sin 2
2
2
1
2
1
2
33
Lecture-4
Performance Parameters
Of
34
Cntd
Output dc power (avg. or dc o/p

power delivered to the load)
PO dc VO dc I O dc ; i.e., Pdc Vdc I dc
Where
VO dc Vdc avg./ dc value of o/p voltage.
I O dc I dc avg./dc value of o/p current
35
Cntd
Output ac power
PO ac VO RMS I O RMS
Efficiency of Rectification (Rectification Ratio)
Efficiency
PO dc
PO ac
; % Efficiency
PO dc
PO ac
100
The o/p voltage consists of two components

The dc component VO dc
The ac /ripple component Vac Vr rms
36
Cntd
The total RMS value of output voltage is given by

VO RMS V
2
O dc
2
r rms
Vac Vr rms V
2
O RMS
2
O dc
Form Factor (FF) which is a measure of the

shape of the output voltage is given by
VO RMS
RMS output load voltage
FF
VO dc
DC load output load voltage
37
Cntd
The Ripple Factor (RF) w.r.t. o/p voltage w/f

Vr rms Vac
rv RF
VO dc Vdc
rv
2
O RMS
VO dc
2
O dc
VO RMS

1
VO dc
rv FF 1
2
38
Cntd
Current Ripple Factor ri

Where I r rms I ac I
I r rms
I O dc
2
O RMS
I ac
I dc
2
O dc
Vr pp peak to peak ac ripple output voltage

Vr pp VO max VO min
I r pp peak to peak ac ripple load current
I r pp I O max I O min
39
Cntd
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)

PO dc
TUF
VS I S
Where
VS RMS supply (secondary) voltage
I S RMS supply (secondary) current
40
Cntd
41
Cntd
Where
vS Supply voltage at the transformer secondary side
iS i/p supply current
(transformer secondary winding current)
iS 1 Fundamental component of the i/p supply current
I P Peak value of the input supply current
Phase angle difference between (sine wave

components) the fundamental components of i/p
supply current & the input supply voltage.
42
Cntd
Displacement angle (phase angle)

For an RL load
Displacement angle = Load impedance angle
L
tan
for an RL load
R
Displacement Factor (DF) or
Fundamental Power Factor
DF Cos
1
43
Cntd
Harmonic Factor (HF) or

Total Harmonic Distortion Factor ; THD
1
2
I I
IS
HF
1
2
I S 1
I S1
Where
2
S
2
S1
1
2
I S RMS value of input supply current.

I S 1 RMS value of fundamental component of
the i/p supply current.
44
Cntd
Input Power Factor (PF)

VS I S 1
I S1
PF
cos
cos
VS I S
IS
The Crest Factor (CF)
CF
I S peak
IS
Peak input supply current
RMS input supply current
For an Ideal Controlled Rectifier

FF 1; 100% ; Vac Vr rms 0 ; TUF 1;
RF rv 0 ; HF THD 0; PF DPF 1
45
Lecture -5
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled

Rectifier With An RL Load
46
Cntd
47
Input Supply Voltage (Vs)

&
Thyristor (Output) Current
Waveforms
48
Cntd
49
Output (Load)
Voltage Waveform
50
Cntd
To Derive An Expression For

The Output
(Load) Current, During t to
When Thyristor T1 Conducts
51
Cntd
Assuming T1 is triggered t ,
we can write the equation,
diO
L
RiO Vm sin t ; t
dt
General expression for the output current,
t
Vm
iO
sin t A1e
Z
52
Cntd
Vm 2VS maximum supply voltage.

Z R L =Load impedance.
2
L
tan
Load impedance angle.
R
L
Load circuit time constant.
R
general expression for the output load current
1
R
t
Vm
iO
sin t A1e L
Z
53
Cntd
Constant A1 is calculated from

initial condition iO 0 at t ; t=

R
t
Vm
iO 0 sin A1e L
Z
R
t
Vm
L
A1e
sin
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
A1 e
Vm
Z sin
54
Cntd
Substituting the value of constant A1 in the

general expression for iO
R
t
L
Vm
Vm
iO
sin t e
sin
Z
Z
we obtain the final expression for the

inductive load current
Vm
iO
Z
R
t
L
sin
sin
Where t
55
Cntd
Extinction angle can be calculated by using

the condition that iO 0 at t
R
t
Vm
L
iO
sin
sin
0
Z
sin e
R

L
sin
can be calculated by solving the above eqn.

56
To Derive An Expression
For
Average (DC) Load Voltage of a
Single Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier with
RL Load
57
VO dc
VO dc
1
VL
2
v .d t
O
1
VL
vO .d t vO .d t vO .d t
2 0
vO 0 for t 0 to & for t to 2
1
VO dc VL
vO .d t ;
2
vO Vm sin t for t to
58
VO dc
1
VL
2
VO dc
Vm
VL
2
Vm sin t.d t
cos t
Vm
VO dc VL
cos cos
2
Vm
VO dc VL
cos cos
2
59
Effect of Load
Inductance on the Output
During the period t to the
instantaneous o/p voltage is negative and
this reduces the average or the dc output
voltage when compared to a purely
resistive load.
60
Average DC Load Current
I O dc I L Avg
VO dc
RL
Vm
cos cos
2 RL
61
Lecture-6

With RL Load & Free Wheeling Diode
i0
+
V0
+
Vs
FWD
L
63
vS
Supply voltage
iG
Gate pulses
0
iO
Load current
t=
0
vO
Load voltage
64
The average output voltage

Vm
Vdc
1 cos which is the same as that
2
of a purely resistive load.
The following points are to be noted
For low value of inductance, the load current
tends to become discontinuous.
65
During the period to

the load current is carried by the SCR.
During the period to load current is
carried by the free wheeling diode.
The value of depends on the value of
R and L and the forward resistance
of the FWD.
66
For Large Load Inductance

the load current does not reach
zero, & we obtain continuous load
current
i0
t1
t2
t3
t4
SCR
FWD
SCR
FWD
67
Single Phase Half Wave

Controlled Rectifier With
A
General Load
68
iO
vS
L
+
vO
E
69
E
sin
Vm
For trigger angle ,
the Thyristor conducts from t to
For trigger angle ,
the Thyristor conducts from t to
1
70
Vm
vO
Load voltage
E
0
iO
Im
Load current
0
71
Equations
vS Vm sin t Input supply voltage.
vO Vm sin t o/p load voltage
for t to .
vO E for t 0 to &
for t to 2 .
72
Expression for the Load Current

When the thyristor is triggered at a delay angle of
, the eqn. for the circuit can be written as
diO
Vm sin t iO R L
+E ; t
dt
The general expression for the output load
current can be written as
t
Vm
E
iO sin t Ae
Z
R
73
Where
Z R L = Load Impedance.
2
L
tan
R
L
R
The general expression for the o/p current can
1
be written as
Vm
E
iO
sin t Ae
Z
R
R
t
L
74
To find the value of the constant

'A' apply the initial conditions at t ,
load current iO 0, Equating the general
expression for the load current to zero at
t , we get
Vm
E
iO 0
sin Ae
Z
R
75
We obtain the value of constant 'A' as

R
V
E
L
m
A sin e
R Z
Substituting the value of the constant 'A' in the

expression for the load current; we get the
complete expression for the output load current as
Vm
E E Vm
iO sin t sin e
Z
R R Z
R
t
L
76
To Derive
An
Expression For The Average
Or
DC Load Voltage
77
VO dc
v .d t
O
1
VO dc
vO .d t vO .d t vO .d t
2 0
vO Vm sin t Output load voltage for t to
vO E for t 0 to & for t to 2

VO dc
E.d t Vm sin t E.d t

2 0
78
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
Vm cos t
E t
E t
2

0
E 0 Vm cos cos E 2
2
Vm
E
cos cos
2
2
2
2
Vm
cos cos
E
2
2
79
Conduction angle of thyristor

RMS Output Voltage can be calculated
by using the expression
2
VO RMS
1 2
vO .d t
2 0
80
Lecture-7
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled

Rectifier Using A Center Tapped
Transformer
T1
A
+
vO
AC
Supply
T2
B
82
Discontinuous
Load Current Operation
without FWD
for
83
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
84

The Output
85
diO
L
RiO Vm sin t ; t
dt
t
Vm
iO
sin t A1e
Z
86

2
L
tan
R
L
R
1
R
t
Vm
iO
sin t A1e L
Z
87


R
t
Vm
iO 0 sin A1e L
Z
R
t
Vm
L
A1e
sin
Z
A1 e
Vm
Z sin
88

R
t
L
Vm
Vm
iO
sin t e
sin
Z
Z

Vm
iO
Z
R
t
L
sin
sin
Where t
89

R
t
Vm
L
iO
sin
sin
0
Z
sin e
R

L
sin

90
To Derive An Expression For The

DC Output Voltage Of
A Single Phase Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier With RL Load
(Without FWD)
91
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
92
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
vO .d t
1
Vdc Vm sin t.d t

Vm
Vdc
cos t

Vm
Vdc
cos cos
93
When the load inductance is negligible i.e., L 0

Extinction angle radians
Hence the average or dc output voltage for R load
VO dc
Vm
cos cos
VO dc
Vm
cos 1
VO dc
Vm
1 cos ; for R load,
when
94
To calculate the RMS output voltage we use

the expression
VO RMS
1 2 2
Vm sin t.d t

95
Discontinuous Load Current

Operation with FWD
96
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
97
Thyristor T1 is triggered at t ;
T1 conducts from t to
T2 conducts from t to 2
FWD conducts from t to &
vO 0 during discontinuous load current.
98
To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage For
A
Single Phase Full Wave
With RL Load & FWD
99
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
VO dc
vO .d t
t 0
sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t

Vm
Vdc cos cos ; cos 1
VO dc Vdc
Vm
1 cos
100
The load current is discontinuous for low

values of load inductance and for large
values of trigger angles.
For large values of load inductance the load
current flows continuously without falling to
zero.
Generally the load current is continuous for
large load inductance and for low trigger
angles.
101
Continuous Load Current

Operation
(Without FWD)
102
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
103
To Derive
An Expression For
Average / DC Output Voltage
Of
Rectifier For Continuous Current
Operation without FWD
104
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
105
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
vO .d t
Vm sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t

106
VO dc Vdc
Vm
cos cos ;
cos cos
VO dc Vdc
Vm
VO dc Vdc
2Vm
cos cos
cos
107
By plotting VO(dc) versus ,

we obtain the control characteristic of a
single phase full wave controlled rectifier
with RL load for continuous load current
operation without FWD
108
Vdc Vdm cos
109
Vdc Vdm cos
V O(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
0
-0.2Vdm
30
60
90
120
150
180
-0.6 V dm
-Vdm
110
By varying the trigger angle we can vary the

output dc voltage across the load. Hence we can
control the dc output power flow to the load.
For trigger angle , 0 to 90
i.e., 0 90 ;
0
cos is positive and hence Vdc is positive
Vdc & I dc are positive ; Pdc Vdc I dc is positive

Converter operates as a Controlled Rectifier.
Power flow is from the ac source to the load.
111

0
0
i
.
e
.,
90
180
cos is negative and hence

Vdc is negative; I dc is positive ;
Pdc Vdc I dc is negative.
In this case the converter operates

as a Line Commutated Inverter.
Power flows from the load ckt. to the i/p ac source.
The inductive load energy is fed back to the
i/p source.
112
Drawbacks Of Full Wave

With Centre Tapped Transformer
We require a centre tapped transformer
which is quite heavier and bulky.
Cost of the transformer is higher for the
required dc output voltage & output power.
Hence full wave bridge converters are
preferred.
113
Lecture-8
Single Phase
Full Wave Bridge Controlled Rectifier
Single Phase
Full Wave Bridge Controlled
Rectifier
2 types of FW Bridge Controlled Rectifiers are

Half Controlled Bridge Converter
(Semi-Converter)
Fully Controlled Bridge Converter
(Full Converter)
The bridge full wave controlled rectifier does
not require a centre tapped transformer
115
Single Phase
Full Wave Half Controlled
Bridge Converter
(Single Phase Semi Converter)
116
117
Trigger Pattern of Thyristors

Thyristor T1 is triggered at
t , at t 2 ,...
t , at t 3 ,...
The time delay between the gating

signals of T1 & T2 radians or 180
0
118
Waveforms of
single phase semi-converter
with general load & FWD
for > 900
119
Single Quadrant
Operation
120
121
122
Thyristor T1 & D1 conduct

from t to
from t to 2
FWD conducts during
t 0 to , to ,...
123
Load Voltage & Load Current

Waveform of Single Phase Semi
Converter for
< 900
& Continuous load current
operation
124
vO
Vm
t
iO
()
()
125
For The
DC Output Voltage of
A
Single Phase Semi-Converter
With R,L, & E Load & FWD
For Continuous, Ripple Free
126
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
VO dc
vO .d t
t 0
sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t

Vm
Vdc cos cos ; cos 1
VO dc Vdc
Vm
1 cos
127
Vdc can be varied from a max.

value of
2Vm
to 0 by varying from 0 to .
For 0, The max. dc o/p voltage obtained is

2Vm
Vdc max Vdm
Normalized dc o/p voltage is

Vm
1 cos
Vdc
1
Vdcn Vn
1 cos
Vdn
2
2Vm
128
RMS O/P Voltage VO(RMS)
VO RMS
VO RMS
VO RMS
2
2
Vm sin t.d t
2
Vm2
1
2
1 cos 2t .d t
Vm 1
sin 2
2
2
1
2
1
2
129
Single Phase Full Wave

130
LECTURE PLAN
Sl.No
Lecture No.
PPT Slide No.
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier

Using A Center Tapped Transformer
L1
2-12
Derivation for Expression For The DC Output

Voltage Of A Single Phase Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier With RL Load
L2
13-20
Derivation for Expression For The DC Output

Voltage For A Single Phase Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier With RL Load & FWD
L3
21-34
Single Phase Full Wave Bridge Controlled

Rectifier
L4
35-44
Load Voltage & Load Current Waveform of

Single Phase Semi Converter for < 900 &
Continuous load current operation
L5
45-51
Single Phase Full Converter
L6
52-58
Derivation for Expression For The Average DC

Output Voltage of a Single Phase Full
Converter assuming Continuous & Constant
Load Current
L7
59-68
Two Quadrant Operation

of a Single Phase Full Converter
L8
69-78
131
Lecture-1

Rectifier Using A Center Tapped
Transformer
132
Single Phase Midpoint type

Fully controlled Rectifier
T1
A
+
vO
AC
Supply
T2
B
133
133
Discontinuous
without FWD
for
134
134
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
135
135

The Output
136
136
diO
L
RiO Vm sin t ; t
dt
t
Vm
iO
sin t A1e
Z
137
137

2
L
tan
R
L
R
1
R
t
Vm
iO
sin t A1e L
Z
138
138


R
t
Vm
iO 0 sin A1e L
Z
R
t
Vm
L
A1e
sin
Z
A1 e
Vm
Z sin
139
139

R
t
L
Vm
Vm
iO
sin t e
sin
Z
Z

Vm
iO
Z
R
t
L
sin
sin
Where t
140
140

R
t
Vm
L
iO
sin
sin
0
Z
sin e
R

L
sin

141
141
Lecture-2
To Derive An Expression For The DC

Output Voltage Of
A Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier With RL Load
(Without FWD)
142
142
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
143
143
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
vO .d t
1
Vdc Vm sin t.d t

Vm
Vdc
cos t

Vm
Vdc
cos cos
144
144
When the load inductance is negligible i.e., L 0

Extinction angle radians
Hence the average or dc output voltage for R load
VO dc
Vm
cos cos
VO dc
Vm
cos 1
VO dc
Vm
1 cos ; for R load,
when
145
145
To calculate the RMS output voltage we use

the expression
VO RMS
1 2 2
Vm sin t.d t

146
146
Discontinuous Load Current

Operation with FWD
147
147
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
148
148
T1 conducts from t to
T2 conducts from t to 2
FWD conducts from t to &
vO 0 during discontinuous load current.
149
149
Lecture-3
To Derive an Expression For The DC

Output Voltage For A Single Phase Full
Wave Controlled Rectifier With
RL Load & FWD
150
150
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
VO dc
vO .d t
t 0
sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t

Vm
Vdc cos cos ; cos 1
VO dc Vdc
Vm
1 cos
151
151
The load current is discontinuous for low

values of load inductance and for large
values of trigger angles.
For large values of load inductance the load
current flows continuously without falling to
zero.
Generally the load current is continuous for
large load inductance and for low trigger
angles.
152
152
Continuous Load Current

Operation
(Without FWD)
153
153
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
154
154
To Derive
An Expression For
Average / DC Output Voltage
Of
Rectifier For Continuous Current
Operation without FWD
155
155
vO
Vm
t
0
iO
()
()
156
156
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
vO .d t
Vm sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t

157
157
VO dc Vdc
Vm
cos cos ;
cos cos
VO dc Vdc
Vm
VO dc Vdc
2Vm
cos cos
cos
158
158

we obtain the control characteristic of a
single phase full wave controlled rectifier
with RL load for continuous load current
operation without FWD
159
159
Vdc Vdm cos
160
160
Vdc Vdm cos
V O(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
0
-0.2Vdm
30
60
90
120
150
180
-0.6 V dm
-Vdm
161
161
By varying the trigger angle we can vary the

output dc voltage across the load. Hence we can
control the dc output power flow to the load.
For trigger angle , 0 to 900 i.e., 0 900 ;
cos is positive and hence Vdc is positive
Vdc & I dc are positive ; Pdc Vdc I dc is positive

Converter operates as a Controlled Rectifier.
Power flow is from the ac source to the load.
162
162

0
0
i
.
e
.,
90
180
cos is negative and hence

Vdc is negative; I dc is positive ;
Pdc Vdc I dc is negative.
In this case the converter operates

as a Line Commutated Inverter.
Power flows from the load ckt. to the i/p ac source.
The inductive load energy is fed back to the
i/p source.
163
163
Lecture-4
Single Phase
Full Wave Bridge Controlled Rectifier
164
Drawbacks Of Full Wave

With Centre Tapped Transformer
We require a centre tapped transformer
which is quite heavier and bulky.
Cost of the transformer is higher for the
required dc output voltage & output power.
Hence full wave bridge converters are
preferred.
165
165
Single Phase Full Wave Bridge

2 types of FW Bridge Controlled Rectifiers are
(Semi-Converter)
Fully Controlled Bridge Converter
(Full Converter)
The bridge full wave controlled rectifier does
not require a centre tapped transformer
166
166
Single Phase
Full Wave Half Controlled
Bridge Converter
(Single Phase Semi Converter)
167
167
Single Phase Full Wave Half Controlled

Bridge Converter
168
168
Trigger Pattern of Thyristors

t , at t 2 ,...
t , at t 3 ,...
The time delay between the gating

signals of T1 & T2 radians or 180
0
169
169
Waveforms of
single phase semi-converter
with general load & FWD
for > 900
170
170
Single Quadrant
Operation
171
171
172
172
173
173

from t to
from t to 2
FWD conducts during
t 0 to , to ,...
174
174
Lecture-5
Load Voltage & Load Current Waveform
of Single Phase Semi Converter for
< 900 & Continuous load current
operation
175
175
vO
Vm
t
iO
()
()
176
176
For The
DC Output Voltage of
A
Single Phase Semi-Converter
With R,L, & E Load & FWD
For Continuous, Ripple Free
177
177
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
VO dc
vO .d t
t 0
sin t.d t
Vm
Vdc
cos t

Vm
Vdc cos cos ; cos 1
VO dc Vdc
Vm
1 cos
178
178
Vdc can be varied from a max.

value of
2Vm
to 0 by varying from 0 to .
For 0, The max. dc o/p voltage obtained is

2Vm
Vdc max Vdm
Normalized dc o/p voltage is

Vm
1 cos
Vdc
1
Vdcn Vn
1 cos
Vdn
2
2Vm
179
179
RMS O/P Voltage VO(RMS)
VO RMS
VO RMS
VO RMS
2
2
Vm sin t.d t
2
Vm2
1
2
1 cos 2t .d t
Vm 1
sin 2
2
2
1
2
1
2
180
180
Lecture-6
181
182
182
Waveforms of
Assuming Continuous
(Constant Load Current)
&
Ripple Free Load Current
183
183
184
184
185
185
Constant Load Current

iO=Ia
iO
Ia
iT1
Ia
Ia
& iT2
iT3
Ia
t
& iT4

186
186
Lecture-7
To Derive An Expression For The Average

DC Output Voltage of a Single Phase Full
Converter assuming Continuous & Constant
Load Current
187
187
The average dc output voltage

can be determined by using the expression
2
1
VO dc Vdc
vO .d t ;
2 0
The o/p voltage waveform consists of two o/p

pulses during the input supply time period of
0 to 2 radians. Hence the Average or dc
o/p voltage can be calculated as
188
188
VO dc
VO dc
VO dc
2
Vdc
Vm sin t.d t
2
2Vm

Vdc
cos t
2
2Vm
Vdc
cos
189
189
Maximum average dc output voltage is

calculated for a trigger angle 0
and is obtained as
2Vm
2Vm
Vdc max Vdm
cos 0
Vdc max Vdm
2Vm
190
190
The normalized average output voltage is given by

VO dc
Vdc
Vdcn Vn
Vdc max Vdm

2Vm
Vdcn
Vn
cos
2Vm
cos
191
191

we obtain the control characteristic of
a single phase full wave fully
controlled bridge converter
(single phase full converter)
for constant & continuous
load current operation.
192
192
To plot the control characteristic of a

Single Phase Full Converter for constant
& continuous load current operation.
We use the equation for the average/ dc
output voltage
VO dc Vdc
2Vm
cos
193
193
194
194
Vdc Vdm cos
V O(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
0
-0.2Vdm
30
60
90
120
150
180
-0.6 V dm
-Vdm
195
195
During the period from t = to the input

voltage vS and the input current iS are both
positive and the power flows from the
supply to the load.
The converter is said to be operated in the
rectification mode
Controlled Rectifier Operation
for 0 < < 900
196
196
During the period from t = to (+),

the input voltage vS is negative and the
input current iS is positive and the output
power becomes negative and there will be
reverse power flow from the load circuit to
the supply.
The converter is said to be operated in the
inversion mode.
Line Commutated Inverter Operation
for 900 < < 1800
197
197
Lecture-8

198

0< < 900
Operation
900< <1800
Line Commutated
Inverter Operation
199
199
To Derive An
Expression For The
RMS Value Of The Output Voltage
The rms value of the output voltage

is calculated as
2
VO RMS
1 2
vO .d t
2 0
200
200
The single phase full converter gives two

output voltage pulses during the input supply
time period and hence the single phase full
converter is referred to as a two pulse converter.
The rms output voltage can be calculated as
VO RMS
2
2
vO .d t
2
201
201
VO RMS
1
2
2
Vm sin t.d t
VO RMS
V
2
sin t.d t

VO RMS
1 cos 2 t
.d t

2
VO RMS
d t cos 2 t.d t
2
2
m
2
m
2
m
202
202
VO RMS
VO RMS
VO RMS
t
2
2
m
2
m
2
m
sin 2 t
sin 2 sin 2

sin 2 2 sin 2

;
2

sin 2 2 sin 2
203
203
VO RMS
V
sin 2 sin 2
2
2
2
m
2
m
2
m
V
V
Vm
VO RMS
0
2
2
2
Vm
VO RMS
VS
2
Hence the rms output voltage is same as the
rms input supply voltage
204
204
Thyristor Current Waveforms
205
205

iO=Ia
iO
Ia
iT1
Ia
Ia
& iT2
iT3
Ia
t
& iT4

206
206
The rms thyristor current can be

calculated as
IT RMS
I O RMS
2
The average thyristor current can be
calculated as
IT Avg
I O dc
2
207
207
THREE PHASE LINE

COMMUTATED CONVERTERS
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208
LECTURE PLAN
Sl.
No.
Lecture
No.
PPT Slide
No.
Introduction to Three phase converters
L1
3-10
3-Phase Half Wave Converter

(3-Pulse Converter)
L2
11-26
3 Phase Half WaveControlled Rectifier

Output Voltage Waveforms For RL
Load atDifferent Trigger Angles
L3
27-39
Three Phase Semi-converters
L4
40-52
Wave forms of 3 Phase Semi-converter

for 600 and Discussion
L5
52-63
Three Phase Full Converter
L6
64-77
Single Phase Dual Converter
L7
78-99
Three Phase Dual
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209
L8
100-119
Lecture-1
Introduction to
Three phase converters
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210
1-phase Controlled Rectifiers

Single phase half controlled bridge
converters & fully controlled bridge
converters are used extensively in
industrial applications up to about
15kW of output power.
The single phase controlled rectifiers
2Vm
provide a maximum dc output of Vdc max
The output ripple frequency is equal to
the twice the ac supply frequency.
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211
Contd
The single phase full wave controlled
rectifiers provide two output pulses during
every input supply cycle and hence are
referred to as two pulse converters
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212
3 Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Three phase converters are 3phase controlled rectifiers
which are used to convert ac
input power supply into dc
output power across the load
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Features of 3-phase controlled

rectifiers
Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage.

They provide higher dc output voltage.
Higher dc output power.
Higher output voltage ripple frequency.
Filtering requirements are simplified for
smoothing out load voltage and load
current.
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214
214
Extensively used in high power variable

speed industrial dc drives.
Three single phase half-wave converters
can be connected together to form a three
phase half-wave converter.
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215
215
Classification of 3-phase
converters
3-phase half wave converter

3-phase semi converter
3-phase full converter
3- phase dual converter
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216
Classification according to
no of pulses in the output wave
3- pulse converter
6-pulse converter
12- pulse converter
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Lecture-2
3-Phase
Half Wave Converter
(3-Pulse Converter)
with
R-L Load
Continuous & Constant
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218
218
Circuit Diagram of 3- pulse converter
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219
219
Vector Diagram of
3 Phase Supply Voltages
VCN
120
120
VAN
0
0
120
vRN v AN
vYN vBN
vBN vCN
VBN
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220
220
3 Phase Supply Voltage

Equations
We deifine three line to neutral voltages

(3 phase voltages) as follows
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221
221
vRN van Vm sin t ;

Vm Max. Phase Voltage
vYN
vbn Vm sin t
Vm sin t 120
vBN
vcn Vm sin t
Vm sin t 1200
Vm sin t 240
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222
222
van
vbn
vcn
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van
223
223
Each thyristor conducts for 2/3 (1200)

Constant Load
Current
io=Ia
Ia
Ia
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224
224
To Derive an
Expression for the
Average Output Voltage of a
3-Phase Half Wave Converter
with RL Load
for Continuous Load Current
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225
225
T1 is triggered at t 300
6
T2 is triggered at t
1500
6
0
270
6
2
0
Each thytistor conducts for 120 or
radians
3
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226
226
If the reference phase voltage is

vRN van Vm sin t , the average or dc output
voltage for continuous load current is calculated
using the equation
56
Vdc
Vm sin t.d t
2
6
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227
227
56
3Vm
Vdc
sin
t
.
d
2
6
3Vm
Vdc
cos t
3Vm
5
Vdc
cos
cos
2
6
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228
228
Note from the trigonometric relationship

cos A B cos A.cos B sin A.sin B
5
cos 6
3Vm
Vdc
2
5
cos sin

cos .cos sin sin
6
6
sin
0
0
cos
150
cos
sin
150
sin

3Vm
Vdc
0
0
2
cos
30
.cos
sin
30
sin
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229
229
0
0
0
0
cos
180
30
cos
sin
180
30
sin
3Vm
Vdc
0
0
2
cos
30
.cos
sin
30
sin
Note:
cos 1800 300 cos 300
sin 1800 300 sin 300

0
0
cos
30
cos
sin
30
sin
3Vm
Vdc
0
0
2
cos
30
.cos
sin
30
s
in
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230
230
3Vm
2 cos 300 cos
Vdc
3Vm
3
Vdc
cos
2
2
2
3Vm
3 3Vm
3 cos
Vdc
cos
2
2
3VLm
Vdc
cos
2
Where VLm 3Vm Max. line to line supply voltage
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231
231
The maximum average or dc output voltage is

obtained at a delay angle 0 and is given by
3 3 Vm
Vdc max Vdm
2
Where Vm is the peak phase voltage.
And the normalized average output voltage is
Vdc
Vdcn Vn
cos
Vdm
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232
232
The rms value of output voltage is found by

using the equation
VO RMS
2
2
Vm sin t.d t
1
2
and we obtain
VO RMS
3
3Vm
cos 2
6 8
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1
2
233
233
Lecture-3
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier Output
Voltage Waveforms For RL
Load
at
Different Trigger Angles
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234
234
Van
Vbn
Vcn
V0
=30
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Van
270
300
330
360
Vbn
390
420
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
=60
30
=300
Vcn
V0
0
300
330
360
390
power Electronics
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420
=600
t
235
235
Vbn
Van
Vcn
=900
V0
=90
0
30
60
90
120
150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
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390 420
236
236
3 Phase Half Wave

Controlled Rectifier With
R Load
and
RL Load with FWD
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237
237
T1
T1
a
T2
T2
b
T3
+
T3
c
R V0
R
V0
L
n
n
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238
238
3 Phase Half Wave

Controlled Rectifier Output
Voltage Waveforms For R Load
or RL Load with FWD
at
Different Trigger Angles
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239
239
Vbn
Van
Vcn
=0
Vs
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300 330
360
Vbn
Van
390
420
Vcn
=150
V0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300 330
360
390
420
power Electronics
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=00
t
=150
t
240
240
Vbn
Van
Vcn
=300
V0
0
0
30
60
90
120
150 180
210
240 270
300 330
Vbn
Van
360 390 420
30
60
90
120
150 180
210
240 270
Vcn
=600
V0
=300
300 330
360 390 420
power Electronics
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=600
t
241
241
To Derive An Expression For The

Average Or Dc Output Voltage Of A
3 Phase Half Wave Converter With
Resistive Load Or RL Load With FWD
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242
242
T1 is triggered at t 300
6
T1 conducts from 30 to 180 ;

0
vO van Vm sin t
5
0
150
6

0
vO vbn Vm sin t 120

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243
243
0
270
6

0
vO vcn Vm sin t 240

Vm
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sin t 120
0
244
244
3
Vdc
2
vO .d t
300
1800
vO van Vm sin t ; for t 30

3
Vdc
2
Vm sin t.d t
300
3Vm
Vdc
2
sin t.d t
300
to 180
0
1800
1800
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245
245
3Vm
Vdc
2
cos t
300
1800
3Vm
0
0
Vdc
cos180
cos
30
2
0
cos180 1, we get
3Vm
0
Vdc
1
cos
30
2
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246
246
Lecture-4
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247

3 Phase semi-converters are used in
Industrial dc drive applications upto 120kW
power output.
Single quadrant operation is possible.
Power factor decreases as the delay angle
increases.
Power factor is better than that of 3 phase
half wave converter.
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248
248
3 Phase
(Semi Converter)
with Highly Inductive Load &
Continuous Ripple free Load
Current
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249
249
power Electronics
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250
250
Wave forms of 3 Phase

Semiconverter for
> 600
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251
251
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252
252
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253
253
3 phase semiconverter output ripple frequency of

output voltage is 3 f S
The delay angle can be varied from 0 to
During the period
30 t 210
0
7
t
, thyristor T1 is forward biased
6
6
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254
254
If thyristor T1 is triggered at t ,
6
T1 & D1 conduct together and the line to line voltage

vac appears across the load.
7
At t
, vac becomes negative & FWD Dm conducts.
6
The load current continues to flow through FWD Dm ;
T1 and D1 are turned off.
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255
255
If FWD Dm is not used the T1 would continue to

conduct until the thyristor T2 is triggered at
5
t , and Free wheeling action would

6
be accomplished through T1 & D2 .

If the delay angle
, each thyristor conducts
2
for
and the FWD Dm does not conduct.
3
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256
256
We deifine three line neutral voltages

vRN van Vm sin t
0
vYN vbn Vm sin t
V
sin
120
m
3
0
vBN vcn Vm sin t
Vm sin t 120
3
Vm sin t 2400
Vm is the peak phase voltage of a wye-connected source

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257
257
vRB vac van vcn

vYR vba vbn van
vBY vcb vcn vbn
vRY vab van vbn
3Vm sin t
6
3Vm sin t
3Vm sin t
2
3Vm sin t
6
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258
258
Lecture-5
Wave forms of 3 Phase

Semiconverter for
600
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259
259
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260
260
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261
261
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262
262
To derive an Expression for the

Average Output Voltage of 3 Phase
Semi-converter for > / 3
and Discontinuous Output Voltage
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263
263
For
and discontinuous output voltage:
3
the Average output voltage is found from
6
3
Vdc
v
.
d
ac
6
3
Vdc
3
V
sin
2
6
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264
264
3 3Vm
Vdc
1 cos
2
3VmL
Vdc
1 cos
2
VmL 3Vm Max. value of line-to-line supply voltage
The maximum average output voltage that occurs at
a delay angle of 0 is
Vdc max Vdm
3 3Vm
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265
265
The normalized average output voltage is

Vdc
Vn
0.5 1 cos
Vdm
The rms output voltage is found from
VO rms
v
.
d
ac
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1
2
266
266
VO rms
VO rms
2
2
3
V
sin
3
3Vm
4
sin 2
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1
2
267
267
1
2
Average or DC Output Voltage

of a
3-Phase Semi-converter
for / 3,
and Continuous Output Voltage
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268
268
For
, and continuous output voltage
3
5
6
2
3
Vdc
v
.
d
v
.
d
ab
ac
2
6
3 3Vm
Vdc
1 cos
2
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269
269
Vdc
Vn
0.5 1 cos
Vdm
RMS value of o/p voltage is calculated by using
the equation
VO rms
VO rms
5
2
vab
.d t
3
3Vm
4
vac2 .d t
2
3 cos
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2
1
2
270
270
Lecture -6
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271

3 Phase Fully Controlled Full Wave Bridge
Converter.
Known as a 6-pulse converter.
Used in industrial applications up to
120kW output power.
Two quadrant operation is possible.
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272
272
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273
273
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274
274
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275
The thyristors are triggered at an interval of

/ 3.
The frequency of output ripple voltage is
6fS.
T1 is triggered at t = (/6 + ), T6 is
already conducting when T1 is turned ON.
During the interval (/6 + ) to (/2 + ),
T1 and T6 conduct together & the output
load voltage is equal to vab = (van vbn)
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276
276
T2 is triggered at t = (/2 + ), T6 turns

off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon
as T2 is triggered.
During the interval (/2 + ) to (5/6 + ),
T1 and T2 conduct together & the output
load voltage vO = vac = (van vcn)
Thyristors are numbered in the order in
which they are triggered.
The thyristor triggering sequence is 12,
23, 34, 45, 56, 61, 12, 23, 34,
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277

vRN van Vm sin t ;
vYN vbn Vm sin t Vm sin t 1200

3
0
vBN vcn Vm sin t Vm sin t 120
3
Vm sin t 2400
Vm is the peak phase voltage of a wye-connected source.

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278
278
The corresponding line-to-line

supply voltages are
vRY
vab van vbn 3Vm sin t

6
vYB vbc vbn vcn 3Vm sin t

2
vBR vca vcn van 3Vm sin t

2
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279

The Average Output Voltage
Of
3-phase Full Converter
With Highly Inductive Load
Assuming Continuous And
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280
The output load voltage consists of 6

voltage pulses over a period of 2 radians,
Hence the average output voltage is
calculated as
VO dc
6
Vdc
2
vO .d t ;
vO vab 3Vm sin t

6
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281
Vdc
Vdc
3Vm sin t .d t
6
3 3Vm
cos
3VmL
cos
Where VmL 3Vm Max. line-to-line supply voltage

The maximum average dc output voltage is
obtained for a delay angle 0,
Vdc max Vdm
3 3Vm
3VmL
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282
The normalized average dc output voltage is

Vdcn
Vdc
Vn
cos
Vdm
The rms value of the output voltage is found from
VO rms
2
vO .d t
1
2
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283
VO rms
VO rms
VO rms
2
vab .d t
6
2
1
2
2
2
3Vm sin t .d t
6
2
1 3 3
3Vm
cos 2
2 4
power Electronics
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2
1
2
284
284
Lecture-7
power Electronics
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power Electronics
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286
power Electronics
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287
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288
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289
The average dc output voltage of converter 1 is

Vdc1
2Vm
cos 1
The average dc output voltage of converter 2 is

Vdc 2
2Vm
cos 2
power Electronics
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290
In the dual converter operation one

converter is operated as a controlled rectifier
with 90 & the second converter is
operated as a line commutated inverter
0
in the inversion mode with 90
Vdc1 Vdc 2
power Electronics
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291
2Vm
cos 1
2Vm
cos 2
2Vm
cos 1 cos 2
cos 2
or
cos 2 cos 1 cos 1
2 1 or
1 2
radians
Which gives
2 1
power Electronics
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292
To Obtain an Expression
for the
Instantaneous Circulating
Current
power Electronics
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293
vO1 = Instantaneous o/p voltage of converter 1.

vO2 = Instantaneous o/p voltage of converter 2.
The circulating current ir can be determined by
integrating the instantaneous voltage difference
(which is the voltage drop across the circulating
current reactor Lr), starting from t = (2 - 1).
As the two average output voltages during the
interval t = (+1) to (2 - 1) are equal and
opposite their contribution to the instantaneous
circulating current ir is zero.
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294
1
ir
vr .d t ; vr vO1 vO 2
Lr 2 1
As the o/p voltage vO 2 is negative
vr vO1 vO 2
1
ir
vO1 vO 2 .d t ;
Lr 2 1
vO1 Vm sin t for 2 1 to t

power Electronics
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295
t
t
Vm
ir
sin t.d t sin t.d t
Lr 2 1
2 1
2Vm
ir
cos t cos 1
Lr
The instantaneous value of the circulating current

depends on the delay angle.
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296
For trigger angle (delay angle) 1 0,

the magnitude of circulating current becomes min.
when t n , n 0, 2, 4,.... & magnitude becomes
max. when t n , n 1,3,5,....
If the peak load current is I p , one of the
converters that controls the power flow
may carry a peak current of
4Vm
Ip
Lr
power Electronics
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297
where
I p I L max
Vm
,
RL
&
ir max
4Vm
max. circulating current

Lr
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298
Different Modes Of Operation of

Dual converter
Non-circulating current (circulating current
free) mode of operation.
Circulating current mode of operation.
power Electronics
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299
Non-Circulating
Current Mode of Operation
In this mode only one converter is
operated at a time.
When converter 1 is ON, 0 < 1 < 900
Vdc is positive and Idc is positive.
When converter 2 is ON, 0 < 2 < 900
Vdc is negative and Idc is negative.
power Electronics
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300
Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
In this mode, both the converters are
switched ON and operated at the same
time.
The trigger angles 1 and 2 are adjusted
such that (1 + 2) = 1800 ; 2 = (1800 1).
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301
When 0 <1 <900, converter 1 operates as

a controlled rectifier and converter 2
operates as an inverter with 900 <2<1800.
In this case Vdc and Idc, both are positive.
When 900 <1 <1800, converter 1 operates
as an Inverter and converter 2 operated as
a controlled rectifier by adjusting its trigger
angle 2 such that 0 <2<900.
In this case Vdc and Idc, both are negative.
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302
Four Quadrant Operation

Conv. 2
Inverting
2 > 900
Conv. 1
Rectifyin
g
1 < 900
Conv. 2
Rectifyin
g
2 < 900
Conv. 1
Inverting
1 > 900
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303
Advantages of Circulating
The circulating current maintains
continuous conduction of both the
converters over the complete control
range, independent of the load.
One converter always operates as a
rectifier and the other converter operates
as an inverter, the power flow in either
direction at any time is possible.
power Electronics
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304
As both the converters are in continuous

conduction we obtain faster dynamic
response. i.e., the time response for
changing from one quadrant operation to
another is faster.
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305
Disadvantages of Circulating
There is always a circulating current flowing

between the converters.
When the load current falls to zero, there will be
a circulating current flowing between the
converters so we need to connect circulating
current reactors in order to limit the peak
circulating current to safe level.
The converter thyristors should be rated to
carry a peak current much greater than the
peak load current.
power Electronics
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306
Lecture-8
Three Phase Dual Converters
power Electronics
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Three Phase Dual Converters

For four quadrant operation in many
industrial variable speed dc drives , 3
phase dual converters are used.
Used for applications up to 2 mega watt
output power level.
Dual converter consists of two 3 phase full
converters which are connected in parallel
& in opposite directions across a common
load.
power Electronics
308
308
unit-5
power Electronics
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309
power Electronics
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310
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311
Outputs of Converters 1 & 2

During the interval (/6 + 1) to (/2 +
1), the line to line voltage vab appears
across the output of converter 1 and
vbc appears across the output of
converter 2
power Electronics
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312

vRN van Vm sin t
;
0
vYN vbn Vm sin t
V
sin
120
m
3
0
vBN vcn Vm sin t
V
sin
120
m
3
Vm sin t 2400
power Electronics
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313
The corresponding line-to-line

supply voltages are
vRY
vab van vbn 3Vm sin t

6
vYB vbc vbn vcn 3Vm sin t

2
vBR vca vcn van 3Vm sin t

2
power Electronics
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314
To obtain an Expression for the

Circulating Current
If vO1 and vO2 are the output voltages of
converters 1 and 2 respectively, the
instantaneous voltage across the current
limiting inductor during the interval
(/6 + 1) t (/2 + 1) is given by
power Electronics
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315
vr vO1 vO 2 vab vbc

vr 3Vm sin t sin t

6
2
vr 3Vm cos t
6
The circulating current can be calculated by

using the equation
power Electronics
unit-5
316
316
1
ir t
Lr
1
ir t
Lr
3Vm
ir t
Lr
ir max
vr .d t
3Vm cos t .d t
6
sin t 6 sin 1
3Vm
Lr
power Electronics
unit-5
317
317
Four Quadrant Operation

Conv. 2
Inverting
2 > 900
Conv. 1
Rectifyin
g
1 < 900
Conv. 2
Rectifyin
g
2 < 900
Conv. 1
Inverting
1 > 900
power Electronics
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318
Contd
There are two different modes of
operation.
Circulating current free
(non circulating) mode of operation
Circulating current mode of operation
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319
Non Circulating
In this mode of operation only one
converter is switched on at a time
When the converter 1 is switched on,
For 1 < 900 the converter 1 operates in
the Rectification mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is positive and hence the
average load power Pdc is positive.
Power flows from ac source to the load
power Electronics
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320
When the converter 1 is on,

For 1 > 900 the converter 1 operates in
the Inversion mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is positive and the
average load power Pdc is negative.
Power flows from load circuit to ac source.
power Electronics
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321

For 2 < 900 the converter 2 operates in
the Rectification mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is negative and the
average load power Pdc is positive.
The output load voltage & load current
reverse when converter 2 is on.
Power flows from ac source to the load
power Electronics
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322

For 2 > 900 the converter 2 operates in
the Inversion mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is negative and the
average load power Pdc is negative.
Power flows from load to the ac source.
Energy is supplied from the load circuit to
the ac supply.
power Electronics
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323
Circulating Current
Mode Of Operation
Both the converters are switched on at the
same time.
One converter operates in the rectification
mode while the other operates in the
inversion mode.
Trigger angles 1 & 2 are adjusted such
that (1 + 2) = 1800
power Electronics
unit-5
324
324
When 1 < 900, converter 1 operates as a

controlled rectifier. 2 is made greater
than 900 and converter 2 operates as an
Inverter.
Vdc is positive & Idc is positive and Pdc is
positive.
power Electronics
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325
When 2 < 900, converter 2 operates as a

controlled rectifier. 1 is made greater
than 900 and converter 1 operates as an
Inverter.
Vdc is negative & Idc is negative and Pdc is
positive.
power Electronics
unit-5
326
326
A.C Voltage Controller

And
Cyclo-Converter
Power Electronics
Unit-6
327
LECTURE PLAN
Sl. No
Lecture No.
PPT Slide No.
Introduction to AC voltage controllers
L-1
3-12
Expression For The RMS Value Of

Output Voltage, For ON-OFF Control
Method
L-2
13-27
Principle Of AC Phase Control And

Operation of single Phase half-Wave
Ac Voltage controller with R-Load
L-3
28-43
Single Phase Full Wave Ac Voltage

Controller (Bidirectional Controller)
With R-Load
L-4
44-59
TRIAC and Its Modes of Operation
L-5
60-73
Single phase full wave ac voltage

controller (Bi-directional Controller) using
TRIAC
L-6
74-91
Cycloconverter Midpoint Type
L-7
92-101
Power Electronics
1- to 1- Bridge type Cyclo-converter
with R and R-L load
Unit-6
L-8
101-109
328
Lecture-1
Ac Voltage Controllers
Power Electronics
Unit-6
329
Ac Voltage controller circuits

(RMS voltage controllers)
An ac voltage controller is a type of thyristor
power converter which is used to convert a
fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac input supply
to obtain a variable voltage ac output
Power Electronics
Unit-6
330
Applications Of Ac Voltage
Controllers
Lighting / Illumination control in ac power
circuits.
Induction heating.
Industrial heating & Domestic heating.
Transformer tap changing (on load
transformer tap changing).
Speed control of induction motors C
magnet controls.
Power Electronics
Unit-6
331
Type Of Ac Voltage Controllers

Single phase half wave ac voltage controller
(Uni-directional controller).
Single phase full wave ac voltage controller
(Bi-directional controller).
Three phase half wave ac voltage controller
(Uni-directional controller).
Three phase full wave ac voltage controller
(Bi-directional Controller)
Power Electronics
Unit-6
332
A.C voltage control technique
Power Electronics
Unit-6
333
Principle of ON-OFF Control

Technique
Power Electronics
Unit-6
334
Vs
wt
Vo
io
wt
ig1
Gate pulse of T1
wt
ig2
Gate pulse of T2
wt
Power Electronics
Unit-6
335
Power Electronics
Unit-6
336
Power Electronics
Unit-6
337
Power Electronics
Unit-6
338
Lecture-2
Expression For The RMS Value Of

Output Voltage, For ON-OFF
Control Method
Power Electronics
Unit-6
339
Power Electronics
Unit-6
340
Power Electronics
Unit-6
341
Power Electronics
Unit-6
342
Power Electronics
Unit-6
343
Power Electronics
Unit-6
344
RMS Out put voltage
Power Electronics
Unit-6
345
Duty cycle
Power Electronics
Unit-6
346
Power Electronics
Unit-6
347
Input Power factor
Power Electronics
Unit-6
348
Power Electronics
Unit-6
349
The Average Current Of Thyristor
Power Electronics
Unit-6
350
Waveform of Thyristor current
Power Electronics
Unit-6
351
Power Electronics
Unit-6
352
RMS Thyristor Current
Power Electronics
Unit-6
353
Lecture-3
Principle Of AC Phase Control
And
Operation of single Phase half-Wave
A.C Phase controller
Power Electronics
Unit-6
354
Principle Of AC Phase Control
Power Electronics
Unit-6
355
Power Electronics
Unit-6
356
Equations
Power Electronics
Unit-6
357
Output Load Voltage
Power Electronics
Unit-6
358
Out Put Load Current
Power Electronics
Unit-6
359
Expression For RMS Out put Load

Voltage
Power Electronics
Unit-6
360
Power Electronics
Unit-6
361
Power Electronics
Unit-6
362
Power Electronics
Unit-6
363
Power Electronics
Unit-6
364
Control Characteristics
Power Electronics
Unit-6
365
Average Value of Out put Voltage
Power Electronics
Unit-6
366
Power Electronics
Unit-6
367
Power Electronics
Unit-6
368
Disadvantages
Power Electronics
Unit-6
369
Lecture-4
With R-Load
Power Electronics
Unit-6
370

Controller With R-Load
Fig.: Single phase full wave ac voltage controller

(Bi-directional Controller) using SCR
Power Electronics
Unit-6
371
Waveforms of single phase full

wave ac voltage controller
Power Electronics
Unit-6
372
Expression for RMS output voltage

V
L RMS
sin t.d t
2
L RMS
VL2 RMS
2
L
.d t
1
2
2
Vm sin t d t Vm sin t d t
2

Power Electronics
Unit-6
373
Contd
1
2
2
2
2
Vm sin t.d t Vm sin t.d t

2

1
2
2
2
2
Vm sin t.d t Vm sin t.d t

2

Vm
1 cos 2t
1 cos 2t
d t
d t
2
2
2

2
2
Vm
d t cos 2t.d t d t cos 2t.d t

2 2
Power Electronics
Unit-6
374
Vm
t
4
2
Vm
sin 2 t
sin 2t
2 2
1
1
2 sin 2 sin 2 2 sin 4 sin 2

2
Vm
1
1
2 2 0 sin 2 2 0 sin 2
Vm
sin 2 sin 2
4
2
2
Power Electronics
Unit-6
375
Vm 2
4
Vm 2
sin 2 sin 2 2
2
2
sin 2 1
sin
2
.cos
2
cos
2
.sin
2
2
2
sin 2 0 & cos 2 1

Therefore,
2
L RMS
Vm 2
V 2 L RMS
sin 2 sin 2
2 2 2
Vm 2
2 2 sin 2
4
Power Electronics
Unit-6
376
Taking the square root, we get
Vm
VL RMS
2
Vm
VL RMS
VL RMS
2 2 sin 2
2 2
Vm
VL RMS
2 2 sin 2
1
2 2 sin 2
2
Vm
2
1
sin 2
2
2
2
Power Electronics
Unit-6
377
VL RMS
1
sin 2

Vm
2
VL RMS Vi RMS
VL RMS VS
1
sin 2

1
sin 2

2
Power Electronics
Unit-6
378
Lecture-5

With R-L Load
Power Electronics
Unit-6
379

With R-L Load
Power Electronics
Unit-6
380
Input supply voltage & Thyristor

current waveforms
Power Electronics
Unit-6
381
Gating Signals
Power Electronics
Unit-6
382
Waveforms For RL load for

and for Discontinuous Conduction
Power Electronics
Unit-6
383
Expression for the inductive load

current of a single phase full wave
ac voltage controller with RL load
R
t
Vm
L
iO
sin
sin
Where
Z R L
2
L
tan
R
= Load impedance angle (power
Power Electronics
factor angle
of load). Unit-6
1
384
Output voltage and output current

waveforms for a single phase full wave
ac voltage controller with RL load for
vO
vO=vS
Vm
iO
Im
t
Power Electronics
Unit-6
385
Lecture-5
TRIAC and Its Modes of Operation
Power Electronics
Unit-6
386
TRIAC
MT1
G
N2
MT2
P2
N3
P2
N1
N1
N4
P1
MT1
P1
MT2
Fig.1 : Triac Structure
Power Electronics
Fig. 2 : Triac Symbol
Unit-6
387
TRIGGERING MODES OF TRIAC

MODE 1 : MT1 positive, Positive gate current
( I+ mode of operation)
MT2 (+)
P1
N1
P2
Ig
N2
MT1 ()
G
(+)
V
Ig
Power Electronics
Unit-6
388
When and gate current are positive with respect

to MT1, the gate current flows through P2-N2
junction
The junction P1-N1 and P2-N2 are forward
biased but junction N1-P2 is reverse biased.
When sufficient number of charge carriers are
injected in P2 layer by the gate current the
junction N1-P2 breakdown and triac starts
conducting through P1N1P2N2 layers.
Once triac starts conducting the current
increases and its V-I characteristics is similar to
that of thyristor. Triac in this mode operates in
the first-quadrant.
Power Electronics
Unit-6
389
MODE 2
MT2 positive, Negative gate current
(I- mode of operation)
MT2 (+)
P1
Initial
conduction
Final
conduction
N1
P2
N3
N2
MT1 ()
V
Power Electronics
Ig
Unit-6
390
When MT2 is positive and gate G is negative

with respect to MT1 the gate current flows
through P2-N3 junction
The junction P1-N1 and P2-N3 are forward
biased but junction N1-P2 is reverse biased.
Hence, the triac initially starts conducting
through P1N1P2N3 layers.
As a result the potential of layer between P2-N3
rises towards the potential of MT2.
Thus, a potential gradient exists across the layer
P2 with left hand region at a higher potential
than the right hand region.
Power Electronics
Unit-6
391
This results in a current flow in P2 layer

from left to right, forward biasing the
P2N2 junction. Now the right hand
portion P1-N1 - P2-N2 starts conducting.
The device operates in first quadrant.
When compared to Mode 1, triac with
MT2 positive and negative gate current is
less sensitive and therefore requires
higher gate current for triggering.
Power Electronics
Unit-6
392
MODE 3
MT2 negative, Positive gate current
(III+ mode of operation)
MT 2 ()
N4
P1
N1
P2
N2
MT1 (+)
G
(+)
Ig Electronics
Power
Unit-6
393
When MT2 is negative and gate is positive with

respect to MT1 junction P2N2 is forward biased
and junction P1-N1 is reverse biased.
N2 layer injects electrons into P2 layer as shown
by arrows in figure below.
This causes an increase in current flow through
junction P2-N1. Resulting in breakdown of
reverse biased junction N1-P1.
Now the device conducts through layers
P2N1P1N4 and the current starts increasing,
which is limited by an external load.
The device operates in third quadrant in this
mode. Triac in this mode is less sensitive and
requires higher gate current for triggering.
Power Electronics
Unit-6
394
MODE 4
MT2 negative, Negative gate current
(III+ mode of operation)
MT 2 ()
N4
P1
N1
N3
P2
MT1 (+)
G
(+)
Power Electronics
Ig
Unit-6
395
In this mode both MT2 and gate G are negative

with respect to MT1, the gate current flows
through P2N3 junction as shown.
Layer N3 injects electrons as shown by arrows
into P2 layer. This results in increase in current
flow across P1N1 and the device will turn ON
due to increased current in layer N1.
The current flows through layers P2N1P1N4.
Triac is more sensitive in this mode compared to
turn ON with positive gate current. (Mode 3).
Power Electronics
Unit-6
396
Triac sensitivity is greatest in the first quadrant

when turned ON with positive gate current and
also in third quadrant when turned ON with
negative gate current. when is positive with
respect to it is recommended to turn on the triac
by a positive gate current.
When is negative with respect to it is
recommended to turn on the triac by negative
gate current. Therefore Mode 1 and Mode 4 are
the preferred modes of operation of a triac
(mode and mode of operation are normally
used).
Power Electronics
Unit-6
397
Triac characteristics
I
+
A
RL
MT2
Rg
Vgg
-G
MT1
Vs
+
-
Power Electronics
Unit-6
398
V-I Characteristics of a triac
VB01, VB01
- Breakover voltages
MT2(+)
G(+)
Ig2 > Ig21

Ig2
VB02
V
VB01
Ig1
V
MT2()
G()
Power Electronics
Unit-6
399
Lecture-6
Single phase full wave ac
voltage controller
(Bi-directional Controller)
using TRIAC
Power Electronics
Unit-6
400
Single phase full wave ac voltage

controller (Bi-directional
Controller) using TRIAC
Power Electronics
Unit-6
401
Waveforms of single phase full

wave ac voltage controller
Power Electronics
Unit-6
402
Single phase full wave ac controller

with common cathode
(Bidirectional controller in common
cathode configuration)
Power Electronics
Unit-6
403

Controller Using A Single Thyristor
D1
D3
+
T1
D4
AC
Supply
D2
RL
Power Electronics
Unit-6
404
Problems In Voltage Controller
Power Electronics
Unit-6
405
Power Electronics
Unit-6
406
Power Electronics
Unit-6
407
Power Electronics
Unit-6
408
Power Electronics
Unit-6
409
Power Electronics
Unit-6
410
Power Electronics
Unit-6
411
Power Electronics
Unit-6
412
Power Electronics
Unit-6
413
Power Electronics
Unit-6
414
Power Electronics
Unit-6
415
Power Electronics
Unit-6
416
Power Electronics
Unit-6
417
Power Electronics
Unit-6
418
Lecture-7
CYCLOCONVERTER
Power Electronics
Unit-6
419
CYCLOCONVERTER
A device which converts input power at
one frequency to the out put power at
different frequency with one stage
conversion is called a cycloconverter.
A cycloconverter requires one stage
frequency conversion.
Cycloconverter of two types
(i) Step-Up Cycloconverter ( fo > s)
(ii) step-Down Cycloconverter ( fo < fs)
Power Electronics
Unit-6
420
Single phase to single phase Mid point

type step-up Cycloconverter
with R load
Power Electronics
Unit-6
421
Power Electronics
Unit-6
422
Single phase to single phase

Bridge type step-up
Cycloconverter with R load
Power Electronics
Unit-6
423
Power Electronics
Unit-6
424
1- to 1- Mid point type step-Down

Power Electronics
Unit-6
425
Output voltage (Vo) and current (Io) waveform
Power Electronics
Unit-6
426
Lecture-8
1- to 1- Bridge type Cycloconverter with R and R-L load
Power Electronics
Unit-6
427
1- to 1- Bridge type step-Down

Power Electronics
Unit-6
428
Output voltage (Vo) and current (Io) waveform
Power Electronics
Unit-6
429
1- to 1- Midpoint type step-Down

Cycloconverter with R-L load
Power Electronics
Unit-6
430
Output voltage (Vo) and current (Io)

waveform for Discontinuous
Conduction mode
Power Electronics
Unit-6
431

waveform for Continuous Conduction mode
Power Electronics
Unit-6
432
1- to 1- Bridge-type step-Down
Cycloconverter with R-L load
Power Electronics
Unit-6
433

waveform for Discontinuous
Conduction mode
Power Electronics
Unit-6
434

waveform for Continuous
Conduction mode
Power Electronics
Unit-6
435

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SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED

Module as per Session Planner

PPT Slide No.

Introduction to Line commutated Inverter

Principle of Phase Controlled Rectifier Operation

Expression for the RMS Value of Output Voltage

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier

Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier

Single Phase Full Wave Bridge Controlled

Introduction to Line commutated

Type of input: Fixed voltage, fixed

The diode rectifiers are referred to as

Single phase half wave diode rectifier gives an

Single phase full wave diode rectifier gives an

Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

Different types of Single

Principle of Phase Controlled Rectifier

Principle of Phase Controlled

Single Phase Half-Wave Thyristor

RMS value of i/p ac supply voltage

When the thyristor is triggered at t

To Derive an Expression for the

cos cos ; cos 1

Maximum average (dc) o/p

We can plot the control characteristic

vs by using the equation for VO dc

The average dc output voltage is given by the

Trigger angle in degrees

Normalizing the dc output

To Derive An Expression for the RMS Value

The RMS output voltage is given by

Output voltage vO Vm sin t ; for t to

Output dc power (avg. or dc o/p

The o/p voltage consists of two components

The total RMS value of output voltage is given by

Form Factor (FF) which is a measure of the

The Ripple Factor (RF) w.r.t. o/p voltage w/f

Current Ripple Factor ri

Vr pp peak to peak ac ripple output voltage

Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)

Phase angle difference between (sine wave

Displacement angle (phase angle)

Harmonic Factor (HF) or

I S RMS value of input supply current.

Input Power Factor (PF)

Peak input supply current

RMS input supply current

For an Ideal Controlled Rectifier

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled

Input Supply Voltage (Vs)

To Derive An Expression For

Vm 2VS maximum supply voltage.

Constant A1 is calculated from

Substituting the value of constant A1 in the

we obtain the final expression for the

Extinction angle can be calculated by using

can be calculated by solving the above eqn.

vO 0 for t 0 to & for t to 2

Average DC Load Current

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier

The average output voltage

During the period to